Adam Wójcik

THE GLADYSZES

The Pioneers of Colonisation in Pogórze

Szymbark

GORLICE 1948 Published by the Regional Committee in

1 CREDITS TO Doctor Krystyna Pieradzka from Cracow for invaluable advice and instruction, the Management of the State Archives in Cracow for their permission to use their collection, Rev. Stanisław Pękala from Szalowa for reading documents, Eng. Józef Barut from for notes and to everybody who assisted me in collecting the material and publishing it I would like to give my sincere thanks.

ADAM WÓJCIK

Gorlice, 10th January 1948

2 Chapter I

THE FOREST

The silent and black Carpathian forest covers 200 kilometres with a wide strip the and Low Beskid along with Pogórze between and constitutes from centuries the southern border of .

On the high mountain slopes there blackened fir forests and spruce here and there interspersed with fairer larches. Slightly lower, on the tops of the arched hills they had green beeches, sycamores, ash-trees and elms. Rocky hills were covered with thickset hornbeams and white birches. And at the upland plains were grown over with branchy oaks and forked pine trees. In the forest shelters there were hidden dark green yews. In the damp valleys of numerous rivulets and streams there clustered alders, aspens, willows, elm-trees, hazels, rowans, cranberry trees, guelder roses, alder buckthorns, hawthorns and many other trees replenished the thicket of old forest that protected the country from the attacks of the enemies from Hungarian site.

COLONISATION

While there was a forest, we were not there. But already in the prehistoric times, from the era through the settlement period there flow the waves of the Polish from the fertile Little Poland Upland along rivers Dunajec, Biała, Wisłoka to the territory of the Carpathian forest first for hunting and bee-keeping purposes, later searching for trade routes through the Carpathians to the Hungarian Lowland and finally, for settlement purposes.

During the reign of the first Polish , the Piasts, from the 10th to the 12th century the forest in the Carpathian Pogórze downstream of , Dunajec, Biała and Wisłoka owing to the colonisation activity of Boleslaus the Brave, Casimirus

3 the Restorer, Boleslaus the Bold, as well as the numerous knight’s families such as the Bogorias, the Gierałts, the Odrowążs and with the help of the and Koprokrzywnice monasteries aiming at organising the south-eastern protection of the border.

The partition of Poland, the internal struggles and the Tartaric raids destroyed in the 13th century the flourishing Polish settlements in Pogórze and on the borders of the Carpathian forest.

The task to people and cultivate the southern Polish borders is indefatigably continued by Poland’s subsequent : Boleslaus the Shy, Leszek the Black, Ladislaus the Ell and Casimirus the Great whose widely spread colonisation action gave stunningly fruitful results. Several new were established in Pogórze: Ciężkowice, Bobowa, Gorlice, , Frysztak, and dozens of new villages and the range of the dense Polish settlement reached the Carpathian watershed, which later on got jagged only due to the Wallachian colonisation.

Among the pioneers of the Polish colonisation in Pogórze and in the Carpathians, especially in the Ropa river valley in the 14th century and later on the Gładysz family distinguished itself. It is difficult to faithfully and completely reconstruct the remote past today. However, the existing fragmentary data indicates that the Gładysz family used to play an important role in the history of the lands neighbouring with the Carpathians and can boast not only with the pioneer settlement work, but also organisational work for the benefit of the Polish state and the cultural work whose innumerable monuments have survived until today.

THE SILESIAN GŁADYSZES

According to the not so very precise Kneschke armorial the Gładyszes are one of the oldest Silesian families. Certainly, as the name Gładysz (from Polish gładki (smooth) – ogłada (refinement) itself suggests, the family is of Slavonic origin.

4 Jan Gladiss was mentioned in in 1231 as the courtier of St. Hedvig the Silesian, while the document for in 1376 mentions Henzlin Gladis.

As a result of the German onrush on the western lands during the reign, many people deserted those territories and settled down in the south- eastern regions of the country. One branch of the Gładysz family also migrated from Silesia to Little Poland and connected with the Gryfits family and adopted the Gryf (Eng. Griffon) or Sveboda coat of arms.

THE GRYFITS COAT OF ARMS

The description of that coat of arms runs in the following way: “On the red background there is a white griffon whose front part, from the head is of likeness to a hook-nosed with a tongue hanging out, with two wings spread as if for flight and whose other part is reminds of a lion standing on hind legs with its tail raised upwards”. Above the crown there protrudes half an eagle with one trunk.” It most probably originates from Leszek III who granted it to his sons on the division he made and changed an eagle into the griffon to mark the difference. Some duchies, such as Kaszuby, , , Zgorzelice used that sign as their coat of arms. Jaxa, the prince of the Lusatian Serbia, the son of Leszek III whose descendants returned to Poland during the reign of the subsequent Boleslauses is considered to be the progenitor of that family. Jaxa Wincenty Światopełk, the heir of Bochnia and his brother Krekocha founded monasteries in Trzemieszyna and lavishly paying to the Miechów convent. THE SĄCZ LANDS

Initially, the Gładyszes settled in the Sącz lands in Little Poland where, under the protection of the kings and the superior knighthood very often brought here from abroad, Polish colonisation had developed earlier taking advantage of the water Dunajec – connecting our country with the southern side of the Carpathians.

5 Following the first raid of the Tartars the Sącz land briskly rose after its coming under the ownership of Kinga on the basis of the document which, in 1257 the prince Boleslaus the Shy issued during the session of the regional council in . The excerpts of this document read: “In the Name of the Lord Amen. We, Boleslaus, by God’s grace the prince of Cracow and , announce to all our contemporaries and their descendants that in an attempt to be, from our earliest years, obedient to signs and the orders of the Almighty Creator as well as in order to better, more peacefully and with God’s mercy rule our state, following the wise advice of the Reverend in Christ Father Wiesław, the Bishop of Cracow and in accordance with the resolution of all our notables and lords, calling God for help, have connected in marital bond with Her Majesty Kunegunda, the daughter of the His Majesty Hungarian Bela IV not only with gold, silver and precious stones according to the Providence and the royal richness excellently enriched, but above all ornate with the treasures of virtues and respectable manners who from God’s inspiration in the days of our most violent need has granted us generously the joy of the earthly support. When, during the bad time from God’s will because of our sins, the Tartars ravaged the land subjected to us with fire and , suddenly inundated our land with the streams of the Christian blood, when, in the face of the annihilation and the dispersion of the farmer all seemed to be lost and we were devoid of the ability to order, as before, the noble custom and bounty dear to all; when the stoniness of the hardened hearts did not leave any money in our treasury and hence brought us to considerable want and inability to find means to pay our knighthood – it was then when our venerable and celebrated Lady, our beloved spouse, seeing us in such a heavy worry, prompted by the inexpressible and infallible compassion of her tender love, taking pity on us from the depth of her soul offered several times the money from her dowry for the payment to the knights with the provision that we pay the said sum in its place and time. Which we did. However, as among the frequent and varied adversities we were incapable of keeping our promise, we, following the wise advice of Reverend Father Prandota, the Bishop of Cracow, as

6 well as by resolution and unanimous will and permission of our lords, we hereby grant and transfer to her irrevocably and in eternal tenure the Sącz land honestly and totally without the slightest diminution together with all knightly power such as we ourselves wield with the total right to duties, with forests spreading as far as the Hungarian border, with rivers, fishing, ponds, inns, mills, meadows, pastures and all other attachments and dependencies whatever they might be named in such a way as she could be able to sell the said land, to trade it, to grant, hire or expropriate herself from it in any other manner. In which land we do not leave to our descendants any rights, only the right of defence, care and support instituted for the benefit of our beloved spouse, so that, in the time of our being called by God from the bodily prison to the eternal journey, the Celebrated Lady, supported with joy and assistance against the storms of the bad times would not put, neither during her life, nor after her death, the said land in the hands of other people or she would not tear it apart from the Polish nation, but so that she would show it the same motherly love and unshaken faith, as she undisturbedly and unchangeably showed to the said nation and still keeping it, would nestle it to herself as she has hereto done. And in order for our inviolable grant, which is an incomparably lesser reward and repayment, gained the power of an eternal reward and repayment and so that nobody, at the instigation of the evil spirit, anger and misdeed, rejecting the fear of God would dare to repeatedly and unjustly torment the said Lady or Her rightful descendants with any wrongs, we ordered this card, carefully executed for this purpose, to be stamped with our seal. This took place in Korczyn, our village in the year one thousand two hundred fifty and seven from the birth of Our Lord, on this day of second of March.

Thus, in reward for the dowry money, which Boleslaus the Shy used for the purpose of war with the Tartars in 1241, His wife Kinga received the Sącz lands.

Right afterwards, Kinga bequeathed 28 villages and the of Stary Sącz (the Old Sącz) in eternal tenure to its St. Clare’s monastery in Old Sącz. While the

7 Sącz lands, after Kinga’s death, still constitutes the widow’s excuse of the princesses or the royal widows. It was held by Gryfina, the widow of Leszek the Black (1292-1303), then by Hedwig, the widow of Ladislaus the Ell (1333- 1339). Owing to these circumstances and the origination on the territory of the Kamienica village of the stronghold and the town of Nowy Sącz (the New Sącz) in 1292, the valley of Dunajec became populous during the reign of King Ladislaus.

The Gładysz family took active part in the colonisation action.

GŁADYSZ – THE TOWNSMAN

The name Gładysz was for the first time mentioned in a document drawn up on April 30th, 1316 in Stary Sącz in which Marcin from Brzezina and the St. Clare nuns established the borders of the Chomranice, Chełmiec and Rdziostów villages. This was the demarcation of the monastery property and the noblemen’s properties, i.e. the property belonging to Marcin, the heir of Brzeźna, the son of Comes Vnieslaj. Among the witnesses to that was Paweł Gładysz, a townsman from Nowy Sącz. These were the times of the reign of Władysław Łokietek who having re-united the Polish State not so long before, in 1312, had suppressed the rebellion of the Germanised Cracow townsmen headed by chief officer Albert, relying chiefly on the Sącz land and townspeople.

GŁADYSZ – THE SUB-ADMINISTRATOR

Several years later, on 9th March 1330 in Stary Sącz, Katarzyna Odalówna abbess of the St. Clare’s nuns in Sącz grants a permission to Krystyn, the village administrator, to locate the Kamienica village based on the Magdeburg law and defines in detail the location conditions and the duties of the village administrator. Among the witnesses to that is Jakub Gładysz, the sub- administrator of the queen (“Jacobo filio Gladisij dominae reginae subprocurator”). From the above text it follows that Jakub was the son of a

8 Gładysz unknown to us. The queen was Hedwig, the wife of Ladislaus the Ell. In the Little Poland the royal property began in the 14th century to be administered by an officer referred to as the Cracow governor “magnus procurator Cracoviensis” who kept them for faithful hands. These properties were called the governorships. Within the governorships the particular property complexes were governed by sub-administrators dependent on the governors. Jakub Gładysz was the sub-administrator of the queen and governed Her property in the Sącz land.

On 6th November 1334 in Stary Sącz Konstancja, the former Głogów princess and the present St. Clare nun in Sącz grants to Dominik, the son of Wacław and to Sestremil the forest near the river called Pobyednishtsha for the purpose of establishing there a village based on the Magdeburg law, a village called Stawikowa Wola. Jakub called Gładysz was also signed as a witness to that “tunc procurator dominae reginae”. Queen Hedwig, the widow after Ladislaus the Ell and the mother of Casimirus the Great, after her husband’s death in 1333 deserted the forever and settled down in the Stary Sącz St. Clare’s monastery as the Polish queen and the Sącz land owner “Hedvigus uxor relicta Vladislai Loctici, regina Poloniae et domina Sandecensis” to devote herself to prayer.

Around the year 1337 she took the frock in Stary Sącz where she died on 10th December 1339.

For want of the historical sources it is difficult to establish the relationship between the named Jakub Gładysz, the Sącz sub-administrator and Paweł Gładysz, the townsman. However, we have more detailed data about Jan Gładysz. On 21st April 1356 in Sącz Wyżga the Sącz starost states that the Sącz townsmen are free from paying the toll on Ryter. Jaśko Gładysz, the Sącz sub- administrator is signed as a witness to the signature of that document (Jesco Gladiss procurator sandecensis).

9 Jan Gładysz must have taken that office over after a family member, his uncle Jakub Gładysz or probably after his elder brother.

Jan Gładysz held that office for several years and this is confirmed by the following documents:

On 28th April 1357 in Stary Sącz Konstancja, the former Głogów princess and at present the abbess of St.Clare order in Stary Sącz granted to the Stary Sącz townsmen different privileges and defined the duties of the townsmen towards the monastery. They were witnessed by Jan called Gladish, the royal vice- procurer in Nowy Sącz.

Princess Konstancja, mentioned in a document from 1334 already referred to, was the daughter of Bernard, the Świdnica prince and the niece of Casimirus the Great. She married Przemek (Przemysław), the Głogów prince. After her husband’s death on 11th January 1331 she took the habit in the St. Clare’s order where she was an abbess in the years 1356-1360 as was stated in the document of Casimirus the Great in 1358 “Constantia seremissima princeps neptis nostra charissima, olim ducissa Glogoviensis pro nunc vero devota Christi ancila, soror ordinis sanctae Clarae abbatissaque coenobii sandecensis”.

On 18th January 1358 in Stary Sącz, Konstancja, the St. Clare’s order’s abbess in Sącz sells to brothers Paweł, Piotr and Jan (no name mentioned) the village administrator’s office in the Zabrzeź village for 10 grzywna*. This sale was also witnessed by the royal vice-procurer, Jan Gładysz.

And on 23rd February 1358 in Sącz Wyżga the Sącz starost judges the dispute between the Cracow bishop’s governor – Jan and the Sącz convent (St. Clare’s order) relating to the water supply. This event was also witnessed by Jan Gładysz.

10 On 7th June 1358 in Sącz Casimirus the Great confirms the granting of the rights to the German city Stary Sącz by princess Konstancja, his niece and St. Clare’s order’s abbess in Stary Sącz and grants to the townsmen privileges relating to salt. The document was signed by Jan called Gładysz, our Sącz sub-administrator “noster vice-procurator Sandecensis”.

* the ancient monetary unit

11 Chapter II

IN THE ROPA RIVER VALLEY

Jan Gładysz, while holding an office of the Sącz sub-administrator, governed a huge complex of the royal properties near Poland’s southern border and showed considerable energy and organisational sense, moreover he won the king’s favour both for his faithfulness and his father’s (Paweł Gładysz, the knight) merits who faithfully served Ladislaus the Ell bravely fighting Poland’s enemies and taking part in the battle of Płowce.

Casimirus the Great, recognising the Gładyszes’ merits granted in 1359 in Sącz, in the presence of the king’s officers to Jan Gładysz a property in his forests in the valley of upper Ropa River in the land. The copy of that document was preserved in the Biecz city files which, in the Polish translation from Latin reads:

In the name of Our Lord Amen. What the magnanimous King’s will has decided to happen, ought to remain legally valid and permanent forever with our descendants.

Therefore, we Casimirus, the king of Poland by God’s grace and the Lord of and the heir to the Cracow, , Łęczyca, Kujawy, Pomorze and hereby declare the following to all of our contemporaries and their descendants:

As we are mindful of the faithful service of the brave knight Paweł Gładysz, as he remained faithful to our most venerable father Ladislaus by God’s grace the king of Poland of blessed memory and to us, during the times of our royal majesty, we have granted to his son Jan, named with his father’s name Gładysz, our Sącz sub-administrator a certain part of our forest lying on both banks of the Wielka and Zdynia Mała rivers to him and his legitimate descendants for eternal hereditary tenure, so that would establish villages there based on the

12 German Magdeburg law. Also, since for a long time and in spite of our efforts and the loss of people as well as for the destruction, the region could not give any crops. Considering therefore his faithful service which he so often offered to us…, we have given to him from our property our village named Losze* with all rights and all contracts and what is marked off with balks and borders; nothing in it is reserved for us, to the abovementioned Jan for ownership for him and his descendants so that had it in eternal and hereditary tenure. Moreover, on our special grace, we have granted to him all of our forest on both banks up the river called Ropa and on all banks of all streams falling in Ropa on the left side beginning from the “Obłazecz” stream called Słotwina which runs to the river called Bolan. On the right side, beginning from the stream called Soczesczny up the hill which the stream shares with the river called Bata and moreover, in all streams both on the right and left side, also on the streams falling by themselves into the Ropa River and the streams which merge and fall in there, that is Uniewicza and Zasuta Ropicza, Odersne, Mały and Smerekowiec Wielki, Rzegietów so that he established and build villages around, established towns and settlements based on the German Magdeburg law giving names to the villages and towns and designating fairs on days which he considers suitable for him and so that he were an eternal heir and Lord there with his legitimate offspring and the whole revenue which will be gained there he had in eternal heirdom. In order, at last, to make it easier and more convenient for the named Jan Gładysz to cut down or stub the forest located higher both near Zdynia and Ropa and to settle down people we give and grant to all people who will be settled down there since the day of their settlement for the period of 20 years the right of full and total freedom, freeing them from all taxes levied by us, all servitudes, works, duties to supply horses and carts whatever reason they might be ordered. We also wish that no judge or a deputy judge of the district, castellany nor their official substitutes nor writers would undertake to judge, also that the village administrator would not judge his villagers, the head administrator his citizens and the master the village and head administrators. And

* Currently named Łosie.

13 all of the abovementioned will be brought to trial by their opponents based on the German Magdeburg law, and their master, should he be summoned by our laws, not otherwise as before our Royal Majesty, he will be responsible before the law of other noble squires and against his own. Moreover, we wish that the abovementioned Jan Gładysz and his descendants, following the expiry of the right of freedom, would be ready to serve us with spear and a good archer for the protection of their country. We therefore give and grant our demise to the abovementioned faithful Jan Gładysz and his legitimate offspring together with full powers and all revenue and all of the hereditary rights to eternally hold, sell, grant, trade and to dispose freely according to his and his descendants’ will. In order to confirm and in proof of the lasting power we confirm this act on its issue by the impress of our seal.

Given in Sącz on the eve of Simon and Juda Apostles on 27th October Anno Domini 1359 in the presence of numerous witnesses…

Written down with the hands of Jan, our . From the contents of the above document we learn that the eminent knight Paweł Gładysz served faithfully not only the king Ladislaus the Ell, but also Casimirus the Great. We also become acquainted with the oldest names of rivers and streams falling into the Ropa river, beginning from the right side from Ropa’s source on the mountain pass of the Carpathian watershed “in obłazecz” in Wysowa, referred to as Słotwina at the time where there are the sources of alkaline oxalate mineral waters until the Bolan river (today the Bielański stream) comprising the Uniewicza river (today the Kunkowski stream), Zasuta Ropicza, the estuary of the Zdynia river, Smerekowiec Wielki and Mały, also Rzegietów (today’s Rzegietówka). On the left side of Ropa the Soczesna river is today referred to as Ropka, the river Bata is today referred to as . The abovementioned rivers gave names to the settlements established on their banks, such as Regetów Wyżny and Niżny, Zdynia, Smerekowiec, , Uniewicza, Bielanka, Ujście Ruskie. The only royal village existing at the time, Losze in the

14 Latin text, Łosie in Polish is located in the middle of the forest property granted. It was also mentioned that the settlement attempts were not successful. Among the settlers were as well as German colonists which is evidenced by the name Szymbark and the neighbouring settlement Rychwałd where, apart from the name, no German traces have been left. It seems that the settlers wandered away to other regions at their own will on account of bad conditions. Only the Gładyszes were to people these lands anew and even establish towns and to establish the fairs there.

MILES AURATUS

Szymbark, formerly referred to as Krasna Góra, located in the valley of the Ropa river and surrounded by beautiful mountains was the first newly-established settlement. The narrowing of the river valley with the wooden border city settlement closing the trail to the South through the Carpathians and from the West to the East provided a perfect location for Szymbark. Jan Gładysz, on 24th December 1359 granted lands for the construction of a church in Szmbark.

In the name of Our Lord Amen. Jan, with his father’s cognomen Gładysz, a honoured knight (miles auratus) of His Majesty Venerable Master Casimirus, King of Poland by God’s Grace, his fine courtier – ilustris aulicus – the sub- administrator of Sącz, the town of Szymbark and villages belonging to it lying on both sides up the Ropa river and on both banks of all streams falling into Ropa on the left and right side and around, established by force of the Majesty’s (king Casimirus the Great) privilege and based on the German law or villages to be established – the eternal heir and master announce it to all of our contemporaries and descendants that we, for the establishment of a church in our town of Szymbark, founded in the care for the good of the souls give, grant and hand over to the priest a plot of land with a garden and a field among the settlements of all settlers, apart from four grzywna as tithes paid each year.

15 Also, each settler (colonus) settled down or intending to settle down, shall give to that church one measure of barley each year as well as shall come to farm the church’s soil twice a year and shall be obliged to pay the church dues - and by force of this document drawn up on His Majesty’s privilege, which we, as a proof of greater weight (power) press our seal on, these obligations ought to survive with the descendants through instalments and permanent declarations.

Drawn up in our castle in the town of Szymbark (castro nostro oppidi Scheinberg) on the Christmas Eve Anno Domini 1359 in the presence of our friends and the many worthy of our trust. Jan Gładysz.

In this act Szymbark was called a town, however poorly peopled it was.

The next precise information about the existence of the town of Szymbark comes from 1369 when Casimirus the Great issued a privilege for the village administratorship in the village of Bystra, located in the vicinity of Szymbark (Schenberg in terra cracoviensis).

THE MINE MANAGER’S OFFICE

Jan Gładysz, calling himself ‘de Brzeszcze’ from his ancestral village of Brzyście, the heir of Szymbark and Łoś, during the time he governed the king’s land, he encountered and made friends with the famous mine officer and miner Wyżga, the Master of Czorsztyn and Łąck and his descendants, he became acquainted with mining and began thinking about the Bochnia salt-mines. Moreover, having held for some time the starost office in Lubowla and being acquainted with the Hungarian speech (Lubowla), he gained some mining experience, as at the time, the Hungarian people were greedily looking for ores. Having acquired a certain sum of money he first settled down in Cracow under his protector, king Casimirus the Great. From these times there remains a note in

16 the Cracow files saying that Jan Gładysz in 1367 bought from a Jew called Lewek a square near St. Mark’s church in Cracow.

In 1368 king Casimirus the Great moved to Sącz. Taking advantage of that, Jan Gładysz took over the salt-mine stewardship, i.e. the Bochnia mine manager’s office offering the Royal treasury in return for that his village of Brzyście (Berestie). King Casimirus, in acknowledgement of Gładysz’s merits, approved of the exchange and issued a document which has been preserved to this day and reprinted numerous time. It read:

We, Casimirus, etc. - have effected the following exchange of goods with our faithful subject called Gładysz, the Sącz administrator and the inheritor of Brzyść in the Biecz lands. Taking from the said Jan his hereditary Brzyście with all the rights, ownership and appurtenances as are marked off with the balk between the fields in return and as a reward for this inheritance, we have given, give, assign, hereby grant and incorporate to the said Jan and his legitimate descendants:

All power and total freedom to mine salt in the Bochnia salt mines or the Bochnia mountains using four people or servants as the old custom says. Should the reward for the said exchange turn out to be insufficient and in order to encourage the said Gładysz to even more diligent service to us by rewarding his inheritance and taking heed of his merits we, apart from stating this exchange, give and hereby eternally grant to this Jan and his legitimate offspring:

An office in our Bochnia mines with all legally due revenue, i.e. each Saturday half a grzywna of ordinary Polish money, each year a measure of a woollen cloth, each Easter 12 ells of the Wrocław woollen cloth and on each St. Martin’s day a measure of the woollen cloth valued at 5 grzywna.

He is also to keep a cart with three horses in that Bochnia mine’s stables to be disposed of daily forever.

17 In order for the said Gładysz to be capable of gaining greater and surer profit from the Bochnia mountains, we hereby grant to him full power to accept aditers searching for salt and to dismiss and to forbid working to bad or irreverent workers both in the mine and for the mine manager himself.

We grant and confirm the grant of the said office with all takings and total revenue to the said, our faithful subject Jan Gładysz and his legitimate offspring with the freedom to hold, own, sell, grant, exchange it or to freely turn to his own profit.

In order to guarantee this document having eternal power and constituting eternal evidence, we impress our seal on it on its issue.

Issued in Sącz on the day following the Dry Sunday (March, 8th) Anno Domini 1368. In the presence of Piotr Sandomierski, Dobiesław Krakowski, the voivods; Rafał, the Wiślicz ; Mikołaj, the Cracow judge; Piotr, the Sącz castellan; Świętosław Krakowski and many other credible people. Handed in through the reverent Jan (Suchywilk), the doctor of theology, the Polish crown chancellor.

‘ was a Grymalita by origin and came from Sandomierz. By grace of Jarosław, the archbishop, he initially was the Gniezno provost and later, when the Cracow deanery became vacant on account of Zbyszko, the chancellor, he became the Cracow chancellor of the king’s court while Otton Lisowicz, who was with his deanery by the Cracow’s bishop, resold it to him for the Gniezno provostry, urged to do that by king Casimirus. Thus, Janusz Suchywilk became both the dean and the chancellor and belonging to the king’s highest council and considered to be the wisest one among the Polish dignitaries, he seemed to rule over king Casimirus with his advice.

18 The exchange of the family village of Brzyść for the office of the mine manager in the Bochnia salt-mines was very profitable for Jan Gładysz. The village of Brzyście, which is now 5 kilometres away from Jasło, on the main river Ropa, on the basis of a grant by Ladislaus the Ell on the basis of the knightly law. Since then Brzyście was a royal village. It was pledged until 1389 by Dobiesław from Koszyce, the Cracow deputy judge for 30 three-scores and 35 three-scores of coins used in the Polish kingdom. In the abovementioned year Ladislaus Jagiełło allowed Mścisław to buy this village off Dobiesław. Mścisław held the village for his faithful service to the king, which he offered, offers and will offer and he is to keep it in pledge until the king’s payment of that amount.

The king bought the village off as in Długosz’s* history Brzyście is said to have belonged to the Polish king. There were peasants’ feuds there, out of which one fourth of the broad Praga groszy grzywna constituted tithes paid to the canon of the fourth provostry at St. Florian’s church in Cracow. There was the village administrator’s farm there from which 16 groszy was paid to a church in Jasło as tithes and each peasant was expected to pay to the church in Jasło a bushel of rye from their feud as the priest’s tithes. In 1581 Brzyście belonged to Jerzy Mniszek.

Jan Gładysz, performing the duties of the Bochnia mine manager was very often a guest to the royal court in Cracow, where he was the spokesman for the people inhabiting the Carpathian regions. The proof to that is a document issued on September 1st, 1368 in Cracow in which Casimirus the Great, upon the request and the pleadings of Jan Gładysz ‘Johannis Gladish vesti viceprocuratoris fidelis nostri’ turns to the councillors of the town of Sącz with his intention to exempt the town for the period of one year from all transfer and other payments.

Another chronicle mention from the time says that Jan Gładysz, a mine officer, went on a pilgrimage to Rome during the fire in the salt-mine in Bochnia.

19 Chapter III

DOMINIUM ROPAE

The industrious and active organiser Jan Gładysz, the king’s courtier, a honoured knight, the Sącz sub-administrator, the Bochnia mine officer, the Lubowla starost did not neglect, in spite of his numerous occupations and official duties, the royal grant of the forests near the river Ropa where, near the town of Szymbark, he established several villages, such as Ropa or Zdynia, Hanczowa and Wysowa which formed the so-called ‘Ropa State’ - Dominium Ropae, bordering with the Muszyna starosty to the west, which was the property of the Cracow’s bishops and which was also called the ‘Muszynka State’.

After the death of Jan Gładysz, Mikołaj, Paweł and Piotr Gładysz became heirs to the whole fortune. The first one of them figures in the Biecz town files from 1393 as the owner of the village Ropa (haeres de Ropae).

In the in 1410 the cousins of the ancient noble family, the Gryfit brothers singled themselves out under a separate colours led by Zygmunt Bobrowski, the Cracow deputy judge. The Gładyszes belonged to that company as well and Piotr Gładysz marked himself out for his bravery.

Paweł Gładysz has been mentioned in Jan Długosz's in the entry under the year 1413 which is about the pledge by Sigismundus of of Lubowla and 14 Spisz towns to Poland "in the hands of Paweł Gładysz which was accepted by king Ladislaus Jagiełło on account of the former's command of the Hungarian tongue, with the reservation that it is not given to him earlier than he has paid the said 4000 three-score groszy to the king and the Polish kingdom by the Hungarian king and kingdom in total.

* the first Polish historian

20 Paweł Gładysz took over and administered the Spisz land in the name of king Ladislaus Jagiełło.

Piotr Gładysz calling himself "de Szimbark" was in 1414 a student at the Cracow university.

During the annual holiday in Biecz on March15th, 1417 Paweł Skotnicki pozwać Mikołaj Gładysz because the latter, without the right to do that, summoned Maciej, Grzegorz and Mikołaj, the farmers from Łubno to appear before the Biecz starost and sentenced Maciej for 10 grzywna, Grzegorz for 12 grzywna and Mikołaj to 15 grzywna.

Initially, the Gładyszes used the Gryf coat of arms, and the Pobanda call. The description of that coat of arms may be found in the files of a peculiar trial conducted on mysterious grounds against Mikołaj Gładysz.

On November 27th, 1419 Katarzyna, the daughter of Mikołaj Gładysz from Łoś (de Llosse) slandered (diffamavit) or reproached (alias reprimanded) her father saying that he was not worthy of ... of being labelled a knight. And her father himself said: I am de clenodio knight - I wield the coats of arms with half of a black griffin with a tail of a sturgeon with the Przybandzie call.

And under January 4th, 1420 it said: Mikołaj de Łosie Gładysz with Katarzyna, his daughter and Mikołaj, his son-in- law are to appear at the nearest convenient date with the purpose to reach an agreement (to reconcile) in all matters excluding the knightly slander.

During the main hearing in Cracow on February 3rd, 1420 the members of the tribunal existing at the time concerning the slander by Katarzyna, the daughter of Mikołaj Gładysz, the heir of Łoś and the wife of Mikołaj as if he was not a knight, but a peasant - at the time the abovementioned men stated that what the

21 mentioned Katarzyna said did not say rightly and that Gładysz Mikołaj was as good a knight as any other good knight at the time.

The tribunal consisted of Jan from Tarnów, the Cracow castellan; Dobek Wojnicki; Piotr Szafraniec, the Cracow chamberlain, the member of the king's highest war council during the battle of Grunwald.

The denial of nobility or the so-called noble reprimand was aimed at irrefutably ascertaining the affiliation with the nobility (noble class) on the basis of the statutes of Casimirus the Great which, in item 31 gives the "Noble Origin".

"The origin from a noble family ought to be confirmed with a certain certificate. Should therefore somebody call themselves a noble or enlightened and claim that they are equal to other nobles, who deny that, in order to confirm his noble origin ought to bring six noble men from his family who testified, under an oath, that he was their brother and that he was born in their house and in the father's generation."

Such clarifications of nobility were very frequent in the 15th century in the whole Poland. At the moment it is impossible to ascertain the motives of the noble reprimand by the daughter and the son-in-law, because, on the other hand, the noble reprimand was also used as a trick during the court trials in order to prolong the case or to increase the ransom. In short, before somebody successfully proved the lack of grounds for the noble reprimand, in the name of the law was considered not to be of noble origin. The naganiająca party was certainly very often caused by the willingness to persecute the opponent, which was to be prevented by a punishment which the naganiający had to suffer for the benefit of the court and the party in the case the reprimanded managed to find the proof to defend his case.

22 Initially, the knightly families had their own slogan, which they used to summon their members, referred to as calls (proclamationes). Later the coats of arms, i.e. the signs developed. Initially, the coats of arms were not hereditary and numerous knights changed their coats of arms at will. In the 14th century the calls were extinct and only the coats of arms remained whose name was the name of the previous call. Mikołaj from Łoś, in opposition to the Gryfit's call "Swieboda", had a call "Pobędzie".

The next Gładysz mentioned was Pasko from Zdziana, who in 1437 litigated a cause against Piotr from Kurów.

He was mentioned in 1446 as Paweł Gładysz, the heir of Szymbark in the presence of witnesses in an act confirming the location of the town of Gorlice and the granting privileges to the Gorlice townsmen. The town of Gorlice, established during the reign of Casimirus the Great by a noble called Karwacjan, later became the winning competitor of the town of Szymbark on account of its distance of only 6 kilometres from each other. Paweł Gładysz could not have opposed the development of Gorlice if he signed the following act:

KARWACJAN AND DERSŁAW, THE ORIGINATORS OF THE TOWN OF GORLICE

In the name of the Lord. Amen. We, Jan, the heir of Gorlice together with our nephews and Jan, our brother hereby announce to the persons present here as well as the persons reading this document in the future that having heard and considered the claims (complaints) of the citizens of the town of Gorlice, which they directed to us against the granting of the privilege to the town of Gorlice, which was given to the town before by our predecessor Karwacjan on the basis of the whole teutonic law observed in all districts of the Polish Kingdom - thus, having considered that and having heard the said citizens that we hereby give and confirmed the said privilege which the town holds and has received from the

23 abovementioned Karwacjan in such a way as has been given and confirmed our predecessor himself together with all its rights. - Thus, we give to the said town as a support all gardens situated in its close vicinity and the pastures commonly referred to as Pasterniki from the old stream flowing from Ropica to the estuary of Stróżówka, that is to its entry (estuary) to a greater river of Ropa, and all that on condition of payment of a tenancy.

Moreover, we grant them the wilderness up the mill on the outskirts of the town beginning from St. Nicholas’s church to the Lord's statue standing on the Biecz plain - also, we grant to the said town as a support a place called "Wygon" for the grazing of cattle and swine. We give the first place beginning from Słopna to the borders of Gudy together with the Siary village and the other place, i.e. the road for cattle turning out beginning from the Stróżówka river up to Glinik to the place called Korczaki and we give the third place for the grazing of cattle from Stróżówka beginning from the place called Wygon which has for a long time been situated between the property of a peasant called Szurowo on one side and the peasant called Broda on the other side.

Moreover, we give in eternal tenure the forest called Łęg situated at the foot of the hill between the first road of the pasture and the river Sękowa together with all wood grubbed up from that forest commonly referred to as "Obszary" which were, are and will be farmed between the two parts: the first between Gudy, i.e. beyond the Siary village and between the town fields from which they pay their tenancy.

Moreover, we give and allow to freely sell mead, wine, beer and all liquor and any other liquid such as oil, olive oil, etc. and we allow them to sell everything that they are capable of measuring by the ell, weighing and pouring with a measure.

24 Then, we allow them to freely sell salted fish brought from other places and similar goods.

We also allow them to sell vodka in inns totally and freely.

We further free them from the obligation commonly referred to as "noj" which they are not obliged to perform unless we demand that proportionally to their capabilities.

Further, the abovementioned citizens are obliged to pay 5 grzywna per year as a regular tribute.

Further, the citizens inhabiting district are obliged to pay rent on their usage of the baths 1 grosz each while the courtiers and the bailiffs 6 dinars per year in all seasons of the year.

We also allow the chasing (hunting) of deer to anybody who obtains our permission.

Further, the shepherds are to pay 4 dinars from pastures up to 40 days on Sundays to the court.

Further, the oilmen ought to receive, for their work for the benefit of the court, a common amount of oil.

We also approve of the mill. The measures should be made in the same way as it is customary in other mills without adding or taking away during measuring.

In the future we release all our citizens from all works, except for that they are obliged to take care of one pasture located outside the town and they ought to scythe, cock and take to the barn between the river Stróżówka and the road to

25 Biecz and they are to delivery four carts of grain to the mill whenever their turn comes.

They are also obliged to repair the ditch and the embankment when they are broken by the water overflow apart from what they are obliged to repair in their land.

Moreover, we order and give the power to the present and future assessors to punish the disobedient, to beat, calm down and to force and to do everything else that is good and honest.

We also wish that the assessors adjust to the forms and customs of other towns. Also bailiffs and their wives or widows wanting to use our hereditary goods ought to observe the customs in force (panujący) here in the times of Karwacjan, our predecessor and Dersław, our father. And they are not to work more, differently and do other job as only the paid one.

Moreover, should on summons not turn up to that work they will be flogged and shall pay a penalty of a half of grosz. Also, for the service and work of this kind we allow them to freely cut grass where it may not be cut by anyone else and to freely loosen the soil where nobody else dares to touch it under the penalty of 3 grzywna before the peasants plough it for the master and we resign the other fruit (crops).

We hereby confirm this privilege by will and order of one heir and in the presence of many participants (witnesses) and which several absent heirs ought not to sign.

In the presence of these witnesses Pan Wincenty from Klęczany, Paweł Gładysz, the heir of Szymbark and Zawisza. - To confirm this I hang our seal. Prepared and issued on the day of St. Francisco the Confessor in the year 1446.

26 Some members of the Gładysz family accepted the Cracow municipal rights.

Paweł Gładysz, the townsman, was in 1450 a deputy mine officer in salt-mines. He worked under the supervision of Mikołaj Serafin from a polonised Italian family.

The name Paweł and several other names recur in the Gładysz family and therefore it is impossible to establish what the relation between several Paweł Gładysz mentioned in the 15th century.

However, it is certain that Paweł Gładysz from Szymbark, the descendant in the straight line of Jan Gładysz, the Sącz sub-administrator testified during the annual festival in Cracow on March 15th, 1473 that the mine manager’s office which he had in Bochnia together with the servants "alias parobky suis" and all the rights, power, ownership and utilities he had sold to de Wielopole and to his successors for 1,000 grzywna of Polish coins not leaving anything to his and his descendants.

Possibly the same Paweł Gładysz is signed with the noble title on the act issued by Wielopolski in 1495 in Kobylanka. He had two sons: Paweł and Erazm.

Paweł Gładysz senior had a brother, Stanisław Gładysz who in 1486 was the Biecz land bailiff and had properties in Kowalowa near Ryglice and Uście. His daughter administered Szymbark and Ropa.

On June 29th, 1498 the nobleman’s properties of Barbara Gładysz in Szymbark, which were administered and Ropie belonging to Stanisław Gładysz in Kowalowa and Uście situated in the Biecz land and whatever and wherever elsewhere they held and owned became confiscated on account of their non- participation in a campaign in 1497 and given to Hieronim . In 1497 Jan

27 Olbracht, the king of Poland, lost a battle of Łukawica because of the betrayal of the Italians. Since 1496 only the king could summon the levy in mass only by consent of the Polish parliament (the Seym) and through letters called in Polish wici. The penalty for non-appearance was the confiscation of all property. The king acted in such a way that the property of the person, who did not take part in the campaign and of which he was informed, was given to the informer and the latter later demanded the property thus received to become his in court.

We do not know the details of the trial of Hieronim Branicki against Gładysz. Anyway, the Gładyszes lost only a certain part of the Szymbark key (klucz szymbarski) to the Branickis.

Zofia, the daughter of Stanisław Gładysz from Kowalowa married Stanisław Grabownicki, the heir of Grabownica. On July 14th, 1510 Grabownicki, having received 100 grzywna from Jakub de Sekluka, the Wojnice castellan of the dowry of Zofia, the daughter of Stanisław Gładysz from Kowalowa whose total amount was 200 grzywna, made her the heir of a half of his property. On the following day, July 15th, 1510 Zofia, the daughter of Stanisław Gładysz and the wife of Stanisław Graabownicki renounces her father's and mother's property in the village of Kowalowa for the benefit of her brothers. Another daughter of Stanisław Gładysz from Kowalowa, Barbara, was the wife of Jan Rówieński, the heir of Siedliska and the chief officer of Nowosiedlice in the voivodship. Rówieński testified for the Sanok files on October 17th, 1514 that he bequeathed to Barbara, the daughter of the deceased Stanisław Gładysz from Kowalowa, his wife a dowry in the amount of 150 florins on the village administrator's hereditary property in Nowosiedlce and gave her gold, silver and pearls also valued at 150 florins with the reservation that should she die childless, 300 florins would be passed on to Barbara's family, i.e. the Gładyszes. The third Katarzyna Gładysz was the wife to Paweł Zagórski.

28 Apart from his three daughters, Stanisław Gładysz from Kowalowa also left three sons: Jakub, Jan and Stanisław, who attempted at regaining the property diminished by the Branickis and to expand the property held by them by locating a village of Uście established by their father Stanisław Gładysz from Kowalowa also called de Górka: Górki is the name of a part of the middle village of Szymbark that has survived until the present times and it comprised the main manor house, i.e. the castle, the parish church, a settlement called "Miastko" and the adjoining fields. Górki was the original name of Szymbark which had been renounced for the benefit of a foreign name out of snobbery.

The content of the document providing for the fresh location of Uście in the survived until today and is interesting on account of the mixture of the German and Wallachian law, which are of great importance for the history of colonisation of the Carpathians.

29 Chapter IV

UŚCIE WOŁOSKIE

In the name of the Lord Amen. For the eternal memory of doings, the men's doings ought not to be weakened for destroying them in their power and strength which are supported by the brave dignity, made by the excellence of writing and of which complete faith constitutes the testimony. Thus we Jakub, Jan and Stanisław, indivisible brothers of the then noble Stanisław Gładysz called de Górka, the heir of Uście, etc. inform with the present text all that need to be informed, both our contemporaries and their descendants, therefore wanting that the services performed willingly and faithfully by the noble Jaszkonisz be multiplied in the future and by our special mercy and willingness we hereby grant and give the sealed privilege to locate the village of Uście, etc. to the said Jaszkonisz and his legitimate successors as our father has given to Grzegorz, the predecessor of the said Jaszkonisz according to which privilege we give him the lands from the border of Unowica (today's Nowica) belonging to Jan Gładysz with all hills leading to the said village and beginning from Kwiatoń until the shore in the direction of Krzywy Bród where the tree called "Brzostk" (brzost) is situated and also with all hills of the "Muszynka State" which reach down to the waters of Ropa and Chotara and others up to the border. Thus, we give to the said Jaszkonisz, our incisor, a feud on which he sits on both sides for the said village where the black forests stretch as far as Rychwałd (written Rychwald), we also give him half a feud down the village, in the forest which has been cut out from the wild forest. The second part of the second feud is up the village, beyond Zdynia, i.e. above Zdynia and the third part of the feud is located between Ropka and the river. We also give to the said incisor Obszarek Hanczowy in Ropka above the other, high bank called from the wild forest. The other piece of land that we give to the named incisor is up the village, i.e. up the bed of the Bielowski stream, meaning in the black forest. The third piece of land is under according up the

30 bed of the river in the black forest. We also give to the said incisor and to his legitimate successors a feud above the village cut out from the wild forest without harm to the peasants. We also give to the said incisor and his successors a pond up the said river Uście where he might build a mill for his benefit and numerous other ponds as he can have in the said village without any harm to the peasants. We also allow him to erect near the mill a fullery, grain crushing mill, a mill and a wood-house. We also give to the named incisor a freedom to build outbuildings with a brewery where he may put shoemakers, tailors, smiths and other craftsmen for his own use. Similarly, we give to the said incisor and his successor every sixth szeląg from our rent. We also wish that the peasants from the village of Uście who do not own sheep give him a quarter of the grzywna from the horned cattle and saddle-girths, i.e. a leather strap and those who own sheep give him 5 to 100 both sheep, rams and goats, etc. and when the beechmast grows in the forest, they ought to give him every tenth piglet in return for the permission to graze and the piglets younger than one year are not to be given. The peasants having bees in our forests are obliged to give a quarter of honey to their Master as a payment from each beehive and from the bees that they have near their homes they are not obliged to pay anything to the Master.

We also give to the named incisor the pastures in our forests and the freedom to have bee's beehives, we also give him the freedom to hunt all animals and to use them, while the peasants are obliged to give their Master each quarter of a boar they hunt and a quarter of any other animal, including a bear.

Also, the peasants shall be obliged to pay to their Master six groszy from a war campaign and the said incisor shall be obliged to give his master a horse valued at 2 grzywna or 2 grzywna in money and after the successful completion of the war and should the master's horse come out unscathed, it shall be returned to the said incisor. Also the Russian priest from the Orthodox church who had received a considerable amoung of land from our predecessors ought to pay a quarter of

31 the grzywna instead of the post according to the custom and the obrządek observed by the peasants and also six groszy for the war campaigns and is also obliged to give the base or felt and also a horse saddle. We also give half a feud as a pasture for the named village of Uście.

We also give to the mentioned incisor a free centre of the village, the so-called "nawsie" where he may locate one farmer. We also give to the incisor two regions, one near the border of Kwiatowie and the other below the village of Uście and both of them are given without prejudice to the peasants and we also give a plot of land for the establishment of a gardening farm at the end of that village.

Also to the peasants from that village, in return for the tenancy paid by them, we give free forests, i.e. we give forests and waters to the incisor, which are free from his usage. We also wish that our peasants work for the benefit of our incisor for two days, one day they would scythe and they would reap on the other, similarly, we give to the named incisor the privilege of judging in the abovementioned village of Uście Wołoskie according to the Wallachian law and custom. We also wish that this incisor is not responsible before any judge, but us and that the peasants are responsible before him, who is commissioned to judge them on the basis of the Wallachian law. We also wish that the said peasants gave our incisor a quarter of a grzywna instead of "obyczajowe* ". We also wish that the mentioned peasants paid him and their hereditary Master, ''zborowe* " for the post in the amount of one grosz. The Master ought to keep the peasants in their old legal possessions for the tenancy and should the Almighty God call any of the peasants or the incisor to Eternity, their possessions may be taken over by their family and relatives and should they wish to desert the fields, they may offer them to the Master and in such a case the Master ought to take one animal valued at half a grzywna for what he receives.

* types of tithes

32 Finally, we give to the said Jaszkonisz, our incisor and to all of his legitimate descendants all power so that he may give, grant, sell, trade or turn the said incisor’s office into his best benefit. In order to certify which we impress our seal. This took place in our court in the court chamber on Saturday on the Eve of the Holy Trinity Anno Domini 1512. This took place in the presence of born nobles Jan Janiszki, the heir of Janina; Stanisław Pierzchała, the heir of Biełowa and the noble parish priest Jan Skiglicz Skiglicki; Jan Czytowski, the incisor of Czygłów and Szymon Krajczy from Wysowa and other most reliable people called upon and summoned for the making of the present document.

First of all, the present document informs us that Ujście was in existence before the making of it and existed based on the German law. With this document Uście was located again, partly on the Wallachian law and hence the name Uście Wołoskie.

In order to obtain a fuller picture of the colonisation relations in the Carpathians we ought to stop for a while and consider the problem of the Wallachian law and Wallachians themselves.

The first wave of colonisation in the Carpathians was purely Polish and the colonies were governed based on the Polish customary law.

After the raids of the Tartars and the commencement of the German colonisation, the German or Magdeburg law came into these territories. During the 14th and 15th centuries new settlements were located based on the Magdeburg law and the old settlements were transferred from the Polish to the Magdeburg law. According to that law, the locator of a village became a village administrator, two or three feuds of land free of tenancy payment in hereditary ownership, the sixth part of tenancy money paid by the settlers and a part of the payments from stalls and sądownictwo. Moreover, he received an inn, a mill, the village ponds,

33 the right to hunt and fish. The village administrator was obliged to accompany his Master to the war. The settlers were, according to that law, judged by the so- called gajony jury consisting of the village administrator and 7 jury members (assessors), i.e. the jurymen selected from among the peasants by the village administrator. The Master came to the village three times a year to participate in the so-called great court summons to settle all of the peasants' matters.

From the end of the 14th century the locations of villages based on the Wallachian law brought by Wallachians started. Wallachians were shepherds who wandered from the Balkans through Moldavia and along the Carpathians from the East to the West, towards the Danube. Having arrived in the Central Carpathians, they were already considerably mixed with the Russian element. The Wallachian law, unwritten until today, is known to us only in fragments from the location documents. According to that law the settlers, apart from paying tenancies, were obliged to offer tributes in nature, such as a gift of sheep: from 3 to 5 to the whole flock of 100 sheep. There was also a pig gift: one pig on 20 bred and the post tribute and the duty of army service. The shepherd farm of a Wallachian settler was called in Polish ‘dworzyszcze’ (dwór - manor house). In the 16th century the wave of Wallachian and Russian settlers inundated the poorly peopled forests in the vicinity of the river Ropa and the Gładyszes, their owners, allowed the newcomers to settle there and to use the Wallachian law.

KOWALOWA

Jan Gładysz was married to Agnieszka de Meleychów who, on February 15th, 1515 accepted and admitted that she was completely happy with the division of her father’s and mother’s property (the inheritance) by her brothers, Stanisław and Maciej.

Jan’s brother, Stanisław Gładysz was, since 1513 an official heir of Szymbark. On October 18th, 1616 Stanisław Gładysz, being in possession of the town

34 (oppidia) of Szymbark and the village of Ropa in the Biecz district was confirmed and preserved, for life, as the eternal possessor of the named settlements.

In the same year Barbara Gładysz, the wife of Rówieński lay her claim towards her brothers Jakub and Stanisław Gładysz in the town of Biecz relating to their property left by the late Stanisław Gładysz (de Górka).

Jakub Gładysz from Kowalowa and Gilówka granted in 1516 to a nobleman Jan Gilowski, a hereditary village administrator, a property in hereditary tenure.

The same Jakub Gładysz, the heir of Uście who also owned parts of the lands in Kowalowa, Zdynia and Górka bequeathed in 1520, together with his brother Stanisław, to his sister Katarzyna, the wife of Paweł Zagórski, the village of Zdynia. A year earlier Jakub Gładysz, the heir of Kowalowa had bequeathed to his wife Zofia all of his movable and immovable property in lifelong ownership which, after her death, was to be passed on to Jakub’s closest successors.

RYGLICE

The document certifying the fresh location of the Uście from 1512 was signed, among other witnesses, by Jan Janiszki, the heir of Janina near Ryglice. There exist mentions from the years 1518 and 1519 that Jan Janiszki, the heir of Ryglice, bequeathed a part of the inn in Ryglice to Mikołaj Liszko.

Janiszki gave his daughter Ewa in marriage to Stanisław Gładysz and she sold all of her hereditary property in upper Ryglice as well as other property for 300 Hungarian florins to Jakub Gładysz from Kowalowa on June 28th, 1520.

35 Thus, a part of Ryglice became the property of the Gładyszes who called themselves the heirs of Kowalowa and Ryglice.

In order to expand their properties Jan and Stanisław Gładysz established in 1512 in the forests adjoining Zdynia the village of Smerekowiec.

36 Chapter V

SMERECZYN

In the name of the Lord, Amen. In the eternal memory of things. We, Jakub and Stanisław Gładysz, indivisible brothers, the heirs of Ryglice and Smerekowiec hereby wish to announce to all of our contemporaries and descendants that from our generosity and in order to expand our properties so that they would bring us and our descendants eternal benefit, we give to the eminent man Machniewicz, the son of Maksym, a Wallachian, having in mind his discernment in the establishment of a village near the river Zdynia on Smereczyn, full powers to establish a village on the basis of the German law, which ought to be called in the Polish tongue with the name of Smereczyn. To this village the forests and groves on both sides of the river are to be added and also forests situated between Magóra (Małastowska 1814 metres above the sea level) where the said stream of Smerekowiec springs up and the place down of those streams; there, we give a feud down on both sides of the river spreading as far as Regetów in width and from Regetów, down of Kopienna as far as Stępne and we exempt them from all collected laws and tributes for twenty years coming one after another and after the expiry of that period of freedom each peasant settled there shall always pay us and our descendants half a grzywna on St. Peter’s and Paul’s day each year eternally. In return for the establishment of the village we give to the said Machniewicz and his descendants the office of the village administrator in this our village of Smereczyn and three free feuds, butcher’s stalls, a shoemaker, a smith, a mill and a wood-house and the right to cut the down the forest and a free forest for the building of the mill and the cutting down and the building and the peasants ought to supply all necessary things to the mill, the wood-house and the gorge; and a pond which he might use for fishing and a hunting ground and the twelve peasants’ and two village administrator’s - his own town regions which he would farm himself are to be free from payment. We give to that said village administrator and his descendants the sixth part of tenancy and the third part of

37 all fines, we also give one feud to the church from which the priest, Catholic or Orthodox shall pay us and our descendants twenty groszy each year.

We also give one free feud called in Polish nawsie to the Orthodox priest and the said village administrator and his descendants may have their farms on their three feuds. The said village administrator and his legitimate descendants ought to serve during the military campaigns on one horse or to give one horse to us or our descendants for ever and we and our descendants shall be obliged to provide food to this village administrator and his descendants. The peasants settled there beside the village administrator’s property ought to give us and our descendants two hens for Easter and two for Pentecost and two for Christmas or two capons instead of the hens or one grosz and the Wallachian cheese and a saddle-girth for each of them. Each settled peasant is obliged to give us a pig each year - each peasant owning a flock of sheep ought to give us five rams from each flock and ought to give one Wallachian cheese and the saddle-girth for each Pentecost; the village administrator is to breed three hundred sheep and he is not obliged to pay anything on it and should he have more, then he will be obliged to pay from that surplus. Also, following the lease of the refuge in the mountains, should there be food in our forests, each peasant shall be obliged to give us in eternal payment every tenth hog or a pig. Also, the peasants settled there, having bees or bee- hives* in those forests shall pay us with a quarter of honey. Also, all of the settled peasants shall, from that time, work for the benefit of the village administrator three days on foot and one day using his cattle and being provided by him with bread. The peasants from the said village shall give to the village administrator and his descendants the post for each year, that is for Easter, for Christmas. That village administrator and his descendants shall give to us and our descendants post twice a year. Also, should this village administrator or any of his descendants lay privilege before us or our descendants, they shall not pay for that neither to us nor to our descendants. Also, should we or our officer come to you

* primitive bee-hives in a hole scooped out of a log or tree

38 on business or three times a year, the peasants and the village administrator ought to treat master on his business and we exempt the mentioned village administrator and his descendants and all peasants from the mentioned village from all court laws in such a way that the village administrator and his descendants may not be responsible for their business and harm, both little and big before anyone, only the peasants before the village administrator and the village administrator before us and should he be summoned before us with our own seal, the guilty will not be judged otherwise, but based on the German law according to the customs in other villages located on the basis of the German law. We also give to the abovementioned village administrator total power in relation to open matters, to punish, judge and sentence the peasants of greater and lesser position as well as the folk incoming to that village on the basis of the German law as it more broadly requires. We also give to this village administrator and his descendants full powers to judge their Master’s faults in accordance with the German customary law, also, the Master’s income is to be retained based on the Wallachian law. The named village administrator and his descendants shall have the right to sell, give, grant, trade and turn, according to his and his descendants’ will and to their benefit the office of the village administrator in the village of Smereczyn in confirmation and defence of which we have impressed our seal upon this document. It took place and was drawn up in Ryglice on the Monday after the Ash Wednesday Sunday Anno Domini one thousand five hundred and twenty one (1521), which was witnessed by the nobles: Andrzej Wielogłowski, Hemolaus Jordan, Gabriel Tyszycki, Jan Siestrzeniec and many other good and reliable ones as Jakub Gładysz and Stanisław Gładysz.

Having carefully studied the above document we gain some insight into the management of the Carpathian villages located by the Gładyszes based on the mixed Wallachian and Magdeburg law.

39 The peasants in Smerekowiec are to give 5 sheep out of a hundred, the tenth hog from the pigs grazed in the beech forests if there is any food from beech. As the post the peasants are obliged to give two hens, the birds living in the Carpathian forests twice every year. All of the above was introduced on the basis of the Wallachian law. The Magdeburg law in turn served as a basis for judicature as well as for the definition of the duties towards the master called ‘stations’, i.e. receiving and hosting him or his officer twice a year during his visit for the great court sessions.

The Wallachian and Prussian colonisation slowly inundated all Polish settlements established earlier by the Gładyszes and the Greek Catholic ritual was introduced in the place of the Roman Catholic one.

In 1521 Jakub and Stanisław Gładysz lived in Ryglice, where they issued a privilege for the establishment of Smerekowiec. Jan Gładysz, the brother of Jakub and Stanisław, who was the owner of the village of Nowica in 1512 repurchased the office of the village administrator in Jodłowa in 1520.

On September 1st, 1522 Jan Gładysz, the king’s courtier received a confirmation of his lifelong management of the royal village of Jodłowa Góra in the Biecz district. Further, on October 24th, 1522 Jan Gładysz, the king’s courtier was allowed to take over the office of the village administrator in Góra Jodłowa in the Biecz district. On May 22nd, 1523 Jakub Gładysz acts as an arbitrator in a dispute between the nobles, which we do not have much information about and which was summarised in the following note: ‘A penalty was adjudged by the Biecz starost and by Jan Myszkowski, the deputy starost of Sanok in the case between Jan Wielopolski on one side and Mikołaj, Stanisław and Jan Dedemsczy and Józef Tarnowski with his sons Andrzej and Mikołaj to their prosecutors and this to Mikołaj Pieniążek, Stanisław Wróblewski and Jakub Gładysz in the amount of 1,000 Polish grzywna.

40 In 1525 Jakub Gładysz from Kowalowa bequeathed his part of the property to his wife Zofia as a life estate, similarly as it was made by Stanisław Gładysz, the heir of Kowalowa and Gilowa on October 26th, 1525, who bequeathed to his wife Małgorzata all of his hereditary property.

41 Chapter VI STRÓŻE

The Carpathian forest forming a protection of the southern borders of the former territory of Poland belonged to the king. On its verges there were guards who did not protect the borders permanently, like the defensive castles (in Polish: gród), but only notified about the approach of the enemy. Below, we quote the names of villages established in the place of watch-towers and settlements whose people were, on the basis of the prince’s law, obliged to keep guard (in Polish ‘stróż’): Stróże, Stróżna, Stróżówka, Gródek, Strożna, Grodno as well as the names of the hills: Zamkowa Góra (the Castle Hill), Zamczysko (the Big Castle), all of whom lay between the Biała and Ropa rivers with the mediaeval little castle and the settlement of Szymbark in between.

The earliest mention of Stróże comes from 1288 and was made in the document of Leszek the Black allowing the Tyniec monastery to establish towns based on the Magdeburg law.

Ladislaus the Ell, in 1319 gave Stróże in the Biecz land to the Tyniec abbey which was to be returned by Jakub, the Sandomierz chamberlain in 1320. In 1410 Stanisław from Jeżewo, the Biecz castellan bought Stróże from Jaśko from Ławiszów for 200 grzywna. Later on, Stróże was owned by Stanisław’s three sons: Dobiesław, Spytek and Mikołaj Jeżewskis whose coat of arms was Strzemię (the Stirrup). In 1416 the brothers divided the property. Mikołaj received Strórze and Wojnarowa, while the other two brothers got Lipniczka, Jankowa, Jeżów and Wilczyska. Later on Stróże became the property of the Jeżewskis’ jewels administrator, Strzemię Szalowski and Mikołaj Moykowski. In 1477 Janusz Jeżewski, the son of Dobek bought Stróże and Wiskitna from Adam Szalowski for 300 grzywna.

42 In the years 1511 – 1519 Mikołaj Turski from Jeżowa, Jan Lucław (Wróblewski) from Łużna, Konstancja Karmanowska and the sons of Mikołaj Moykowski: Adam, Stanisław, Jan and Mikołaj were the owners of certain parts of Stróże. Already in those times Stróże was referred to as both “old” and “new” or “lesser” and “greater” and later “lower” (niżne) and “upper” (wyżne), and also “round” (okrągłe), i.e. “lower”.

In the times of Długosz Stróże Niżne and Wyżne belonged to the parish in Wilczyska. The tithes was paid to the Cracow bishops and partly, from Stróże Niżne, to the vicar in Siedliska and Wilczyska. Stróże was organised based on the Polish law as there are no mentions of the Stróże village administrator.

Mikołaj Gładysz, the heir of Łużna, the brother of Stanisław de Górka had several sons: Erazm, Paweł, Stanisław, Adam and Mikołaj as well as a daughter Felicja. Erazm Gładysz owned in 1522 Polna, a village situated between Szalowa and Stróże. Paweł inherited Kobylanka and was a lessor of the properties in Roztoka, Sukmana and Skodna near Olszyny, which he leased out on February 5th, 1523 to Jan Burwiński from Olszyny.

Felicja Gładysz was the wife of Jan Lucław Wróblewski from Łużne. Erazm Gładysz from Polna leased on February 5th, 1523 from Zofia Moykowska, the widow of Mikołaj and from Adam, the son of Mikołaj Karmanowski Stróże Okrągłe for three years for 47 and half a grzywna. In the following year Erazm bought from Felicja Gładysz, the wife of Jan Lucław from Łużna a feud in Stróże for 200 grzywna and on February 4th, 1525 Felicja, the heiress of Stróże Okrągłe granted, on her husband’s consent, to Erazm Gładysz from Polna all of her share in Stróże Okrągłe.

Paweł Gładysz from Kobylanka and Erazm Gładysz Poleński signed, on December 6th, 1524, an act of renewed location of the Łosie village issued in Wola Łużańska by Andrzej Branicki from Wola who gave the Wallachian

43 administratorship in Łoś to Waśko from Łoś coming from Rychwałd and a permission to organise this administratorship in the borders designated by the river Ropa from the village of Wielka Ropa to Słotwina also called Obłazecz. He gave him three feuds, the permission to erect a mill, a fullery, an inn, a permission to establish the so-called nawsie as well as granted him a permission to hunt, breed sheep and pigs. The village administrator had the duty of military service. And should there be erected an orthodox church in Łoś, one feud was to be granted to that.

In 1525 Erazm Gładysz from Polna sued his brothers Stanisław, Adam and Mikołaj Gładysz, the heirs of Stary Stróż in the town of Biecz for their debt of 60 grzywna. This and the following case relating to the debt of 100 grzywna drags on for two years.

Erazm and Paweł Gładysz had certain rights to the Szymbark estate, i.e. “Dominium Ropae”. On February 17th, 1524 the king agreed to renounce and to grant the estate and the administratorship in the village of Wielka Ropa in the royal land of Biecz by a nobleman Erazm Gładysz to a nobleman Jan (Lucław) Wróblewski.

Paweł Gładysz from Kobylanka states in the town of Sącz in 1527 that Mikołaj Branicki paid him 350 florins, which debt was entered in the Biecz files. The amount was insured with the village of Łąka.

The royal revenue from the formerly extensive Royal demesne diminished in the 15th century due to the grants of properties in return for services, leasing them to officers for low yearly tenancies, granting properties without tenancy for life or pledging villages and whole land complexes for a particular sum of money. The pledger had the right to receive fees until the repurchase of the pledge.

44 On the pressure of the nobility, in 1496 and 1504 the kings undertook not to pledge certain properties without the permission of the upper chamber of the contemporary parliament. Soon after, the execution or the return of the royal property which was pledged groundlessly.

Myszkowski, the Wieluń castellan and the Cracow esquire carver took that opportunity and sued the Gładyszes. During the main trial Sigismundus I, the king of Poland pronounced a verdict on February 10th, 1528 in the case brought on the king’s authorisation against the Gładyszes: Jakub, Jan and Stanisław, brothers Paweł and Erazm who were their cousins as well as Jędrzej and Piotr Branicki by Marcin Myszkowski, the Wieluń castellan relating to the right of ownership of the town of Szymbark and the villages belonging to it, i.e. Ropa, Ujścia Hanczowej, Wiszowa, Blechniarka, Kwiatoń, Smrokowiec, Zdynia and Zawada which had, for ages, belonged to the Gładyszes and also Bielanka, Łosiew, Klimkowski and Uniewicz which were at the time owned by the Branickis. Myszkowski, an envious neighbour, considering the property as not rightfully belonging to them, but to the king, wanted to purchase them off, however, the defendants presented the privilege of Casimirus the Great issued in Sącz on October 27th, 1359 which granted to Jan Gładysz, the Sącz sub- administrator the forests near Zdynia Wielka and Mała and other tributaries of the Ropa river with the right to locate towns and villages on the grubbed out lands and to give them names. Since the special royal commissioners stated that all of the named villages lay within the borders marked in the privilege issued by Casimirus the Great, king Sigismundus I affirmed their ownership right.

It follows from the above document that the Gładyszes, within the 169 years they spent in a land where there spread only forests and wilderness, managed to establish the town of Szymbark as well as the villages of Ropa and Uście, Hańczowa, Wysowa, Blechniarka, Kwiatoń, Smerekowiec, Zdynia, Zawada, Uniewicze, Bielanka and Klimkówka.

45 Andrzej and Piotr Branicki, the owners of Bielanka, Łoś, Klimkówka and Uniewicze must have been the successor of Hieronim Branicki. Andrzej Branicki from Wola and Łużna testified in the town of Sącz on March 7th, 1534 that all of his part of land in the lower Łużna, which he had bought from Jan Łużeński with all the rights and successorship, he sold to Piotr Branicki “de Zabelcze”, the heir, for 1,000 (florins, also with all rights). The introduction to that property (intromissio) took place through the property caretaker, Maciej Kozieł.

There are not too many favourable mentions about Myszkowski. Janusz Winiarski, the village administrator of Moszczenica sold his administratorship to Marcin Myszkowski, the Wieluń castellan, but did not want to resign in the stated time, which became the grounds for long disputes between their families, interspersed with raids, especially ones organised by Marcin Myszkowski against the Błońscy.

In 1530 the Moykowski family, the joint owners of Stróże ordered their subjects from Stróże Wyżne to scythe a meadow belonging to Erazm Gładysz.

On January 7th, 1531 Stanisław Wróblewski de Lynczlavicze was given permission to purchase the royal town of Szymbark and the village of Ropa together with an administratorship in the Biecz land from the hands of Jakub, Stanisław, Erazm and Paweł Gładysz.

Several years later Szymbark became the property of the Gładysz family again. The note from January 30th, 1546 says that the owners of the town of Szymbark, Jakub, Jan, Erazm and Stanisław Gładysz, as well as Anna Sussowa are exempted from the duty to supply horses and carts and other charges for the benefit of the king and the Republic which also other towns were exempted from.

46 The district files of the village of Lubicz contain the mention of Stanisław Gładysz under year 1544 who granted to Jan Vyesz a cow for the well-being of his children.

Jan Gładysz, together with his wife Anna purchased in 1551 a part of Wąchadłów and , the parish of Góry in the Pińczów district, by doing which they originated the Gładysz line in the region and in the .

Sigismundus August, the king of Poland gives his permission to Jan Gładysz from Uście on January 2nd, 1557 to collect duty in the amount of 1 groszy from a loaded cart for the reparation of the roads. It was there, along the Ropa valley, through Uście and Wysowa, where the route to Hungary was from where wine was brought to Poland in numerous carts. The branch of that road through to Hungary was closed down by Gładysz in 1570.

In the second half of the 16th century the already extensive Gładysz family spreads even more and thus their hereto property is broken to smaller pieces. The particular villages and farm are handed over and mutually repurchased. Aside of the favourite names of the Gładyszes, i.e. Jan, Jakub, Paweł, Mikołaj and Stanisław the new ones are introduced, such as Szymon, Marcin, Maciej, which repeat and hence complicate the family’s genealogy.

After Erazm Gładysz, who was still alive in 1555 Szymon Gładysz, the town of Spisz writer in 1561-1581 became the owner of Polna and Szymbark in the Biecz district and Szymanowa in the Sącz district. He was engaged in mining. According to the existing mention he searched for ores in 1563 in the Poprad valley. “He has had that hill for three years and in the last year, they did not work there for the air only.”

Dorota Gładysz was, in 1560, a joint owner of an works in .

47 Szymon Gładysz owned in 1581 three and a half peasants’ feuds, 2 farmers without soil, 2 tenants, 2 craftsmen in Szymbark, 7 and a half peasants’ feuds, 3 farmers, 2 tenants with cattle, 7 tenants without cattle, 5 craftsmen, 2 doda and 4 copyholders in Polna and a parish church, a borough, 3 peasants’ feuds in Szymanowice as a lease.

Szymon Gładysz had a son Marcin, writing his name Marcin from Polna, who in 1574 secured his wife, Dorota Bobowska, a dowry.

Paweł Gładysz, the second son of Szymon was in 1590 the owner of Szymbark.

Anna Gładysz, the sister of Marcin and Paweł and the daughter of Szymon married Hieronim Borzyszkowski, the writer of the town of Cracow and following his death, Jan Dębicki, whose coat of arms was Gryf (the Griffin) and who was the owner of Rzuchowa near Tarnów in 1583.

Erazm Gładysz from Polna had two sons: Szymon Maciej (of two names) and Baltazar. Baltazar Gładysz owned in 1581 Stróże Dolne with the Wilczyska parish church, consisting of 2 peasants’ feuds, 2 farmers with land, 1 copyholder with cattle, 1 without and 2 craftsmen. Szymon Maciej was the parish priest of St. Jakub’s church in in Cracow. He was mentioned by the contemporary historian, Miechowita. Acording to Pruszcz “The Description of the Cracow Churches” Szymon Maciej Gładysz finished the construction of the church, erected a chapel and an altar near that church and gave his revenue to it, which is evident from his Gryf coat of arms and the initials S.G. He died in 1603.

Jan Gładysz, being the example of piety and all virtue, joined the Soc. Jesu monastery. He did so promptly advance in our Cracow noviciate that before he even finished it, God called for his payment to the eminent saints in 1588.

48 The sons of Stanisław Gładysz, the heir of the property in Polna: Marcin, Paweł, Mikołaj and Bartłomiej, as well as Dorota, Katarzyna, Barbara, Zofia and Anna Gładysz were the successors of half of the village of Janowice near Wieliczka.

Marcin, Paweł, Mikołaj and Bartłomiej conducted legal proceedings in 1579 with Brzeziński concerning the succession of Suss. In 1581 Adam Brzeński owned Wysowa, Hańczowa and established formerly by the Gładyszes. The property of the Gładyszes in Janowice, the parish of Wieliczka consisted in 1581 of 2 peasants’ feuds, 4 farmers owning land, 2 copyholders owning cattle and 4 without cattle.

Sebastian Gładysz was the heir of Uście in 1577. He leased the Trzyniec district chief’s office. By his permission Mikołaj, the Trzyniec inn owner and his wife Katarzyna testified to the district books of the village of Trzyniec that they had sold their inn to Grzegorz Moskal and his wife Ewa for 30 grzywna. Then, under the date November 19th, 1579 there is a mention of dispute between Sebastian Gładysz and Moskal, the inn-holder about a farm, which the latter had bought for 5 grzywna as well a similar dispute about a farm with Gallas, the smith which the latter had bought for 5 grzywna.

Sebastian Gładysz, the heir of Uście and Szymbark got married in 1579 with Elżbieta, the daughter of Jan Dembiński from Dębno, using the Odrowąż coat of arms and Katarzyna Chrząstowska.

In 1581 Sebastian Gładysz was the heir of Ujście which consisted of 5 Wallachian manor houses and the village administrator’s house, the orthodox pope’s house and one Russian orthodox pope from the church in Uście. He also owned Smerekowiec, the parish of Zdynia where there were 5 Wallachian manor houses and 1 house of the village administrator.

49 He had three sons: Sebastian, Mikołaj and Stanisław who in 1604 relinquish Brzeńskie and two daughters: Zofia and Katarzyna. Zofia Gladysz from Szymbark was the wife of Paweł Kossecki (1601).

The sentences of the tribunal mention Paweł, Mikołaj, Stanisław and Krzysztof Gładysz, the sons of Marcin and the grandsons of Szymon Gładysz from Polna and Szymbark. Magdalena, the daughter of Mikołaj Gładysz from Szymbark was the wife of Branicki.

In 1598 Mikołaj Gładysz was married to Anna Jordan, the daughter of Jakub Jordan of Tęgoborza. The Biecz town files mention, under the date of March 18th, 1606 Mikołaj Gładysz from Szymbark. In the historical sources of under the year 1581 we may find Achacy Gładysz who owned in Ryglice Niższe a property consisting of 3 peasants’ feuds, 4 farmers owning land and 2 farmers without land as well as 1 craftsman.

At the same time Piotr Gładysz was the owner of the newly-located Łąg in the parish of Zdynia with 3 Wallachian manor houses and 1 of the village administrator as well as Konieczna with 3 manor houses and 1 village administrator.

Mikołaj Gładysz from Reglice was the owner of the village of Łączki in the Sandomierz voivodship.

50 Chapter VII

THE ŁUŻEŃSKIS

Mikołaj Gładysz from Reglice (also called Mikołaj Łużeński from his father’s inheritance in Łużna) living at the beginning of the 16th century was married to Dorota Wiktorówna from Biesna and had a son - Adam Łużeński.

According to the contemporary customs, in this line of the family there was a change of the name from Gładysz to Łużeński. Therefore, some denied the Łużeńskis the noble origin and the right to using the coat of arms. Marcin Łużeński, the son of Adam Gładysz-Łużeński turned to his relatives, the Gładyszes, and among others to an influential priest Szymon Maciej Gładysz, the provost of St. Jakub’s church in Kazimierz in Cracow who, before the king’s tribunal asked for the nobilitation of Marcin Łużeński, whose copy can be found in the Sącz town files.

Stefan, the king of Poland from God’s grace, etc. We make aware with the sound of these words in what ways the noble Szymon Gładysz, the provost of St. Jakub’s church in Kazimierz near Cracow together with his other friends and relatives - favouring his countrymen and family with a special and almost fatherly affection and in order for it to be not only adorned with virtue, but also wishing it to be known - arrived before our tribunal with the noble Jordan Spytek from , the esquire carver of the Cracow land, our captain of horse and the starost of Vendesi et Rumburgensi and numerous other noblemen and parliament members to our councillors assembled in the present of many witnesses.

They stood up for the noble Marcin Łużeński, a hereto townsman, councillor and sub-officer in a group of villages in our new town of (filastro), the real and righteous son of the venerable Szymon Gładysz, the abovementioned

51 legitimate son of the late venerable Adam Łużeński Gładysz from Łużna in the Cracow voivodship, in the Biecz district and presented and handed in the certificates of family closeness and nobility and they gave evidence and confirmed that that Marcin Łużeński, born from that generation of the Gładyszes, with the same coats of arms and badges as they bore and used, that is “Swieboda” and “Gryf” distinguished by his predecessors and born from both parents of noble origin, that is a grandfather Mikołaj Gładysz from Ryglice, called Łużeński on account of his father’s legacy in Łużne and his grandmother, a noble woman Dorota Wiktorówna from Biesna, the legitimate parents of Adam Łużeński and they confessed their relation to the named Marcin Łużeński (filastro) and they confirmed in such a way that anybody not knowing about it would not accuse him falsely of not originating from nobility or would not accuse him of similar things.

We were also asked in the presence of the abovementioned confirming persons and friends and relatives - what is more important, they presented a proof such as that was confirmed with their dignity, so that we would be kind to make it obvious to all - the said Marcin Łużeński born from his noble predecessors and induced with the requests and reasonings, the proofs and the rightness of things - we first, by means of that certificate, nominate, announce and sign that he (Marcin) is the real and a honourable nobleman together with his children and descendants from the Gładysz family who wield the sign of nobility “Sweboda” or Gryf and we hereby award, declare and announce that right. We further announce and confirm to all that we desire that that Marcin Łużeński be considered such (a nobleman) and so that he enjoyed all privileges enjoyed by the nobility in our kingdom which we confirm with this document on pain of punishment provided for in statutes.

In confirmation of which we impress our seal in our office.

52 Drawn up in , during the general meeting of the seym (the lower chamber of the Polish parliament) (on a Monday after the Invocavit Sunday (on March 11th) Anno Domini 1581. Stefan the king.

The oblate of the privilege of the royal nobilitation of Marcin Łużeński shall take place in the town of Sącz on March 16th, 1606.

The Łużeńskis bearing the coat of arms of Gryf settled down in Pomerania.

In the 16th century Łużna belonged to the Branickis. In 1599 Samuel Branicki from sold Łużna, Wola Łużańska and 6 Russian villages: Bielanka, Łosie, Klimkówka, Kunkowa, Leszczyna and Hunowice (Nowica) to Jan Potocki bearing the coat of arms of Śreniawa to the Biecz under-starost. These properties were held by his son, Adam Potocki. After the death of Adam Potocki his three sons: Wacław Potocki, the 17th century Polish poet as well as Jerzy and Jan made an agreement concerning the division of the property in 1646. Wacław received the manor house in Łużna together with the peasants, farmers, also the village of Łosie and Leszczyna. Jerzy received Wola Łużańska, Klimkówka and Kunkowa while the youngest Jan received a farm in Łużna, Bielanka and Hunowice (Nowica).

Wacław Potocki in 1660 sold the village of Łosie to Elżbieta from Sztemberki, the widow after Zygmunt Tarl.

In 1647 Łosie witnessed the raid of Zygmunt from Szczekarzewice Tarła and Jan from Tęczyn Tarła, the Lublin voivod. Wacław Potocki returned the “favour” and in the following year he raided the property of Zygmunt Tarła and, with the help of village administrators, peasants, farmers and servants and took away the horses and carts loaded with hay from the field, which later became the subject of the trial in the town of Biecz.

53 Among the writings of Wacław Potocki we find a poem about the Szymbark castle.

The Szymbark castle

There, before it is crossed by people on the ferry Where Ropa falls from Bieszczady breaks the twisted banks There stands a castle in a narrow and hidden corner Which may sooner be conquered than found Called Szymbark; a nearby village, shingles, planks and glass works And stone, which may be hewn out to the mill. There is no other profit, so it the brothers Could not agree to it, they decided to find a buyer. And because, among others, and having considered many They wish to have a master of that castle in the forest They present me the glasses from the glass works, The oat beer and bread, the hens having eaten the worms. What is the use of glass and fashioned bowls I ask of stacks; they speak of walls and the Tartars I doubt that they would bring the shingles from as far as Crimea, Worse is that the ruffians roasted somebody this week. I prefer to be in shackles rather than on a spit. And them: One has to live carefully here. A noble ought to mount the muskets on the hobs And to put the trusted servants at the gate. No valuables and several servants at home And you can sleep safely there If there is always shoulder-belt on your plate Nobody will steal in during the night and run at day. In summer and winter, a herd of horses in a stable. And a beautiful farm. One is glad

54 To live in a palace, another prefers to plough the land Or, like a squirrel, to peep out of the hole. Let one do what he was born to, whether it be in the street Or in a market; I prefer to live in a wooden house Without servants, a gun, and what is more, without fear Rather than feel like a pea sitting on a drum.

In the 16th century glass industry flourished there. There existed three glass works on the Szklarka in Szymbark, on the Flasza in Ropa and . The production catered for the needs of the local population. The disappearance of this branch of industry was a result of the too extensive clearance of forests caused by burning huge numbers of them, which was done in order to obtain ash required for the glass manufacture.

55 Chapter VIII

PIOTR GŁADYSZ FROM KONIECZNA AND SIARY

Piotr Gładysz from Łęg and Konieczna mentioned in 1581 appears in 1584 as the heir of Siara near Gorlice.

There are several mentions of him in the district files of the village of Siara between the years 1581 – 1714.

“The district of Siara, which was started on the day of the conversion of St. Paul in the administratorship in the property of the noble Bartosz Siemirzowski in 1584. The court was summoned consisting of the honest people …”

Wojciech Mathiszowicz from Tarnów publicly admitted that he had sold the mill in Siary at will to Piotr Gładysz for 12 grzywna of Polish coins with which he also sold two pickaxes, a file, five clasps and half a bushel and confessed that, according to the law, he had nothing more there.

In the following year Piotr was already the master of the manor house in Siarki. This was stated in an act. “Anno Domini 1585 on April 8th. The right of purchase in I: in the manor house of Piotr Gładysz. The said Piotr Gładysz, having noticed that Marcin Lapeta made an illegitimate legacy to Dominik Karp, that is Marcin Lapeta did not have any rights nor was bequeathed this mill and he made a legacy to Karp without God’s will. Therefore, in order not to harm the latter, the said Dominik Karp, in this wilful bequest of the mill in Siary from Marcin Lapeta:

Thus Mister Piotr Gładysz, swore before that law that he had sold the mill in Siary to Dominik Karp for half-fourteen grzywna counting 48 groszy for every

56 grzywna, which he paid immediately. Together with the mill, Mister Gładysz sold two gardens near the mill and a quarter of a plough-land spreading from the village to the borders which is marked with the property of Mikołaj Szczecina on one side and Wojciech Siegel on the other side. He also sold him the winter sowing in these gardens wherever it was suitable to sow and in the quarter of the two staje* away from the village. As to the staje they are to be always sold together with the mill and the winter sowing and together with the wood house with all of its belongings and all of the mill’s belongings and new stones.

On June 17th, 1585, based on the law established by the district chief officer Jana Bałda in Siary and seven aldermen: Wojciech Glista, Matys Lasoś, Wojciech Zemła, Jan Haliza, Józef Glista, Wawrzyniec Haluch and Jan Soczewa, an act was drawn up: In the face of the law Wojciech Zemła and Bartosz Zemła testified and confessed that in the name of their deceased brother, Walenty Zemła that they had sold a farm at the end of the village of Siary to the Gorlice grounds of the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz for half foot of the Polish grzywna which the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz immediately gave to the protectors called Wojciech Zemła and Bartosz Zemła being here under oath in the amount of half a foot of the Polish grzywna, for which the abovementioned gentlemen renounced in the name of their brother and they warranted everything and passed on to the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz at will, which they signed and drank to it over the green twig.”

On July 2nd, 1586 Dominik Karp testified in the face of the law that he had sold a mill in Siary, under the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz to his son Wojciech for the half-fourteen of grzywna.

Anno Domini 1591 on a Friday before St. Agnes’ day (January 18th), the tribunal became summoned in the village administrator’s manor house of the Honourable Piotr Gładysz and in the presence of honest people the chief officer Matys

* ancient linear measure

57 Laskoś, Wojciech Glista, Jan Soczawa, Lenart Kołodziej, Stanisław Macios, Jan Haliz, Wojciech Laskoś and Błażej Kosiba. Having stood personally before the mentioned law representation, Piotr Gładysz, being of sane mind and sound health testified at will that he had sold a piece of land to Jędrzej Paczinka from Sękowa for two grzywna, which he had in turn bought from Stanisław Zagraicki from , the land being situated between the miller’s quarter of a plot on one side and the empty land on the other with all rights and contiguities and with all pastures and the said ground had been bought by the named Stanisław Zagraicki from Urban Sczecina, which I immediately sold to the name Jędrzej Paczinka for two grzywna which he immediately took from me and stated that I was satisfied in being paid for that land by that Jędrzej Paczinka and I transfer to him my rights that I am aware of and the name Jędrzej Paczinka guaranteed that he would not ravage the land and that he would consent with the local community and would not desert it. Szymek Wrzecznik and Bernardyn Matiskowicz pledged their honour for him.

On July 5th, 1593 a law was established in the manor house of the Honourable Piotr Gładysz by the chief officer Matys Laskoś and seven aldermen sitting with him. It was because the late Walenty Adaszik gave his money property in a will in agone mortis to Piotr Gładysz in the amount of thirty one and a half gross, which money was given by Gładysz, aside of the provisions of the Siarka law, to Hadaś mother and her daughters… The Siarka law divided the money according to the will between the family and the relatives. On October 5th, 1593 the following matters have been settled before the court in the manor house of the Honourable Piotr Gładysz:

“I, Piotr Gładysz, do hereby testify before the law that I sold a farm at the end of the village to Dominik Zemła for four Polish grzywna, which money I received immediately and which I free him from.” “I, Piotr Gładysz, do hereby testify before the law that I sold a farm at the end of the village to Mieczko Kuśnierz for four Polish grzywna, which money he gave me immediately and which I free him

58 from as he paid me, which farm spreads from a pasture to the Gorlice border, which farm adjoins Marcin’s half in part and in part the Master’s fences.”

“On November 15th, 1593 Piotr Gładysz from Szymbark testified before the tribunal assembled in the village of Siary at will and being healthy on his body and mind that he had sold to Jan Haliza a garden with a house and a barn and all other buildings, where the garden is marked off with fences and an orchard for ten grzywna, which the said Piotr Gładysz took immediately and whose receipt he acknowledged; the said Gładysz gave all pasture grounds spreading down to Haliza’s fields together with the farm as he had bought it and he frees it from the duty to sow over and the farm together with the pasture are not to be sown over. The farm was promised to the named Jan Haliz and his descendants by Piotr Gładysz for all times, who did not leave anything to himself or his descendants and from which farm Jan Haliz will be obliged to work for guard and board by spinning four ells.”

“From the order of the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz, on January 25th, 1594 a great tribunal was summoned in Siary, where an agreement was made between Wawrzyniec Haluch and Józef Glista for thirty grzywna. With the permission of the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz they hereby acknowledge the receipt and free from the murder of Stanisław Kuczkowicz by Jan Haluchowicz, Wawrzyniec Haluch, thus Marcin Kuczek, together with his wife called Połonka, his friends and his offspring, the present and the future, acknowledge forever that they were satisfied for the abovementioned son both through humility and reward.”

“During the session of the summoned tribunal in Siary on January 12th, 1599 Piotr Gładysz with a new title testifies: “I, Piotr Gładysz from Szymbark, the town judge of Biecz testify that I have sold to Matus Wietrzyk a new farm before Tokarska with the neighbouring gardens as they are enclosed today for four złoty, each złoty consisting of 30 groszy, which he paid me immediately and in return

59 for which he ought to work for me for twelve days and to spin the boards for me with other farmers and in order for him not to make waste there, the district chief officer Matis Laskoś guaranteed for him to which we drank and which we signed over the green twig.

In the year 1600 Piotr Gładysz, the judge of the town of Biecz heard a case, based on the Siara law, of Adam Czadr’s debt.

In 1601 on January 9th, by order of the Honourable Gentleman Piotr Gładysz, the judge of the town of Biecz, a tribunal was summoned in Siary, during which Piotr Gładysz, having considered the costs for the reparation of the old building and the new one added to that new one around that inn in Siara, by Wojciech Kwiatoniowski, the then Siara innkeeper, and having added all of the sums and costs, which amounted to several grzywna and which were written on that inn, the mentioned Piotr Gładysz writes on that inn to the said Wojciech Kwiatoniowski and his legitimate descendants his sixty and six grzywna in Polish coins, each grzywna counted separately as forty eight groszy, both on that abovementioned inn and the lands belonging to that inn with gardens and orchards on both sides of the river Siarka which sum I confirm and secure for better certainty and faith on that Wojciech Kwiatoniowski and his descendants, which, for better certainty and faith I sign with my hand Piotr Gładysz Szymbarku, the Biecz town judge.

Piotr Gładysz had a daughter, Elżbieta.

For the failure to put up village administrators for the campaign against the Tartars and the failure to give the necessary sums for that purpose, the property and administratorships of Piotr Gładysz from Siary, Ścibor from Bystra, Witkowski from Jodłówka, Jakubowa (the wife of Jakub) Gorlicka from Sokół, Siemichowski from Łękowa and others were confiscated on June 10th, 1612 and given to Bernard Potocki as the obedient citizen of His Majesty.

60 Chapter IX

THE 17TH CENTURY

In the 17th century there exist several manors in Szymbark and hence several Gładyszes simultaneously title themselves the heirs of Szymbark.

Stanisław Gładysz, the son of Marcin granted on July 8th, 1605 to Bozk from Zawada a Polish privilege to locate the village of Gryffów on the Magdeburg law, located up the Szymbark manor house near the river Ropa with for feuds for the village administrator, with a permission to erect a mill, a fullery, a wood- house and with a duty to participate in war campaigns. The name of the village, Gryffów, did not remain. The settlement and the manor house which were established called Gryffów are called Łęgi today and are a part of the village of Szymbark.

Stanisław Gładysz, married to Regina from Koszyce near Tarnów. In 1609 he paid to Sebastian Gładysz, the son of Sebastian from Uście and Smerekowiec an amount of 2,100 florins.

On February 12th, 1611Stanisław Gładysz and his wife Regina from ‘Koseczyce’ owed Stanisław Wierzbięta from the village of Przyszowa 2,000 florins for which they pledged a medium farm in Szymbark with four peasants and 4 yeomen, an inn, a bleachery and other appurtenances.

Mikołaj Gładysz, the heir of Polna and Stróże was at the time the joint owner of Szymbark, that is one of the manor houses. The Biecz town files mention him in 1606. Mikołaj Gładysz died at the end of 1609 leaving two sons: Hiermolaus and Spytek.

61 Hermolaus Gładysz was married to Anna, the daughter of Maciej Maciejowski,. In 1610 Hermolaus pledged his property for his debt to Jakub Chwalibóg from Janowice amounting to 385 florins.

In the following year he paid to his brother Spytek the amount of 660 florins. On February 10th, 1611 Adam Wiktor from Wiatowice acknowledged the receipt of 400 florins from the successors of the deceased Mikołaj Gładysz from Szymbark, that is from Hermolaus, Spytek and Jan which constituted their father’s debt.

Spytek Gładysz owed in 1610 to Piotr Zawadzki an amount of 1,200 florins.

On December 30th, 1610 Spytek Gładysz, the son of Mikołaj Gładysz, the heir of Szymbark and Polna, on account of his debt amounting to 2,900 florins which he owed to Gabriel Kempiński from Stara Wieś, pledges his property to him, that is a farm called Niżny in the village of Polna with 5 peasants, 1 empty field, 3 yeomen, a mill, ponds, an inn in the village of Polna together with all the benefits and conditions of repayment.

In the same year on December 31st Stanisław Gładysz, the son of Sebastian acknowledges the receipt of 430 florins from Spytek Gładysz on account of an old debt.

The brother of Hermolaus and Spytek, Jan Gładysz called himself Jan Gładysz from Szymbark and Biała Woda.

We find a mention of Hermolaus Gładysz as a heir of Stróże in 1615. Later on, Stróże together with his daughter Eleonora Gładysz, married to Jan Gawroński become the property of his descendants.

62 Hermolaus Gładysz died in 1622 as in that year Anna Maciejewska, the widow of Hermolaus Gładysz insured herself on Stróże Wyżne and Stróże Okrągłe on account of the dowry amounts due to her.

The numerous money transactions, the obligations, receipts, pledges within the Gładysz family and with the neighbours indicate that Mikołaj Gładysz and his predecessors in the 16th century had considerable expenses in connection with the construction of their residence, the fortified castle in Szymbark as a result of which they ran into debt which was only paid off to the creditors by their descendants who pledged their own properties.

The aforementioned Sebastian Gładysz from Uście and Smerekowiec and his wife Elżbieta Dębińska left two sons: Sebastian and Stanisław. Stanisław Gładysz had a wife, Elżbieta, the daughter of Achacy Jordan from Zakliczyn (1611) who was buried in the vaults of the Mary Magdalene church in Szczepanów.

We encounter the mention of Sebastian Gładysz, calling himself Sebastian Gładysz from Szymbark, in 1607 in connection with the wedding of the daughter of the , Jędrzej Adamowicz from Nowy Sącz. He was mentioned among other nobles. A while later he had the title of the Sącz under-starost during the times of the starost Sebastian . Having received in 1609 the amount of 2,100 florins from Stanisław Gładysz, he becomes materially independent and his wife wore lace and paid for it in gold to a merchant Jerzy Tymowski from Nowy Sącz.

Although both red złoty valued at 10 Polish złoty were edged and did not weigh even 8 groszy, she took purple Dutch cloth for 80 groszy for an ell and the azure blue thick Spanish cloth for 23 złoty for an ell. Jerzy Tymowski, born in Grybów in 1559 at the end of the 16th century and settled in Nowy Sącz was a councillor there between 1606 and 1628. He died in 1631. He traded vastly with Cracow,

63 Nowe Miasto Korczyn, Międzyrzecze, Lublin, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Toruń, Gdańsk as well as with Hungarian towns such as Bardiów, Lewocza, Lubowla, Kiezmark, Koszyce, Podoliniec and Preszów. In his warehouses one might buy copper, iron, lead, gunpowder, leather, woollen cloths from Iczyn in , from Kłodzko in Silesia and from , Wittemberg as well as Polish ones from , Biecz and Żmigród. Aside the above articles, he also had the Greek malmsey and Hungarian wines, he also had great amounts of all kinds of roots such as: aniseed, laurel, sugar, cinnamon, violet root, ginger, almonds, olive oil, pepper, rice, Wallachian cheese, saffron, the Lvov fish, herrings and prunes. Jerzy Tymowski entered all of his transactions in the merchant’s book, which contains numerous mentions of the Gładyszes and is the mirror of life in those times.

Sebastian Gładysz was a good customer of the merchant Tymowski, as he had cash, since in 1609 he received from Stanisław Gładysz from Szymbark, the son of the late Marcin Gładysz an amount very high for those times, that is 2,100 florins. We can guess that the Gładyszes build the castle in Szymbark in the 16th century and not having too much cash, they run in debt with their relatives and neighbours. The numerous entries in the Sącz and Biecz town files confirm this hypothesis.

Sebastian Gładysz was a wine expert and became a subject of a very funny satire. On July 17th, 1612 the Babin Republic register said literally as follows:

‘Hearing this (anecdote of the respectable Pieniążek) Mrs Andrzej Pieniążek, overcome with her ambition to do better than her merry companions, poured, at one gulp (certainly, only in words) into the throat of a Mr Gładysz no more and no less than three barrels of wine, for which Babin made her a cup-bearer’. ‘That bad joke gave her the office of the cup-bearer.’

64 In spite of the Seym (the lower chamber of the Polish parliament) resolution in 1605 clearly stating that a person dealing with craftsmanship or trade, that is dealing with the townspeople’s’ business, loses their noble status, the under- starost Sebastian Gładysz enters a trade partnership with merchant Tymowski and they both trade in Lublin in 1614. Gładysz borrows from Tymowski 6 Polish złoty and later on he sells Tymowski 4 barrels of herring for 13 Polish złoty. This did not lead to Sebastian Gładysz’s loss of the noble status nor the town office which he feared the least, as many Gładyszes accepted the town law at will and moreover, he earned considerable profits, as his wife Zofia bought in Tymowski’s shop not a long time later the azure blue thick Spanish cloth for 24 groszy for an ell for servant’s clothes and 15 ells of the best Moravian black for 16 groszy for jackets and a length of a red Brześć pall for a lining. For her sons she bought azure blue thick Spanish cloth before Easter. She also bought 17 ells of red woollen cloth for 13 groszy and 4 ells of black woollen cloth and 13 ells of string for one szeląg*. From among the roots Mrs Gładysz bought saffron by the ounce. The under-starost Gładysz bought with Tymowski 2 quintals of paired iron for the old Mr Lubomirski.

In 1615 Sebastian Gładysz lent Tymowski 400 Polish złoty for wines and during his talk with the neighbours 3 large jugs of wine were consumed. Following the delivery of wine Sebastian Gładysz, together with Pieniążek and Simbar Lubomirski, the starost’s brother, drank 5 large jugs. And on September 12th, 1615 Gładysz sent Tymowski half a jug of wine to try. The under-starost Gładysz used his money in small amounts. He had a gold chain bought for 94 Polish złoty and his wife a cap for 16 Polish złoty and a carpet for 13 Polish złoty. And he spends several dozen złoty each time for his daughter.

In the following year the finances of the under-starost Gładysz worsened, as he took credits with Tymowski for the mere 20 and several złoty’s worth of woollen cloth, which were warranted by Krzysztof, the goldsmith. Tymowski also gave

* szeląg - old Polish coin

65 him credit for his wife’s 12 ells of blue cloth and for the English green cloth without warranty. He was not disappointed as Gładysz came to him, settled the accounts and paid. To be sure, he entered that himself in the merchant’s book, as he did not find Tymowski at home. He had a heavy hand, his handwriting was big, thick and clear, but not ornate.

THE LEASE IN JURASZOWA IN 1618

Zofia Boczkowska, the abbess in the Stary Sącz monastery leases to the Honourable Gentleman Sebastian from Szymbark Gładysz and to the Honourable Lady, Zofia, the married couple and their offspring her hereditary property belonging to the convent, i.e. a farm in Juraszowa with the adjoining lands, meadows, as well as Mokrawieś with all of her subjects in that village of Mokrawieś belonging to that farm of Juraszowa beginning from Christmas in 1617 for the period of 3 years for the amount of 490 Polish złoty with the following understanding: they are obliged to pay her 150 Polish złoty for the first year, 170 for the second year and 170 Polish złoty in the third year.

And the Honourable abbess together with the convent undertakes to give and let all of the above property to Sebastian Gładysz and his wife on confirmation by the crier and two nobles immediately and for the stated time and not to take it away or to disturb that by herself or other justified persons.

(Such a lease was made through the handing in a chain closing the entrance which was wound or bound around the lessor’s hand and hence the word bondage or admittance, intromissio, introligatio, introductio).

The lease was made on the following conditions: His Honourable Gentleman Gładysz together with his way are obliged to sift the farm fields in the presence of the convent witnesses with the grain harvested in those fields and sieved in the third year in autumn and that he ought to return the fields sifted as he took them.

66 Also, taking the lease they ought to return to the abbess the borrowed grain, i.e. 20 measures of Tartaric buckwheat, also 20 measures of barley and 6 of peas. They are also obliged to return the pigs, cattle and all movable property which were given to them on the lease according to the inventory.

The leased subjects are not to be included in extraordinary drafts, apart from going to Bochnia for salt each year with all of the subjects and 4 times a year to Szalowa on the Bochnia road. They will only be sent to Nowy and Stary Sącz to the market with the grain.

His Honourable Gładysz is obliged to sent to the Sącz town and to the Cracow bishop in Świniarsk tithes each year 8 grzywna to each.

Also the payments, should they be voted and approved of by proclamations in royal general councils during the time of the lease, they ought to make them in such amounts as will be due to them.

They must not ruin the farm buildings, but ought to repair them with straw where necessary.

They must not sell the winter and summer crops coming from that land nor take away the straw, apart from hay and threshed straw.

The subjects ought to have two days in each week free from working on the farm, that is Thursday and Saturday, apart from the harvest time, they ought to work five days until there is work in the field, reaping and raking. Also, during harvest they are to guard the fields 2 Sundays, one on each Sunday. Also, they are not to do any farm work on Sundays and holidays, neither with cattle, nor by themselves.

67 They are not to be forced to guard the farm. As there are differences in borders of the grounds adjoining Mr Stroiński, he ought to resolve these differences lawfully.

His Honourable Gładysz together with his wife and offspring ought to remember that: If God Forbid! hail, pestilence, bad crops or long winter, royal enemy, home soldiers, thunder and lightning, the plague attacking both people and beast, should happen, then in each case like that and following the notification by one party of the other, both parties ought to delegate two friends each not later than within two weeks to consider such a damage and accept what they decide and one party ought to compensate to the other the estimated damage in land, and that ought to be done without resorting to common law. After the expiry of the three- year lease period the convent shall be allowed to enter the property immediately.

But the convent allows the mentioned couple to feed their beast on food there grown and to thresh the last harvest in the third year so that the convent’s cattle was bread by the Honourable couple as well.

The parties undertake to keep these arrangements under the guarantee of 500 Polish złoty. The present contract ought to be signed with their own hands and confirmed in court.

This happened at the grating of the Stary Sącz monastery on January 20th, Anno Domini 1618. Sebastian Gładysz.

In 1621 Mokrawieś had 11 peasants farming small pieces of land, an old brewery in the administratorship and a cowshed.

In 1618, following the lease of Juraszowa, the road of life of the sub-starost Gładysz was not strewn with roses and covered with carpets, on the contrary, he encountered new difficulties and financial problems, which forced him to pledge

68 a gold chain with Tymowski for 30 Polish złoty at the discretion of Stanisław the goldsmith, a chain which weighed 49 red złoty (ducats). Therefore, he managed to borrow further 50 złoty. In 1621 his debt grew to 124 złoty. The under-starost also ordered to give a piece of cloth for 9.5 złoty to a Domaniecki and when he managed to recover his chain, he took over 36 złoty. Then he bought green and grey cloths for 26 groszy for an ell.

In 1622 the Gładyszes pledged with Tymowski two silver spoons with a coat of arms and initials S.G. engraved on them, which were repurchased by Mrs Gładysz after the plague.

In 1623 the under-starost Gładysz bought with Tymowski 5 jugs of wine and the parish priest from Grybów bought half a jug to taste it.

It seems true that Sebastian Gładysz died during the plague in 1624, as at the time his wife, being in urgent need, pledged 8 silver spoons for 40 Polish złoty with Tymowski. Moreover, in 1625 there are mentions of the Sącz under-starost, Zygmunt Stradomski, apparently a successor to Sebastian Gładysz.

Kasper from Poręba, the governor of the St. Clare’s nuns’ property in Stary Sącz married Elżbieta, the daughter of Sebastian Gładysz, the Sącz under-starost and a relative to Rev. Jan Gładysz, the Grybów parish priest.

Following the death of in 1627, the starosty of the town of Sącz was taken over by Jerzy from Nowotaniec Stano, the Sanok land standard- keeper who held that office until 1637. The pious starost’s wife, Mrs Stano very soon met the zealous priest Jan Gładysz and Mrs Poniatowska as his close relative. She went to visit Kinga’s grave in Stary Sącz in her company. While riding on the bank of Dunajec from Nowy Sącz, Mrs Stano visited Gostwica and she took Poniatowska to her carriage where also her maids-of-honour were seated. While they entered the suburbs of Stary Sącz a flock of geese walking the

69 road, frightened by the whip-lash, rose over the barns. The frightened horses leapt to the side and, having tilted the carriage and they tore along. Mrs Stano and her maids-of-honour managed to fall out, but Poniatowska, whose dress got entangled around the wheel of the carriage, was dragged along by the horses. Being too far from any help Mrs Stano called: ‘Blessed Kunegunda, save us!’. And strangely enough, the horses stopped nailed to the ground. Poniatowska was extricated from under the carriage unscathed. That miracle was put down in the monastery’s diary.

REV. JAN GŁADYSZ

Achacy Gładysz from Ryglice and Szymbark left two sons: Jan and Wojciech. Jan Gładysz sacrificed himself to God and became the parish priest in Grybów, which is evidenced by the visit of Tylicki in 1608.

Jan Gładysz, bearing the Gryf coat of arms, the Grybów parish priest, managed to take away, on the basis of court verdicts, a church appropriated by heretics and restored the Catholic ritual there. In 1609, as the father confessor of the Stary Sącz monastery, he signed an agreement between the abbess of the St. Clare’s order, Ewa Gostwicka and Sebastian Lubomirski, the count in Wiśnicz, the Wojnice castellan, the Spisz and Dobczyn starost relating to the lease of the properties in Staremiasto, Gołkowice, Zasłonie and Łącko.

In 1610 Jan Gładysz, the parish priest delivers Tymowski, the merchant in Nowy Sącz from financial trouble. Luckily, the priest Jan Gładysz from Grybów, who was always kind to Tymowski and his wife Jadwiga. He brought 380 Polish złoty with him, asking the couple to keep it for him, which they did not refuse to do. Later on he lent them also 400 Polish złoty belonging to the Grybów hospital and helped them in such a way that the money did not lie useless and the merchant returned it bit by bit with cash and goods. In 1611, on Tymowski’s second marriage with Krystyna, the daughter of Jędrzej Adamowicz, Rev. Jan Gładysz

70 from Grybów, just as previously, did not move away, did not take the money away, but rounded the sum up to 400 Polish złoty. Below, we present the characterisation of Father Gładysz according to the writings of Tymowski.

The town files of Sącz contain the following entry under year 1611:

Jan Gładysz, the parish priest from Grybów, the son of the late Achacy Gładysz from Szymbark, the heir of certain parts of Ryglice grants to Wojciech Gładysz from Szymbark, his own brother, his property, that is parts of Ryglice, which partly belong to the Biecz district and partly to the Pilzno district, together with the right of patronage and the gifts in the Ryglice church.

In 1617 Wojciech Gładysz was the Cracow land bailiff.

There is also an interesting mention of Wawrzyniec Gładysz from Olszyny.

‘Sigismundus III by God’s grace king, etc. - With this letter we announce it to all and everybody that we appoint Wawrzyniec Gładysz from Olszyny to take the general office in the Kingdom (in ministerialen Regini Generalem). He ought to be given the due and omnipotent power to execute all and single businesses (matters) as the general officer of the Kingdom in all voivodships and districts. Drawn up in Warsaw on January 21st, 1617th year of our reign.’

The Sącz town files contain mentions, in 1610, of a Gabriel Gładysz, whose origin is not known. They only state that Zofia, the daughter of Stanisław Sokół and the wife of Gabriel Gładysz, opened a case relating to a debt of 300 florins.

In the following year, on July 11th on a Monday before the day of St. Margaret, (there appeared) Gabriel Gładysz and his wife Zofia, claiming certain sums of money, which were owed to them by the Sącz nuns.

71 In 1611 Marcin Lustowski renounced his property in Świerkla to Gabriel Gładysz and his wife Zofia in the presence of the authorities of the town of Sącz. The abbess Ewa Gostwicka agreed to a new lifelong payment of 80 grzywna. Gabriel Gładysz and his wife agreed to acknowledge the receipt by the monastery of the amount of 80 grzywna before the authorities of the town of Sącz, which were granted through our privilege in these lands to the honourable Lutosławski in such a way that they make us and our descendants free of them. The couple are to admit that these properties belong to the monastery and they lease them from the monastery and they will answer before us for them.

Jan Gładysz and his wife after his death, ought to appear, at their own expense, to the convent border supervision. In acknowledgement of our succession, they ought to pay us 2 Polish złoty on the day of St. Martin each year for these lands.

They shall also pay tithes, and other charges on these lands, both the church and the royal ones, so that the convent would not have to deal with it.

We free them from other charges.

The merchant Jerzy Tymowski made a note in his merchant’s register that Gabriel Gładysz took many goods in his shop, especially woollen cloths and many roots. In 1605 he wore a russet Dutch cloth which cost 80 groszy per an ell and for his servants he bought 16 ells of grey fabric for 13 groszy. He also bought green cloth for clothes for 52 groszy. He also bought azure blue thick Spanish cloth and the red cloth for lining. He also bought the hooks and eyes by the dozen, 30 ells of string, three dozens of buttons and once he bought 18 pairs of slipnooses for 3.5 Polish złotys. As to the roots, he bought pepper by the pound for 18 grosz, saffron by the halfounce for 25 groszy, nutmeg and ginger. He also bought an ell of the Dutch cloth for a saddle. He paid with barley and rye equalling the value of 14 złoty and he owned the rest. For unknown reasons that debt has not been erased in Tymowski’s book until this day.

72 Mateusz Gładysz, the elder one in the guilds of the Cracow knife manufacturers was mentioned in the years 1602 and 1608. According to the work by Adam Chmiel the old goods of the Cracow knife manufacturers were prepared and marked by Matis Gladis and Abel Osiński who were the elder ones in the guild.

Thus we infer that Materusz Gładysz was a Cracow townsman.

In the vicinity of the Gładyszes in Pogórze, the Pieniążeks had their property, one Pieniążek family in Krużlowa and the other one in Gorlice. Stanisław Gładysz bearing the Gryf coat of arms was in 1634 married to Anna Pieniążek.

Łukasz Gładysz was in 1640 in the Jesuit monastery.

The named Maciej Gładysz was mentioned among the 13 students receiving the bachelor’s degree (artiumet philospohiae) at the in 1643 in the faculty of philosophy at the time Joachim Speroni, the canon and the professor of Greek literature.

Stanisław Gładysz, married to Barbara Witkowska in 1659 was in the Turkish captivity in 1673.

Jan Gładysz settled down in Wieliczka, where he was a mayor in 1676.

During the reign of Jan Sobieski, Maciej Gładysz became famous for his bravery in numerous battles serving in 1690 under Koniecpolski’s colours.

Wojciech Gładysz registered in the Sandomierz voivodship in 1697 for the election of Augustus III.

73 THE GŁADYSZES FROM ŻORY IN SILESIA

The documents proving the existence of a straight line of the Silesian Gładyszes may be found in Żory, the district of in Silesia. The Głayszes are mentioned in the 17th-century Żory registers. Agnieszka Gładysz, married to Urban Kramarz, baptised her son on February 13th, 1639 and on August 30th, 1641 her son Jan.

On October 11th, 1643 there died in Żory Barbara Gładysz (Gladisska), while on December 13th of the same year there died Grzegorz Gładysz who was buried in Żory.

In the years 1689-1690 there lived Katarzyna Gładysz (Gladyhska) in Żory.

In the 19th century Paweł Gładysz was the weaving master in Żory. The guild masters: Jos Scholz and F. Harazim from Żory wrote him on July 17th, 1869 the following letter: ‘Dear Mr Gladish, Our guild demands, as Stem Podmarnistwo think, because if they did not want to carry you, as the other Podmarnicy demand that and our guild wants to have order with it, we would like to ask you to come to our guild or to return that in writing.’

Paweł Gładysz responded: ‘I inform the famous weaving guild that I am glad you have not forgotten me yet. I am not against it, but if the elder are to carry first, because I carried as far as I could and now I cannot anymore, no one may force me, because I do not have my health anymore and I will not disturb you in neither craft nor work as much as my participation will be required.’

The family of the weaver Paweł Gładysz scattered all over the Silesia. They held all positions in the industry in Gliwice. They settled down in

74 Dobrodzeń in the Olesko district, later on in Raciborski, Hulczyński and in .

At the end of the 19th century Józef Gładysz emigrated from Bodzianowice, the district to the territories of the former Polish Kingdom and settled down in Kłobuck near Częstochowa. There he dealt with farming and in his spare time he cured people and beast. He had several daughters and a son, Piotr. Piotr Gładysz had four daughters and five sons. Stefan and Franciszek died in the first days of the WWII in 1939. Tadeusz is a teacher in a three-year technical school. As an officer of the Polish army he spent several years in a concentration camp. Together with his brother, Henryk, a salesman, they devote themselves to social work, and especially to organisation of sport in Częstochowa.

Mieczysław Gładysz, the son of Piotr devoted himself to academic work. Having completed his secondary education he studied Polish philology, ethnography with ethnology, sociology and the history of art at the faculty of philosophy in the Jagiellonian University. Following his obtainment of the M.A. and PhD degrees, Mieczysław Gładysz was an editor in of a youth magazine ‘Młody Polak’ (a Young Pole) in the years 1925-1926 and in the years 1926- 1927 he edited the magazine ‘Orlęta’.

In the years 1927-1931 Mieczysław Gładysz, PhD organised an ethnographic section in the Silesian Museum in Katowice. Between 1934 and 1939 he made ethnographic studies on the territory of Silesia on behalf of the Polish Academy of Arts in Cracow. Mieczysław Gładysz, PhD performed a number of comparative studies of the folk culture in , , Yugoslavia, , Hungary and . In 1945 Mieczysław Gładysz became the director of the Municipal Museum in Gliwice, which he organised and filled with new exhibits. Recently, as the president of the Ethnographic Commission of the Silesian Institute in Katowice, he has been conducting ethnographic studies on the territory of Silesia. Mieczysław Gładysz is the author of the following

75 dissertations: ‘Children and Youth Periodicals in Silesia’, Katowice 1932, published by Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk; ‘The Status and Needs of the Polish Learning in Silesia with Respect to Ethnography’, Katowice 1936, published by Instytut Śląski; ‘The Mountaineers’ Decorative Art in Silesia’, Cracow 1935, published by the Polish Academy of Arts; ‘The Problems of the Silesian Folk Culture’; Wrocław 1947, published by Książnica Atlas; ‘The Outline of the Silesian Folk Culture; Katowice 1947.

A Gładysz, whose name remains unknown took part in the and later on he emigrated to , where he settled down in the vicinity of Marseilles. His granddaughter, Jadwiga Gładysz, visited our country and her relatives here a few years ago.

76 Chapter X

THE KNIGHTS, THE SCHOLARS AND THE ARTISTS

In the 17th century the Gładysz family properties in Pogórze were divided into many parts and by way of dowry to daughters, repayments, exchanges and sale became the property of other families. And the Gładyszes left their old nests in Pogórze and settled down in different Polish cities, towns and villages and on account of their impoverishment, they become equal to the townsmen and the village people, thus outpacing by many years the social movements striving at the general democratisation of societies.

In the 18th and 19th centuries the Gładyszes, scattered all over Poland, keenly participated in the social life of the Polish nation, distinguishing themselves with their organisational sense.

After Mikołaj Gładysz, the Gładysz properties in Ryglice and Łączki in the Sandomierz voivodship was inherited in 1581 by his son, Franciszek.

Franciszek Gładysz had a son Stanisław, whose son’s name was Kazimierz.

Kazimierz Gładysz had a son Józef, who was married in 1749 with Anna Żebrowska.

His son Ignacy Gładysz was married to Marianna Olszowska in 1769.

Ignacy Gładysz left a son, Ignacy, who was married to Tekla Brodzka and, for the second time, to Antonina Chociszewska. Ignacy Gładysz had two sons: Kasper and Stanisław.

77 Kasper Gładysz was a writer in the customs house in Praszka. His noble origin was verified in the Kingdom in 1842. With his wife Emilia Szumlańska, he had a son, Leopold, who served in the Russian army.

The other son of Ignacy, Stanisław Gładysz, his noble origin was verified in the Kingdom in 1846.

Teodor, Lucjan, Aleksander and Florian Gładysz, the sons of Jan Gładysz, who settled down in the Rzeczyce district were verified in the empire in 1831 and were entered in the noblemen’s books in the Mińsk province.

Jan Gładysz, born in 1762 in Poznań initially trained to be a smith. Later on he went to Germany and to Paris and there he studied paining.

In 1803 he settled down permanently in Warsaw. He was a professor at the Warsaw University in the Arts’ Department in the school of painting. He dealt with religious topics, painted the landscapes of Warsaw and numerous portraits, among others the portrait of , the prince Józef Poniatowski, general Henryk Dąbrowski and his own. He died in Warsaw in 1830.

Aleksander Gładysz was the artist of the Warsaw opera. The review about him may be found in Kurier Warszawski from 1863, No 72.

Rev. Stanisław Kostka Franciszek Gładysz, born in 1865 was the Komornice parish priest. He was actively engaged in the national and social activities in the Prussian partition. He established the ‘Citizens’ Organisation of the Poznań and Western Province’ in order to finance and to propagate the nationalist thought among the people. He died in 1934 year.

78 IWONICZ

From the line of Maciej Gładysz, the school teacher and Maciej, the cuirassier, there originated Tomasz Gładysz living in 1783 in Iwonicz as well as his relatives, Wincenty and Paweł Gładysz. In 1785 Maciej Gładysz was born in Iwonicz, who on September 22nd 1813 married Anna Kędzierska. The son, Antoni Gładysz was born on June 14th, 1825 and died on April 17th, 1927 leaving three sons: Antoni, Stanisław, Józef and four daughters: Marianna, Anna, Zofia and Helena.

Antoni Gładysz, having finished schools in Poland went to complete his university education in Czechoslovakia. In the years 1927-1929 he worked in the Educational Institute in Przedzielnica near Nowe Miasto as a teacher. Later on he became the Gardening Instructor in Tarnów. In the years 1935, 1937 and 1938 he goes abroad twice where he visited the most important scientific institutes in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Bohemia and Finland.

In 1935 the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms in Warsaw sends him to Czechoslovakia as a holder of a scholarship and two years later the Voivod’s Office in Cracow sponsors his visit to southern Austria and Switzerland to investigate fruit-farming there.

Antoni Gładysz started and published since 1932 a periodical entitled ‘Hasło Ogrodniczo-Rolnicze’ (The Horticultural and Agricultural Slogan). That periodical was revived by him after W.W.II and today it is issued in many copies and distributed all over the country.

Antoni Gładysz wrote the following books: 1. ‘Urządzenie i pielęgnowanie sadu’ (The Arrangement and the Cultivation of an Orchard), 325 pages. The book was issued 6 times. Tarnów 1932-1946.

79 2. ‘Drzewa i krzewy owocowe’ (Fruit Trees and Shrubs), 94 pages, Warsaw 1935. 3. ‘Krzewy owocowe’ (Fruit Shrubs), 86 pages, Warsaw 1935. 4. ‘Ochrona sadów’ (The Protection of Orchards), 16 pages, Tarnów 1936. 5. 9 Yearly Publications of the ‘Kalendarz książkowy’ (The Book Calendar); Tarnów 1936-1948. 6. 10 Yearly Publications of ‘Hasło Ogrodniczo-Rolnicze’ (The Horticultural and Agricultural Slogan); Tarnów, ul. Matejki 13.

Moreover, before the WWII he co-operated with the following periodicals: ‘Ogrodnictwo’ (Horticulture), ‘Przegląd Ogrodniczy’ (The Horticultural Review), ‘Ogrodnik’ (The Gardener), ‘Przysposobienie Rolnicze’ (The Agricultural Training), ‘Zagroda Wzorowa’ (The Exemplary Farm), ‘Przewodnik Gospodarski’ (The Farm Guide) and ‘Rolnik’ (The Farmer).

In the years 1936-37 Antoni Gładysz worked in the Agricultural Chamber in Cracow as the horticultural inspector. In 1938-39 he lectured on horticulture during the courses organised by the State Forest Inspectorate in Niepołomice. In February 1939 the Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms delegated him to run the ‘Farm Guide’ under the auspices of the Central Association of Agricultural Organisations and Circles in Warsaw.

After the tragic events of Antoni Gładysz begins to work against the German invader in a secret organisation on the territory of Tarnów and there he shows great activity.

He was arrested by on March 31st, 1941 for the belonging to a secret organisation and the co-operation in editing of the ‘Polska Żyje’ (Poland Lives) news-sheet. He is taken to a concentration camp in Gross-Rosen, later on to Litomierzyce from where he returns to Tarnów more than 4 years later and he publishes a book ‘Powrót z piekła hitlerowskiego’ (The Return from the Nazi

80 Hell). Its popularity is evidenced in 3 issues of the book within one year and its reprint in the biggest Polish daily in America entitled ‘Dziennik dla wszystkich’ (A Daily for Everybody).

From June 1945 to the end of 1946 Antoni Gładysz worked in the State Girls’ Horticultural School in Tarnów as a teacher. At the same time, he co-operated with several magazines. He was the vice president of the Board of the Political Prisoners Association in Cracow and the President of that Association in Tarnów. He was involved in social work relating to agriculture and horticulture and was the president of the Provincial Horticulture Association in Tarnów.

The co-operation in social work and the common grounds of the secret action against the invader, common scholarly interest have caused the author of the present book to dedicate it to Antoni Gładysz.

THE GŁADYSZEWSKIS

In the 15th century the nobility calls became extinct and only the coat of arms remained as the symbol of the knight. It was in that period of time that the surnames came into being. In 1496 a council resolution was passed that the land property could not be bought only by the nobility. Since then the people started calling themselves after the name of the village, adding the ending ‘-ski’ or ‘- cki’. Very often the surnames had the form of a nickname. At that time many people changed their surnames several times during their lifetimes, for example when they moved to another village, they created the surname based on that village’s name. The Gładysz family was strongly tied to its name and they were very reluctant to change it. The ones who did that have been in many cases forgotten. We only have exact data about the Łużeńskis (Łużeńscy) from Łużna who originated from the Gładyszes.

81 For want of appropriate documents we cannot establish whether the surname Gładyszewski or Gładyszowski originates from the surname Gładysz or the town Gładyszów established by the Gładyszes. In 1704 Kazimierz Gładyszowski studied to become bachelor atrium at the Jagiellonian University. In (the former name of the southern regions of Poland, in the vicinity of Cracow), Tadeusz Szymon of two names Gładyszewski identified himself as originating from the Cracow voivodship. He was the son of Wojciech Gładyszewski and Magdalena Wojnarowska and the grandson of Józef Gładyszewski and Zuzanna Grabowska in the Przemyśl district.

Jan Gładyszewski, the son of Marcin and Helena Gierecka identified themselves as originating from the nobility in the town of Bełżec in 1782.

Mateusz Gładyszewski in 1812 and Jan Gładyszewski in 1825 were council deputies.

Several Gładyszewskis were subject to ruthenisation as a result of their dwelling among the Russians. Among them Rev. Andrzej Gładyszewski, the Greek Catholic priest in Smerekowiec and brothers Rev. Izydor, the priest in Czyrno and Rev. Jan Gładyszewski, a canon, a dean and a Greek Catholic parish priest in Jarosław can be mentioned. Rev. Jan Gładyszewski died in 1855 leaving two sons he had with Ewa Mochnacka: Jan Gładyszewski, the officer of the Austrian infantry and Józef, the Jarosław magistrate officer and a daughter Zofia.

Józef Gładyszowski, the headmaster of a grammar school and a trading school in Tarnów died in an Austrian prison on April 17th, 1943.

The village of Gładyszów was located by the Gładyszes in the 16th century. According to the hearth-tax files from 1736 the village of Gładyszów belonged to the Wielopolski family. The location privilege stayed in the Gładyszewski family until the end.

82 ‘NIECZUJA’

Another branch of the Gładysz family adopted the ‘Nieczuja’ coat of arms. This has been mentioned in short by in his armorial. ‘The Gładyszes in the Sandomierz lands (the family) originate from Prussia’. The sign of the Nieczuja coat of arms is a cross on the wooden pole.

Grzegorz Gładysz, bearing the Nieczuja coat of arms appears in the Lvov councils in 1454 as the voivod’s writer.

Maciej Gładysz, bearing the Nieczuja coat of arms was the Przemyśl canon in 1670.

Krystyna from the Zgłobickis, the wife of Jan Gładysz (the Nieczuja coat of arms) litigated a cause in 1680 together with the Mordwins before the court of the Łucz court for 2,000 florins payable by to their grandfather Mordwin.

Tomasz Gładysz (the Nieczuja coat of arms) was married to Zofia Buczkowska.

The son, Jan Gładysz, was in the Franciscan convent in the Russian province. His convent name was Feliks.

The Galiczes (the Nieczuja coat of arms) originated from the Gładyszes. They lived in the Grand Duchy of .

It is quite possible that Stanisław Gładysz came from the Gładyszes bearing the Nieczuja coat of arms. He was a Lvov townsman and the mentions of him come

83 from 1550. The Gładyszes very eagerly settled down in towns and accepted the town laws and the townsman’s title.

THE DEFENSIVE MANOR HOUSE

In spite of the Wacław Potocki’s reprimand the Szymbark castle became in the 17th century the property of the Stroińskis and later of the Siedleckis and the Bronikowskis and was repurchased at the end of the 18th century from the latter by Rev. Jan Bochniewicz, the Gniezno prelate. In 1808 he passed it to his nephews in a will. The castle owner, Ludwika Rogójska bequeathed the castle to Zbigniew Sękiewicz who, on dying in 1934, bequeathed it to his sister, Kuźniarska. The castle, or rather a defensive manor house in Szymbark, the Gładysz’s family nest, survived until our times in spite of being significantly impaired outside and ruined and uninhabited inside. The castle was erected on a hill sloping in the south towards the river Ropa which circles the hill with a sharp turn. From the south and the east the castle was protected with a deep moat and a drawbridge. The castle walls were made out of the local broken sandstone with the addition of brick. The structure had a rectangular shape and square oriels in all four corners. There are traces of walls around the castle. The very walls were also defended against the Carpathian ruffians by the gunfire from the round windows in the corners and from behind the shutters. The further targets were aimed at from the loop-holes in the attic. On the side of the river precipice the castle walls were propped with slanting buttresses.

Undoubtedly, the castle was constructed in the 16th century, probably by the Italian builders or their disciples. The manor house in Jeżów near Bobowa in the Gorlice province from 1554 was built according to the same plan, with the only difference that it has a round tower. The tower is older than the rest of the castle, it was built in 1520. Similar elements of the building may be encountered in

84 Piotrków and Rzemień in 1510. Some analogies may be noticed in the Wierzbów belfry, the Wiwruszyce manor house from 1531, a parish church in Kieźmark, the castle in Niedzica from 1601, the manor house in Frydman and Munk’s house in Preszów in Slovakia.

THE GŁADYSZ IDEA FULFILMENT

The many century efforts of the Gładyszes geared towards the population with the Polish element of the Carpathian Pogórze, the southern base of Poland were not entirely successful as a result of the Wallachian immigration. The Gładysz family, impoverished and constrained by the robberies of the newcomers emigrated to other parts of the country, leaving behind the village names and the ruined castle in Szymbark. However, the Gładysz idea is in the state of completion in the present times. The descendants of the Wallachian shepherds, after having totally exploited the forests, pastures and the soil have deserted these lands as a result of the historical processes and the wave of Polish settlement is coming into the valley of Ropa to the royal village of Łoś, Ujście, Smereczyn, Gładyszów, Konieczna, Zdynia and others in order to strengthen the southern border of Poland.

A request to the Readers. Please, send any contributions, comments and new materials to the above work to the author’s address in Gorlice in order for them to be included in the next edition, completed and corrected.

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