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Ulmaceae) at Huei-Sen Forests, Nantou Co The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan ecLma bens. Iopid. Soc. IaPan 46 (4): 175-184, December 1995 The life histories and bielogy of Epicopeiidae of Taiwan Shen-Horn YEN", Jia-Horn Mu, Jia-Lurng JEAN Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuokuang Road., Taichung 402, Taiwan, R.O.C. Abstract The Iife histories and biology ef the twu species of Epicopeiidae of Taiwan are clescribed and illustratecl fer the first time. Additionally, a comment on phylogenetic position of this family is also provided. Key words Diurnal moths, immature stages, hostplants, phylogeny. Introduction The family Epicopeiidae embraces several medium- to large-sized diurnal moths across the Oriental and the Palaearctic regions. They are usually regarded as mimic to a certain species of Papilionidae, Danainae or bearing aposematic coloration. In Taiwan, two species of Epicopeiidae, EIPicopeia mencia Moore, 1874, and E. hainesii matsumuvai Okano, 1973, have hitherto been recognized. wnile the early stages of the same species from Japan and China have been described or illustrated, the life history of this family from Taiwan has remained unknown to date. In early May 1992, one of us, Yen, was able to collect larvae and eggs of E, mencia from Ulmus Parvijblia Jacq. (Ulmaceae) at Huei-Sen Forests, Nantou Co. and Shanping, Kaohsiung Co,, Taiwan, respectively. They were subsequently brought to the laboratory of Department of.Entomology. Rearing was conducted at room temperatures, Eggs were put into a small transparent plastic bag ; hatched larvae were reared in a 15 × 8 × 20 cm plastic case with an abundant supply of leaves of the hostplant; pupae were left in the case to emerge; hibernate pupae were mantained at 100C. In the early June 1993, the larvae and eggs of the other species, E hainesii matsumurai, were collected by us at Kukuan, Taichung Co., Hawan- shan, Wushe, and Wanda, Nantou Co. and Chinshuei, Hualien Co. They were also reared and observed by the same way. The purpose of this paper is to describe the elements of the life histories and present some notes on the biology of these fascinating members in the moth fauna of Taiwan. Morphology and bielogy of immature stages and adult Elpicqpeia mencia Moore, 1874 (Figs 1--7, 18-28) Egg. Ovum diameter 1.1-1.2 mm, yerlow, spherical with a slightly flattened base and 16- 17 vertical ribs, aggregative on the under surface of termina] host leaves. Larva. Coloration : Hatching larva length 2.2-2.4 mrn, ground color light yellow with dorsal and subdorsal stripes white ; head capsule yellow but soon turning to black after I hour ; body covered with white waxy secretion after few hours, Instars 2-6 similar in ground color and pattern of waxy secretion ; mature larva (instar 6) length 30.0-50.0 mm, ground color yellowish white with dark brown patches plus several waxing pores on these patches, skin with 3-4 wrinkles transverse ; waxy cover white, granular, uniform on each segment. Head : Capsule glabrous dark brown, chaetotaxy only with AF2 and * Present address : Research Institute of Life Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan 176 Shen'Horn YEN, JiaJHorn Mu and Jia-Lurng JEAN D2Dl Dl D2 XDI D!D2' DZ Dl D -xxXD-7J DlD2 .Lt.t.'i::"Zf,--sD-x !!IS (t,r SD2/..･-SD2/･.SDI'IDl / ageX tD"/.,s'sD(,l'X7/sD2SDI-sD2SDI N/)-SD>-0 NhN..-L.!--h )'O2iOiJ.･o',tiv.t-L3i.SD2''f'L'.SDI'SDQ-et･,i･,ee'･ -t t' L !" gLL{IS-Il?!'L`Ot t. t- ,N "1tr!til''tClr'`svN)>1rth L2X/!}/,sv' ,.",,/,'bb.V,.lr,I]rvlVK'''vi,s'tt/tlt:.t/itt/i'i'//1'/""" gE-,flB">W.t m "ri-f-Lt(f-&as,#frt F-- ･ew Tl T2 T3 Al as A7 A8 A9-10 1 3 rnm 1l - [,[l･ . 1 M2,- ie " lIFI e e-il eq g.O . ssv o 4 O.5 l 2 3 mm 1mm 1 rnm. 5 } 7 O,5 mm O.5 mm - - O.5mm - Figs1-7. Last instar of Eipicopeia mencia Moore: 1. Chaetotaxy. 2. Head chaetotaxy (frontal view). 3. Head chaetotaxy (lateral view). 4. Hypopharyngeal complex (ventral view). 5. Mandible (left rear). 6. Mandible (right front). 7. Crochets. NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan Life History and Biology of Epicopeiidae of Taiwan 177 Fl present ; labrum with 4 pairs of major setae dorsally ; 6 stemmata ; rnandible almost rectangular, with 8 teeth ; hypopharyngeal complex as illustrated, with blunt spinneret. Thorax: Surface texture with some minute secondary setae; thoracic spiracles Iarge; Tl with doral plate dark brown ; chaetotaxy with SDI and SD2 apparently as single seta, with an L-group seta near spiracle ; T2 with Dl as a single seta and D2 plus several associated short setae over surface; T3 with L-group emitted on weakly sclerotized pinaculum, Ll and L2 anterior to L3. Abdomen: Al-2 similar to T2 except spiyacle present and SV group as approximate individual setae ; AIO with strongly sclerotized amber plate having several pairs of setae ; prolegs normal, all with many setae ; cro- "tetraordinal". chets uniserial and Pupa. Length 20.0-28.0mm, width 8.0-10.emm; dark brown, stout, slightly setal; prothoracic legs equal to proboscis in length ; wing tips nearly reaching posterior margin of A4 ; dorsum with one or two setae on each abdominal segment ; spiracles visible, cremaster reduced. Biology of immature stages. Larvae of all instars are strongly aggregative. The hatching larva does not consume egg shell, and the first instar larva behaves ag- gregatively with curving or arising the body when disturbed. Mature larva moves downwards to the ground to build a soft cocoon covered with white wax. Prepupal stage lasts a week and pupal stage takes approximately 25-45 (unhibernating) to 200 (hibernating) days. The complete early stage needs 60-90 days (unhibernating) to 240- 270 days (hibernating). Adult flight period. Adult usually appears from April to October with two or three generatlons. Adult. Adult coloration is dimorphic and aposematic with red tegula and transverse patterns on abdomen, one forrn is similar to a Troidini species byasa alcinezas, the other looks like I]kechliqPla an'stolochiae. The ratio between two forms is nearly equal. This diurnal insect usually flies high near the hostplant and visits flowers of Rutaceae and Euphorbiaceae ; when captured, false death is always observed. Hostplants. Ulnzus Parvtfolla Jacq. (Ulmaceae) is the sole confirrned hostplant of E mencia in China (Chu & Wang, 1981 ; Liu, 1983), Japan (Tsushima I.) (Miyakawa, 1993), and Taiwan (Chang et ag.. 1992). We supplied Ulmtts tcyematsui Hayata and Zbthova servata (Thunb.) Makino while the larvae did net accept the leaves. We suppose that physical condition of leaves is a limiting factor confining E. mencla on UL Parvijbha. Habitat and distribution. The habitat is usualiy primary evergreen oak forest consist- ing dominantly of Querczts and Machilus. This insect is sparsely distributed to the low (500m) to medium altitudes (2,OOOm) of the whole island of Taiwan and strongly associated with its hostplant. llpicQpeia hainesii matsumurai Okano, 1973 (Figs 8-17, 29-36) Egg. Ovum diameter 1.0-1.1 mm, slightly smaller than E. mencia, light yellow, spherical with a slightly flattened base and 18 vertical ribs, aggregative on the under surface of terminal host leaves, Larva. Coloratien: Hatching larva length 2.0-2.2rnm, ground color creamy yellow without dosal or subdorsal stripes white ; head capsule light gray but soon turning to black ; body covered with thin layer of white waxy secretion. Instars 2-6 similar in ground celor but dissimilar in pattern of waxy secretion, 2nd instar with thin layer of wax, 3rd instar having wax tufts more developed on Tl-3 and A8-10, wax secretion on NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan 17S Shen-Horn YEN, Jia-}Iorn Mu and Jia-Lurng JEAN DlD2 Dl, DlD2/tDlt)2t)]D2 DlD2' )g'=tr XDINXD2SDISD2oLioL2 1]1 sDiofsmororB SD2 SDI D2 D xSD2 D] ''D2SDI...,.i,''/1.,SD"1.ttt SDI-exLSV2sv]v SDISD2/oPIL2.s･sv2svlQ' eisDA'.ofmgZsVXSV2li..kc''SDl{.1,P'x 6"s/,tcttsvC!}'-HL. PL?sv'L2L i sviEPk R'' v K ..ut LSL!I-A Tl T2 T3 Al A3 A7 A8 A9-10 8 1[l 3 mni N･, j P2 I[1IAFI Ll-x. ･s] A3MK ixfAF2 K 'iii,I[,x[' XAI . E: 1 11 li O.5 mm - 9 10 1mm' 1mm A-Sttsh nyh .Z "<{qw mp 12 14 O.5 nim O.5 mm - - O.5mm - Figs8-14. Last instar ofEipicopeia hainesii matsum"7uiOkano: 8. Chaetotaxy. 9. Head chaetotaxy (frontal view). 10. Head chaetotaxy (lateral view). 11, Hypopharyn- geal complex (ventral view). 12. Mandible (left rear). 13. Mandible (right front). 14. Crochets. NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society ofofJapan Japan Life History and BioIogy of Epicopeiidae of Talwan I79 3mm . - - 1 'x'L ti L ' ci!' .,-.,.t,,-,--...･-t,,,. e .lttJ-ttttt-ttttttttttttt.tt.tt.ttttttttttt- lf.,...,,....:g, i, /t -- -Lt "'t"Eib .ttttt.t l'ha' elt K s 20 3 mrn 3mm 3mm . pt ' Figs 15-17. Pupa of EipicQPeiahainesii matsumu7ui Okano : 15. Ventralview. 16. Dorsal view. 17. Lateral view. Figs IS-20. Pupa oi EipicqPeia mencia Moore : 18. Ventral view. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Lateral view. NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society ofofJapan Japan 180 Shen-Horn YEN,Jia-Horn Muand Jia-Lurng JEAN Figs21-28. Life history of Eipicopeia mencia Moore. 21. Hatching larvain egg. 22. Ist instar. 23. Istand2ndinstars. 24. Matureinstar. 25. Pupaewithwaxycocoons. 26. Adult male. 27. Adult female, 28. Adult female (white-banded form). NII-Electronic Library Service The LepidopterologicalSocietyLepidopterological Society of Japan LifeHistory anclBiology of Epicepeiidae of Taiwan 181 Figs29-36.
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