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Declines in 10 Pacific Salmon Stocks and Solutions for Their Survival

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Declines in 10 Pacific Salmon Stocks and Solutions for Their Survival an upstream battle DECLINES IN 10 PACIFIC SALMON STOCKS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEIR SURVIVAL an upstream battle DECLINES IN 10 PACIFIC SALMON STOCKS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THEIR SURVIVAL An Upstream Battle: Declines in 10 Pacific salmon stocks and solutions for their survival © 2008 David Suzuki Foundation ISBN 1-897375-13-1 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data for this book is available through the National Library of Canada Prepared by Karl K. English, Gordon J. Glova, and Anita C. Blakley LGL Limited Environmental Research Associates 9768 Second Street, Sidney, BC V8L 3Y8 Report coordinator Jeffery Young, M.Sc., B.Sc (Hons), Aquatic biologist, David Suzuki Foundation Acknowledgements The material used in this report was made possible through contributions and comments from many individuals. We thank Pieter Van Will (stock assessment biologist, DFO, Port Hardy) for Viner Sound Creek chum and Nimpkish River sockeye and chinook salmon; Ann-Marie Huang (recreational fisheries resource manager, DFO, Annacis Island) and Stuart Barneston (watershed enhancement manager, Inch/Pitt/Cultus, DFO) for Cultus Lake sockeye; Bruce Ward (steelhead biologist, B.C. Ministry of the Environment, UBC) for Keogh River steelhead; Jen Fagan (stock assessment biologist, DFO, Campbell River) for Smith Inlet sockeye; Richard Bailey (chinook and coho program head, DFO, Kamloops) for Middle North Thompson River coho; Steve Cox-Rogers (stock assessment biologist, DFO, Prince Rupert) for Lakelse Lake sockeye; and Maurice Boisvert-Coulter (oceans, habitat, and enhancement community advisor, Lower Fraser Area, Northside, DFO), Jennifer Atchison (Stoney Creek Streamkeeper), and Elmer Rudolph (Sapperton Fish and Game Club, Burnaby, B.C.) for Brunette River coho salmon. Of LGL Limited, we thank Bob Bocking for reviewing the manuscript, Yury Bychkov for assistance with data analysis, and Dorothy Baker for final processing of the report. Additional editing by Ian Hanington, communications specialist, David Suzuki Foundation. The greenhouse gas emissions from the production of the paper used in this publication have been offset through investments in renewable energy projects. David Suzuki Foundation 2211 West 4th Avenue, Suite 219 Vancouver, BC, Canada V6K 4S2 www.davidsuzuki.org Tel 604.732.4228 Fax 604.732.0752 design and production: Arifin Graham, Alaris Design photos: Jeffery Young (cover, title page, pages iii, 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 17, 26); iStock (v, vii, 1, 14); Chris Cheadle (9); M. Gaboury (19, 22); B. Ward (29, 32) CONTENTS List of Figures | iv Foreword | v Executive Summary | vii Introduction | 1 Methods | 2 The Stocks | 3 1 Lakelse Lake Sockeye Salmon | 3 2 Smith Inlet Sockeye Salmon | 6 3 Nimpkish River Sockeye Salmon | 9 4 Cultus Lake Sockeye Salmon | 11 5 Nimpkish River Chinook Salmon | 14 6 Middle North Thompson River Coho Salmon | 17 7 Brunette River Coho Salmon | 19 8 Cowichan River Coho Salmon | 22 9 Viner Sound Creek Chum Salmon | 26 10 Keogh River Steelhead | 29 Solutions | 32 References | 36 iv AN UPSTREAM BATTLE LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Lakelse sockeye salmon, 1961-2006 | 4 Figure 2 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Lakelse sockeye salmon, 1961-2006 | 5 Figure 3 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Smith Inlet sockeye salmon, 1980-2007 | 7 Figure 4 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Smith Inlet sockeye salmon, 1980-2007 | 8 Figure 5 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Nimpkish sockeye salmon, 1980-2006. Comparable escapement estimates are shown for Statistical Area 12 up to 2004 | 10 Figure 6 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Nimpkish sockeye, 1980-2006. The trends are not shown for 2005 and 2006 as catch and harvest data were not available | 10 Figure 7 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Cultus River sockeye salmon, 1925-2006 | 13 Figure 8 Trends in estimated annual abundance, catch, and harvest rate for Cultus Lake sockeye salmon, 1952-2006 | 13 Figure 9 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Nimpkish River chinook salmon, 1980-2005 | 15 Figure 10 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Nimpkish River chinook salmon, 1980-2004. Trends are not shown for 2005 as catch and harvest data were not available. | 16 Figure 11 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Middle North Thompson coho salmon, 1980-2006 | 18 Figure 12 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Middle North Thompson River coho salmon, 1980-2004 | 18 Figure 13 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Brunette River coho salmon, 1980-2006 | 20 Figure 14 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Brunette River coho salmon, 1980-2006 | 21 Figure 15 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Cowichan River coho salmon, 1980-2006 | 23 Figure 16 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimates for Cowichan River coho salmon, 1980-2004 | 24 Figure 17 Trends in annual escapement estimates for Viner Sound chum salmon, 1953-2006 | 27 Figure 18 Trends in annual abundance, catch, and harvest-rate estimated for Viner Sound chum salmon, 1980-2006. Catch data not available for 2004-2006; the catch for these years is considered to be low (P. VanWill, pers. comm.) | 27 Figure 19 Trends in annual run estimates for Keogh River steelhead adults, 1976-2006 | 30 Figure 20 Trends in Keogh River steelhead smolt numbers and smolt-adult survival, 1977-2003. Smolt numbers for 2004-2006 are not shown as the adult returns for these years are not yet available | 30 FOREWORD FROM THE DAVID SUZUKI FOUNDATION he David Suzuki Foundation is actively working to ensure Pacific salmon remain a vital component of Canada’s West Coast ecosystems. To highlight areas of concern and identify solutions to problems, the Foundation regularly commissions scientific assessments related to Tsalmon and other species. This report is being released at a critical time for Pacific salmon in Canada. The federal government is in the early stages of implementing its Wild Salmon Policy (www-comm.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/pages/consultations/wsp/default_e.htm), which provides a template for ensuring the long-term health of Pacific salmon. However, a lack of political and financial support means this important policy could end up as just another piece of paper. Despite some strong efforts by its staff, the govern- ment has yet to show any real action that will benefit wild salmon. Wild salmon fisheries are also facing pressure from the marketplace to show they are sustainable. The Marine Stewardship Council, an international certification body, is about to decide whether to give a sustainability stamp of approval to four B.C. sockeye salmon fisheries. The poor status of salmon detailed in this report, and the role fisheries play in many of the declines, call into question whether B.C. salmon fisheries are sustainable. To meet certification criteria, the management agency must ensure that measures are taken to protect and rebuild depleted stocks and fisheries are prevented from causing similar declines in the future. The David Suzuki Foundation is working on many fronts to ensure that gov- ernment policies are strong and well implemented and that efforts to certify fish for the marketplace are meaningful and truly support the long-term health of wild salmon. We investigate habitat status and demand the enforcement of laws. (See The Will to Protect and High and Dry at www.davidsuzuki.org.) v vi FOREWORD We participate in salmon fisheries management, including the Integrated Harvest Planning Committee and the Fraser River Panel of the Pacific Salmon Treaty. We comment on certification reports and work with the certifiers to improve their standards. We worked to ensure that the Wild Salmon Policy was strong, and are now working to ensure it is effectively implemented with the money and political back- ing it needs. The declines of salmon profiled in this report are symptomatic of the challenges facing Pacific salmon in Canada. By focusing on specific examples of salmon stocks or populations in decline, this report analyzes these challenges in greater detail and provides guidance on recovery. Pacific salmon on a broader scale, across many populations and regions, also face these challenges. Returns of sockeye salmon to the Fraser, Skeena, and Somass River systems were very low in 2007. (See www.psc. org and commercial fishery notices and escapement reports at www.pac.dfo-mpo. gc.ca for updated information.) Widespread declines in coho and chinook salmon are also evident along the south coast of British Columbia, and pink and chum salmon in the Broughton Archipelago are on a downward trend that the weight of evidence lays at the feet of open net-cage salmon farming. Current scientific evidence clearly demonstrates that the diversity of salmon and their habitat must be protected in order for the fisheries to remain resilient and sustainable. The critical need to improve the management of salmon fisheries and their habitat is greater than ever. Fortunately, the opportunities are present and the solutions are available. AN Upstream Battle vii Executive Summary his report profiles the current status and trends of 10 examples of salmon stocks in British Columbia that are considered to be in a severe state of decline. (There are many others.) These stocks were selected because they are geographically located within a region where a number of stocks of Tthat species are in decline and the available data provide a reliable index of stocks status. They include four stocks of sockeye (Lakelse, Long, Nimpkish, and Cultus lakes), three of coho (Middle North Thompson, Brunette, and Cowichan rivers), and one each of chinook salmon (Nimpkish River), chum salmon (Viner Sound Creek), and steelhead (Keogh River). For each of the stocks, the available data on escapement, catch, and harvest rates are presented graphically since the early 1980s (or earlier, if data available).
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