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Zamek W Skawinie Jako Przykład Średniowiecznej Warowni Fundacji Króla Kazimierza Wielkiego1

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Zamek W Skawinie Jako Przykład Średniowiecznej Warowni Fundacji Króla Kazimierza Wielkiego1 NAUKA SCIENCE Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa Zamek w Skawinie jako przykład średniowiecznej warowni fundacji króla Kazimierza Wielkiego1 The castle Skawina as an example of medieval stronghold founded by King Casimir the Great Skawina została założona jako miasto królew- Skawina was founded as a royal town accord- skie na prawie magdeburskim przez króla Kazimie- ing to the Magdeburg Law by King Casimir the rza Wielkiego w 1364 roku, w ramach akcji urba- Great in 1364, during the process of urbanising the nizacyjnej kraju. country. Geneza powstania miasta jest jednak bardziej However, the origins of the town are more com- złożona. Było ono bowiem elementem systemu plex. The town was an element of the defensive obronnego, stworzonego przez Kazimierza Wiel- system, created by Casimir the Great in order to kiego w celu wzmocnienia zachodniej granicy kra- strengthen the western border of the state which, ju, która w okresie rozbicia dzielnicowego na prze- during the period of feudal fragmentation at the łomie XIII i XIV wieku niebezpiecznie przesunęła turn of the 13th and 14th century, moved danger- się w stronę stołecznego Krakowa, na linię rzeki ously close towards the capital in Krakow, to the Skawinki. line of the Skawinka River. Skawina została założona na terenie lekko po- Skawina was located in the area slightly sloping chyłym w kierunku zachodnim (w kierunku rzeki westwards (towards the river Skawinka). The town Skawinki). Miasto otrzymało regularny, ortogonal- was given a regular, orthogonal layout based on ny układ urbanistyczny oparty na module sznuro- a ‘sznur’ (Polish unit of length) module. The town wym. Teren miasta został wyznaczony na gruntach area was marked out on the grounds of three vil- trzech wsi, należących wcześniej do klasztoru ty- lages: Pisary, Babice Nowe and Babice Stare, for- nieckiego: Pisar, Babic Nowych i Babic Starych. merly belonging to the Monastery in Tyniec. The Król otoczył miasto murami obronnymi, zbudo- King had the town surrounded with defensive wał przy nim zamek, a także ufundował kościół walls, had the castle built in close proximity and farny pw. św. Ducha (obecnie pw. św. św. Szymona founded a parish church dedicated to the Holy i Judy) oraz szkołę. Ghost (currently the St. Simon and Jude’s Church) Relikty rozplanowania ww. przedlokacyjnych and a school. wsi można odnaleźć na wschód od miasta lokacyj- Relics indicating the layout of the above men- nego. Przedmieście o nazwie „Pisary” odnotowa- tioned pre-location villages can be found to the east no na planie katastralnym, Babice zaś na panora- of the located town. A suburbium called “Pisary” micznej mapie Skawiny z 1663 roku: „Villa Babi- was listed on a cadastral plan, while Babice on the ce… Nova et Antiqua”. Natomiast na terenie mia- panoramic map of Skawina from 1663: “Villa Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 27/2010 145 sta lokacyjnego (w obrębie zarysu murów obron- Babice… Nova et Antiqua”. In the area of the char- nych) nie odnaleziono śladów uformowań przed- tered town, however (within the outline of the lokacyjnych, co może oznaczać, że były one nie- town ramparts), no traces of pre-location forma- trwałe i nie zostały zaadaptowane dla celów miasta tions were found which might mean that they were lokacyjnego. only temporary and were not adapted to serve the Z okresu przedlokacyjnego pochodzi także purposes of a chartered town. przeprawa na Skawince, a przy niej komora celna. The crossing on the Skawinka, and the nearby Domniemywać można, że była oparta o bliżej nie- customs house also come from the period before określony gródek strażniczy z pomieszczeniami dla the foundation of the town. It is likely that the cus- załogi strzegącej miejsca, gdzie pobierano opłaty. toms house might have leaned against an undeter- Nie wiadomo jednak, czy ów hipotetyczny gródek, mined watchtower with rooms for the men guard- zbudowany zapewne na jednym z okolicznych pa- ing the place where tolls were collected. It is not górków, wzniesiony był w miejscu późniejszego known, however, whether the hypothetical watch- „kazimierzowskiego” zamku. Być może, i jest to tower, which might have been built on one of the logiczne założenie, że tradycja miejsca obronnego surrounding hills, was erected on the site of the nad Skawinką spowodowała, że właśnie w tym later “Casimir” castle. It seems logical to assume miejscu założony został zespół zamkowy, powsta- that the tradition of a defensive fort on the Skawin- ły w II połowie XIV wieku. ka influenced the choice of that particular site as Zamek w Skawinie obecnie nie istnieje. Brak the location of a castle complex erected in the sec- też konkretnych informacji dlaczego i kiedy został ond half of the 14th century. zniszczony. Zapewne jako obiekt o charakterze The castle in Skawina no longer exists. There obronnym przestał być potrzebny, tym bardziej, że is no concrete information either as to why and zmienił się przebieg zachodniej granicy Polski. when it might have been destroyed. Being a de- Pierwszą informację o skawińskiej warowni fensive structure, it may no longer have been nec- można odnaleźć w dziele Jana Długosza „Liber essary, the more so as the western frontier of Po- beneficiorum”2. Kronikarz podaje w nim, że Kazi- land changed. mierz Wielki lokując Skawinę w 1364 roku ufun- The first information concerning the Skawina dował tu także zamek obronny. Lokacje nowych stronghold can be found in the work by Jan miast, fundacje zamków i umocnień obronnych Długosz “Liber beneficiorum”. The chronicler były istotnym elementem polityki Kazimierza wrote that Casimir the Great, while founding Wielkiego. W system obronny państwa włączona Skawina in 1364, also founded here a fortified cas- została również Skawina, jako miasto położone tle. Locations of new towns, founding castles and przy ówczesnej granicy Polski ze Śląskiem i Mo- defensive fortifications were a significant element rawami (zob. mapa Polski w 1370 roku, ryc. 1). Za- of Casimir the Great’s policy. Skawina, being łożenie na tym terenie warowni miało więc logicz- a town situated in the then borderland between ne przesłanki, tym bardziej, że granica państwa Poland, Silesia and Moravia (see map of Poland in przesunęła się „niebezpiecznie” blisko stołeczne- 1370, fig. 1), was also incorporated into the state go Krakowa. defensive system. Therefore, establishing a fortress Istniał być może jeszcze jeden powód tej fun- in this area seemed logical, the more so as the state dacji króla. Mianowicie, na wzgórzu klasztornym border had been moved “dangerously” close to the w Tyńcu od najdawniejszych czasów istniał zamek capital in Krakow. obronny strzegący traktów handlowych wzdłuż There might have existed yet another reason for Wisły i znajdującej się tam przeprawy przez rze- this particular royal foundation. Namely, since time kę3. Bronił on także drogi do Krakowa od strony immemorial, on the monastery hill in Tyniec there zachodniej. W okresie średniowiecza, już w czasach existed a fortified castle which guarded the trade „benedyktyńskich”4 w Tyńcu nadal istniał zamek route along the Vistula and the river ford situated obronny z załogą. Ten stan rzeczy zakłócał życie there. It also defended the road to Krakow from zakonne, stąd benedyktyni starali się u kolejnych the west. In the medieval period, already during królów o likwidację funkcji obronnych o charak- the “Benedictine” times in Tyniec, there still func- terze świeckim na tynieckim wzgórzu5. Nie było tioned a fortified castle with a garrison. That state to możliwe, gdyż ówczesna granica Dzielnicy Se- disturbed monastic life, so the Benedictines ap- nioralnej z Księstwem Oświęcimsko-Zatorskim pealed to successive monarchs to eliminate defen- przebiegała wzdłuż rzeki Skawinki i wymagała sive functions of lay character on the Tyniec hill. It wzmocnienia i obrony. Jedynym sposobem na usu- was not possible, since at that time the border of nięcie załogi z tynieckiego wzgórza było zbudowa- the Seniorate Province with the Oświęcim-Zator nie w pobliżu innej warowni, która przejęłaby Duchy ran along the Skawinka River and required 146 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Conservation News • 27/2010 funkcje obronne zamku tynieckiego. Taką funkcję strengthening and defence. The only way to re- mógł pełnić m.in. zamek w Skawinie, położony move the military garrison from the Tyniec hill was w odległości około 7 km od Tyńca. Załoga wojsko- building another stronghold nearby, which could wa ostatecznie została usunięta z Tyńca dopiero take over the defensive functions of the Tyniec cas- w XV wieku. tle. The castle in Skawina, located within the dis- W związku z faktem, że zamek skawiński nie tance of approximately 7 km from Tyniec, could istnieje już kilkaset lat (prawdopodobnie został have served this purpose. The garrison was finally zniszczony przez Szwedów podczas Potopu), brak removed from Tyniec in the 15th century. jest dokładnych informacji dotyczących jego wy- Because the castle in Skawina was destroyed glądu, wielkości, umocnień obronnych oraz deta- hundreds of years ago (it might have been demol- lu architektonicznego. ished by the Swedish troops during the Deluge), O skawińskim zamku wspomina m.in. Juliusz there is no precise information concerning its ap- Marszałek w pracy pt. Katalog grodzisk i zamczysk pearance, size, fortifications or architectonic detail. w Karpatach. Wymienia on badania archeologiczne The castle in Skawina was mentioned by e.g. prowadzone w 1958 roku w rejonie szkoły przy ul. Juliusz Marszałek in his work entitled The Cata- Mickiewicza, które wykazały istnienie na tym te- logue of Forts and Castles in the Carpathians. He men- renie murów datowanych na XIV wiek. tions archeological excavations conducted in 1958 Zamek w Skawinie opisują także L. Kajzer, on the premises of the school at Mickiewicza Street, S. Kołodziejski i J. Salm w Leksykonie zamków which confirmed the existence there of ramparts w Polsce. Powołując się na kronikarzy: Janka dated back to the 14th century. z Czarnkowa oraz Jana Długosza potwierdzają ist- The castle in Skawina was also described by nienie średniowiecznej warowni w Skawinie.
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