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Nitric Oxide As a Second Messenger in Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Signaling

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Nitric Oxide As a Second Messenger in Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Signaling 433 Nitric oxide as a second messenger in parathyroid hormone-related protein signaling L Kalinowski, L W Dobrucki and T Malinski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA (Requests for offprints should be addressed to T Malinski, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Biochemistry Research Laboratories 136, Athens, Ohio 45701–2979, USA; Email: [email protected]) (L Kalinowski was on sabbatical leave from the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nephrology, Medical Research Center of the Polish Academy of Science, Poland) Abstract Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein (PTHrP) is competitive PTH/PTHrP receptor antagonists, 10 µmol/l produced in smooth muscles and endothelial cells and [Leu11,-Trp12]-hPTHrP(7–34)amide and 10 µmol/l is believed to participate in the local regulation of vascu- [Nle8,18,Tyr34]-bPTH(3–34)amide, were equipotent in lar tone. No direct evidence for the activation of antagonizing hPTH(1–34)-stimulated NO release; endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway [Leu11,-Trp12]-hPTHrP(7–34)amide was more potent by PTHrP has been found despite attempts to identify it. than [Nle8,18,Tyr34]-bPTH(3–34)amide in inhibiting Based on direct in situ measurements, it is reported here for hPTHrP(1–34)-stimulated NO release. The PKC inhibi- the first time that the human PTH/PTHrP receptor tor, H-7 (50 µmol/l), did not change hPTH(1–34)- and analogs, hPTH(1–34) and hPTHrP(1–34), stimulate NO hPTHrP(1–34)-stimulated NO release, whereas the release from a single endothelial cell. A highly sensitive combined effect of 10 µmol/l of the cAMP antagonist, porphyrinic microsensor with a response time of 0·1 ms Rp-cAMPS, and 50 µmol/l of the calmodulin inhibitor, and a detection limit of 1 nmol/l was used for the W-7, was additive. measurement of NO. Both hPTH(1–34) and hPTHrP(1– The present studies show that both hPTH(1–34) and 34) stimulated NO release at nanomolar concentrations. hPTHrP(1–34) activate NO production in endothelial The peak concentration of 0·1 µmol/l hPTH(1–34)- and cells. The activation of NO release is through PTH/ 0·1 µmol/l hPTHrP(1–34)-stimulated NO release was PTHrP receptors and is mediated via the calcium/ 1759 and 24813 nmol/l respectively. This represents calmodulin pathway. about 30%-40% of maximum NO concentration recorded Journal of Endocrinology (2001) 170, 433–440 in the presence of (0·1 µmol/l) calcium ionophore. Two Introduction physiological concentrations of the hormone were often required to produce vasorelaxant effects. Apart from being a major physiological regulator of cal- Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), initially cium homeostasis, parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known identified as a factor responsible for malignancy-associated to relax vascular smooth muscle and to acutely lower blood hypercalcemia (Philbrick et al. 1996), has subsequently pressure in several species of vertebrates. Accordingly, been demonstrated not only in tumor tissues but also in a PTH proved to be a potent vasodilator in dogs (Charbon number of normal fetal and adult tissues including vascular 1968), rats (Pang et al. 1980a), chickens (Pang et al. endothelial cells (Ishikawa et al. 1994, Rian et al. 1994, 1980b), frogs (Chiu et al. 1983) and snakes (Sham et al. Jiang et al. 1996) and smooth muscle cells of non-vascular 1984). PTH has also been shown to lower blood pressure and vascular origin (Burton et al. 1994, Philbrick 1996). in hypertensive rats (Nakamura et al. 1981). Moreover, The role of PTHrP is increasingly recognized as an responsiveness in vivo of small arterioles to PTH fragment important autocrine/paracrine hormone in regulating 1–34 but not fragment 3–34 indicated that N-terminally physiological functions, such as local modulation of micro- located amino acids are important for vascular dilatation circulation, whereas PTH only mimics the vascular action (Dowe & Joshua 1987). Despite this evidence, the relative of PTHrP. PTHrP has sequence similarity to PTH at its importance of PTH as a physiological regulator of cardio- N-terminus and has been shown to share its receptor with vascular hemodynamics has been debated (Bukoski et al. PTH in several tissues, including smooth muscle cells 1995). This is, in part, due to the fact that supra- (Nickols et al. 1990, Urena et al. 1993) and endothelial Journal of Endocrinology (2001) 170, 433–440 Online version via http://www.endocrinology.org 0022–0795/01/0170–433 2001 Society for Endocrinology Printed in Great Britain Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 09/27/2021 09:57:58AM via free access 434 L KALINOWSKI and others · PTHrP releases NO in endothelial cells cells (Amizuka et al. 1997, Jiang et al. 1998). Both PTH American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, and PTHrP have been reported to bind to the receptor USA). Cells were grown in T-75 tissue culture flasks with equivalent affinity and to stimulate both adenylate (Corning, Greenville, OH, USA) in minimum essential cyclase and phospholipase C activities (Philbrick et al. medium (MEM, Cellgro, Herndon, VA, USA) containing 1996, Schluter & Piper 1998). While the evidence linking 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Biocell Laboratories, Inc., cAMP to PTHrP-mediated vasorelaxation in different Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA) and 0·004% gentamycin. species and vascular beds is reasonably secure, the question The culture was incubated in an atmosphere of 95% air as to whether the vasodilatory action of PTHrP involves an and 5% CO2 at 37 C and passaged every 3–4 days. The endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway cells were detached by exposure for 2–3 min at 24 Cto is unresolved. It has been reported that the relaxant effect 0·05% trypsin in 0·15 mol/l NaCl, 0·01 mol/l sodium of PTH in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vasculature did phosphate and 0·02% EDTA. Once the cells lifted off, not require an intact endothelium and appeared to result 8 ml of the original medium were added to the 2 ml from a direct effect on the vessel medial layer (Nickols trypsin/cell solution (to inactivate trypsin) and centrifuged et al. 1986). On the other hand, in porcine coronary at approximately 600 r.p.m. for 10 min. The cell pellet arteries, removal of endothelial cells or pretreatment with was resuspended in 10 ml fresh culture medium. To NG-nitro--arginine (-NNA), a NO-synthase inhibitor, maintain the culture, 4 ml of the cell suspension were impaired PTH-induced relaxations (Schulze et al. 1993). transferred to a T-75 tissue culture glass containing 11 ml In the kidney, it has been shown that the inhibition of fresh growth medium. Two milliliters of the cell suspen- NO-synthase by NG-nitro--arginine-methyl ester (- sion were transferred to a 6015 mm tissue culture dish NAME) markedly reduced the PTHrP-induced vaso- (Corning). The culture was then incubated (37 C, in an relaxation in rabbit (Simeoni et al. 1994). However, atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO2)for2–4 days, until the endothelial damage in rabbit renovasculature did not alter cells were confluent. Cells were rinsed twice with Hank’s the inhibitory action of -NAME on PTHrP-induced balanced saline solution (HBSS) containing 137 mmol/l vasorelaxation (Massfelder et al. 1996). On the contrary, in NaCl, 5 mmol/l KCl, 0·8 mmol/l MgSO4,0·33 mmol/l the more recent studies, it has been reported that PTHrP- Na2HPO4,0·44 mmol/l K2HPO4, 1 mmol/l MgCl, and PTH-induced aortic relaxations were largely endo- 1·8 mmol/l CaCl2, 10 mmol/l Tris–HCl and 1 mmol/l thelium dependent in mice (Sutliff et al. 1999). In -arginine (37 C) prior to assays in order to remove addition, the endothelium-dependent component of growth media. All PTH and PTHrP relative peptides PTHrP- and PTH-induced aortic relaxations was un- were dissolved in 103 mol/l HCl containing 0·1% bo- affected by pretreatment with -NNA but was inhibited vine serum albumin at a final concentration of 2·5104 by pretreatment with tetrabutyl ammonium, a potassium mol/l and stored at 70 C in 25 µl aliquots. Before use, channel blocker. peptides were further diluted to the desired concentration The limitation of all studies reported previously is that in HBSS. To study the effects of PTH and PTHrP the release of NO was suggested based on the comparison receptor blockade, the antagonists, [Nle8,18, Tyr34]- of vascular smooth muscle relaxation and not based on bPTH(3–34)amide and [Leu11,-Trp12]-hPTHrP direct measurement of NO. The short half-life of NO in (7–34)amide, were added to cell incubation buffer at a biological systems has created several problems in its direct final concentration of 10 µmol/l 5 min prior to addition of determination. Recently, the design and application of a the agonists, hPTH(1–34) and hPTHrP(1–34). For exper- porphyrinic microsensor for direct in situ electrochemical iments in Ca2+-free solution, Ca2+ was omitted from measurement of NO in a single cell have been published HBSS solution and 2 mmol/l ethylene glycol-bis(- (Malinski & Taha 1992, Hill et al. 1996). This micro- aminoethylether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) sensor, designed for cell culture (Hill et al. 1996), allows were added. In the experiments with NO synthase inhibi- the direct quantification of NO with a high sensitivity. tors (200 µmol/l each), a membrane-permeable antagonist The aims of the present study were to explore, by using of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (10 µmol/l), calmodu- NO-porphyrinic microsensor, the concentration-related lin and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (50 µmol/l effect of PTHrP on NO release, to compare the NO- each), the cells were pretreated for 30 min with various stimulating potency of PTHrP to that of PTH, and to blocking agents.
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