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International Rail Corridors Passing Through Middle East

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International Rail Corridors Passing Through Middle East Main International Rail Corridors Passing through Middle East Connecting Asia to Europe Prepared by: Poupak Ashtari, Fahimeh Rahbari, Azadeh Poursaddami Revised by: Mozhgan Kordbacheh, Deputy Director General of International Affairs Bureau, RAI UIC Middle East Regional Office Designed by: Fahimeh Rahbari, Mehdi Torabi November 2019 Endorsed by: Abbas Nazari, Director General, 1 International Affairs Bureau of RAI & UIC M.E. Regional Office Director Prepared by: Ashtari Poupak (1973); Rahbari Fahimeh (1981); Poursaddami Azadeh (1979). Title: Main International Rail Corridors Passing through Middle East, connecting Asia to Europe; Revised by: Mozhgan Ahmadkhan Kordbacheh; Designed by: Fahimeh Rahbari, Mehdi Torabi; Endorsed by: Abbas Nazari. Publication: Tehran: Maryam Pourzand Vakil Publication, 2018. No. of pages: 294 ISBN: 978-964-2814-20-6 Subject: Railway corridors National bibliography No.: 5589009 Doi: 385/095694 Table of contents Contents Page Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Chapter 1: Middle East, General Information 14 1.1 Middle East, Regional Information………………………………………….................. 15 1.2 Population………………………………………………………………………………. 16 1.3 Climate: A hot, dry land………………………………………………………………... 16 1.4 Water and history……………………………………………………….............………. 17 1.5 Shipping to Middle East………………………………………………………..……..... 17 1.6 Top Middle Eastern export countries…………………………………………..……..... 17 Chapter 2: Main International rail corridors passing through Middle East 20 2.1 Silk Road………………………………………………………………………………. 21 2.1.1 Silk Road Development …………………………………………………………. 21 2.2 Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Corridor…………………………………………………………... 25 2.2.1 History…………………………………………………………............................ 25 2.2.2 Pre-existing railways…………………………………………………………….. 25 2.2.3 The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Project was formed of four main elements……………... 26 2.2.4 Opening of the Train…………………………………………………………….. 26 2.2.5 Objectives and political issues…………………………………………………… 27 2.2.6 Caspian Region Transportation Projects ………………………………………... 28 2.2.7 The Silk Wind Project…………………………………………………………… 29 2.2.8 Caspian Sea (combined) Transit Route………………………………………….. 29 2.2.9 The ―Azure‖ Route (Lapis Lazuli)………………………………………………. 29 2.2.9.1 En-route Points……………………………………………………........... 30 2.2.9.2 Scope…………………………………………………………………….. 30 2.2.9.3 Current Status……………………………………………………………. 30 2.2.10 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of Baku-Tbilisi- 31 Kars Corridor…………………………………………………………………………... 2.3 Iran- Afghanistan- Tajikistan- Kyrgyzstan- China Corridor (KTAI + China)…... 43 2.3.1 History…………………………………………………………………................ 43 2.3.2 En-route Countries……………………………………………………………...... 43 2.3.2.1 Afghanistan Segment……………………………………………………. 43 2.3.2.2 Tajikistan Segment………………………………………………………. 45 2.3.2.3 Kyrgyzstan Segment…………………………………………………….. 45 2.3.3 Current Status……………………………………………………………………. 45 2.3.4 Positive outcomes of the rail project…………………………………………….. 46 2.3.4.1 Political and economic interests of all members in building a new rail 46 corridor…………………………………………………………………………... 2.3.4.2 Positive political and economic benefits for individual 46 members…………………………………………………………………………. 2.3.4.2.1 Benefits for China……………………………………………. 46 2.3.4.2.2 Benefits for Iran……………………………………................ 47 3 2.3.4.2.3 Benefits for Tajikistan……………………………………….. 47 2.3.4.2.4 Benefits for Kyrgyzstan……………………………………… 47 2.3.4.2.5 Benefits for Afghanistan……………………………………... 47 2.3.5 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of Iran- 48 Afghanistan- Tajikistan- Kyrgyzstan- China Corridor (KTAI + China)………………. 2.4 GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) Railway Route…………………………………... 66 2.5 Islamabad- Tehran- Istanbul Corridor (ITI)………………………………………... 67 2.5.1 General Information…………………….............................................................. 67 2.5.2 Benefits…………………………………………………………………………... 67 2.5.3 Problems and bottlenecks the corridor encounters……………………………….. 68 2.5.4 Sea vs. Railway………………………………………………………………….. 69 2.5.5 Transshipment between Iran/ Pakistan……………….......................................... 70 2.5.6 Connection with Europe and China……………………………………………. 71 2.5.7 Tariff and charges for ECO Container Train on ITIT Route……………………. 71 2.5.8 Tariff rate in the route of Pakistan………………………………………………. 72 2.5.9 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of ITI International 74 Transport Corridor……………………………………………………........................... 2.6 Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (TITR).............................................. 82 2.7 Istanbul- Almaty corridor………………………………………………….................. 85 2.7.1 General information……………………………………………………................ 85 2.7.2 Current Status……………………………………………………………………. 85 2.7.3 Problems and bottlenecks in Istanbul- Almaty Corridor………………………… 86 2.7.4 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of Istanbul- Almaty Corridor………………………………………………………………………………... 91 2.8 Germany-Czech-Austria-Slovakia-Hungary-Romania-Bulgaria-Turkey-Iran 95 Corridor (towards China)………………………………………………………………… 2.8.1 History…………………………………………………………………................ 95 2.8.2 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of Germany-Czech- Austria-Slovakia-Hungary-Serbia-Bulgaria-Turkey-Iran Corridor……………………. 97 2.9 Iran-Iraq-Syria-Mediterranean Sea International Transport Corridor.................. 113 2.9.1 General information…………………………………………………………........ 113 2.9.1.1 Origin of the corridor………………………………………………… 113 2.9.1.2 Corridor destination……....................................................................... 113 2.9.1.3 Missing Links……………………………………………………........ 113 2.10 International North South Transport Corridor (INSTC)………............................ 116 2.10.1 History…………………………………………………….................................. 116 2.10.2 The corridor advantages………………………………………………………... 117 2.10.3 Missing Links…………………………………………………………………... 118 2.10.4 Problems and obstacles of the corridor in the territory of Iran before 118 construction of Qazvin- Rasht-Astara (Current Status)………………………………... 2.10.5 Non-tariff barriers: Change of gauge…………………………………………... 118 4 2.10.6 The proposed measures and solutions for activating North-South Corridor…… 119 2.10.7 Combined transport…………………………………………………………….. 119 2.10.8 Not a road to nowhere: Making the economic case for the INSTC……………. 120 2.10.9 Type of goods…………………………………………………………………... 122 2.10.10 Financing and returns on investment………………………………………….. 123 2.10.11 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….. 124 2.10.12 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of INSTC 126 International Transport Corridor……………………………………………………..... 2.11 Bandar Abbas- Almaty Corridor…………………………………………................ 144 2.11.1 General information…………………………………………………….............. 144 2.11.2 En-route Countries…………………………………………………………….... 144 2.11.3 Illustration of each country‘s role for the region……………………………….. 145 2.11.3.1 Kazakhstan……………………………………………………………. 146 2.11.3.2 Uzbekistan……………………………………………………………. 146 2.11.3.3 Turkmenistan…………………………………………………………. 147 2.11.3.4 Iran……………………………………………………………………. 147 2.11.4 Time schedules review of Bandar Abbas-Almaty route……………………….. 147 2.11.5 Tariff structure for Bandar Abbas-Almaty route………………………………. 150 2.11.6 Strengths and weaknesses of Bandar Abbas- Almaty train………………….. 151 2.11.7 Problems and bottlenecks in Bandar Abbas- Almaty Corridor………………… 152 2.11.8 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of Bandar Abbas- 153 Almaty Corridor…………………………………………………………….................. 2.12 Kazakhstan_Turkmenistan_Iran Rail Corridor (KTI)…………………………… 166 2.12.1 General information…………………………………………………………... 166 2.12.2 History………………………………………………………………................ 166 2.12.3 Alternative and competing corridors………………………………………...... 167 2.12.4 Latest status of freight traffic along the route………………………………… 167 2.12.5 Technical Points………………………………………………………………. 167 2.12.6 Movement of regular trains………………………………………………….... 167 2.12.7 The efforts of international organizations to activate the Kazakhstan- 168 Turkmenistan-Iran International Rail Corridor………………………………………. 2.12.8 The objectives of the KTI route project………………………………………. 168 2.12.9 Deliverables/outputs of the project…………………………………………... 168 2.12.10 Implementation mechanism…………………………………………………. 169 2.12.11 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………… 169 2.12.12 Offers for the activation of the Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran Corridor 170 (KTI)…………………………………………………………………………………. 2.12.13 A Glance to the export and import of the en-route countries of KTI transport 171 Corridor…………………………………………………………………...... 2.13 Kazakhstan– Uzbekistan– Turkmenistan– Iran– Oman International Transport 181 and Transit Corridor……………………………………………………………………… 2.13.1 General information…………………………………………………….............. 181 2.13.2 Accession of Kazakhstan to ―Ashgabat Agreement‖…………………………... 182 2.13.3 Volume of railway transportation between Ashgabat Agreement 182 members……………………………………………………………………………….. 2.13.4 Length of the Corridor………………………………………………………….. 183 2.13.5 A Glance to the en-route countries of (Kazakhstan)-Uzbekistan- 184 5 Turkmenistan- Iran- Oman International Transport and Transit Corridor…………….. 2.14 South –West International Transport Corridor………………………………….... 206 2.14.1 General information…………………………………………………………….. 206 2.14.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………. 206 2.14.3 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. 206 2.14.4 Poland as the European Transit hub 207 2.14.5 South –West International
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