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Nutrients, Seston, Chlorophyll A), Hydrodynamics and Oyster Growth in Three Major Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Growing Areas in Southern Tasmania (Australia

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Nutrients, Seston, Chlorophyll A), Hydrodynamics and Oyster Growth in Three Major Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Growing Areas in Southern Tasmania (Australia RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS (NUTRIENTS, SESTON, CHLOROPHYLL A), HYDRODYNAMICS AND OYSTER GROWTH IN THREE MAJOR PACIFIC OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA GIGAS) GROWING AREAS IN SOUTHERN TASMANIA (AUSTRALIA). By Iona Margaret Mitchell (B. Agr. Sc. - Tas) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Research) University of Tasmania · June,2001 Declaration This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no copy or paraphrase of material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text. Authority of access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Iona M. Mitchell June 2001 1. ABSTRACT An assessment was made of three Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) growing areas in southern Tasmania (Pitt Water, Pipeclay Lagoon and Little Swanport) with respect to water quality parameters, oyster growth and hydrodynamic characteristics. This was done in an order to explain differences in reported oyster growth rates and hence address the issue of shellfish productivity in each area. Water samples were collected monthly for 13 months from several sites along the length of each area from a marine site to the. upper reaches of the estuary, or coastal embayment. These were analysed for chlorophyll a, nutrients (NOX, P04-P and Si04-Si), and seston quality and quantity (i.e. total particulate matter (TPM) and particulate organic and inorganic matter (POM & PIM)). Temperature, salinity and secchi disk depths were also recorded. Oyster growth and condition were assessed from studies conducted over three consecutive periods at two sites within each area. Hydrodynamic characteristics were calculated from tide gauge data obtained. Additionally, a biodeposition study was conducted at one area during two seasons to determine rates of deposition and composition of biodeposits. Seston quantity was similar among areas, but seston quality, as expressed as %POM, showed variation attributed to the characteristics of each area. Chlorophyll a 1 concentrations were generally low in each area, ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 µg L- . Interestingly, chlorophyll a levels measured were high in winter to early spring months within each area. Higher levels of chlorophyll a were measured following periods of flooding and freshwater inflows, particularly in two of the study areas. Considerable variation among areas was shown in oyster growth, with respect to shell length, width, depth and live weight of oysters. Differences in growth are largely attributed to the water quality and hydrodynamic characteristics noted within each of the areas. Mean biodeposition rates varied from 39.6 g DW m-2 d- 1 in winter to 180.5 g DW m-2 d-1 in summer. The average organic content of biodeposits (approximately 19.2% POM) was similar in summer and winter. The organic matter content of sediments under oyster baskets was low(< 2.6 %), and it was concluded that biodeposits were being transported and deposited elsewhere. The overall findings from the study indicated that growth rates and productivity of each area were largely influenced by the supply and availability of food. It appeared that stocking density and spatial arrangement of leases provided the greater limitation on growth rate in Pitt Water and Pipeclay Lagoon. Little Swanport was characterised as having the better growth rates and conditions for growth. Food quality, as measured by chlorophyll a and %POM in particular, was higher than the other two sites, and flow rates indicated that a greater quantity of food was reaching a larger proportion of the cultured population. The marine nature of Pipeclay Lagoon suggested that the main source of food supply to the cultured oyster population is of marine origin. However, flow rates and transport of this material over the culture area is insufficient to provide faster growth rates. Stocking density of oysters, and spatial arrangement of the culture area, is most likely responsible for limitation on available food supply to the majority of the population. Sufficient food is available for maintaining metabolic processes, but is insufficient to enable greater storage and hence growth rates. Similar processes appeared to be occurring in Upper Pitt Water, though it seems the greater fraction of food is sourced from within the estuary, rather than being of marine origin. Sampling during this study was fortunate to coincide with infrequent events of heavy and prolonged rainfalls in the latter part of the year, resulting in flooding of this estuary. The beneficial effects of this were elevated nutrient, chlorophyll a, seston levels and greater increase in oyster dry meat weights, confirming the concerns raised by the oyster farmers with respect to the negative effects of the Craigboume Dam. Shellfish production estimates as used overseas were found to be not applicable to Tasmanian conditions. Differences in culture environments between overseas oyster growing areas and those found within Tasmania are discussed. 2. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who I wish to thank for their interest and support during the course of this study. These include: My supervisors, Dr. Christian Garland and Dr. John Wilson for their advice and guidance in the earlier stages of my study. Dr. Wilson returned to Ireland and Dr. Christine Crawford took over his role in the later half of my study. At this same time, Professor Tom McMeekin took over from Dr. Garland. I thank Dr. Crawford and Professor McMeekin for their support and critical reviewing of the manuscript. Dr. Rowel Williams (former Head of the then DPIF Marine Research Laboratories) for allowing me use of research vessels, vehicles, laboratory and workshop facilities. My colleagues, past and present, at the Taroona Marine Research Laboratories, are gratefully thanked for their support and assistance. In particular, Peter Machin for instruction on using the SFA for nutrient analyses, and Rick van den Enden for assistance with field sampling and the oyster growth trials in the early stages. Tony van den Enden, Andrew Brown and Ann Goodsell for field assistance at times. Bob Hodgson for teaching me workshop skills, and Catriona Macleod for instruction on using SigmaPlot and camaraderie as a fellow postgraduate student. Dr. John Hunter (CSIRO) for advice on tidal flow calculations. Dr. Brian Cheshuk for stimulating discussions and critical review of the manuscript. The DPIWE Marine Farming Branch, in particular Tony Thomas and Margaret Brett for discussions on issues related to marine farming, provision of draft Marine Farming Management Plans and oyster lease locations (as Maplnfo tables). The oyster farmers who generously provided oysters and assisted with the oyster growth trials: Colin, Sue and Haydn Dyke (Little Swanport), George Sumner (Pitt Water) and Rex Richardson (Pipeclay Lagoon). Their help with this component of the study was greatly appreciated. Marine Culture (in particular Rex Richardson) for allowing me unhindered access to their lease in Pipeclay Lagoon for the biodeposition study. Finally, my greatest thanks and appreciation go to my family, my father, sisters and brother for their support, encouragement and spurring me on to continue and complete this thesis. My sister Rachel and father Fergus, are thanked for acting as boat crew on occasion due to their concern at me sampling on my own. I am extremely grateful for the support shown by my sister Rowena in the last three weeks of pulling the thesis together. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract Acknowledgments 1. General introduction 1-1 1.1 General overview of studies on environmental aspects of shellfish culture with particular reference to oysters 1-1 1.2 A brief background of phytoplankton dynamics, hydrological factors, nutrients and particulate matter 1-3 1.2.1 Water column processes 1-3 1.2.2 Sediment processes 1-7 1.3 Oysters - filtration, food requirements, growth,-biodeposition and nutrients 1-9 1.3.1 Particle removal 1-10 1.3.2 Biodeposition 1-13 1.3.3 Mineralization 1-15 1.4 Linking water column parameters with oyster growth and carrying capacities 1-17 1.5 A brief history of oyster culture in Tasmania 1-20 1.6 Objectives of study 1-22 2. Water quality parameters 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Materials and methods 2-4 2.2.1 Study areas 2-4 2.2.2 Description and history of each of the study areas 2-5 2.2.2.1 Pitt Water 2-5 2.2.2.2 Pipeclay Lagoon 2-7 2.2.2.3 Little Swanport 2-8 2.2.3 Sample collection 2-10 2.2.4 Pilot study 2-13 2.2.5 Phytoplankton biomass 2-13 2.2.6 Nutrients 2-14 2.2.7 Particulate matter/seston quality and quantity determinations 2-16 2.2.8 Field measurements 2-16 2.3 Results 2-16 2.3.1 Pilot study 2-17 2.3.2 Pitt Water 2-18 2.3.2.1 Temperature, salinity and secchi depth 2-18 2.3.2.2 Seston quality and quantity 2-23 2.3.2.3 Phytoplankton biomass 2-24 2.3.2.4 Nutrients 2-24 2.3.3 Pipeclay Lagoon 2-25 2.3.3.1 Temperature, salinity and secchi depth 2-25 2.3.3.2 Seston quality and quantity 2-30 2.3.3.3 Phytoplankton biomass 2-30 2.3.3.4 Nutrients 2-31 2.3.4 Little Swanport 2-32 2.3.4.1 Temperature, salinity and secchi depth 2-32 2.3.4.2 Seston quality and quantity 2-32 2.3.4.3 Phytoplankton biomass 2-37 2.3.4.4 Nutrients 2-37 2.4 Discussion 2-38 3. Hydrodynamics 3-1 3.1 Introduction 3-1 3.2 Materials and methods 3-2 3.3 Results 3-6 3.3.1 Pitt Water 3-6 3.3.2 Pipeclay Lagoon 3-11 3.3.3 Little Swanport 3-14 3 .4 Discussion 3-17 4.
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