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植物研究雑誌 J. J. Jpn. Bo t. 79:241-246(2004) 79:241-246(2004) Chromosome Numbers for Eight Species in Five Five Genera of Menispermaceae Heng ・Chang W ANG ， Ai-Ping MENG ，Ji an-Qiang LI* and Zi-Can HE Wuhan Wuhan Botanical Garden ， Wuhan Institute of Botany ，the Chinese Academy of Sciences ，Wuhan ， 430074 CHINA *E-mail *E-mail totheauthorforcorrespondence:jianqiangli@hotmai l. com (Received (Received on September 13 ，2003) Chromosome numbers of 8 species in 5 genera of Menispermaceae from China 紅 e reported: reported: Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. 2n = 4x = 52 ， and T. hain αnensis Luo & Z. X. X. Li 2n=26; D 伊loclisia glaucescens (B 1.) Diels 2n = 26; Stephania yunnanensis Luo 2n 2n = 26 ，組 d S. dielsiana Wu 2n = 26; Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. 2n = 4x = 52 ，組d C. C. laurifolius DC. 2n = 26; Menispermum dahuricum DC. 2n = 4x = 52. The chromo- some numbers of the first five species 紅 ehere reported for the first time. All eight spe- cies cies studied have a basic chromosome number x= 13 ， and chromosome numbers 紅 e generally generally consistent with previous reports the for same species and genera. Key words: Chromosome number ，Cocculus ，Diploclisia ，Menispermaceae ，Tinospora. Introduction Introduction Although cytological studies in Menis- Menispermaceae ，consisting of five tribes ， permaceae have been published by various 71 71 genera and about 450 species ， is a authors (Darlington and Wylie 1955 ， pantropical pantropical family usually confined to the Fedorov 1974 ， Goldblatt 1984 ，1985 ，Hong lowlands. lowlands. All Menispermaceae are typically 1990 ，etc.) ，chromosome counts have been unisexual unisexual and dioecious. Most 紅 e lianas and made in only a few species in each of seven many have pharmaceutical properties and are of the 25 Malesian genera ， viz. Tiliacora ， poisonous poisonous (Kessler 1993). Tinospora ，Anamirta ，Cocculus ，Cissampelos ， Nineteen Nineteen genera and 78 species of Cyclea and Stephani α(Forman 1986). Menispermaceae 訂 e recognized in China. The Chinese species of Menispermaceae ， They 訂 'e mainly distributed in the southem however ，訂e poorly treated in most standard regions regions of the Yangtze River ，and especially references. Chromosome counts for only two in in South China and Southwest China (Luo species from China ，Cocculus trilobus (= C. 1996). 1996). orbiculatus) reported by N ak 吋ima (1937) as Chromosome numbers can sometimes pro- 2n = 50 and Menispermum dauricum from vide vide information on the relationship of gen- North China observed by Langlet (1928) as era era or even of families (Forman 1986). 2n = 52-54 ，have been reported. In this Raven (1975) used chromosome information paper ， eight species in five genera of to to postulate a relationship between Menis 四 Menispermaceae from China were studied to permaceae and Lardizabalaceae. Forman determine chromosome number and other (1 986) proposed Sabia Colebr. (Sabiaceae) cytological characteristics. to to be a near alI y of Menispermaceae ， based on chromosome data. -241- 242 植物研究雑誌第79 巻第4号 平成16 年8月 Material Material and Methods Results and discussion The plants investigated were collected Chromosome numbers of the species stud- from from the original locality ， but now they have ied are given in Table 1. been been cultivated in South China Botanical 1. Tinospora Miers - According to Garden ， the Chinese Academy of Sciences Kessler (1 993) ，there 紅 'e about 32 species in (CAS) and Wuhan Botanical Garden ，CAS Tinospora. Seven are in 佐opical Africa ，two (Table (Table 1). Voucher specimens were depos- in Madagascar ， and twenty-three 紅 'e from ited ited in the herbarium of the Wuhan Institute Asia to Australia and the Pacific. Six species of of Botany ， Chinese Academy of Sciences and two varieties have been recorded from (HIB). (HIB). China (Luo 1996). For For observations of somatic chromo- Two species had been examined previ- somes ， growing shoot apices were pre 佐eated ously. Tinospora tomentosa Miers was re- in in a saturated solution of p- Dichlorobenzene ported as 2n = 26 (Chattopadhyay and at at about 18-20 oC for 3.5 -4 hours ， fixed in Sharma 1989). Joshi (1 934) and Nanda Carnoy Carnoy I (glacial acetic acid: absolute etha- (1962) examined T. cordifolia Miers. from nol nol = 1: 3) at the same temperature for 24 India and reported it to be 2n = 24 ， while hours ， and then transferred to 70 % alcoho l. Abraham (1 942) ， Bir et al. (1 987) ，Mathew The shoot apices were hydrolyzed in a1 :1 (1 958) ，Sharma and Bhattacharyya (1 955) ， mixture mixture of 1N hydrochloric acid (HCL) and Sharma and Sharma (1957) ， and Sarkar et al. 45% acetic acid at 60 oC for 6- 8 minutes ， (1 980) reported it to be 2n = 26. and and then stained in carbol fuchsin for 30 Two species ， T. sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. minutes minutes and squashed in 45 % acetic acid. and T. hainanensis Lo & Z. X. Li are re- More than 10 metaphase cells were exam- ported here for the first time. All five popu- ined ined to determine the chromosome number lations of T. sagittata were found to be of of each species. tetraploids with 2n = 4x = 52 (Fig. 1，1) ， Table 1. Chromosome counts and source of materials studied in the family Menispermaceae Chromosome Species Species Locality Sex Voucher* Previous (2n) reports number (2n) Tinospora Tinospora sagittata Guangdong and Hainan (SCBG) “ male 03-008 52 none T. T. hainanensis Li ngao ，Wenchang County ， Hainan male 03-009 26 none (SCBG) Cocculus Cocculus laurifolius M t. Dinghu ，Guangdong (SCBG) male 03 ・004 26 26 (Bowden 1945 ， Gill et et a1. 1981 ， Sandhu and Mann 1988) C. C. orbiculatus Li ngao ， Wenchang and Wanlin male 03 ・001 52 52 (Bowden 1945) (= (= C. tribolus) County ， Hainan (SCBG) 50 (Nakajima 1937 ， from from Japan and China) Diploclisia Diploclisia glauces- Hainan (SCBG) female 03 ・006 26 none cens cens Menispermum dahu- Shennongjia ， Hubei (WHBG) 村* male 03 ・010 52 52-54 (Langlet 1928 ， ncum from N. China) &句 phania dielsiana Hebao Island ，Guangdong (SCBG) female 03-002 26 none S. S. yunnanensis Yunnan and Guangxi (SCBG) male H. C. Wang 26 none 03-007 03-007 *Collection *Collection number of H. C. Wang. * * SCBG = South China Botanical Garden ， the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). キ**WHBG = Wuhan Botanical Garden ，CAS. August August 2004 Journal of Japanese Botany Vo l. 79 No. 4 243 2 3 織を， 蝿棚丸灘、 川議議F ー絵緑樹場 耕一関湯品管機 wi 必相帯 r 5 6 海%へ 争警 も 7 Fig. Fig. 1. Chromosomes of eight species of Menispermaceae. 1. Tinospora sagittata (Oliv.) Gagnep. 2. T. hainanensis hainanensis Lo & Z. X. L i. 3. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) D C. 4. C. laurifolius DC. 5. Menispermum dα huricum D C. 6. Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) Diels. 7. Stephania yunnanensis Luo (Arr ow indi- cates cates B-chromosome). 8. S. dielsiana Wu (Arrow indicates B-chromosome). 244 植物研究雑誌第79 巻第4号 平成16 年8月 while while six populations of T. hainanensis were with 2n = 4x = 52 (Fig. 1，5) ， which is con- 2n = 26 (Fig. 1 ，2). sistent with Kessler's report (1 993). 2. 2. Cocculus DC. - Eight species of 4. Diploclisia Miers - Two species D. Cocculus Cocculus are found in N orth and Central affinis (Oliv.) Diels and D. glaucescens America ，Africa ，Madagascar ， and eastward (Blume) Diels occur in tropical Asia (Kessler from from the Indian subcontinent to the 1993) ，and both are in China (Luo 1996). We Philippines Philippines (Kessler 1993). Two species and found D. glaucescens to be 2n = 26 (first re- one one variety have been recorded from China port) (Fig. 1 ，6). (Luo (Luo 1996). Chromosomes of C. pendulus ， C. villosus ， 5. Stephania Lour. - Stephania is some- C. C. carolinus and C. hirsutus were examined what confused taxonomically and the num- by Baquar et al. (1 965) ， Bir and Thakur ber of species is uncertain. According to (1984) ，Bowden (1 945) ， Gill et al. (1 981) ， Kessler (1 993) ，there 紅 e 30 species ，includ- Hagerup Hagerup (1932) ， Joshi (1934) ， Lewis et al. ing five in tropical Africa and 25 from south- (1 962) ， Sarkar et al. (1 973) ，Sharma and em India to central and southem China and Bhattach 紅 yya (1 955) ，Sharma and Sharma New Guinea. According to Luo (1996) ，there (1 957) and Sidhu et al. (1 983). 訂 e about 60 species with 39 species and 1 Cocculus Cocculus laurifolius was reported by variety in China. Bowden (1945 ，materials from Himalayas The chromosome numbers of Stephania and and E. Asia) and Sandhu and Mann (1 988) are various ， with reports of 2n = 22 ，24 ， and as as 2n = 26 ， and by Gill et al. (1 981) as n = 26 (D 紅 lington and Wylie 1955 ， Fedorov 13 13 + 0-3B. They are generally consistent 1974 ，Goldblatt 1984 ，1985 ，Hong 1990). with with our report here 2n = 26 (Fig. 1， 4). Some Chinese species including S. elegans While While C. trilobus (Thunb.) DC. (= C. Hoo k. f. & Thomson (2n = 22) ，S. gracilenta orbiculatus orbiculatus (L.) DC.) was reported by Miers. (2n = 26) ， S. hernandifolia (Willd.) Bowden (1945 ， materials from the Walp. (2n = 22) and S. japonic α(Thunb.) Philippines) Philippines) as 2n = 52 ，by Nakajima (1 937 ， Miers. (2n = 22) ， were examined (Bir and materials materials from Japan and China) as 2n = 50 ， Thakur 1981 ， 1984 ， Chattopadhyay and we counted 2n = 4x = 52. We believe the Sharma 1989 ，Guha 1979 ， Sarkar et al. 1980 ， basic basic chromosome number of the tetraploid Sharma and Bhattacharyya 1955 ，Sharma to to be x = 13 (Fig. 1 ，3). and Sharma 1957). We examined two spe- cies cies and found the chromosome numbers of 3. 3. Menispermum L. - Two to four species both S. yunnanensis Luo (Fig. 1， 7) and S. of of Menispermum in Eurasia and North dielsiana Wu (Fig.
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    IJARR, 4(1), 2019; 14-20 International Journal of Advanced Research and Review www.ijarr.in A SHORT REVIEW ON MEDICINAL USES AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF COCCULUS LAURIFOLIUS LEAVES Sidra Maqbool, Ishrat Younus* Rafiya Sadafand Shagufta Nesar Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Madinat al-Hikmah, Muhammad Bin Qasim Avenue, Karachi. Email: *[email protected] ABSTRACT Cocculus laurifolius (laurel leaf snail seed) belongs to family Menispermaceae is a medicinally active plant and have been traditionally used as a muscle relaxant, diuretic, antihypertensive and antiepileptic. Consequently the plant have been studied for its biological activities and has been shown to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, hypotensive, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative/hypnotic and neuromuscular blocking properties. Keyword: Cocculus laurifolius, ethanolic extract, anxiolytic activity, antioxidant properties, hypotensive effect. INTRODUCTION Herbal medicines are considered to be an effective therapy for treatment of different ailment and disorders. Phytotherapy include plants with mild action, like mint and chamomile to potent medicinal plants Belladona and Digitalis (1). These medicinal plants are used in the treatment of wide diversity of health problems, including minor injuries, cardiac, respiratory and central nervous system disorders to severe carcinogenic conditions (2). Plants of family Menispermaceae have also been reported for their medicinal activity (3).While species of genera Cocculus (Indicus, hirsutus and pendulus) have found significant importance due to their anti- diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-cancerous, anti-hypertensive, ant-inflammatory, diuretic, analgesic and anxiolytic activity(4-9). Similarly, the plant of Cocculus laurifolius have also been reported for its muscle relaxant and hypotensive activity. Cocculus laurifolius also known as laurel leaf snail seed, belongs to the family Menispermaceae.
  • The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama

    The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama

    The Vascular Flora of the Red Hills Forever Wild Tract, Monroe County, Alabama T. Wayne Barger1* and Brian D. Holt1 1Alabama State Lands Division, Natural Heritage Section, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, AL 36130 *Correspondence: wayne [email protected] Abstract provides public lands for recreational use along with con- servation of vital habitat. Since its inception, the Forever The Red Hills Forever Wild Tract (RHFWT) is a 1785 ha Wild Program, managed by the Alabama Department of property that was acquired in two purchases by the State of Conservation and Natural Resources (AL-DCNR), has pur- Alabama Forever Wild Program in February and Septem- chased approximately 97 500 ha (241 000 acres) of land for ber 2010. The RHFWT is characterized by undulating general recreation, nature preserves, additions to wildlife terrain with steep slopes, loblolly pine plantations, and management areas and state parks. For each Forever Wild mixed hardwood floodplain forests. The property lies tract purchased, a management plan providing guidelines 125 km southwest of Montgomery, AL and is managed by and recommendations for the tract must be in place within the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural a year of acquisition. The 1785 ha (4412 acre) Red Hills Resources with an emphasis on recreational use and habi- Forever Wild Tract (RHFWT) was acquired in two sepa- tat management. An intensive floristic study of this area rate purchases in February and September 2010, in part was conducted from January 2011 through June 2015. A to provide protected habitat for the federally listed Red total of 533 taxa (527 species) from 323 genera and 120 Hills Salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti Highton).
  • Vascular Plant Inventory and Plant Community Classification for Ninety Six National Historic Site

    Vascular Plant Inventory and Plant Community Classification for Ninety Six National Historic Site

    VASCULAR PLANT INVENTORY AND PLANT COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION FOR NINETY SIX NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE Report for the Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories: Appalachian Highlands and Cumberland/Piedmont Network Prepared by NatureServe for the National Park Service Southeast Regional Office November 2003 NatureServe Ninety Six National Historic Site ii NatureServe is a non-profit organization providing the scientific knowledge that forms the basis for effective conservation action. A NatureServe Technical Report Prepared for the National Park Service under Cooperative Agreement H 5028 01 0435. Citation: White, Jr., Rickie D. and Tom Govus. 2003. Vascular Plant Inventory and Plant Community Classification for Ninety Six National Historic Site. Durham, North Carolina: NatureServe. © 2003 NatureServe NatureServe 6114 Fayetteville Road, Suite 109 Durham, NC 27713 919-484-7857 International Headquarters 1101 Wilson Boulevard, 15th Floor Arlington, Virginia 22209 www.natureserve.org National Park Service Southeast Regional Office Atlanta Federal Center 1924 Building 100 Alabama Street, S.W. Atlanta, GA 30303 The view and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not consitute their endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report consists of the main report along with a series of appendices with information about the plants and plant communities found at the site. Electronic files have been provided to the National Park Service in addition to hard copies. Current information on all communities described here can be found on NatureServe Explorer at www.natureserve.org/explorer. Cover photo: Rain lily (Zephranthes atamasca) blooming in April 2002 along Ninety Six Creek.