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Uvic Thesis Template Coastal aquaculture in British Columbia: Perspectives on finfish, shellfish, seaweed and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) from three First Nation communities by Kathryn Tebbutt B.A., University of British Columbia, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Geography Kathryn Tebbutt, 2014 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Coastal aquaculture in British Columbia: Perspectives on finfish, shellfish, seaweed and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) from three First Nation communities by Kathryn Tebbutt B.A., University of British Columbia, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Mark Flaherty, (Department of Geography) Supervisor Dr. Denise Cloutier, (Department of Geography) Departmental Member Dr. Stephen Cross, (Department of Geography) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Mark Flaherty, (Department of Geography) Supervisor Dr. Denise Cloutier, (Department of Geography) Departmental Member Dr. Stephen Cross, (Department of Geography) Departmental Member Most aquaculture tenures in British Columbia (BC) are located in coastal First Nation traditional territories, making the aquaculture industry very important to First Nation communities. Marine aquaculture, in particular salmon farming, has been labeled one of the most controversial industries in BC and various groups with differing opinions have created a wide-spread media debate known as the “aquaculture controversy”. Industry, government, and (E)NGO’s are often the most visible players; First Nations, especially those without aquaculture operations directly in their territories, are often excluded or underrepresented in the conversation. In particular, remote communities from the central and north coast are significantly underrepresented. Aquaculture is predicted to expand in BC, making it crucial to know the opinions of these communities. By drawing on twelve key informant interviews conducted in situ in three central and north coast First Nation communities, as well as other literatures and discourses, this thesis explores the aquaculture controversy and perspectives towards finfish, shellfish, seaweed and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems. The thesis suggests that there is little interest in salmon aquaculture in the communities of Oweekeno, Skidegate and Massett; however there is significant interest in shellfish farming and to a lesser extent seaweed and IMTA. It also sheds light on the major issues and concerns of the current industry and potential interest areas in-line with First Nation values. In doing so, the current research contributes to the knowledge mobilization of First Nation perspectives towards coastal aquaculture in BC. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract.. ............................................................................................................................ ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viiii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ viii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Context ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Part 1: The Integration of Aquaculture .................................................................. 6 2.2 Integrating Knowledge ........................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 The Importance of TEK in Resource Management ....................................... 15 2.3 Aquaculture in BC ............................................................................................... 16 2.3.1 Finfish ............................................................................................................ 16 2.3.2 Shellfish ......................................................................................................... 17 2.3.3 Marine Plants ................................................................................................. 18 2.3.4 First Nations involvement .............................................................................. 18 2.3.5 Management................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Part 2: The Controversy ....................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Representation ............................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Environment................................................................................................... 28 2.4.3 Human Health ................................................................................................ 31 2.4.4 Accountability ................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 3: Research Design ............................................................................................. 39 3.1 Generation of Knowledge – a qualitative approach............................................. 39 3.2 Methodologies: Discourse Analysis & Indigenous Methodology ...................... 41 3.2.1 Discourse Analysis ........................................................................................ 42 3.2.2 Indigenous Methodology ............................................................................... 44 3.3 The study area: Central and North Coast, BC ..................................................... 49 3.3.1 Into the field ................................................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Oweekeno ...................................................................................................... 52 3.3.3 Massett ........................................................................................................... 54 3.3.4 Skidegate ........................................................................................................ 55 3.4 Methods ............................................................................................................... 56 3.4.1 Semi-structured interviews ............................................................................ 56 3.4.2 Coding ............................................................................................................ 57 3.5 Validity and Rigour ............................................................................................. 58 Chapter 4: Perceptions ..................................................................................................... 60 4.1 The West Coast Story .......................................................................................... 60 4.2 “Home” – to the Wuikinuxv and Haida People ................................................... 62 4.3 Aquaculture .......................................................................................................... 66 v 4.3.1 Shellfish Aquaculture .................................................................................... 66 4.3.1.1 Previous Experiences ............................................................................... 66 4.3.1.2 Positives ................................................................................................... 66 4.3.1.3 Negatives ................................................................................................. 72 4.3.1.4 Capacity ................................................................................................... 73 4.3.2 Finfish Aquaculture ....................................................................................... 75 4.3.2.1 Previous Experiences ............................................................................... 76 4.3.2.2 Positives ................................................................................................... 76 4.3.2.3 Negatives ................................................................................................. 77 4.3.2.4 Impacts to Environment ........................................................................... 78 4.3.2.5 Disease ..................................................................................................... 80 4.3.2.6 Health ....................................................................................................... 82 4.3.2.7 Feed .......................................................................................................... 83 4.3.2.8 Management............................................................................................
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