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Caligula V3.Inddix a L I G U L a V 3 SIMON TURNEY CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd iiiiii 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32 First published in Great Britain in 2018 by Orion Books, an imprint of The Orion Publishing Group Ltd Carmelite House, 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ An Hachette UK company 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Copyright © Simon Turney 2018 Family tree copyright © Sally Felton 2018 Map copyright © Neil Gower 2018 Coin image: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons The moral right of Simon Turney to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. All the characters in this book are fi ctitious, and any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, is purely coincidental. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN (Hardback) 978 1 4091 7516 2 ISBN (Export Trade Paperback) 978 1 4091 7517 9 ISBN (Ebook) 978 1 4091 7519 3 Typeset by Input Data Services Ltd, Somerset Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc www.orionbooks.co.uk CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd iivv 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32 DAMNATIO MEMORIAE Upon the death of an emperor, it became practice for the senate to confer apotheosis upon his name, granting him divine status and a cult of his own. If the emperor had been despised, however, the senate could choose the precise opposite and vilify rather than deify him – damnatio memoriae (a modern term) would occur. Without hesitation or ceremony, the emperor’s name was erased from all public inscriptions (a process known as abolitio nominis), his image would be scratched from frescoes, his statues smashed. Sometimes even coins bearing his image would be defaced. The damned emperor was not only denied an ascent to heaven, but wiped from history. Such was the fate of the wicked, the unpopular or the unfortunate. A sestertius from the reign of Caligula, showing his sisters on the reverse: Agrippina on the left, Drusilla in the middle, and Livilla on the right. CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd vviiii 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32 CCaligula v3.inddix a l i g u l a v 3 . i n d d Gaius Julius Caesar Marcia i x JULIUSJULI CAESARESAR Julia Caesaris Marcus Atius Balbus DictD 49 - 44BC4BC Gaius Octavius Atia THE Octavia Marcus Antonius AUGUSTUSAUG TUS 21Livia Tiberius Claudius JULIO-CLAUDIAN Emp 27BC2 - 114AD4AD Nero (Mark Anthony) DYNASTY TIBERIUSTIBERIUS Vipsania Drusus Antonia Emp 141 - 37AD37AD The Elder Drusus Livilla Minor Agrippina Germanicus Tiberius Gemellus CLAUDIUSCLAUDIUS 2 Emp 41 - 51AD Lucius Cassius Drusillausilla Drusus Caesar Nero Caesar Julia Livilla Marcus Agrippina Gnaeus Domitius 1 Longinus Vinicius Ahenobarbus Milonia NERONERO Son/Daughter Emp 515 - 68AD Adopted Son Marriage 1, 2... Number of Marriage 227/11/2017 14:32 JuJulialia Drusilla 7 / 1 Emp Emperor 1 / 2 Dict Dictator 0 1 7 1 4 : 3 2 CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd xxii 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32 DrAMATis persoNAe Agrippina the elder and Germanicus, and grand- Wife of Germanicus and mother of Caligula. A pow- mother of Caligula and his erful matron of Rome and siblings. opponent of Tiberius. Agrippina the younger Caesonia, Milonia Eldest sister of Caligula and Sister of Corbulo and wife of future empress of Rome. Caligula. Noted for her ambition and Chaerea, Cassius quick wit. Mother of the em- Decorated former legionary peror Nero. centurion and now a tribune Ahenobarbus, Gnaeus Domitius in the Praetorian Guard. Former consul, Roman noble- Claudilla, Junia man and politician, distant Daughter of the senator cousin of Caligula. Husband Silanus and wife of Caligula. of Agrippina the younger. Claudius Antiochus III Epiphanes Uncle of Caligula. An am- King of Commagene, a some- bitious senator of imperial time client state of Rome blood with a limp and a and buffer zone with eastern speech disorder. neighbours, now in southern Clemens, Marcus Arrecinus Turkey. Obscure equestrian soldier Antonia Minor with a good military record Daughter of the great Marcus who rose under Caligula to be Antonius, mother of Claudius one of two Praetorian prefects. 465 CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd 446565 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32 Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius Livilla, Julia Respected military man Youngest daughter of and popular Roman noble. Germanicus, sister of Caligula. Brother-in-law to Caligula via Longinus, Lucius Cassius Milonia. Noted later as one of Roman patrician and pol- Rome’s greatest generals. itician. Brother-in-law of Drusilla, Julia Caligula via Drusilla. Middle sister and closest Macro, Naevius Sutorius sibling of Caligula. Ambitious Roman equestrian Drusus Caesar who became commander suc- Middle son of Germanicus cessively of the Vigiles and and brother of Caligula. then the Praetorian Guard, Gaetulicus, Gnaeus Cornelius following the removal of Lentulus Sejanus. Roman general and former Naeva (née Thrasylla), Ennia consul, governor of Germania Wife of the Praetorian prefect and one-time ally of Sejanus. Macro, Roman noblewoman Gemellus, Tiberius and descendent of eastern Grandson of the emperor royalty. A predator. Tiberius through his deceased Nero, Julius Caesar son Drusus. Oldest of the children of Germanicus Germanicus and Agrippina, Father of Caligula. Re- eldest brother of Caligula. spected Roman nobleman Orestilla, Livia and descendent of the line of Wife of the senator Piso and Julius Caesar. A renowned later of Caligula. general who died in mysteri- Paulina, Lollia ous circumstances in Syria. Roman plebeian and wife of Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius a former consul and governor, Son of a former consul from who became Caligula’s wife. a very wealthy and distin- Sejanus, Lucius Aelius guished family, friend of A Roman citizen risen to Caligula and young nobleman be prefect of the Praetorian of Rome. Guard, charged with the 466 CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd 446666 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32 personal protection of the recluse. Nephew of Augustus emperor. and successful former general. Silanus, Marcus Junius Vinicius, Marcus Respected senator and former Former consul and respected consul, advisor of the emperor member of the senatorial Tiberius and later of Caligula. order. Husband of Livilla and Stella, Lucius Arruntius brother-in-law of Caligula. Obscure equestrian soldier Vitellius, Lucius who rose under Caligula to Former consul and Roman be one of two Praetorian politician of noted good char- prefects. acter. Father of the future em- Tiberius peror Vitellius. Emperor of Rome, tyrant and 467 CCaligulaaligula v3.inddv3.indd 446767 227/11/20177/11/2017 114:324:32.
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