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Factors Limiting Juvenile Sockeye Production and Enhancement Potential for Selected B.C

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Fisheries and Oceans Pêches et Océans Science Sciences C S A S S C C S Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique Research Document 2001/098 Document de recherche 2001/098 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors 1 autorisation des auteurs 1 FACTORS LIMITING JUVENILE SOCKEYE PRODUCTION AND ENHANCEMENT POTENTIAL FOR SELECTED B.C. NURSERY LAKES K.S. Shortreed, K.F. Morton, K. Malange, and J.M.B. Hume Fisheries and Oceans Canada Marine Environment and Habitat Science Division 4222 Columbia Valley Highway Cultus Lake Laboratory, Cultus Lake, B.C. V2R 5B6 1 This series documents the scientific basis for 1 La présente série documente les bases the evaluation of fisheries resources in scientifiques des évaluations des ressources Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of halieutiques du Canada. Elle traite des the day in the time frames required and the problèmes courants selon les échéanciers documents it contains are not intended as dictés. Les documents qu’elle contient ne definitive statements on the subjects doivent pas être considérés comme des addressed but rather as progress reports on énoncés définitifs sur les sujets traités, mais ongoing investigations. plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans official language in which they are provided to la langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit the Secretariat. envoyé au Secrétariat. This document is available on the Internet at: Ce document est disponible sur l’Internet à: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ ISSN 1480-4883 Ottawa, 2001 ABSTRACT In this report we present summaries of our current knowledge of freshwater factors limiting sockeye production from 60 B.C. lakes. Data were collected between 1977-2000. Quantity of data available for each lake varied, ranging from intensive multi-year ecosystem studies on some lakes to one-time limnological surveys on others. The lakes are located in five of the six DFO management areas (none are in Yukon-Transboundary). Seventeen of the lakes are in the B.C Interior, eight are in the Central Coast, four are in the Lower Fraser, the majority (25) are in the North Coast, and six are in the South Coast. They make up about two-thirds of the total sockeye nursery lakes in B.C. Their total surface area is 3,586 km², which is approximately 90% of the total area of B.C. nursery lakes. Freshwater factors limiting sockeye production in these lakes are varied, but in the majority of lakes and years fry recruitment is insufficient to fully utilize their productive capacity. Most of the lakes are oligotrophic and strongly nutrient-limited, thus juvenile sockeye growth and/or survival could be improved by nutrient additions. We identify opportunities for enhancement and restoration of the lakes' sockeye stocks, which in addition to lake fertilization include increasing escapements, fry outplants, spawning channels, improvements to spawning grounds, and control of competitors or predators. RÉSUMÉ Dans ce rapport, nous présentons un état des connaissances actuelles sur les facteurs dulcicoles qui limitent la productivité du saumon rouge dans 60 lacs de la Colombie-Britannique. Les données présentées ici ont été recueillies au cours de la période comprise entre 1977 et 2000. La qualité de l’information varie, allant des études intensives d’écosystèmes lacustres s’étalant sur plusieurs années jusqu’aux relèvements limnologiques ponctuels. Les lacs que nous avons étudiés sont situés dans cinq des six zones de gestion du MPO (aucun ne se trouvant dans la zone transfrontalière Yukon-C.-B.). Plus précisément, on en comptait 17 dans l’Intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique, 8 dans la région centrale de la côte, 4 dans le bas Fraser, 25 (soit la majorité) dans la région nord de la côte et 6 dans la région sud de la côte, pour une proportion des deux-tiers de l’ensemble des lacs de la Colombie-Britannique où l’on pratique l’ensemencement de saumons rouges et une superficie totale de 3 586 km2 (soit environ 90% de la superficie totale des lacs ensemencés de la Colombie-Britannique). Les facteurs qui limitent la productivité du saumon rouge dans ces lacs sont variés, mais dans la majorité des zones et des années étudiées, le recrutement s’est révélé insuffisant pour pleinement exploiter la capacité de productivité. La plupart des lacs concernés sont oligotrophes et dans de nombreux cas le taux de croissance et/ou de survie des saumons rouges juvéniles pourrait être amélioré par l’addition de substances nutritives. Nous avons déterminé divers moyens d’améliorer et de restaurer les stocks de saumons rouges de ces lacs : outre les campagnes d’ensemencement, mentionnons l’augmentation du taux d’échappée et du nombre d’écloseries et de chenaux de frai, l’amélioration de la qualité des frayères et le contrôle des espèces concurrentes et des prédateurs. 2 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 2 I. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 5 I. B.C. SOCKEYE NURSERY LAKES ................................................................................... 6 II. METHODS .......................................................................................................................... 7 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................ 9 B.C. INTERIOR ......................................................................................................................... 9 Adams Lake ........................................................................................................................ 9 Anderson Lake.................................................................................................................. 10 Bonaparte Lake................................................................................................................. 11 Bowron Lake .....................................................................................................................11 Chilko Lake ....................................................................................................................... 12 East Barriere Lake ............................................................................................................ 12 Francois Lake.................................................................................................................... 13 Fraser Lake....................................................................................................................... 13 Momich Lake.....................................................................................................................14 North Barriere Lake........................................................................................................... 14 Quesnel Lake....................................................................................................................15 Seton Lake........................................................................................................................ 16 Shuswap Lake................................................................................................................... 16 Stuart Lake........................................................................................................................ 17 Takla Lake ........................................................................................................................ 18 Taseko Lake .....................................................................................................................19 Trembleur Lake................................................................................................................. 19 CENTRAL COAST .................................................................................................................... 20 Charlotte Lake................................................................................................................... 20 Elbow Lake ....................................................................................................................... 20 Lonesome Lake................................................................................................................. 21 Long Lake ......................................................................................................................... 22 Nimpkish Lake...................................................................................................................22 Owikeno Lake ................................................................................................................... 23 Rainbow Lake ................................................................................................................... 24 Woss Lake ........................................................................................................................ 25 LOWER FRASER ..................................................................................................................... 25 Chilliwack Lake .................................................................................................................25 Harrison Lake.................................................................................................................... 26 Lillooet
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