Schedule “A” to Bylaw 2700
North Thompson Official Community Plan
Foreword and Acknowledgements
The North Thompson Official Community Plan is the outcome of over two years of research, public participation and planning. The Regional District is grateful to all those residents and groups who provided interest, passion, and support from all corners of the Plan area culminating in the Plan development. In particular, we wish to recognize the following people for the exceptional amount of time and energy they dedicated to the planning process.
OCP Advisory Committee
Director Carol Schaffer, Electoral Area “A” Director Stephen Quinn, Electoral Area “B” Director Bill Kershaw, Electoral Area “O” Tom Eustache – Simpcw First Nation Rick Dee Harley Wright Willow Macdonald (past member)
Meetings, Conversations and Information Providers
Anna Kay Eldridge – Simpcw First Nation Ashley Dyck – Planning Services Celia Nord – Little Shuswap Indian Band Chris Ortner Dan Winiski Doris Laner – North Thompson Arts Council James Demens and Brandon Gustafsen – Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure Jenny Green and Clare Audet – Interior Health Authority Kelly Funk – Kelly Funk Photography Laura Ryser – Research Manager, Rural and Small Town Studies Program, UNBC Leanne Nystoruk Mike Scarff, TNRD GIS Services PIBC and the Planners from the local Interior Chapter Sarah Cooke and Mike Cloet – Ministry of Mines, Energy and Petroleum Resources Staff and students at Clearwater and Barriere Secondary Schools Staff from the Agricultural Land Commission Staff from the Ministry of Forest, Lands, Natural Resource Operations & Rural Development with special thanks to both Robyn Reudink and Melissa Lalande Tania Simpson – Photography Through Tania’s Eyes Tourism Wells Gray TNRD Agricultural Advisory and Advisory Planning Committees The Salle Family The Teatro Family Therese Zulinick and Alison Rustand – Urban Systems
OCP Effect The vision, goals, objectives, and policies set out herein comprise the appended ‘OCP Bylaw Schedule’; meanwhile, the balance of content such as photos, headings, numbering, statistics etc. is context or supporting information which may be updated if and as advisable.
North Thompson Official Community Plan December 12, 2019
“Together, we must continue our efforts to turn hopes into reality. The long walk continues.”
Nelson Mandela
North Thompson Official Community Plan December 12, 2019
Contents Part 1 Our Plan Foundation
1.1 Context 1.2 Plan Role, Purpose & Legislative Context 1.3 Why we plan 1.4 Regional Growth Strategy (RGS)
Part 2 Process, Vision and Goals 2.1 Context 2.2 Planning Process & Consultation 2.3 Community Vision Statement 2.4 Community Goals
Part 3 This Place is Our Place – A Brief History 3.1 Context 3.2 First Nations 3.3 Furs, Forests & the Frontier Spirit – Early Placemaking 3.4 Sub-Regional Overview 3.5 Community Nodes & Rural Settlement Areas 3.6 Housing Trends 3.7 Population & Demographics
Part 4 Towards a New Rural Economy 4.1 Context 4.2 Planning for Resiliency 4.3 Labour Profile & Income 4.4 Local Economy 4.5 Economic Development Planning 4.6 Temporary Use Permits (TUP)
Part 5 Quality of Life – Our Community Amenities 5.1 Context 5.2 Community Social Infrastructure 5.3 Parks, Recreation & Open Spaces 5.4 Community & Institutional 5.5 Affordable, Rental & Special Needs Housing 5.6 Culture, Heritage & the Arts
Part 6 Natural Resource Stewardship 6.1 Context 6.2 Agriculture
North Thompson Official Community Plan December 12, 2019
6.3 Resource Management 6.4 Resource Extraction
Part 7 The Natural Environment 7.1 Context 7.2 Natural Environment – Geography 7.3 Watercourse Amenities 7.4 Natural Hazard Areas 7.5 Sensitive Ecosystems & Biodiversity 7.6 Climate Change & Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
Part 8 Utilities, Environmental Services & Infrastructure 8.1 Context 8.2 Water Supply & Distribution 8.3 Environmental Services & Infrastructure 8.4 Major Utility Infrastructure 8.5 Emergency Preparedness & Protective Services
Part 9 Transportation & Mobility 9.1 Context 9.2 Transportation & Mobility – A Short History 9.3 Multimodal Transportation Systems
Part 10 Future Land Use Strategy 10.1 Context 10.2 Community Nodes 10.3 Rural Settlement Areas 10.4 Electoral Area Planning Part 11 Development Permit Areas
11.1 Context 11.2 Riparian & Watercourse Protection Development Permit Area No. 1
Part 12 Implementation 12.1 Context 12.2 Implementation, Refinements & Amendments 12.3 Follow-up Initiatives
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Part 13 References
List of Figures Figure 1 – Upper Thompson Valley and Wells Gray Corridor Map Figure 2 – Mid-Valley and Nehalliston Plateau Map Figure 3 – Lower Thompson Valley and Shuswap Highland Map Figure 4 – Dwellings by Structural Type (2011-2016) Figure 5 – Population Changes by Electoral Area (2001-2016) Figure 6 – Total Population by Age Group for Electoral Areas A, B and O (2006-2016) Figure 7 – Membership Growth of Simpcw First Nation (1986-2016) Figure 8 – Future Growth Projection Summary to 2035 Figure 9 – Agricultural Land Reserve Figure 10 – Mineral Tenures Figure 11 - Sand and Gravel Pits Figure 12 - Riparian Assessment Area Figure 13 – OCP Implementation Cycle
List of Tables Table 1 – Regional and Community Parks (by Electoral Area) Table 2 – Public Schools Table 3 – Community Halls Table 4 – Change in Median Income (2006-2016) Table 5 – Growth by Industry in the Thompson-Okanagan Region Table 6 – Major Community Water Systems – Groundwater Table 7 – Major Community Water Systems – Surface Water Table 8 – Zoning Bylaw Updates Table 9 – Potential OCP Amendments
List of Maps
Map 1 - Electoral Area “A” Map 2 - Electoral Area “B” Map 3 – Electoral Area “O” Map 4 – Community Node – Blue River Map 5 – Community Node – Avola Map 6 – Community Node – Vavenby Map 7 – Community Node – Little Fort Map 8 – Rural Settlement Area – Wells Gray Corridor Map 9 – Rural Settlement Area – Blackpool Map 10 – Transportation Corridors
North Thompson Official Community Plan December 12, 2019
Part 1 Our Plan Foundation
1.1 Context The purpose of the North Thompson Official Community Plan (OCP) is to provide a comprehensive set of objectives and policies for managing existing and future uses of land. The Plan area’s population and resource base is in a period of transition due to challenges not necessarily related to Plan area activities. Recognizing this transition, the TNRD has developed this OCP to help current residents prepare themselves for both the challenges and opportunities that lay in the future. The Plan is also written as a guide for those who have yet to move to the area. All told, the objectives and policies contained in the OCP are a reflection of research, analysis, current trends and community values.
This OCP is not the first long range plan for the North Thompson. In 1979, the TNRD Board of Directors adopted the first Official Regional Plan in the TNRD. The Barriere and Clearwater Official Settlement Plans (OSP), adopted in 1982, represent the first long-range planning initiatives in the North Thompson Valley. The OSPs offered the first area specific objectives and policies to guide decisions on planning and land use. The two OSPs were reviewed in the early 1990s, culminating in the adoption of Barriere and Clearwater OCPs in 1996. Blue River and Avola OCPs were subsequently developed and adopted in 1994.
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Much has changed since these long range plans were adopted. Although the Plan area abounds with opportunities, its communities share common rural development challenges including:
a) stagnant or declining populations; b) a demographic profile considerably older than that of urban communities or of BC overall; c) low birth rates and in-migration trends; d) an older housing stock, comprising primarily of detached single family dwellings or manufactured homes; e) job losses in natural resource sectors; f) decreases of government offices, public services and private businesses; g) slower rates of new business creation and/or expansion; and h) limited financial resources and development capacity.
These issues form a critical backdrop for this OCP as Plan area communities move forward into the next 25 years. A focus on creative adaptability and resiliency is required to encourage place-based renewal and to manage rural population decline as a result of the area’s weakened commodity- based resource economy. A revamped rural economy will continue to rely on traditional primary resource industries; however, more focus will need to be placed on the Plan area’s natural amenities and social assets present in its communities and settlement areas.
The new OCP replaces the existing Blue River, Avola, Clearwater and Barriere OCPs and establishes long-range planning policy for the whole of Electoral Area “A” (Wells Gray Country), Electoral “B” (Thompson Headwaters) and Electoral Area “O” (Lower North Thompson).
1.2 Plan Role, Purpose & Legislative Context The Local Government Act sets out local government authority in British Columbia. The Act defines an OCP as a statement of objectives and policies to guide decisions on planning and land use management, within the area covered by the plan, respecting the purposes of local government. More specifically, the Act states that an OCP must include statements and map designations for the area covered by the plan respecting the following:
a) the approximate location, amount, type and density of residential development required to meet anticipated housing needs over a period of at least 5 years; b) the approximate location, amount and type of present and proposed commercial, industrial, institutional, agricultural, recreational and public utility land uses; c) the approximate location and area of sand and gravel deposits that are suitable for future sand and gravel extraction; d) restrictions on the use of land that is subject to hazardous conditions or that is environmentally sensitive to development; e) the approximate location and phasing of any major road, sewer and water systems; f) the approximate location and type of present and proposed public facilities, including schools, parks and waste treatment and disposal sites; g) housing policies of the local government respecting affordable housing, rental housing and special needs housing; and h) targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the area covered by the plan, and policies and actions proposed with respect to achieving those targets.
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There are no Development Permit Areas (DPAs) in the current area OCPs despite that the Act enables designation of DPAs at key locations or for critical issues. DPAs identify locations that may need special technical review prior to development for various purposes including protection of the natural environment, for example.
Importantly, the Act states that an OCP does not automatically commit or authorize the TNRD to proceed with any project specified in the Plan. But at the same time, no development may occur unless it is consistent with the OCP and with other planning and development control measures such as the Zoning Bylaw, Campground Bylaw, Manufactured Home Park Bylaw, Building Bylaw and Subdivision Servicing Bylaw. OCP implementation is set out under Part 12.
1.3 Why we plan Planning is the process of determining the future vision of a community and creating a policy framework to realize this vision in light of the environmental, social, economic and physical resources in the area. An OCP is developed by The OCP provides a coordinated action strategy so that property Plan area residents for owners, developers and others can evaluate their respective the Plan area residents proposed development, undertake projects and make more and serves as a legal informed decisions, especially as regards the environment. It can document to fulfill the provide assurances to area residents of recognizable continuity of community’s desires and land use policy and increased certainty for the community’s future. aspirations. This OCP is organized by the following headings:
. Goals represent the long term vision and comprise of broad statements of what each part seeks to achieve. Goals are based on guiding principles and community values, as such they shape the objectives and policies for the given part. . Objectives are the mechanism to translate these goals into specifics. There is no hierarchy as to the importance of the objectives listed in each part. . Policies are the means by which the TNRD will achieve its goals and objectives, the specific actions that the TNRD may take to accomplish OCP directives.
The OCP is not a land use or development “regulation.” Regulations are set out in bylaws such as zoning or subdivision servicing which implement the policies identified in the OCP. An OCP is not intended to be a static document. It is typically reviewed every 5 to 10 years to assess whether the goals, objectives and subsequent policies remain valid. Amendments may be warranted if there are changes in social conditions, environment or community priorities; however, to implement the Plan effectively, the Board may reject applications that disregard the spirit of or are contrary to the Plan. Again, all bylaws (as enacted or amended) or works undertaken by the TNRD must be consistent with this OCP upon its adoption.
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1.4 Regional Growth Strategy (RGS)
RGS Vision: A Sustainable Future To create a balance among goals relating to human settlement, economic development and environmental conservation, to ensure that development actions do not significantly limit the options of future generations
The TNRD is a unique region of diverse urban and rural communities, wilderness and natural resource opportunities, and a vibrant economy.
1.4.1 RGS Objectives
Despite that our municipalities and electoral areas are distinguished by political boundaries, they share many challenges and interests. The TNRD Regional Growth Strategy (RGS) gives voice to those interests as a co-operative strategy for achieving a sustainable future for the region as a whole. The RGS underwent a comprehensive review, culminating with amendment approval in April of 2013. As outlined below, the RGS Vision has been considered in setting out the objectives and policies in this Official Community Plan.
1.4.2 RGS Consistency with OCP The Plan area comprises three of the 10 electoral areas within the TNRD. These electoral areas, in partnership with the District of Barriere and the District of Clearwater, have agreed to work together to limit rural sprawl, encourage economic development and promote environmental conservation through RGS adoption. The RGS articulates a shared vision of a desirable, sustainable future and sets out ten goals for achieving this vision. Pursuant to Part 471 of the Local Government Act, an OCP must work towards the purpose and goals of the RGS. Accordingly consistent to RGS goals, the OCP undertakes the following:
RGS Goal 1 Promote and encourage local and regional economic development This OCP encourages and supports opportunities for varying levels of economic development in appropriate locations. The four Community Nodes and two Rural Settlement areas should act as economic hubs for the Plan area and thus offer the broadest range of opportunities given their existing commercial uses, services and road access. Blue River and Wells Gray Corridor will encourage tourist and resort commercial services. Little Fort sited on the junction of two major highways can encourage tourist and highway commercial opportunities. Adventure and experiential tourism activities are encouraged in rural areas with high amenity values.
RGS Goal 2 Protect and enhance the natural environment The diverse range of natural environments in the Plan area warrants protection via policy and development permit areas. This OCP provides policy guiding property owners seeking to develop or redevelop property; policies for environmental protection; and policies that trigger legislation or planning guidance from upper levels of government and other agencies.
RGS Goal 3 Protect and maintain access to the resource base This OCP recognizes historic resource extraction industries including agriculture, forestry and mining. Policies reflect the continued importance of these industries in the Plan area with particular emphasis on agriculture. Extraction activity development will need to be increasingly cognizant of growing importance of non- extraction resource activities including tourism and resident impacts.
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RGS Goal 4 Preserve the rural and wilderness character of the region
This OCP seeks to maintain the integrity of all rural land by supporting agriculture, forestry and small-scale economic and tourism opportunities at appropriate locations.
RGS Goal 5 Protect farmland and encourage farming
This OCP recognizes the value of agricultural land and the value of locally grown products. Larger parcel sizes will be encouraged in areas outside the Community Nodes especially those within the ALR. The new economy may include non-traditional agricultural products and local processing. The OCP includes a designation for lands in the ALR and policies reflecting the unique range of possibilities for present and future ag- entrepreneurs.
RGS Goal 6 Ensure adequate and appropriate services are provided
This OCP supports efficient, cost-effective community services by directing growth into Community Nodes at densities that can be supported by existing infrastructure or into existing municipalities. Policies support the provision of community water and appropriate level of sewage disposal services for the purpose of facilitating additional development. Soft service management will need ongoing monitoring based on population levels.
RGS Goal 7 Maintain mobility throughout the region
This OCP recognizes that geography, climate and economic sustainability are key mobility challenges to residents throughout the Plan area. Policies reflect the need to maintain safe and reliable access routes in the Plan area. The plan supports the compact community foundation established in the Community Nodes served with active mobility networks.
RGS Goal 8 Ensure adequate range of housing opportunities are available
This OCP supports a range of housing types and choices that are suited to the chosen location. The plan supports affordable housing opportunities that allow people to live closer to essential services and their place of employment. Employee housing and successional farm housing is encouraged to allow farm employees or family to live, work and age in place within rural areas.
RGS Goal 9 Promote regional collaboration on common issues
This OCP supports ongoing communication and cooperation among all jurisdictions. The Plan was developed through a process that involved consultation with residents, key stakeholders, provincial agencies, municipal government and First Nations. The OCP should likewise be implemented in a way that establishes a framework for the continuation of such cooperative procedures for Plan implementation and future amendments and updates. RGS Goal 10 Cooperate with First Nations in planning and servicing matters This OCP recognizes current attachments to place and pride of place as being synonymous with historic oral and written traditions in the Plan area. The OCP speaks to First Nations planning efforts and the need to find synergy with local government planning initiatives. Service sharing agreements are encouraged for efficiency, community building, and to avoid duplication.
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Part 2 Process, Vision and Goals
2.1 Context The OCP is a compilation of technical and statistical research, dialogue with and comments from Plan area residents, referral discussions with government agency professionals and the North Thompson OCP Advisory Group, tabletop discussions with First Nations and provincial regulatory requirements. A fulsome and comprehensive consultation process resulted in the development of a vision and goals that reflect Plan area residents’ values.
2.2 Planning Process & Consultation
2.2.1 Why are we here? There have been significant changes in the Plan area since the long range planning policy documents of the early 1990s. These changes prompted the need for a new vision for the future.
Preparations for this OCP commenced in 2016 with Board approval of the 2016 Strategic Priorities. The consulting firm of Urban Systems was retained in October, 2016 to assist with the background information necessary to commence OCP development. In March of 2017, the Board of Directors approved a comprehensive consultation strategy designed to be as inclusive as possible, reaching out to all communities especially those who have not participated in long range planning. A key part of this strategy was the establishment of an OCP Advisory Group to provide input, feedback, and recommendations on the OCP process and content based on their local knowledge.
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The Plan was initially to cover the North Thompson Valley; however, after considering the full spectrum of planning issues and at the Background Research suggestion of the Advisory Group, the Plan area was expanded to include the whole of all three Electoral Areas.
2.2.2 Public Engagement and Research Consultation We recognized early in the process that the issues facing Plan area residents and communities required a robust range of consultation and research. Rural decline is an emerging topic in contemporary planning with limited available OCP-related research and resources. Core Values
This OCP is the product of a two year effort involving area residents, the OCP Advisory Group, non-governmental organizations, the Improvement District; and municipal, provincial, regional district, Vision federal and First Nations. The matters of who, how, and how often to consult are at the discretion of the TNRD Board of Directors.
The first step was background research and identification of issues. A Objectives comprehensive survey of area residents was developed to collect their thoughts and ideas. In September of 2017, surveys were sent to every landowner in the Plan area and an electronic version was created for those wishing to complete the survey online. A total of 235 surveys Policies (~12%) were completed and returned from 22 identifiable locations. What we found from the responses and first round of community meetings was that despite the Plan area’s challenges, residents voiced an enormous passion for their local neighbourhoods, and surrounding Implementation natural environment. They also relayed awareness of their high quality of life.
In addition to the survey, the consultation strategy included other conventional and alternative methods for outreach and engagement in light of the unique rural planning issues facing the area.
Five Public Open Houses
Community meetings were held in Blue River, Avola, Vavenby, Little Fort and East Barriere Lake in 2017 and 2018. These sessions provided residents with opportunities to see how an OCP is developed within the context of the overall planning function and to express their thoughts on what is and is not working in their respective neighbourhoods.
Planning Institute of BC – Okanagan Interior Chapter Planning for Smart Decline: Exploring Opportunities for Urban and Rural Communities. On April 26, 2018, a learning session was organized for planners from the BC Interior to gather in Kamloops to discuss the challenges and possible solutions for rural population decline. From this session, staff members were able to explore and share ideas amongst fellow planners on how to develop long range planning policy for areas in population decline.
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Barriere and Clearwater High Schools – Conversations with Plan Area Youth In January and February of 2019, staff met with Grade 11 and 12 students to discuss their thoughts on long range planning for their respective communities. Surveys were also provided for the youth to complete and return. From these meetings and survey responses, we acquired ideas from youth who hope to return to their communities to live, work and play with their future families.
Academia Outreach
Given the complicated nature of the Plan area challenges and the need for a different approach to these challenges, we reached out to academics who have researched and written about rural decline, amenity migration trends and contemporary approaches to rural economic change including:
. Dr. Ray Chipeniuk, retired Adjunct Professor – School of Environmental Planning & Outdoor Recreation and Tourism Management Program - UNBC . Dr. Wayne Caldwell, Professor, Rural Planning and Development – University of Guelph . Laurence A.G. Moss, Senior Planner/Founder, International Amenity Migration Centre, Kaslo . Dr. Tom Dickinson, Dean, Faculty of Science – Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops . Dr. Greg Halseth, Professor, Geography - UNBC . Dr. Sean Markey, Professor, School of Resource and Environmental Management – UNBC
Our consultation efforts with these and other academic and planning professionals from around BC and Canada shed new light on policy direction for this OCP.
Simpcw First Nation
As the principal First Nation in the Plan area, our February 6, 2019 meeting with Simpcw representatives established a much clearer understanding of the Plan area traditional history and Band’s vision for its members. Simpcw’s progressive long range planning initiatives will help us better understand where collaboration and sharing of services will support a vision for the Plan area.
OCP Advisory Group
A series of Advisory Group meetings were held through the process to help refine ideas and bring clarity to community needs. In-depth discussions during these meetings distilled “big picture” ideas into concise objectives and policies covering a wide range of topics. All told, consultation outreach and community meetings to date have yielded the identification of the following key issue areas:
a) recognize the distinct settlement areas needing differing approaches to encourage growth; b) encourage growth to occur within each of the Plan area’s four Community Nodes. Appropriate land use and density will be encouraged in the two Rural Settlement Areas;
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c) recognize that demographic, economic, social, cultural and environmental changes in the Plan area require new ideas, knowledge, products, services, technology, strategies, behaviours and new ways of delivering services, all in order to succeed; d) preserve the rural character and agricultural land uses outside the municipalities and Community Nodes with large parcel area requirements; e) protect sensitive ecosystems and hazard areas from avoidable development encroachment; f) advocate for the growing need for wireless cellular and internet service; g) implement stronger policy for lakeshore protection and lakeside living sustainability; h) promote local agriculture, local farm products and agri-tourism opportunities, incl. additional local farmer markets; i) maintain and enhance community and recreational facilities that cater to Plan area residents especially youth; j) provide for the efficient movement of people and goods on safe and well maintained public roads; and k) provide attraction and retention initiatives for current and future residents, esp. young families, to live and work in the Plan area.
2.3 Community Vision Statement Plan area residents share a rural lifestyle and values attributed to living outside of urban areas. While each part of the Plan area faces its own challenges, community consultation identified a set of common values and a shared vision as set out on the next page.
The emerging global economy of the past decades has directly and indirectly impacted local resource economies, resulting in some communities needing to shift from primarily staples or space- based to place-based economies. These changes, coupled with societal and demographic shifts, have left many residents concerned about the future of rural areas. The Vision Statement and direction provided in this OCP is not intended to return areas in the North Thompson to their historic scale. This is unrealistic and beyond TNRD control. Despite all the challenges, it is clear that residents value their quality of life and are loyal to ‘place’.
Residents insist that in order to advance their vision, they are determined to remain resilient and continue to promote the physical and social assets fundamental to the health and prosperity of their respective communities. It was these assets that attracted many to this area originally. The future success of Plan area communities will rely, in part, in maintaining and promoting these assets.
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2.4 Community Goals
The following goals reflect the input and priorities of residents and comprise the guiding principles specific to this OCP. These broad goals will be used by the Regional District and other government agencies to help create a new foundation and guide future decisions on development proposals, environmental protection initiatives, and infrastructure development in the Plan area. They are organized and prioritized according to feedback from Plan area residents provided through community engagement and survey responses.
2.4.1 Telecommunications Improvements Recognize the need to establish wireless cellular and internet services throughout the Plan area as a means to succeed in business and social relationships.
2.4.2 Environmental Stewardship Protect the area natural resources and environmentally sensitive areas, including: unique localized ecosystems; watershed integrity; river and lake riparian areas and water quality; beauty and scenery; and fish/wildlife.
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2.4.3 Resident Attraction and Retention Strategy Engage with residents, commerce and government agencies to develop a strategy to help attract and retain residents and businesses in the Plan area.
2.4.4 Community Health Ensure that adequate services and social infrastructure are available to maintain and improve the health and welfare of all residents.
2.4.5 Economic Development Strengthen the economic and employment base, including year-round tourism as well as commercial, industrial, resource extraction and agriculture uses that respect the rural character with minimal impacts on sensitive environmental resources.
2.4.6 Tourism Increase awareness of the importance of local commercial and tourism opportunities in the Plan area’s new economy, including experiential/adventure tourism, artisan and natural amenity-related development.
2.4.7 Emergency and Hazard Planning Improve planning initiatives related to emergencies, especially wildfire hazard mitigation, evacuation planning, emergency response service and hazard land identification.
2.4.8 Agriculture Protect good agricultural land, encourage food security initiatives, support the local agriculture industry, and consider secondary activities including agri-tourism, agri-business and ‘grow local’ opportunities.
2.4.9 Forestry Support sustainable forestry practices and value-added manufacturing activities throughout the Plan area.
2.4.9 Housing Diversity Ensure that diverse housing options are provided throughout the Plan area in the appropriate locations, including affordable housing for low income levels and accessible housing for all age groups.
2.4.10 Fringe Area Planning Promote fringe area policies with the Districts of Clearwater and Barriere.
2.4.11 Transportation Improvements/Choices Lobby to improve the transportation network, including public road maintenance and safety and transportation alternatives in the Plan area’s Community Nodes.
2.4.12 Infrastructure and Services Work towards a balanced sustainable approach for infrastructure implementation, including community water systems, recreation, health and services that improve quality of life.
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Part 3 This Place is Our Place – A Brief History
3.1 Context The OCP covers just over 17,600 square kilometres of mainly rural land from Exlou to the south to Albreda to the north but excludes the District of Barriere, District of Clearwater and First Nation reserve. The North Thompson Valley bisects the Plan area, with the Shuswap Highland flanking to the east and Nehalliston Plateau to the west. Based on survey responses, 22 identifiable unincorporated and lakeshore neighbourhoods dot the Plan extents.
Although approximately 98% of the Plan is Crown land, the governance context is cooperative and open which has led to transparent levels of communication and integration between all agencies. The TNRD consults with neighbouring jurisdictions and First Nations which, in this case, includes the Districts of Barriere and Clearwater and the Secwepemc. Other long-range planning studies within the Plan area, including the Fringe Areas Policy and Lakeshore Development Guidelines, also support long-range planning efforts in the unincorporated rural and lakeshore areas.
Three values that often set successful communities apart are quality of life, sustainability and creativity. These values are present in the North Thompson. They are critical to the ongoing success of each unique community.
3.2 First Nations The North Thompson Valley comprises a large portion of the Secwepemc (Shuswap) territory. The Simpcw, Sexqueltq’n and Skw’lax te Secwépemc are three of 17 communities of the Secwépemc nation that live in and utilize this region. Evidence of occupation goes back at least 9000 years. A semi-nomadic people, their trails were the first travel routes between settlements in the North Thompson Valley and Adams Lake areas.
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3.2.1 Simpcw
Simpcw First Nation, the “People of the Rivers,” is a division of the Secwepmec, (or Shuswap) of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia and speaks the western dialect of the Secwepemctsin language. Simpcw are the primary occupants, stewards and rightful defenders of Simpcwul’ecw – Simpcw First Nation Territory — which they have “used and enjoyed since time immemorial.” According to Simpcwul’ecw testimony, their traditional territory encompasses approximately 5 million hectares extending from south of Vinsulla to north of Kakwa Park, from west of Goat River to east of Jasper, including the Big Bend of the Columbia River and northern Adams Lake from south of Squam Bay, and includes the entirety of Wells Gray Provincial Park.
Traditionally, Simpcwemc traveled throughout the spring, summer and fall, gathering food and materials from across Simpcwul’ecw, with careful and coordinated stewardship ensuring that no area was overharvested. Simpcw were noted for their hunting ability. Over the summer months much of their time was spent in hunting camps in the mountains above the North Thompson, upper Fraser and Columbia Rivers. River systems provided salmon, which were caught in weirs, nets and by spear. Both meat and fish were smoked or dried then stored for later consumption in caches at various elevations, to be accessed in relationship to seasons and snow melt. Numerous plant foods were also collected and preserved for winter use. During winter months, Simpcwemc assembled at village sites in valleys close to rivers, occupying semi-underground pithouses, or c7isktens (also known as kekuli). Archaeological studies have identified winter home sites and underground cache sites at a variety of locations including Tete Jeune Cache, Finn Creek, Raft River, Clearwater-North Thompson Park, Vavenby, Birch Island, Chu Chua, Barriere River, Louis Creek, and McLure. Contemporary Simpcw continue to use traditional knowledge and practices passed down from elders for resource harvesting and stewardship within Simpcwul’ecw.
Today about half of the 725 Simpcw people live on the North Thompson Indian Reserve at Chu Chua just north of Barriere and on the Louis Creek Reserve. Simpcw Chief & Council oversee the governance, social, educational, and economic development of the Band, in addition to negotiating with outside entities to safeguard Simpcw’s land, resources and cultural heritage. Simpcw Resources LLP, the Band’s economic arm, uses sustainable and environmentally responsible methods of
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monitoring and management of land resources in partnership with other companies in the North Thompson Valley. Simpcw’s membership and community continue to focus on the advancement of its people, culture, language, and educational opportunities, along with the protection, conservation, and sustainable management of the land for generations to come.
3.2.2 Adams Lake - Sexqueltqi’n
The Adams Lake Indian Band traditional territory broadly encompasses the Adams Lake and Adams River part of this Plan. There are currently three reserves on Adams Lake including Squaam IR 2 on the west side of Adams Lake at Skwaam Bay. They are ethno-historically classified as part of the Shuswap Lake Division of Secwepemc, described as Sxste’llnemux or “people of the Sxstelln”, translated by Teit as, “the name for Adams Lake, or somewhere near it”.1
For the past 4000 years, at minimum, the Sexqueltqi’n lived by the shores of Adams Lake, Adams River and portions of Shuswap Lake. With the exception of a few archaeological records, very little is known about the early history of these people. Primary village sites were near the south end of the lake with some habitation and sacred sites on the upper portion of the lake. Like other First nation communities, they have retained their distinct identity, language, traditional beliefs and customs. Their energies are directed to their oral traditions and spiritual beliefs, as reflected in their intensely egalitarian society.2
3.2.3 Skw’lax te Secwépemc Skw’lax te Secwépemc (Little Shuswap Lake Indian Band), is part of the Sexqéltkemc te Secwépemc or, Shuswap Lakes Division of the Secwépemc Nation. The north/northwestern areas of Skw’lax te Secwépemc Territory include Wells Grey Park and most of the North Thompson River Valley. Skw’lax te Secwépemc speak the Eastern dialect of Secwépemctsin. Family member stories share evidence of gathering, hunting, traplines, fishing and meeting places of Skw’lax te Secwépemc in the North Thompson River Valley. Archaeological investigations establish Secwépemc in their territory since time immemorial. Stewardship of the lands, including management plans that promote the protection of plants and animals is the primary motivator of Skw’lax te Secwépemc today.
3.3 Furs, Forests & the Frontier Spirit – Early Placemaking
Steep topography, dense vegetation and dangerous river navigation contributed to the area’s inaccessibility; this region being amongst the last to be explored and accessed with improved trails and roads. The earliest non-Indigenous settlers defied these challenges in their quest to access its natural resources.
1 Teit, James. The Shuswap. p.461 2 Cooperman, Jim. The History of Adams Lake. p.8
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The fur trade attracted the first post-contact settlers to the area. David Stuart of the Pacific Fur Company along with Joseph Larocque of the North West Company established Kamloops area trading posts in 1810-11. From these early outposts, fur parties traded extensively with First Nations throughout the North Thompson Valley. Given the high yield of quality furs, the Hudson’s Bay Company established an additional smaller outpost – known as the “North River Post” or “Little Fort”.
BC’s Gold Rush of the mid-1850s drew Canadian and American miners to the bars and creeks of the North Thompson. The possibility of finding gold, silver and other precious metals attracted the heartiest of men and women seeking fortune including the Overlanders. Other crude operations popped up in the hills where miners sought everything from coal to galena. Construction of CNR’s Clearwater Subdivision from Blue River to Kamloops (1910-15) along with the required sidings and stations, was a major catalyst for early migration and colonial habitation in the valley. In an era when passenger train travel was dominant and highway travel was non- existent, most communities in the North Thompson Valley emerged based on train stations.
This inevitably led to growth of resource industries. Agriculture, mining and forestry dominated the Plan area, forestry having the greatest impact. Logging the old growth fir and spruce forests of the North Thompson along with the giant western red cedars of the Adams Lake valley fed a growing local, national and international demand for lumber. Long after railways and highways were commissioned, the forest industry remained ‘king of the valley’ with sawmills up and down the Valley. Today, the forest industry remains critical for the area despite that logging has declined in recent years. All told, the legacy of these historic industries has shaped Plan area communities and its residents. 3.4 Sub-Regional Overview The Plan area’s communities remain as mileposts from the past 100 years of mainly post-contact settlement. While most communities evolved from primary resource sectors, the aging demographic and shift to tertiary sector activities has resulted in either amenity migrants or those seeking rural lifestyles. Acknowledging the vast OCP land area and diverse issues of each community, residents said that the new OCP should find commonality while recognizing distinct geographic areas. Goals and objectives may be shared but distinct policies based on a localized sense of place and community need to follow.
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3.4.1 Upper Thompson Valley and Wells Gray Corridor This part of the Plan area is the largest, most northerly and least populated overall. Blue River is the most northerly and populated community in this area. Highway and railway corridors coupled with a large resort precinct and adventure tourism have under-written its rise as a natural amenity destination. Birch Island and Vavenby are historic hamlets that remain as semi-rural agricultural communities with limited local commercial services. As the 4th largest municipality in the TNRD, the District of Clearwater is this sub-region’s service and healthcare centre. Clearwater also serves as the primary gateway to Wells Gray Park (access also achieved via Murtle Lake Road westward from Blue River). The Wells Gray Corridor, a 30 km route along the Clearwater River Valley north into the park, is comprised primarily of large rural residential parcels. Some properties in the Wells Gray Corridor have been rezoned for tourist commercial developments in response to increasing numbers of park visitors.
The primary areas of concern of residents in this
sub-region are as follows: Figure 1. Upper Thompson Valley and Wells Gray Corridor . protect environmentally sensitive/hazard lands and waters; . safeguard from wildfire hazard; . improve access to health care facilities; . preserve a rural lifestyle on larger residential/agricultural parcels; . build upon natural amenities and establish policies that encourage more tourist commercial development in the Wells Gray Corridor; . establish Blue River as an all-season adventure tourism destination; . encourage more affordable housing opportunities in the area; . improve year-round road maintenance; and . develop adequate cell coverage and affordable high speed internet service.
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3.4.2 Mid-Valley and Nehalliston Plateau Figure 2. Mid-Valley and Nehalliston Plateau This part of the Plan area extends from Clearwater south to Little Fort and includes the eastern extent of the Nehalliston Plateau. The Blackpool area, once dominated by large pre-emption district lots is now a picturesque hobby farm region with a mosaic of parcel sizes resulting from various eras of subdivision since the late 1960s. Long-range policies for the Blackpool area have provided for rural residential parcels in the 0.8 to 2 ha range. Policy may serve to minimize further rural lot fragmenting so as to preserve large rural parcels.
The eastern edge of the Nehalliston Plateau is marked by an abundance of remote lakes with wilderness resorts providing fishing and hunting experiences on private and Crown lands. Little Fort is a key transportation hub on Highway 5 at the junction of Highway 24 to the west and the ferry serving the east side of the North Thompson River.
Based on resident responses from this area, primary issues or areas of concern are as follows:
. improve road maintenance in the area; . preserve rural lifestyle on large lots; . implement policy for agricultural land protection; . support the establishment of new business opportunities in the area; . protect environmentally sensitive and hazardous lands and safeguard development from hazardous conditions (e.g. floodplain, wildfire and steep slopes); and . develop adequate cell coverage and affordable high speed internet service.
3.4.3 Lower Thompson Valley and Shuswap Highland This is the southern part of the Plan area extending from Little Fort to Exlou along Highway 5 and the eastern extent of Electoral Area “O”. The District of Barriere serves as the southern gateway to the valley and the recreational lakeshore areas found on the Shuswap Highland. Settlements in this area are unincorporated with limited services. It is characterized by arable valley bottoms, productive fir/pine/spruce forests in the highlands with rotational agricultural/grazing operations. Louis Creek, Chinook Cove, Squaam Bay and East/North Barriere Lakes are populated, but sparsely.
Forestry operations formed the base for early settlement along with early mining activity in Louis Creek and Adams Lake. Large rural parcels, resource extraction and hobby farms support residents in the small hamlets of Darfield, Chinook Cove, Louis Creek and Exlou. The Shuswap Highland’s Barriere Lakes (North, South and East), Johnson Lake and Adams Lake support seasonal recreation
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and lakeshore residential uses, mainly. There are Figure 3. Lower Thompson Valley and Shuswap Highland community sewer and water systems at East Barriere Lake; however, the area as a whole remains primarily rural with limited services and commercial activities. Lakeshore residential and recreational activities on the Highland lakes provide the greatest impetus for growth in this area.
According to the survey, residents value their rural or lakeshore recreational atmosphere but like proximity to Barriere and Kamloops. The primary areas of concern in this sub-region follow:
. preserve a rural lifestyle on larger residential/agricultural parcels; . consider fire protection services and wildfire risks and impacts; . protect environmentally sensitive/hazard lands and waters and safeguard from hazards; . lack of road maintenance in all seasons; and . develop adequate cell coverage and affordable high speed internet service.
3.5 Community Nodes & Rural Settlement Areas
The Plan area’s two municipalities, Barriere and Clearwater, will continue to act as service centres for residents. Although OCP policies do not directly apply to these municipalities, they cannot be considered in isolation. Barriere and Clearwater will likely absorb the majority of growth in the Plan area given their level of services and abundance of available lands.
The evolution of settlement patterns within the Plan area has diverged, resulting in differing land use patterns over the past century. From these eras emerged development clusters, some with more advanced services and higher densities than others. The RGS encourages rural residential development to locate in existing community nodes that have, or can establish, economically sustainable community water and/or sewer services and support development of community nodes where service centers already exist. Land use policies in this OCP will primarily focus on four Community Nodes: Blue River, Avola, Vavenby, and Little Fort and two Rural Settlement Areas: the Wells Gray Corridor and Blackpool.
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3.5.1 Blue River Land surveyors recorded the earliest Blue River land pre-emptions in 1912. Blue River was laid out in the traditional grid pattern then first developed in 1925. Blue River itself flows east from the Cariboo Mountains to the North Thompson River, skirting the townsite to the north. Reverend George M. Grant described his 1872 journey down the valley, observing that Blue River got its name from the deep soft blue of the distant hills seen from the river’s mouth. The town is sited in a valley characterized by thick coniferous forest cover on the valley bottom and snow-capped alpine mountains lining the valley. The area is rich in both accessible natural amenities, including Eleanor Lake, Mud Lake, and several community parks, as well as more challenging alpine terrain best accessed by snowmobile or helicopter. Blue River has a community water system and other local services including a fire department. Although CN still has a presence in the community, outdoor adventure is the new industry.
According to the community survey, Blue River residents value their relaxed lifestyle and alpine atmosphere. They wish to preserve yet promote the area’s natural amenities and see sustainable tourism as a realistic economic future. Their primary areas of concern follow: . lack of local medical services; . lack of wireless cellular and high-speed internet service; . lack of affordable housing options; and . population attraction/retention.
3.5.2 Avola The hamlet of Avola was first called Stillwater Flats in 1863 but was forced to change its name 50 years later when it was discovered that another BC community was called Stillwater. Named after the Sicilian town of Avola, the town emerged as the location of the area’s post office during the construction of the Canadian National Railway.3 Over time, the town was the location of a major sawmill and was known as a lively busy village – independent, self-motivated – with an active group of people involved in volunteer services and the planning of social and recreational activities.4 Changes in travel patterns and the closure of the sawmill in 1973 resulted in Avola emerging as a popular highway commercial stop and quiet rural residential community.
Avola is serviced with a community water system, operated by the Avola Improvement District, and other local services including garbage collection.
3 Thorburn, Mark. BC Place Names. p.28 4 Clearwater & District History Book Committee. Upper North Thompson Reflections. p.1
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Community survey responses confirm that Avola residents value the peaceful rural atmosphere. Their primary areas of concern follow: . employment opportunities; . declining population; . lack of wireless cellular and high-speed internet service; . tourist commercial activities; and . mobility through transportation service.
3.5.3 Vavenby Once known as Peavine Flat, Vavenby was a historic, pre-contact food gathering and hunting area for Simpcw First Nations. Early visitors and settlers included 1866 pack trains of wire for the proposed Trans-American Siberian Telegraph Line (the origin of the name “Wire Cache”) and 1872 CPR surveyors searching for a suitable railway corridor. In 1910, the postmaster wanted to change the name to “Navenby” after his English home town but a misinterpretation of his application resulted in the town becoming Vavenby. Today, Vavenby remains a small hamlet with reliance on primary industries namely agriculture and forestry.
Vavenby has a community water system and other local services including a fire department and community hall. The July 2019 closure of the Canfor sawmill will have an impact on the community; however, the pipeline expansion project will provide some short-term employment and economic relief. The residents’ primary areas of concern follow:
. lack of wireless cellular and high-speed internet service; . lack of medical services; . water supply/system challenges; . reduced employment and population base; and . wildfire risk and mitigation.
3.5.3 Little Fort Little Fort has a longer history than other settlements in this area. Originally known as “La Traverse” or the crossing, fur brigades crossed the river at this location enroute from Kamloops onto the northwest Brigade Trail. At the request of local First Nations, a small HBC fort was built on the east side of the river and aptly named Little Fort to differentiate from the ‘big fort’ in Kamloops. Today, the hamlet of Little Fort, known colloquially as the
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Hub of the North Thompson, remains at a critical crossroad in the Plan area between Highway 24, Highway 5 and the Little Fort reaction ferry serving the east valley.
The resident’s primary areas of concern follow: . wildfire risk and mitigation; . lack of wireless cellular and high-speed internet service; . lack of medical services; and . Highway 5 infrastructure maintained for current traffic volumes.
3.5.4 Wells Gray Corridor Settlement Area
Wells Gray Park is the jewel of the Regional District. The Park’s ease of access and increasing popularity over the past decade has contributed to a number of development initiatives in the Clearwater River valley between the District of Clearwater and the Park. Evolving tourist commercial uses along with new residential development will continue to support a new economy for this area. The Wells Gray Corridor does not have any services at present. Residents recognize that sustainable tourism and agri-tourism will be mainstays of the economy. Environmental protection and impacts of climate change were noted concerns alongside the following:
. lack of wireless cellular and high-speed internet service; . logging, especially in lands visible from the main roads leading into Wells Gray Park; . embracing tourism and agri-tourism as the mainstays in the local economy; and . encourage Thompson Rivers University to expand their research and presence in the valley.
3.5.5 Blackpool Situated between the North Thompson River and the southern border of the District of Clearwater, Blackpool is a bucolic neighbourhood characterized by small and medium size residential and hobby farm parcels. John Harley Miller named the area in 1906 after his hometown in England. Once home to a post office, railroad station and ferry, Blackpool was quickly populated with immigrants due to the arable, flat lands that existed in this area. Blackpool bears evidence to a large mix of land use zones and parcel sizes from various eras of land use approvals.
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Blackpool is served with a fire protection and the historic Blackpool Hall. Residents enjoy the rural lifestyle but noted their primary concerns as follow:
. lack of employment opportunities; . enhance access to medical services and education opportunities; . safety of Highway No. 5; and . lack of social activities.
Note: More detailed growth management policies for Community Nodes and Rural Settlement Areas are located in Part 10.
3.6 Housing Trends
Dwellings take many forms throughout the Plan area. Ensuring that all residents and visitors have access to safe, affordable and quality accommodation is a key goal for this OCP. The ability to offer diversity in housing, especially as regards affordability and accessibility, along with maintaining the existing housing stock in an area of decreasing population, is a challenge. There are also some opportunities. Short-term housing and temporary construction camps are needed for the proposed pipeline expansion in the North Thompson Valley. Residents expressed a strong interest in affordable housing, especially for Blue River.
According to 2016 Census Profile data5, the total population of Electoral Areas “A”, “B”, and “O” was 3,049. In the same Profile, the total number of private dwellings was 1,966 while the number of occupied dwellings was 1,425. The number of persons per household is 2.1, which is slightly lower than in the TNRD where there are 2.2 persons per household, and BC where there are 2.4.
New single family dwelling construction increased by 15% between 2011 and 2016 in Electoral Area “A” but remained flat in Electoral Area “B”. Although the number of single family dwellings decreased 5% in Electoral Area “O”, the total number of manufactured or ‘moveable’ dwellings increased by 18%. The trend towards lower emission manufactured and modular homes will likely continue during the course of this OCP. As shown in Figure 4 below, the preferred type of private dwelling is the single-detached house followed by manufactured homes. The Plan area has far fewer multi-family dwellings as compared to the rest of the TNRD, mainly due to the rural context and lack of community water and sewer services.
5 Statistics Canada, Census Profile. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/search-recherche/lst/results- resultats.cfm?Lang=E&TABID=1&G=1&Geo1=&Code1=&Geo2=&Code2=&GEOCODE=59&type=0
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Total Number of Dwellings by Type - 2011 and 2016
600 565 530 505 Electoral Area A 2011 500 480 Electoral Area A 2016
400 Electoral Area B 2011 Electoral Area B 2016 300 Electoral Area O 2011 210 200 Electoral Area O 2016 145 110110 85 100 70
15 5 15 15 15 5 10 15 0 Single-detached house Movable dwelling Other
Figure 4. Dwellings by Structural Type (2011 and 2016)
An OCP must meet the projected needs for housing for at least the next five years. See s. 3.7 for the statistical history of growth/decline and projected estimates of housing demand. Importantly, given existing zoning (as per Zoning Bylaw 2400) and the extent of vacant land throughout the Plan area, the legislated requirement to accommodate growth is well exceeded for decades to come. Given the low projected population growth and limited recent new development, it appears unlikely that there will be significant land or housing needs in the future.
Residential land needs and consideration of what parcel sizes or servicing will be in demand, may change in future if industry or major projects in the area bring long-term employment opportunities. Alternatively, the TNRD may support limiting parcel area and directing growth and servicing to existing Community Nodes and municipalities.
In planning for future Plan area population, projections based on the historical rate of growth of -0.75% would see the population dropping to 2,639 people by 2035. If current trends continue, future residential land constraints are improbable.
Alternatively, using a high average annual growth rate of 0.55% (the historic TNRD growth rate), the population could rise to 3,382 people by 2035. In this scenario, the Plan area would see an additional 333 people. If the current average of 2.1 people per household (2016 Census) is maintained, 159 new households could be created. If the demand is for larger rural parcels with onsite water and septic systems, the 159 new households would result in a need for a minimum of 317 ha of land, assuming minimal subdivision requirements.
At present, the total number of vacant Crown and private parcels is 613 comprising a total area of 17,900 ha. Within the timeframe of this OCP, future growth scenarios may warrant localized zoning bylaw amendments; but all told, the Plan area has ample parcels of various area to accommodate even the highest growth projection.
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3.7 Population & Demographics
3.7.1 Past Trends The Plan area post contact in-migration commenced in the 19th century primarily with men participating in the fur trade and Gold Rush. Early 20th century population numbers, especially in the years following World War I, rose steadily as immigrants arrived and settled during major infrastructure projects including the construction of the CNR and Highway 5. Settlements continued to grow as early pioneers stayed to work in primary resource industries, including forestry, mining and agriculture. In recent years, the pressures of economic restructuring, low birth rates, aging population and urban migration have, collectively, resulted in significant changes in population and demographics.
Every five years, Statistics Canada provides a comprehensive profile by political division such as Electoral Area, the most recent was completed in 2016. Depending on the Electoral Area, growth rates have varied across the Plan area between Census years. The incorporation of Clearwater and Barriere dramatically skewed the 2007 statistics; however, subsequently between 2011 and 2016 Census years, the population decline continued as illustrated on the following page. Barring approval of a major project that draws a large number of people, the long range projection is that population in the Plan area will continue to decline. Population numbers are expected to spike in the short-term due to new pipeline construction. Planning for the new rural economy will need to include meaningful schemes and campaigns aimed towards population attraction and retention.
Depending on the Electoral Area, decline rates vary between Census years. The overall conclusion, however, is that that the Plan area as a whole is experiencing rural population decrease. Figure 5 summarizes population changes since 2001. Figure 5. Population Changes by Electoral Area (2001-2016) Population Changes by Electoral Area (2001-2016) 5000 4399 4500 3897 4000 3500 3257 3000 2500 2000 1546 1536 1335 1493 1323 1500 1000 368 500 269 283 233 0 2001 2006 2011 2016
Electoral Area A Electoral Area B Electoral Area O
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Between 2001 and 2006, Electoral Area “B” saw the greatest decrease in population of -26.9%, while Electoral Area “O” saw the smallest decrease of -8.6%. Then 2006 to 2011, Electoral Area “O” saw the greatest reduction in population, -13.6%, while Electoral Area “B” saw an increase in its population of 5.2%. Between 2011 and 2016, the population decreased the least (-0.9%) in Electoral Area “O” and the most in Electoral Area “B” (-17.7%).
The entire Plan area is seeing gradual population decline in the 0-14, 15-24, and 25-44 age brackets and an increase in the number of residents over 45. According to the 2016 Census, Electoral Area “A” has the highest proportion of seniors (65+), at 32%, almost double the BC average of 16%.6 In comparison, Electoral Areas “B” and “O” have higher populations of adults between the ages of 45 and 64.
Another indicator of the aging population in the Plan area is median age. In 2011, the median age ranged from 47.4 to 52.5 years but by 2016 it increased to 54. Our community survey responses confirmed this trend with 55% of the respondents reporting that they were between the ages of 60-79. Not one resident under the age of 20 responded to our community survey except for the youth we interviewed at Clearwater and Barriere Secondary Schools. Figure 6 summarizes the age profile for each Census.
Figure 6. Total Population by Age Group for Electoral Areas A, B, and O (2006-2016) Total Population by Age Group for Electoral Areas A, B and O (2006- 45% 2016) 39%39% 40% 2006 2011 2016 35% 35%
30% 26%26% 25% 21% 19% 20% 17% 16% 17% 15% 12% 11% 10% 10% 7% 8% 5%
0% 0-14 15-24 25-44 45-64 65+
According to Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC),7 as of 2016, the number of people living on Simpcw reserve land and Crown land8 is 247 and band members off-reserve total 471. While the Simpcw shows a clear increase in membership since 1991, on-reserve numbers have changed less. The increase is largely off-reserve either within or beyond the OCP boundary. Figure 7, next page, illustrates the historical membership of Simpcw First Nation.
6 Statistics Canada. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp- pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=59&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=British%20Columbia&S earchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 7 Data provided by INAC’s Policy and Strategic Direction Sector, and gathered from their online First Nation Profiles. http://fnp- ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/index.aspx?lang=eng 8 This is crown land in general and not necessarily adjacent to reserves or within the study area.
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3.7.2 Future Projections
As a general statement, the factor that is supporting the population of Canada (and BC) and specifically the child and youth demographic which enables net population increase, is immigration.9 In 2011, immigrants made up 28% of the BC population. This influx has not affected the TNRD to the same degree. The percentage of immigrants living in Electoral Area “A”10 in 2011 was 8%, only slightly lower than the TNRD with 9%.11 Immigrants who arrived between 2001 and 2011 make up only 3% of the population of Electoral Area “A”, compared to 8% of BC’s population. In recent decades, the vast majority of immigrants settle in metropolitan areas such as Vancouver, failing to equalize the population boost to small towns and rural areas.12 An increase in immigration to the Plan area could result in the increase that metropolitan BC communities are currently seeing.
Figure 7. Membership Growth of Simpcw First Nation (1986 – 2016)
800 718 664 700 633 581 600 535 476 471 500 393 415 365 400 348 284 246 Population 300 185 200 230 251 233 240 249 247 100 180 0 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 Years Total On-Reserve Off-Reserve
There may also be potential for the Plan area to see positive spin-offs in the form of increased population due to increases in the resource, agriculture and tourism sectors (see Part 7). A greater emphasis on immigration and resident attraction and retention is required across all sectors.
Due to the recent municipal incorporations in Electoral Areas “A” and “O”, it is more accurate to project population based on the average annual growth rate between the years 2002 to 2016 for the North Thompson Local Health Area as calculated by BC Stats.13 The North Thompson Local Health Area includes both Electoral Areas “A” and “B” but excludes Electoral Area “O”. Growth rates between 2002 and 2016 in Electoral Area “O” and Electoral Area “A” are similar, which make the
9 Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Office of Consumer Affairs. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/oca- bc.nsf/eng/ca02099.html 10 Data not available for Electoral Areas B and O. 11 National Household Survey 2011, profiles of Electoral Area A, TNRD, and British Columbia. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs- enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E 12 Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Office of Consumer Affairs. https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/oca- bc.nsf/eng/ca02099.html 13 BC Stats, Population Projections. http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demography/PopulationProjections.aspx
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BC Stats projection rates of the North Thompson Local Health Area fairly representative. Predictions to 2035 are illustrated in Figure 8 and summarized as follows:
Low growth rate is based on the historical rate, 2002 to 2016, of -0.75% for the North Thompson Local Health Area as applied to the total of all three Electoral Areas. High growth rate uses a growth rate of 0.55%, the average historical growth rate for the TNRD, overall, between 2002 and 2016.
Figure 8. Future Growth Projection Summary to 2035
4000 3327 3382 3500 3185 3255 3049 3116 3000 2958 2500 2869 2783 2700 2639 2000
Population 1500
1000
500
0 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2035 Year High Medium
Population projections cannot account for all unforeseen future events that either drive migration into or out of a community. Major industrial projects have the potential to not only bring people working temporary construction or operational jobs but they create spin-off or trickle down employment in other sectors. Temporary relocation may result in some permanent residency if local conditions are appropriate. Approval of one or more major industrial projects, like the twinning of the Trans-Mountain pipeline, may necessitate reassessment of these projections.
The following summarizes population trends in the Plan area:
a) the overall population within the study area is declining at a time when there is population growth in the TNRD and the province as a whole; b) the population is both aging and significantly older than that of the TNRD and BC as a whole; c) falling school enrollment reflect low birth rates, population decrease, and an aging population; and d) steady growth of the on/off Reserve Simpcw First Nation population over the past ten years.
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Part 4 Towards a New Rural Economy 4.1 Context Over the past century, the Plan area communities have evolved from economies based primarily on natural resource collection and extraction, namely forestry, agriculture and mining. The area remains flush with renewable and non-renewable resources along with extraordinary natural amenities. The future local economy will continue to rely on primary sectors but more investment will be needed in a place-based economy as a means to be resilient and adapt to a more diversified, global economy. Residents expressed a strong desire for a stable diverse economy and growth, development, and overall sustainability. To achieve this goal, additional tertiary (service industries like sales and restaurants) and quaternary (knowledge-based industry including information technology, media, research and development) sector growth will be encouraged. Moving forward, economic development initiatives throughout the Plan area will require collaboration, ingenuity and creativity to support growth and prosperity.
4.2 Planning for Resiliency
Great communities are created by overcoming challenges. An increasingly complex set of challenges, arising over time, have contributed to population decline, mainly instability or closing of primary extraction and manufacturing industries, technological change, and rural outmigration. Change management comes in many forms but it starts with the will to be resilient to adversity. Community resiliency has been defined as the ability of a community not only to deal with adversity but also to become stronger as a result of it. Resiliency is a process. Adaptation may feel difficult but it will add to the viability and vitality of a community. It enhances a sense of self, place and community.14 Community input indicated there is a resilient will throughout the Plan area; thereby also, a positive foundation for moving forward.
14 Kulig et al. p.77
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4.3 Labour Profile and Income The labour market and household income have significantly changed over the past 25 years. Statistics Canada 2016 Census data has agriculture, forestry, manufacturing, construction and health care services representing the largest employment categories.
On the one hand, Electoral Area “O” residents had a median income of $25,664, the lowest of all TNRD Electoral Areas. On the other hand, median income growth between 2006 and 2016 was higher in Electoral Area “O” than the TNRD. Comparatively, the 2016 median income of Electoral Area “A” was $26,240, increasing by 24% between 2006 and 2016. Data for Electoral Area “B” is not available.
Table 4 below, summarizes changes in median income between 2006 and 2016. All told, Plan area incomes struggle to catch up to TNRD levels despite a higher rate of growth. Provincial median income growth is shown for comparison purposes. Notably, the provincial median income in 2006 is slightly higher than in the TNRD. During this period, incomes rose faster in the study area than inflation rose in BC, netting an improvement in the overall quality of life. Between 2006 and 2016, BC accumulated inflation was 11.7%.15
Table 4. Changes in Median Income (2006-2016)
Year EA ‘A’ EA ‘B’ EA ‘O’ TNRD BC 2006 $19,957 No data $18,216 $24,247 $24,867 2011 $24,385 No data No data $29,408 $28,765 2016 $26,240 No data $25,664 $29,818 $33,012 Growth +23.9% No data +29% +18.7% +24.6%
The following summarizes recent labour and income trends in the Plan area:
a) in comparison to Electoral Areas “A” and “O”, Electoral Area “B” has a higher concentration of employment in tourism-related sectors and less overall employment diversification; b) electoral Areas “A” and “O” have more employment related to agriculture and forestry; c) many of the major employers are based in the Districts of Barriere and Clearwater; d) the proportion of people employed in natural resources and tourism-related sectors in Electoral Area “A” is high as compared to the other two, the TNRD, and BC; e) plan area incomes, where recorded, fall below the median income of both the TNRD and BC; and f) employment in the TNRD and BC is much more diversified than that in the Plan area.
15 Inflation Calculator. http://inflationcalculator.ca/british-columbia
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4.4 Local Economy For decades after World War II, the Plan area economy flourished as natural resources were extracted, processed locally, and shipped to distant markets. These economic boom years occurred, in part, as a result of the government’s ‘roads to resources’ policy for resource frontiers to overcome obstacles to access remote sites. Since the global recession of the early 1980s, primary and secondary sectors have been increasingly stressed, resulting in significant economic restructuring as companies consolidate, adopt labour shedding technologies, and pursue more flexible and mobile labour regimes.
In recent years, low in-migration, an evolving global economy less reliant on localized products and the presence of an older workforce or ‘resource frontier aging’16 has communities becoming less reliant on traditional primary and secondary sector industries. Compounding these changes, the regionalization of services in larger centres was seen as one solution to the economic hardship caused by providing government funded services in rural and small towns during an economic
downturn.17 In addition, neo-liberal policies have downloaded more responsibilities to local governments and increasingly looked to contractors in the private and voluntary sectors to deliver services and manage infrastructure.18 These policies have resulted in the closure or downsizing of government offices or services. In light of these trends, the need for a renewed vision of the Plan area’s rural economy is underlined.
The rise of place-based assets, localized competitive advantages, and the increasing importance of intangible assets, namely human and social capital, will play a larger role in future opportunities and community building. To balance the unpredictability of the once steadfast primary sector, the appeal of the Plan area’s rural places and natural landscapes will need to be enhanced to place more emphasis on recreation, culture, amenities, and affordable retirement living. A sense of community and affordable land will ultimately make these communities more attractive to individuals, business and industry19. Residents already place a high value on these throughout the Plan area. To better plan for a ‘new economy,’ more focus and investment is needed on known assets, rather than placing hopes on unknown, unapproved mega projects or abating industries.
16 Ryser and Halseth. On the Edge in Rural Canada: The Changing Capacity and Role of the Voluntary Sector. p. 42 17 Sullivan. L. et al. Recognizing Change, Recognizing Rural: The New Rural Economy and Towards a New Model of Rural Service. p. 221 18 Ryser, L. et al. Learning from Smart Services and Infrastructure Projects in Rural BC: Final Report. p. 18 19 Markey, S., Halseth, G., and Manson, D. (2013). Investing in Place: Economic Renewal in Northern British Columbia. p.65
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4.5 Economic Development Planning20
A strong economy makes all Plan areas more sustainable. Employment growth is inextricably linked to population growth and the subsequent demand for a variety of amenities and services, such as retail, food services, automotive services, construction, and health services. With a declining population, there is less demand for these sectors. Primary or seasonal industries, less-dependent on population growth, will likely see fewer negative impacts due to population decrease. Based on current trends and recent research, economic development should focus on the sectors expected to experience some margin of growth.
4.5.1 Primary and Secondary Sector Economy For the foreseeable future, forestry continues to play an important economic role in the Plan area. Agriculture and limited mining will continue to provide positive benefits to the Mid Valley, Shuswap Highland and Lower Thompson Valley areas. At the present, there is minimal secondary sector activity. Ideally, improvements in the primary sector may result in more value-added manufacturing. These broader projections may change with the announcement of new large-scale projects (e.g. Trans-Mountain Pipeline expansion or major mine).
4.5.2 Tertiary and Quaternary Sector Economy According to the BC Labour Market Outlook Forecast,21 which estimates job growth or decline by region, tertiary sector activities including nursing and residential care and ambulatory health care services are predicted to provide the greatest estimated job growth at 2.7% and 2.4% in 2018 to 2028, resulting in a total of ~10,460 job openings in the Thompson-Okanagan. Accommodation services is anticipated to grow by 1.5% annually, resulting in 2800 potential new jobs by 2028.
Table 5. Growth by Industry in the Thompson-Okanagan Region
Industry Employment Number of potential new Growth 2018-2028 jobs 2018-2028 Nursing & residential care 2.7% 5460 Ambulatory health care services 2.4% 5000 Accommodation services 1.5% 2800 Hospitals 1.4% 5640 Repair, personal & non-profit 1.4% 4860 services
20 The 2018 job sector data covers the Thompson-Okanagan Region, a much larger geographic area. Given forecasts for this broader region are positive, there may be direct or indirect effects on the Plan area’s employment. 21 British Columbia 2025 labour Market Outlook. https://www.workbc.ca/getmedia/1dce90f9-f2f9-4eca-b9e5- c19de9598f32/BC_Labour_Market_Outlook_2018_English.pdf.aspx
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Tourism is a key contributor to the BC economy, our culture and our quality of life. In 2017, BC’s tourism industry generated more than $18 billion in revenue for the tertiary sector. As the third largest employer in the province, tourism provides extensive direct and indirect benefits to British Columbians. This sector comprises activities like transportation, restaurants, wineries, ski resorts, hiking and cycling trails, golf courses, historical sites and cultural and sporting events.22 An expanded tourism industry will continue to offer enhanced opportunities for economic diversification.
The quaternary or knowledge-based sector is not reported in the BC Labour Outlook but may evolve over the life of this OCP. Since 1994, Thompson Rivers University (TRU) has owned and operated the Wells Gray Education and Research Centre. As a member of the Research Universities Council of BC, TRU continues to build upon its reputation as a research centre and hopes this program will offer opportunities for expansion.
Economic development planning will need to consider all sectors of the new rural economy with particular emphasis on the Plan area’s natural landscape. From the Blue River Loop Recreation Trails to Wells Gray Park to the recreational lakes on the Shuswap Highland and Nehalliston Plateau to the Candle Creek Mountain Bike Trails, increased promotion and investment will support these tertiary and quaternary sectors. Community resiliency ultimately means less complacency and reliance on primary sectors and more diversity in the full economic spectrum.
4.6 Temporary Use Permits (TUP) A TUP, issued by the TNRD under the authority of the Local Government Act, is a mechanism that provides the opportunity to either accommodate a shorter term land use activity or to assess a given use prior to considering a permanent zoning bylaw amendment. The temporary use may continue in accordance with the permit terms and conditions until expiry (up to three years). A TUP may be renewed once for up to another three-year term.
Economic development opportunities, such as industrial uses or tourism-related activities may be viable on a short-term or seasonal basis, or established on a trial basis to determine if there is likelihood of long-term success. In other cases, landowners’ temporary circumstances may be that they wish to use their property in a way that is not enabled by zoning. A TUP is the most efficient, expedient, and cost effective way to enable uses not allowed in the Zoning Bylaw.
A TUP is not a replacement for a land use designation. Should the applicant wish the continuation of the use beyond the TUP expiry date, an application to amend the Zoning Bylaw (and/or OCP) must be submitted well in advance of expiry date to enable non-interruption of land use. It is recommended that applications be submitted six months prior to permit expiry. To maintain and encourage a vibrant and sustainable economy and provide flexibility, the TNRD designates TUPs to be processed via permit rather than bylaw across the entire Plan area. Objective 1 applies to all TUP considerations. Objectives 2 & 3 apply to specific cases where applicable.
22 Province of BC. (2019). Welcoming Visitors-Benefiting Locals-Working Together – A Strategic Framework for Tourism in British Columbia – 2019-2021. p.9
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4.6.1 Objective 1 Support balanced, open, and fair opportunity and process for temporary use applications to be considered via a permit within the Plan area.
Policies a) TUPs will be evaluated in respect to the possible cumulative effects on the neighbourhood and the proponent’s ability and commitment to mitigating measures that effectively and reasonably address any community concerns. b) Recognizing that no public hearing is required, the TNRD may ask the proponent to invite the local community to a meeting prior to considering a proposed TUP. c) Evaluate all proposed TUPs against possible intrusion on adjoining agricultural, residential, resource, and environmentally sensitive lands and how this impact can be minimized, such as possible requirement of sound/visual mitigation, dust and odour mitigation, buffering, wildfire protection and reduced hours of operation. d) Refer TUP applications to relevant BC Ministries, for example impact on local road networks and ask for input if mitigation or improvements are necessary. e) Consider the potential impacts of a proposed temporary use, including watercourse or lake impacts, safety (especially wildfire risk), noise or environmental impacts. f) TUP subject properties should accommodate off street parking as prescribed by the Zoning Bylaw or as can reasonably be expected given the proposed use. g) TUP approval may be conditional upon a landowner providing cash security to guarantee the performance of permit conditions. h) Uses permitted on a temporary basis may not necessarily be entrenched permanently via zoning. i) The viability and likelihood that the property, land and buildings, can be returned to their pre-TUP condition should form a part of any TUP consideration. j) Revocation of any TUP may be considered and subsequently ordered by the Board of Directors, in cases where permit conditions are not met.
4.6.2 Objective 2 As per Board Policy 9.1.4 (traveller accommodation use in residential zones), support TUPs as an opportunity to enable Short Term Rental (STR) entrepreneurship that is properly operated and does not negatively impact the surrounding neighbourhood, overtax natural amenities, and compromise the environment.
Policies a) STR may be considered provided they are actively and properly managed given the owner or their local manager resides proximate, within half an hour, and is available to respond to issues and emergencies. b) The operator shall provide neighbours within a 100 metre radius of the STR with 24 hour contact information for the owner or local manager and a copy of the TUP.
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c) The number of guests in a STR shall typically be limited to two guests per bedroom with general limits of 3 bedrooms or 6 guests on lots <2 ha and 4 bedrooms or 8 guests in the case of parcels >2 ha. d) The STR owner or local manager shall provide their clientele information on TNRD regulations such as the Noise Bylaw and transfer station location, as well as general information on water potability; fire safety and wildfire evacuation routes, and septic system limits and sound practices. e) Considerations of STR use include a properly designed, IHA approved, and constructed sewage disposal system as well as a potable domestic water source or cistern. f) To protect all parties and maximize life safety, TUP issuance will be subject to review and agreement to STR Building Safety Declaration.
4.6.3 Objective 3 The use of a recreational vehicle (RV) for dwelling purposes is not encouraged but is recognized as a potential temporary necessity; accordingly, landowners are directed to apply via a TUP.
Policies a) Considerations of RV use as a dwelling include a properly designed, IHA approved, and constructed sewage disposal system as well as a potable domestic water source or cistern. b) Placement of the RV on the property shall be in accordance with Zoning Bylaw setbacks. c) A TUP for RV dwelling use may prescribe minimum and/or maximum RV size and condition
as well as life safety requirements such as smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. d) TUP applications for more than one RV per property are discouraged. e) An RV allowed as a dwelling by TUP shall not be used for commercial purposes. f) TUP conditions will typically prohibit additions onto or adjacent an RV such that it is rendered not readily movable. g) Small associated structures or accessory buildings upon the property where an RV is used may be allowed under TUP terms but shall be limited in size and shall be portable so as to enable the land be readily returned to its former condition. h) A TUP may impose other conditions relevant to the particulars of the site. i) A TUP for RV dwelling use shall provide that if the RV is abandoned in a state of disrepair or the TUP has expired, the RV shall be removed from the property and the security is forfeited.
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Part 5 Quality of Life – Our Community Amenities
5.1 Context Quality of life, in the context of this Plan, means one’s feeling of wellbeing and fulfillment resulting from external factors. Social, natural, cultural and heritage resources are the tangible external assets that play a large role in contributing to one’s quality of life. “Place attachment,” the affective bond between people and places23, is a significant motivating factor in the Plan area. It inspires social networks and creates human capital, intangible and tangible, and thus a sense of community and potentially, a personal sense of contentment.
Plan area residents expressed a strong sense of place, attachment to their environment and in particular, the social support provided in their respective communities. Social capital and place attachment are quality of life assets that will be central in sustaining these communities.
The policies in Part 5 speak to the community aspirations, identity, and pride shared through Plan consultation, which in turn will support this area as a desirable place to live, work and play. Historically, the TNRD has not undertaken any formal social planning, thus this is a departure for Planning Services.
23 Altman, Irwin, and Setha Low, 1992.
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5.2 Community Social Infrastructure Social inclusivity, accessibility and acceptance form the three legs of any civil society’s ‘stool’. Place attachments, place identity, sense of community and social capital also form critical parts of person- environment transactions that foster the development of ‘community’ in all of its physical, social, political and economic aspects24. Collectively, these play directly into the Plan area’s social infrastructure. Despite documented economic and population challenges, the input we have received indicate the community’s social infrastructure is vibrant. Social infrastructure is made up of the interdependent mix of facilities, places, programs, projects, services and informal networks that maintain and improve the quality of life in a community25. Social networks and the ability to connect, underwrite the North Thompson community spirit and help it cope with demographic change. Plan area residents made it clear that social interaction was an important factor that contributes to their continued residency. Social cohesion and social capital are invaluable strengths that retain and attract residents, encourage economic resiliency and help people adapt to change.
5.2.1 Social Inclusion and Accessibility
This OCP reflects the commitment to elevating our social experience by promoting diversity, tolerance and inclusion. This commitment will help communities remain livable and fulfilled for all residents and visitors over the long term. Given the challenges of population decline and aging, Plan area communities will benefit by in-migration from other towns, provinces and countries. Given a socially inclusive supportive community, new residents can feel valued and be inclined to stay.
5.2.2 Social Opportunities Opportunities to connect in a rural context is more challenging than in urban settings: it requires intent. These limitations are more pronounced with an aging population and given mobility issues. The strength of the Plan area’s existing social networks may leverage additional social and economic opportunities to help communities move forward. For example, opportunities may exist to develop services or infrastructure through various forms of smart partnerships.26 These partnerships can take the form of horizontal shared service models between two or more local governments (or First Nations) or vertical shared service models between local government and community organizations.27 For a concrete example: either of these models could be used to develop a desired multi-purpose, all-season recreation facility in both the Clearwater and Barriere areas. Youth from both communities suggested expanding existing schools to allow a multi-purpose education/recreation/social experience.
Regardless of where one lives or their age, electronic or wireless social networking opportunities are critical for today’s communication. For residents, especially youth and small business owners, the inability to interact electronically (high-speed wireless internet and cellular service), is their greatest complaint. Improvement objectives are identified in Part 8. Other social opportunities requested by residents include a seasonal farmer’s market to promote locally grown products in the
24 Manzo, Lynne and Perkins, Douglas D., 2006 25 Government of Western Australia, 2012. 26 Ryser, L. et al. Learning from Smart Services and Infrastructure Projects in Rural BC: Final Report. p. 23 27 Dollery, B. et al. pp. 217-231
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East Barriere Lake area and general support for groups seeking grants for economic development, education, improved health care and the local arts. Support for additional social opportunities, including community dances and artistic events, will expand the current network of social interactions, advance personal relationships and increase social value.
5.2.3 Social Activities
Plan area communities currently host a range of social activities throughout the year from the Blue River Blue Slo-Pitch Tournament to the Squaam Bay Fishing Derby to the Barriere Fall Fair. These play an important role in quality of life and serve as catalysts for other social opportunities. In addition to economic benefits derived from increased tourism, festivals and special events expand the tourist season, provide cultural and educational opportunities, foster community pride, and contribute to sustainable development28.
Regional governance and consultation often overlook the views of young people. In this OCP, it is clear that youth retention and attraction needs to be considered in the context of a new economy. The lack of social activities for youth and employment prospects was discussed in our interviews with Clearwater and Barriere high school students.
Clearwater youth expressed a desire to expand existing recreational activities to include a bowling alley, an all-season recreation centre and an accessible cultural centre/museum in the Clearwater area that celebrates the area’s First Nations history. Barriere youth shared a similar narrative, expressing a desire for a recreational facility in the Barriere area and a place to socialize. Finally, all youth expressed overwhelming interest in an improved wireless network through the valley.
5.2.4 Volunteerism An expanding global economy and its impacts on the Plan area means greater attention is paid to social infrastructure. As such, rural areas and small towns must nurture their place-based assets,29 including the voluntary sector. Volunteerism was critical to establishing area communities, including Blackpool Hall and Upper Clearwater Community Hall, both built with volunteer labour and materials. Voluntary organizations, such as the Yellowhead Community 4-H Club, Barriere Lions, and Clearwater Secondary Parent Advisory Committee create opportunities for social interaction that, over time, mature and nurture paths by which residents get things accomplished. These can lead to innovative capacity building through experience, trust and the acquisition of new skills.30
28 Government of Alberta, 2011. p. 2 29 McDonald, C. et al. p.346-356. 30 Ryser, Laura and Halseth, Greg, (2014). p. 43
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With the demographic changes in the Plan area, the voluntary sector will continue to play a crucial role in helping communities. Viewed in the context of social ‘infrastructure,’ volunteerism enhances quality of life, reduces out-migration,31 and even possibly encourages in-migration. For these reasons, nurturing volunteer groups that promote social activities is critical to the area’s future social infrastructure and quality of life. An aging and declining population will be a challenge unless younger residents become new community champions in their respective neighbourhoods.
5.2.5 Objective
Recognize the importance of service organizations and social infrastructure as part of the foundation for healthy, inclusive and supportive communities.
Policies
a) Commit to policies and programs that support resident retention and attraction. b) Advocate for and support volunteer organizations that contribute to quality of life. c) Develop age-friendly communication that corresponds to all ages and access abilities. d) Support the formation of neighbourhood associations that advocate for the shared interests and goals of local residents. e) Monitor and address the changing needs of the aging population, ensuring that social infrastructure continues to meet the needs of all residents. f) Continue supporting initiatives and events that foster civic identity and pride.
Advocacy Policies
g) Support and potentially partner in expanded recreational and cultural infrastructure in the District of Clearwater and District of Barriere.
5.3 Parks, Recreation & Open Spaces The Plan area’s new economy will need to become more reliant on Rather than viewing natural the natural environment and the parks and protected areas therein. resources as a saleable Access to parks, trails and recreation is essential to maintain quality renewable commodity, of life and the social sustainability of Plan area communities. There residents may see them as a is no legislated definition of “park”, but a recent court case defined saleable non-renewable it as ground set apart to be used by the public as a place for rest, amenity. Public lands set recreation, exercise, pleasure, amusement and enjoyment.33 The aside for conservation and Plan area includes Provincial parks, regional parks owned or recreation rather than maintained by the TNRD, land dedicated as “park” on subdivision commodity production, plans, and private playgrounds/amenities within shared interests drive economic growth.32 and manufactured home parks. These are major assets that support a new economy in the North Thompson.
31 Ryser, Laura and Halseth, Greg, (2014). Ibid. 32 Rasker, R. (2006). p. 206 33 Harding, Reece and Quattrocchi, Michael (2018). p. 93
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Survey responses confirm that residents have a strong attachment to parks and recreation lands and value ease of access to Crown land. Blue River residents were very explicit in their desire to utilize and promote existing parks and outdoor recreation areas for adventure and experiential tourism. The appeal of all the area’s parks and recreation areas will play a key role in the area’s long- term economic development strategies.
5.3.1 Crown Land The Plan area is 98% Crown land. All watercourses, provincial parks, recreation sites and protected areas are Crown with the remainder being primarily unsurveyed Crown land. Crown land and watercourses are regulated under Provincial legislation and managed through Provincial land use management plans.
The three main BC parks in this OCP:
. Wells Gray Provincial Park, at 5400 sq. km, is the most significant and largest in the TNRD and fourth largest in BC. Since first established in 1939, it has offered a variety of all-season wilderness experiences from day use areas to campsites and the best alpine hiking in the region. Its major waterbodies are Clearwater, Murtle, Azure and Hobson Lakes along with the Clearwater River. Dominant topographic features include rugged peaks, volcanic plateaus, lava flows, waterfalls and Sarlacc’s Pit, one of the deepest caves in Canada. The park supports about 1050 species of trees, shrubs and flowers, 56 species of mammals, and 219 species of birds.
. Dunn Peak Provincial Park is a 19,353 ha park northeast of Little Fort and east of the North Thompson River. Matterhorn Peak, the most notable in the Dunn Peak massif, anchors the park as the most iconic mountain feature in the North Thompson Valley. Protected park status was approved on April 30, 1996 due to the considerable areas of old growth forest and the exemplary glacial erosion features not found elsewhere in the region.
. Bonaparte Provincial Park is an 11,800 ha park, 55 km northwest of Kamloops on the Bonaparte Plateau. The park epitomizes the rolling sub-alpine forests, lakes and wetlands of the Interior’s high-elevation plateau landscape. Its lava flow topography results in a hilly terrain, pocketed by numerous interconnected lakes. Skoatl Point and Stockton Hill are two prominent remnant lava plugs that stand as a reminder of its volatile geologic heritage. Hiking trails are the primary access given the park has no public road. Private fishing resorts in the park are accessed by float plane.
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5.3.2 Local Parks and Recreation Regional and community parks are generally more accessible to residents from the entire region. They highlight natural geography and offer unstructured forms of day use recreation. Board policy sets the criteria for establishing new TNRD regional parks. A community park serves nearby residents’ needs within a neighbourhood, municipality, or rural area. Regional and community parks are listed by Electoral Area in Table 1.
Another notable asset is the Blue River Trails system, east of Eleanor Lake and south of McCormick Lake, which offers all-season, non-motorized recreation experiences for cross-country skiing and hiking in spectacular natural surroundings. Other small parks and trail networks can be found throughout the Plan area, including Chu Chua Mountain Biking Trails, developed by Simpcw First Nation, and Skull Mountain Trail System.
Table 1. Regional and Community Parks (by Electoral Area)
•Little Hell's Gate Regional Park - "A" Regional Parks •Barriere Forks Regional Park - "O"
•Birch Island Community Park - "A" •Vavenby Riverside Park - "A" •Ferry Road Park - "A" •Vavenby Community Hall and Park - "A" Community Parks •Blue River Community Park - "B" •Herb Bilton Way Park - "B" •Murtle Road Park - "B" •Diamond - Brazier Park - "B" •Gordon Scarff Community Park - "B" •Little Fort Community Hall and Park - "O"
5.3.3 Park Dedication Policy
The Local Government Act requires that at the time of subdivision, 5% of the total land being subdivided is to be dedicated as park or 5% of that land value be paid for public park purchase. Given the inventory of parks and open spaces in the OCP area, cash-in-lieu of land dedication shall be requested at time of subdivision in any rural area. If land is proposed for park dedication, it requires Board approval and shall be subject to the following: a) be within walking distance to existing neighbourhoods, other parks, and bodies of water; b) minimum park area be not less than 2,000 square metres; c) contain cultural or natural features of significance (e.g. beach, grassland, viewscape); d) average slope should not exceed 15%; e) have adequate accessibility for vehicular ingress/egress, if required;
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f) be a safe distance from environmental hazard areas; g) be suitable for amenity or stewardship purposes; and h) potential for additional park dedication/acquisition on surrounding parcels. Additional parkland development guidance may also be sought through the BC Parkland Acquisition Best Practices Guide.
5.3.4 Objective 1 Promote and enhance access to natural amenity areas including parks, open spaces and outdoor recreation. Policies a) Work with the Province, and support private landowners and/or local organizations to identify potential recreation and conservation parks and trails. b) Support enhancement of all community, regional and provincial parks in the Plan area. c) Support promotion of all-season park activities to aid the tourism industry - provided that the use is respectful of the landscape and addresses visitor safety. d) Support and promote the availability of information regarding historic and other trails, e.g., trail maps, signs, brochures and websites. e) Support a collaborative approach to resolving conflict between backcountry commercial and recreational users and between all backcountry users and the southern caribou herds. f) Support and advocate Simpcw First Nation’s McBride to Barriere Mtn. Bike, Recreation and Tourism Initiative.
5.3.5 Objective 2 Provide parks and recreational open spaces that are accessible, inclusive and meet the needs of residents and visitors. Policies a) Ensure park and open space amenities reflect the interest and needs of the community. b) Support the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure in protecting and enhancing lake access sites; determining the appropriate uses and infrastructure for each site in collaboration with residents and stakeholders; and ensuring that these are well marked, respect environmental and riparian values; supply adequate parking; and inform the public about the purpose of and appropriate uses of water accesses. c) Retain and continue to manage existing and new outdoor recreation facilities and trail networks for community recreation throughout the Plan area. d) Build upon the 2005 Regional Community Parks Plan Policy Framework to develop a Regional Parks Plan and formal parks function. e) Consider quality viable parks, created by subdivision, only if the existing neighbourhood warrants new park facilities. Advocacy Policies f) Develop a Master Park and Trails Plan for the Blue River-Avola area.
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5.4 Community & Institutional Community and institutional resources are those spaces, structures (and people) that promote civic identity and unity and common good service. These include schools, community halls, libraries, community care facilities, and cemeteries. According to survey responses, residents have a sense of pride when they describe their respective civic spaces, buildings, and services and consider them vital to their collective well-being. Community healthcare is vital to all those living in the area. Royal Inland Hospital in Kamloops, a tertiary acute care facility, serves as the regional health centre; meanwhile, Dr. Helmcken Memorial Hospital is a Level 1 community hospital in Clearwater serving as the primary health care provider for a large portion of the Plan area. The Barriere and Blue River Health Centres provide limited services including urgent and outpatient ambulatory care. School District No. 73 has jurisdiction over all Plan area schools including those noted in Table 2. Starting in the fall of 2019, Vavenby Elementary will add a grade every school year until it becomes a K-7 school in 2021. Given current school enrollment and population trends throughout the remainder of the Plan area, there is no anticipated need for additional school facilities during the life of this OCP. Table 2. Public Schools
Elementary Schools • Blue River Elementary • Vavenby Elementary • Raft River Elementary (Clearwater) • Barriere Elementary
Secondary Schools • Barriere Secondary School • Clearwater Secondary School
Thompson Rivers University (TRU) has owned and operated the Wells Gray Education and Research Centre at the north end of the Wells Gray Corridor Settlement Area since 1994. As a member of the Research Universities Council of BC, TRU continues to build upon its reputation as one of BC’s leading research universities. Over time, TRU hopes that research program growth will present future opportunities for institutional expansion into the Plan area. Rural community halls embody the collective volunteer efforts that have shaped a community’s sense of place and identity. These multi-purpose buildings and outdoor spaces have been called ‘civic hope chests’ or ‘community memory boxes’. Several halls are located in the Plan area as illustrated in Table 3.
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Table 3. Community Halls
TNRD owned & Owned and/or operated by private assoc. operated Upper Clearwater Community Hall - Electoral Area A Vavenby Community Hall Upper Clearwater Farmer’s Institute TRU Schoolhouse – TRU Blackpool Hall – Star Lake Women’s Institute Electoral Area B Avola Schoolhouse & Blue River Community Hall - Garden Blue River Community Association Electoral Area O Little Fort Community Squam Bay Community Hall – Squam Bay Community Hall & Park Club Brennan Creek Community Hall – Brennan Creek Rec. Commission Assoc. Darfield Community Hall – The Darfield Community Club
Finally, three regional cemeteries, owned and operated by the TNRD serve Little Fort, Avola and Blue River. There are other small cemeteries in the area.
TNRD libraries can be found in Barriere, Clearwater and Blue River alongside a mobile library service which serves residents in Little Fort, Vavenby, Avola and Birch Island.
5.4.1 Objective 1
Maintain existing institutions and provide new or expanded community facilities consistent with population growth or decline.
Policies
a) Liaise with School District No. 73 to determine needs and issues as they relate to population trends in all OCP communities. b) Support efforts by School District No. 73 to incorporate expanded community uses, especially after hour uses that encourage health and wellness, into existing schools. c) Support a collaborative approach among the Districts of Clearwater and Barriere, First Nations, Improvement Districts, and relevant senior government agencies to manage the provision and maintenance of community and institutional services. d) Direct and support the strategic location of new public facilities to Community Nodes. e) Recognize the public library and neighbouring institutional uses as a focal point for Blue River. f) Maintain the TNRD Mobile Library in the Plan area, recognizing the importance of this service to those who are unable to attend library buildings. g) Continue support for existing community and institutional uses and their critical roles in maintaining community cohesion. Advocacy Policies h) Encourage TRU to expand its Wells Gray Education and Research Station and to explore future program opportunities in the Clearwater area.
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i) Collaborate with School District officials and the community to explore ideas that will allow Barriere and Clearwater Secondary School facilities to be used for an expanded range of recreational, cultural and educational programs. j) Support the development of a community bulletin board at a mutually agreeable location in the community of Blackpool.
5.5 Affordable, Rental & Special Needs Housing
Affordable housing, a legislated OCP consideration, is deemed “affordable” by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation if it costs less than 30% of before-tax household income. Affordable housing may be provided by the private, public and not-for-profit sectors or it may compromise other forms of housing tenure (e.g. cooperative ownership). Seniors housing developments exist in the Districts of Clearwater and Barriere. A broad range of housing choices is supported in the Plan area, including various forms of affordable housing.
Given the growing retirement population, the need for more creative means of affordable, rental or supported housing is apparent. Increasing housing options to enable seniors to stay within the community as they age, and to allow people of all ages and abilities with moderate or low incomes to find adequate housing, are important goals for Plan area residents.
5.5.1 Objective 1 Support initiatives and outreach to create more accessible and adaptable housing to accommodate aging in place, affordable housing and for people with permanent or temporary mobility issues.
Policies
a) Secondary suites and two family dwelling uses are supported in all residential land use designations, conditional on suitable sewage disposal. b) Temporary or additional dwellings, as set out in the Zoning Bylaw, shall be considered as affordable housing options for supported care, noting that Agricultural Land Commission approval is required for parcels in the ALR. c) Support affordable and social housing projects in the District of Clearwater or District of Barriere. d) Research and identify specific needs by EA in a Housing Needs Report.
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Advocacy Policies e) Repurpose construction camp housing in Blue River as affordable and seasonal employees housing.
5.6 Culture, Heritage & the Arts The arts community contributes to cultural, social and economic fabric. Arts in rural places are not just a by-product of the scenery, they play a key role in spurring the innovation that ultimately can lead to economic development and rising living standards.34 Traditionally, these assets are recognized for their role in contributing to individual and community development, social cohesion and quality of life. From the traditional teachings involving the Old One and Coyote to historic influences introduced through post-contact migration, the Plan area has a diverse heritage of people, places and oral and written histories. Collectively, these comprise social capital assets.
Heritage is what we inherit from the past, value in the present and endeavor to preserve for future generations. Archaeological sites are protected under the Heritage Conservation Act, and the policies for protection and conservation applies equally to known, unknown, and newly discovered sites.
Additionally, an extended service for the purpose of providing heritage conservation exists in the Plan area. The Blackpool Hall, located in Electoral Area “A”, is one of two designated heritage buildings in the TNRD. Many other historic buildings and features dot the Plan area’s landscape.
Arts and creative activities can profoundly affect the ability of a community not only to survive challenges but to thrive.35 A 2017 study finds a strong statistical association between the arts and innovation, and economic dynamism in rural areas. Arts are a direct force in rural innovation, not just an indirect factor that helps attract and retain talent.36 Although each community exhibits local artistic talent, the North Thompson Arts Council supports artists of all disciplines within the Valley and is viewed as the most proactive association within the Plan area.
34 Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Rural Creative Class. 35 Duxbury and Campbell. p. 112. 36 Florida, Richard. p. 4
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5.5.1 Objective 1 Recognize and protect significant archaeological resources.
Policies
a) Recognize that archaeological sites are protected under the BC Heritage Conservation Act where designated or simply by virtue of being of particular historic or archaeological value. b) Work in conjunction with the Province to educate property owners about heritage legislation. c) Cooperate to protect cultural and heritage sites by maintaining open and transparent lines of communication with First Nations and by providing relevant information to developers, landowners and the general public. 5.5.2 Objective 2 Recognize and protect significant heritage resources.
Policies
a) Acknowledge and respect First Nations territory and traditional uses at provincial parks and other locations within the Plan area. b) Continue local government information sharing with First Nations with claims in the Plan area and encourage them to share reciprocal information with local government. 5.5.3 Objective 3 Recognize and support the arts community as a valued creative amenity.
Policies
a) Support the integration of public art in the development of public facilities, parks and trails with preference for local art created by local artists. b) Encourage and support the creation of spaces that are conducive to the pursuit of artistic expression and learning.
Advocacy Policies
a) Promote existing museums throughout the Plan area as a means to identify community heritage values, celebrate local heritage resources and establish linkages between heritage and economic development. b) Support expanded First Nations cultural facilities and points of interest in the Plan area.
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Salle Ranch – Chinook Cove Courtesy: Ed Salle
Part 6 Natural Resource Stewardship
6.1 Context For over 150 years, primary resource industries on private and Crown land have helped shape the Plan area’s land use patterns. Agriculture, forestry and mining have been the principal industry drivers with each contributing to the North Thompson economy. They will continue to employ residents, provide local food security, and encourage sustainable development provided that both renewable and non-renewable resources are managed responsibly.
6.2 Agriculture Agriculture is the main sector in lower valleys, creating a rural pastoral atmosphere that remains important for residents and visitors today. Arable lands most suitable for agriculture are found primarily within the Upper and Lower North Thompson Valleys between Louis Creek and Vavenby, Wells Gray Corridor and select valleys in the Shuswap Highland. Favourable biogeoclimatic zones coupled with viable soils support local ranching and farming. Today, local agriculture includes forage farms, specialty agri-marketing, local fruit and vegetable growing and animal husbandry operations. Given the Plan area’s primary resource climate, more emphasis will need to be placed on the development and expansion of agriculture operations through the life of this OCP.
According to the Ministry of Agriculture’s Census of Agriculture, the total gross farm receipts in the TNRD, as a whole, for 2016 reached $136.8 million, almost double that of 2006. Based on available data, the figures were almost the same for Electoral Area “O” where farm receipts rose from $7.5 million to $11.3 million during this same period. These values are likely to continue rising as transportation and import costs as well as food security concerns increasingly shift focus to local food production. That said, rising BC fuel costs, less than favourable or unpredictable climate conditions and a depleted youth population will be challenges. The success of the Barriere and
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Clearwater farmers’ markets speak to the popularity of local agricultural products. In the community survey, residents strongly support local agri-tourism and expanded farm product processing. As described in Part 7, improvements and expansion of the agriculture sector will form a critical part of the Plan area’s new economy.
The ‘Agriculture’ land designation, primarily outside the Community Nodes, seeks a balance between preserving and utilizing farm land for a broad range of uses. These lands support extensive agricultural uses, its economic base, and contribute to the area rural character. This designation will ensure that primary agricultural use and associated activities are permitted and consistent with provincial legislation and Agricultural Land Commission (ALC) policies, where applicable. 6.2.1 Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) The ALR, established by the Province in 1973 under the Agricultural Land Act, was implemented to protect and promote BC’s remaining arable lands. The ALR is based upon lands’ best potential for agricultural use, rather than its present use or parcel size. Land capability information collected as part of the Canada Land Inventory (CLI) program is used as a general reference for agricultural potential. The ALR covers less than 1% of the Plan area (8424 ha) with 11,138 ha of cultivated crops (see Figure 9).
DID YOU KNOW? There are 11,138 ha of cultivated crops in the North Thompson with 8,424 ha in the ALR Forage & pasture is the dominant crop, accounting for 99% of all cultivated land. Beef is a major livestock production industry where the majority of all beef activities are medium scale (25-100 cattle) or large scale (>100 cattle).37
The Agricultural Land Commission (ALC) is an independent administrative tribunal dedicated to preserving agricultural land within the ALR and encouraging farming in BC. The ALR is established through the Agricultural Land Commission Act and is regulated through the ALR Use Regulation as well as the ALR General Regulation. ALC staff work with local government to ensure community plans are consistent with this regulation. Policies are intended to direct small-lot development and intrusive non-farm uses away from ALR lands. In recent years, the ALC has developed policies to help farmers diversify agricultural operations with a broader range of outright permitted accessory non-farm uses. Agriculture designation lands, shown on Figure 9, include existing rural residential, agriculture, and lands within the ALR.
37 Ministry of Agriculture. Growing Knowledge. pp. 2-3
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Figure 9. Agricultural Land Reserve
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6.2.2 Objective 1 Advance and support creative and innovative ideas for farm income diversity by accommodating opportunities for uses secondary to but related to agricultural use. Policies
a) Encourage support for the agriculture industry and local food production, especially diversification and marketing of locally grown foods, farm gate sales, farmers’ markets, energy efficient greenhouses, waste wood heating systems with carbon capture for greenhouses and incentives for farmers and their families to remain on their land. b) Encourage agri-tourism/agri-business opportunities, including limited non-farm uses considered complementary to farming (subject to Zoning Bylaw provisions and the Agricultural Land Commission Act). c) Promote the North Thompson Valley as an area with agricultural untapped opportunity for new agricultural operations.
6.2.3 Objective 2 Ensure that viable agricultural lands are preserved for agriculture and related uses. Policies
a) The minimum parcel size of 16 ha applies to lands that are designated Agriculture and are in the ALR designated under the Agricultural Land Commission Act (ALCA) unless: i. the land is excluded from the ALR; ii. the land is approved for subdivision within the ALR, under the ALCA; or iii. subdivision is permitted or exempted from approval under the ALCA, Agricultural Land Reserve General Regulation, Agricultural Land Reserve Use Regulation, or any Order of the Commission. b) Any application for subdivision or non-farm use or in the ALR shall be reviewed and considered by the Agricultural Advisory Commission and TNRD Board of Directors prior to being forwarded to the ALC. Applications must take into consideration benefits to agriculture, history of agricultural use, soils, biogeoclimatic data, topography and other factors applicable to agricultural capability and potential. c) Applications for exclusion from the ALR are generally discouraged, unless and conditional on the following: i. land under application is, in accordance with the Canadian Land Inventory, rated as Class 6 or 7 soils, including lands where only approximately 75% are improvable to Class 6 or 7, as typically verified by an agrologist or soils expert; and ii. land is not substantially surrounded by Class 9 Farm lands or ALR lands. ALR exclusion applications may be supported and forwarded to the ALC for lands that are required for a community, economic development, or civic need, where a greater area or the same of better agriculture lands in the given general area are added to the ALR. d) Respect historical water rights for stock, agricultural use, and access to water on Crown rangeland.
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e) Encourage agricultural practices that enhance natural ecosystems and protect environmental resources (e.g. environmental farm planning) f) Support best farm management practices in and around riparian areas. g) Recognize that climate change will impact the agricultural sector at the local scale and work with stakeholders to undertake adaptive action. h) Permit a range of agricultural and complementary uses in the ALR and encourage value- added and mixed farming activities that improve farm viability. i) Recognize and protect the needs and activities of farm operations when considering adjacent and nearby land uses. Advocacy Policies
j) Support residents’ request for a farmers’ market development in the East Barriere Lake area. k) Support TNRD programs designed to increase public awareness of invasive plants and the implications of their spread on agriculture.
6.3 Resource Management The majority of lands outside the Community Nodes and Settlement Areas are primarily large private holdings or Crown land valued for agriculture, recreational, forestry, rural residential and natural resource extraction or natural amenity conservation. These lands play a significant role in protecting the Plan area’s future resource potential and natural amenity values; however, without effective management policies and agency cooperation, extraction and development requests may create future conflicts and environmental degradation.
Crown land activities are influenced by the Kamloops Land and Resource Management Plan (LRMP), a sub-regional land use plan developed by the Province for Crown land management. Additional direction is provided by the 8 Peaks Winter Recreation Sustainable Resource Management Planning Chapter and the Valemount to Blue River Recreation Sustainable Resource Management Plan. Although the TNRD was a participant in the development of the LRMP, provincial ministries and their respective legislation are the key faculties for provincial plan implementation.
6.3.1 Objective 1 Encourage access to and opportunity for development of Crown resources that support community, social, health, education and transportation services and provide future regional economic opportunities.
Policies
a) Work with communities and provincial agencies to identify access strategies to Crown lake and backcountry resources.
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b) Support responsible, low impact open land recreation activities for both motorized and non- motorized backcountry recreation, including backcountry camping areas, emergency shelters and trail development. 6.3.2 Objective 2 Protect existing large tracts of land and environmentally sensitive features while recognizing existing zoning regulations.
Policies
a) Work with property owners and ministry officials to effectively plan for proposed land uses throughout the Plan area. b) Review Board policies for direction on select land uses. c) Requirements for new subdivisions or non-farm development adjacent to active agricultural operations or lands in the ALR shall include the installation, by an approved fencing contractor, of four strand barbed wire cattle fencing in accordance with Kamloops Forest District specifications. Fence maintenance shall be the responsibility of the landowner. 6.3.3 Objective 3 Support cooperative efforts to manage the use and access to Crown lands for a wide spectrum of resource values and strengthen relationships with the Province and First Nations.
Policies
a) Encourage public environment education programs designed to protect the backcountry and promote responsible backcountry land use. b) Support an open communication strategy with First Nations in the management, protection and development of Crown land. c) Support efforts that improve range and forage conditions, including the continuation of the Noxious Weed Control Program to help control the invasion and spread of noxious weeds. d) Support and promote the Wells Gray and Lower North Thompson Community Forest programs as multi-dimensional resource management initiatives to imitate at other regional communities.
Advocacy Policies
e) Establish annual or bi-annual joint technical meetings between key provincial agency representatives and local government staff to review land use issues and legislation.
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6.4 Resource Extraction Resource extraction at various levels has historically driven growth and formed the foundation for most Plan area communities. Companies like Birch Island Lumber Company, Clearwater Timber Products, Gilbert Smith Forest Products and Slocan Forest Products Ltd. dominated the Plan area’s forest manufacturing base, directly employing hundreds of people and indirectly contributing to all economic sectors. Based on recent statistics, resource extraction activities continue to have a major presence throughout the Plan area; however, forestry and mining activities have declined for various reasons with significant closures occurring in the past 30 years. The closure of Vavenby’s Weyerhaeuser mill in 2002 and Canfor mill in 2019 combined resulted in the loss of 350 direct jobs, a significant impact for the Upper Thompson Valley. Despite the manufacturing sector losses, active logging remains with logs being transported to mills outside the Plan area. Residents throughout the Plan area expressed general concerns over the diminished forest industry and worried about the future of the North Thompson Valley. Isolated commentary from residents in the Upper and Lower Thompson Valley expressed concerns about the visual impacts of logging in key locations in the valley and resource extraction impacts on the environment including the Plan area’s most picturesque view corridors. On both private and Crown lands, the TNRD’s role is limited in the protection of forested areas. Residents also provided both positive and negative commentary related to mining activity (or the lack thereof) in the Plan area. Some Upper Thompson Valley residents support future mining as a catalyst to growth. Overall, concerns about the impacts of proposed large-scale mining operations were clearly articulated. The more notable mining operations that may expand during this OCP include: . Commerce Resources Corp.’s Blue River Tantalum-niobium Project advanced to preliminary economic assessment stage in 2011 as a conceptual 7,500 tonne per day underground mine with a projected 10 year life. The project has not entered environmental assessment or mine permitting as of the OCP date. . Taseko Mines Limited’s Yellowhead Project (previously the Harper Creek Copper Project) advanced to feasibility stage in 2014 under a previous owner who was unable to fund development or environmental assessment. The mine was conceived as a 70,000 tonne per day open pit copper mine with a 28 year life. An updated technical report may be submitted by the end of 2019.
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. Ruddock Creek Mining Corporation’s Ruddock Creek Project straddles TNRD-CSRD boundary. It is currently accessed from Vavenby by forest service road. Proposed access, if developed, would follow an upgraded route on the TNRD side of the CSRD boundary. Ruddock Creek is a proposed underground 3000 tonne per day zinc-lead mine with projected 8 year mine life. Development within 5-10 years is possible; however, exploration stage drilling is continuing and the project remains in the pre-application phase of environmental assessment.
Smaller mining activities, including sand and gravel extraction operations, exist throughout the Plan area and will continue to provide key aggregate resources for development and transportation activities.
TNRD’s authority over natural resource extraction is limited to the provisions provided under the Local Government Act (LGA) which requires that an OCP identify the approximate location and area of sand and gravel deposits that are suitable for future sand and gravel extraction. Figure 10 identifies known mineral and tenure activities provided by the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources.
Plan area residents expressed a range of concerns as follows regarding resource extraction activities in their respective neighbourhoods:
. Wells Gray Corridor residents expressed specific concerns about logging the area within the park corridor and its detrimental impact on the viewscape. . Other logging impact concerns were forwarded from other parts of the Plan area including Little Fort. . Avola residents expressed concerns about logging impacts in the community watershed. . Mining activities must be developed in a way that minimizes all potential environmental impacts.
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Figure 10. Mineral Tenures
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Figure 11. Sand and Gravel Pits
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6.4.1 Objective 1 Support and protect lands for resource extraction activities within the Plan area. Policies
a) Recognize aggregate and mineral resources identified on Figures 10 and 11 as critical non- renewable resources essential for various sectors of the economy. b) Protect aggregate and mineral resources from surface developments that may impede the ability to extract under permit. The TNRD will have due regard for these resource values when considering development proposals within the vicinity of these deposits. c) Lands with high mineral and aggregate potential are encouraged to remain as large parcels to enable extraction with minimal impacts and conflicts. d) Encourage future economic development opportunities through value-added forestry products. e) The Province and private land owners shall be encouraged to manage their forest lands through sustainable forestry practices. f) The Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, commercial forest companies and private forest landowners are encouraged to implement FireSmart recommendations to reduce susceptibility of buildings and property to wildfire.
6.4.2 Objective 2 Manage all impacts and conflicts arising from resource extraction activities on human health and minimize adverse environmental impacts on adjacent land uses and the environment.
Policies
a) Implement Board Policy No. 13.1.8 (Aggregate & Mining Referrals) when responding to aggregate and mining referrals. b) To obtain public input for all new mine permits and major permit amendments, it is recommended that the Ministry hold a public hearing prior to permit issuance. c) New sand, gravel and other mineral extraction and processing shall be discouraged near residential neighbourhoods but encouraged to locate on large parcels subject to Board policy and, if required, ALC approval. d) New extraction operations shall demonstrate that all activity can be conducted in a manner that limits impacts on neighbouring properties, including: control of hours of operation, groundwater and surface water impacts, dust control, screening, access, traffic circulation, road residual and site reclamation. e) Operations located in community drinking water source protection planning areas shall accommodate all source protection plan recommendations. f) Sand, gravel and other mineral extraction is limited to the excavation, screening and storage of aggregate material derived on-site with no additional processing such as manufacture of asphalt or concrete and other end products. Processing activities are zoned in industrial areas or where permitted by Temporary Use Permits under conditions set by the Board of Directors. g) Encourage mining and reclamation techniques that enable reuse of reclaimed mining lands.
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h) Work with the Districts of Clearwater and Barriere to ensure lands in the fringe area are being developed with regard to cross-jurisdictional interests. i) Support development of Community Wildfire Protection Plans to determine fire risk in the wildland urban interface areas and mitigate risks through measures like structure protection, training and education. j) The Province, commercial forest companies, private interest groups and First Nations are encouraged to collaborate with an eye to ensuring the sustainability of outdoor recreation in the Plan area’s forested lands. k) Encourage the Province to provide leadership to ensure responsible forest practices on both Crown and private lands.
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Part 7 The Natural Environment 7.1 Context The Plan area consists of some of the most diverse landscapes and climates in the Regional District. It is comprised of 23 different biogeoclimatic zones ranging from the most extreme glaciated Interior Mountain Alpine areas of the Monashee and Cariboo Mountains to the placid dry and hot Interior Douglas fir areas of Louis Creek and Barriere. These diverse climates are home to an equally diverse range of flora and fauna. Although mainly Crown land, residents from all Plan area communities expressed a profound interest in natural environment protection and assurance that when development occurs, the natural environment remains a high priority.
7.2 Natural Environment – Geography The Plan area landscape is comprised of several physiographic geographies found in the BC Interior. The most prevalent and populated two are the Thompson Plateau and Shuswap Highland.
7.2.1 Thompson Plateau The southern third of the North Thompson Valley is on the northern tip of the Thompson Plateau, a sub-area to the more extensive Southern Interior Plateau. This area is dominated by gently rolling hills upland of low relief dissected by the North Thompson River. The valleys are generally steep due to glacial erosion but relief varies greatly. The climate transitions between the drier and warmer climates further south and moister and cooler climates to the north. It has warm dry summers and wet cool winters with relatively high snowfall. The diversity of vegetation zones reflect the complex climate: rising moist air on the east; winter Arctic air outbreaks from both the northwest uplands and the east via the North Thompson Valley; and the dry valley climates of summer.
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7.2.2 Shuswap Highland The majority of the Plan area is on the Shuswap Highland, a gentle to moderately sloping plateau stretching east to the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains. The valleys are typically steep because of glacial erosion and total relief may be fairly great even though the local relief in the uplands is moderate. Numerous large lakes, including Adams, East and North Barriere and Murtle Lakes in the major valleys have been identified as legacies of the Pleistocene ice era. The range of climates and vegetation is similar to that described above for the Thompson Plateau.
7.3 Watercourse Amenities Waterbodies comprise over 2% of the OCP area. This abundance of freshwater resources contributes to the Plan area’s liveability as well as recreation, aesthetic, agricultural, domestic and power production values.
7.3.1 Streams and Rivers
The North Thompson River is the primary watercourse linking all major communities in the Plan area. The Adams, Clearwater and Barriere Rivers comprise the other major watercourses. Their collective watersheds, along with groundwater and thus aquifers, are sensitive to upland activities, comprehensive protection strategies are required, especially for surface water sources.
7.3.2 Lake Stewardship Murtle, Hobson, Clearwater and Azure Lakes, the largest lake group in Wells Gray Park, enjoy limited access. By comparison, the easiest lakes to access are on the Shuswap Highland and include Adams, Johnson, Dunn and all three Barriere Lakes also home to the largest lakeshore residential areas. Nehalliston Fun Fact Plateau lakes are more access challenged, contributing to At 457 metres (1502 feet), Adams Lake their extraordinary sportfishing values. There are Crown is the 2nd deepest lake in Canada and th and private parcels on many Plan area lakes. Foreshore the 25 deepest lake in the world. lands, including below the natural boundary, are public lands and governed by the Province, including docks and buoys. Upland foreshore activities are regulated by the Riparian Area Protection Regulations as implemented under the zoning bylaw.
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7.3.3 Aquifers
Groundwater is critical. In some areas it is the only viable and economic water supply for private water systems as well as agricultural and non-residential uses. Watershed stewardship through protection of headwaters and aquifers from harmful contamination and over-consumption is a community-based responsibility, all to ensure adequate healthy future water supply. Protecting critical water sources and encouraging conscious and efficient water use supports access to safe and sustainable water sources for the long-term.
7.3.4 Objective 1 Manage and protect Plan area surface water, groundwater, and aquifer resources in a sustainable manner to prevent irreversible or undesirable impacts.
Policies
a) Encourage adherence to the guidelines set out in Fisheries and Oceans Canada publications: The Shore Primer and The Dock Primer, as well as On the Living Edge: Your Handbook for Waterfront Living for all development at or near the waterfront. b) Support the implementation of TNRD Lakeshore Development Guidelines through policy compliance and Development Permit requirements. c) Any work in and about a watercourse requires a Section 11 Approval/Notification application under the Water Sustainability Act. d) When lakefront property owners seek federal or provincial approvals for dock/moorage development, recommend to limit the number of wharves or docks and encourage the sharing of such structures. Advocacy Policies
e) Encourage and support the creation of a lake stewardship association for all property owners/users on East Barriere Lake. 7.4 Natural Hazard Areas The Plan area is comprised of steep, glacial and water incised valleys with forest covered plateaus and valley bottoms consisting of mainly loam material. Land use varies from small, dense hamlets to lakeshore neighbourhoods to expanses of farming. Much of the area is characterized by slopes greater than 30%, wildfire risk and soil instability. These terrain characteristics, coupled with diverse ecosystems, result in a range of natural hazards that may warrant site specific technical review prior to commencing development.
Development should avoid natural hazard areas. If it is proposed, then the hazards that may need to be assessed include erosion, flooding, landslip or rockfall, and wildfire. Detailed information for a particular area can be minimal or may not exist. Natural hazards need to be investigated on a site specific basis.
Any development must be preceded by researching floodplain and slope hazard conditions found on the TNRD Webmapping site at www.tnrd.ca. Most subdivision or site development will require a site-specific geotechnical assessment prior to final approval.
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7.4.1 Objective 1 Discourage or disallow development on lands subject to known hazardous conditions, unless the hazard has been sufficiently mitigated.
Policies
a) Direct development away from lands prone to natural hazard, including soil instability, floodplain and hazardous geotechnical conditions, or those lands identified as hazardous by the TNRD, Province, or other agencies having jurisdiction. b) Require new development in areas with slopes over 30% to be analyzed via a report prepared by a qualified professional for hazardous conditions, risk, and environmental sensitivity. c) Discourage or disallow development in any floodplain area. Construction and siting of buildings and structures to be used for habitation, business, industry, or the storage of goods must be approved by the Board via a flood plain exemption and be flood-proofed to provincial standards, consistent with the Zoning Bylaw. Advocacy Policies d) Support Community Wildfire Protection Plans for Community Nodes and Rural Settlement areas and other populated communities.
7.5 Sensitive Ecosystems & Biodiversity
The Plan area is flush with a diverse collage of ecosystems stitched together by rivers, creeks and lakes and hemmed in by rugged mountain ranges of all shapes and sizes. Land development has the potential to threaten the health of ecosystems or spread invasive species without careful attention. The Plan area is home to a variety of flora and fauna including species at risk of being lost. Provincial legislation such as the Wildlife Act protects animals from harm or harassment. The BC Conservation Data Centre (BCCDC) assesses and assigns the conservation status of species and ecological communities. The CDC assigns each species to the red, blue or yellow list based on the level of concern about their risk.
The Red List includes species and ecological communities at risk of being lost in BC. It includes species that are threatened, endangered or extirpated. The Plan area includes several Red List species such as the American badger (Taxidea taxus), Peregrine falcon, anatum subspecies (Falco peregrinus anatum), Caribou – Southern Mountain Population (Rangifer tarandus pop. 1) and Dun Skipper (Euphyes vestris).
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The Blue List includes species and ecological communities that are of special concern in BC. These lists include species and ecosystems that have threats, declining populations, or restricted distributions and are sensitive to human activities or natural events. These species require special attention so they do not further decline. Blue List species within the Plan area include: . Lewis Woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis); . Great Basin Spadefoot toad (Spea intermontane); . Western Screech-Owl, macfarlanei subspecies (Megascops kennicottii macfarlanei) . Williamson's Sapsucker, thyroideus subspecies (Sphyrapicus thyroideus thyroideus) . Great Blue Heron, herodias subspecies (Ardea herodias herodias) . Flammulated Owl (Psiloscops flammeolus) . Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum) . Fisher (Pekania pennanti) . Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus)
7.5.1 Cottonwood Riparian Areas Cottonwood forests are found in the Southern Interior of BC along the banks of streams and lakes where moisture is plentiful. Cottonwoods can form extensive stands growing to extraordinary heights of up to 40 metres. Areas where cottonwoods are found are often desirable for development or for transportation corridors such as highways, railways, power lines and pipelines. As a result, many areas have been partially or completely cleared. The Black Cottonwood ecological communities are ranked by the BC Conservation Data Centre as either Blue or Red Listed.
Cottonwood forests provide crucial habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species. Many bird species, including orioles, veeries, gray cat birds, and pileated woodpeckers, prefer cooler moist habitats and would not otherwise survive the arid southern interior environment. The cottonwood habitat along the North Thompson River and its main tributaries provides quite important nesting, foraging, and roosting sites for osprey, eagles, owls, and woodpeckers.
7.5.2 Wetlands
Wetlands are unique ecosystems that provide critical habitat for a range of wildlife species in the Plan area and Thompson Region. As a transition zone between land and water, wetlands provide a range of habitats from wet meadows, wet forests, to open water. About 500 plant and animal species in BC as well as migratory birds are associated with wetlands. Species at Risk that rely on local wetlands include the Great Basin Spadefoot and Western Toad.
7.5.3 Interior Douglas Fir Zone
Surviving in major valleys of the southern Interior Plateau, Interior Douglas Fir is one of the biogeoclimatic zones mapped by the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development. This hottest and driest Douglas fir subzone is comprised of a narrow mosaic of vegetation occurring above the Ponderosa Pine zone and below the Montane Spruce zone. Douglas
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fir scattered throughout the open and closed forests in the Plan area support an understory consisting of pinegrass, Birch-leaved spirea, bluebunch wheatgrass and red stemmed feathermoss. Species that rely on this ecosystem include Flammulated owl and Great Blue heron. The very hot and dry subzone of the Interior Douglas Fir (IDFxh2) supports a wide variety of species including many Species at Risk. This zone is relatively small and declining due to development and agriculture. This zone is located at the southern portion of the Plan area.
7.5.4 Other Habitat for Species at Risk Species at risk are found within a broad range of habitats within the Plan area but especially those noted above. Other species are wide ranging; they traverse across different ecosystems and multiple habitats, many of which are unmapped. An example of a wide ranging species is the American Badger (Red List), which frequents grasslands and open forests. Adult males may have a home range exceeding 100 km2. In summary, BC has over 1000 plants on either the Red or Blue Lists, many occurring in a variety of habitats and locations throughout the Plan area.
7.5.5 Objective 1 Strive to protect the environment and human health and safety by planning for clean water, land and air. Policies a) Require a Development Permit and Riparian Area Assessment for development in Riparian Areas as regulated within the Zoning Bylaw. b) Preserve sensitive ecosystem areas and maintain these areas free of development and human activity to the greatest extent possible. c) Support and encourage the retention and enhancement of wildlife corridors throughout the Plan area. d) Advise property owners to research and utilize contemporary best management practices in all areas to minimize human impact on their private property especially private logging operations.
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7.5.6 Objective 2 Raise public awareness of responsible environmental stewardship practices throughout the Plan area. Policies a) Support habitat protection initiatives of the Ministry of Environment and Fisheries and Oceans Canada along all watercourses. b) Support and promote the TNRD’s Invasive Plant programs via brochures and website information. c) Encourage residents and visitors to report any American badger sightings to www.badgers.bc.ca.
7.6 Climate Change & Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that average global surface temperature will increase by 1.8 to 4.0°C (best estimate) over this century relative to the period 1980-1999 (range of 1.1˚ to 6.4˚C), a substantial increase over the rate of warming (0.6°C), recorded for the last century.38 BC’s climate has warmed significantly in recent decades with changes in temperature and precipitation exceeding global averages in the southern part of the province. Conditions will likely become wetter in most regions of the province during the winter and spring and drier during summer, at least in the south and on the coast. In the period from 1999 to 2002, extreme climate- related natural disasters cost BC an average of $10 million per year. In the period from 2003 to 2005, average yearly costs of these types of disasters rose to $86 million per year, indicating a dramatic recent increase in the impact of extreme BC weather events.
Temperature increases in BC have resulted in reduced snowpack. This in turn has changed streamflow volumes and timing. In particular, spring snowmelt now occurs much earlier in many BC rivers and alpine glaciers are rapidly melting. Increasing temperatures and precipitation will reduce snowpacks in the future, increasing winter runoff for most of BC. Importantly, groundwater recharge rates are sensitive to changing climate conditions.39 One of the greatest contributors to climate change is greenhouse gas emissions. There is no specific data on the quantity of GHG emissions generated within the Plan area; however, historic emission inventory data indicates that residential heating accounts for the majority of GHG emissions in the region followed by commercial buildings and solid waste. Emissions from transportation and agricultural operations are also noted as high; however, the data is impartial due to unaccountability and lack of tracking in the sector.
38 IPCC, 2007 39 Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions. pp.5-6
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Reducing emissions is a significant challenge in rural communities. Therefore, additional provincial and federal government policies, actions and initiatives will be needed to support the community- wide GHG reduction targets set by the TNRD. Recognizing these challenges, the TNRD has set the following community-wide GHG reduction targets: . 10% by 2020 from 2007 levels . 33% by 2050 from 2007 levels As a signatory to the Climate Action Charter, the TNRD will take steps to address and support the goals of the Charter. 7.6.1 Objective 1 Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through leadership and example to 10% below 2007 levels by 2020 and 33% by 2050, as directed by the Board of Directors in 2010. Policies a) Request the Province’s continued support in providing the TNRD with the tools and resources necessary to monitor and measure GHG reduction levels. b) Support the development of renewable energy generation as an economic opportunity. c) Ensure all Crown land referrals for Clean Energy Projects shall be subject to Board Clean Energy Projects Processing and Referrals Policy No. 13.1.2.
7.6.2 Objective 2 Support efforts to reduce waste, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Policies a) Investigate the feasibility of a tree planting incentive program. b) Continue to raise awareness about recycling and landfill diversion through educational initiatives such as newsletters, information guides, and newspaper inserts. c) Support waste reduction policies and actions outlined in the Regional Solid Waste Management Plan.
7.6.3 Objective 3 Encourage energy efficiency in buildings and site design. Policies a) Raise awareness about BC Climate Action and energy conservation by making relevant informational material available to all stakeholders. b) Provide education and resources to the construction industry about energy efficiency in new construction and renovations. c) Investigate potential incentives to builders and homeowners who incorporate alternative energy sources. Advocacy Policies d) Encourage installation of additional electric vehicle charging stations in advantageous commercial or rest areas within Community Nodes or Rural Settlement areas.
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Part 8 Utilities, Environmental Services & Infrastructure 8.1 Context Servicing levels are as diverse as each Plan area community. The Plan acknowledges the advantages of orderly growth and planning of subdivisions and the disadvantages of high density unserviced development or premature unaffordable service extensions. The majority of Plan lands comprise of large rural lots serviced with independent ground or surface water sources and onsite sewage disposal systems. There is also a mix of suburban parcel sizes in the rural hamlets of Blue River and Vavenby serviced with community water systems. Maple Mission also has a community system. Smaller private water and sewage disposal systems serve select lakeshore residential developments and manufactured home parks. Residents at East Barriere Lake expressed a strong interest in wildfire mitigation planning and improved fire protection. Blue River residents expressed interest in an expanded mosquito control program. All residents expressed a strong interest in improved telecommunication services in the form of faster internet services and expanded cellular communication coverage.
8.2 Water Supply & Distribution
8.2.1 Groundwater Groundwater is a critical resource for drinking, agriculture, and commercial/industrial uses. A large majority of the Plan area’s improved rural parcels are serviced with drilled groundwater wells. Aquifer water quality and quantity varies with factors that include geological conditions, climate, recharge rates, soils, vegetation cover, sewage disposal methods and cumulative user drawdown impacts. As a general rule, aquifer protection combined with sustainable management is of paramount importance for those who rely on groundwater. Valley bottoms comprise the majority of habitable arable lands. Lands in the Upper Thompson and Shuswap Highland in the Interior Cedar zone are the wettest zone in the interior of the Province. The remaining valleys are primarily within the Interior Douglas fir zone where annual precipitation is generally favourable for recharging existing aquifers. While groundwater quantity and quality are reviewed ‘site-specific’ at subdivision, sustainable planning must be considered as a whole for the long-term viability of groundwater resources.
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Groundwater is generally used for individual domestic water systems but where it is used for non- domestic purposes, the Water Sustainability Act requires the user to acquire a water licence. A well developer is required to register the well with the Province as this protects from risks such as potential septic fields. The Local Government Act requires that an OCP identify the location of existing and planned community water systems. For existing systems that utilize groundwater to provide potable water for domestic and/or firefighting see Table 6 below.
Table 6. Major Community Water Systems – Groundwater Community Water System Owner/Operator Number of Connections Blue River TNRD 205 Maple Mission TNRD 17 Shuswap Highlands Resort Strata 52 East Barriere Lake Avola Avola Improvement District 20-25
The Blue River community system, constructed in 1966 and upgraded in 2014, is the largest in the Plan area. Groundwater is pumped from two wells adjacent to Blue River. The water is not treated. The Maple Mission water system, constructed in 1996, serves 27 DID YOU KNOW? residential parcels east of Louis Creek. Water is via a deep well and is treated. The TNRD does not foresee developing new or TNRD Water Conservation Plan, expanding existing community water systems for any other 2018, was created to respond to the challenges involved in communities in the Plan area. running safe and efficient water Two private water systems serve 24 strata lots comprised of 52 systems owned and operated by rentable units at the Shuswap Highlands Resort on East Barriere the TNRD. To implement plan Lake. The system is groundwater based. There are no plans to objectives, water meters will be installed on TNRD systems expand these developments or existing private water systems. starting in 2020. 8.2.2 Surface Water The Plan area abounds with surface water given its favourable climate conditions and geographic location. Subject to the provisions of the BC Water Sustainability Act, water licences and approvals allow people to divert, use or store surface water for agriculture, commerce, domestic use, and power production water storage. The abundance of surface water use is evident given hundreds of water licences throughout the area.
The North Thompson and Adams River watersheds supply a large proportion of irrigation for farming. Surface water provides a smaller proportion of domestic use primarily for quality reasons. Surface water for domestic and firefighting purposes is sourced by one TNRD community system, the Vavenby Community Water System, constructed in 1972 and formerly operated by the Vavenby Improvement District until 2004 when ownership transferred. Water is pumped from the North Thompson River and then treated.
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Table 7. Major Community Water Systems – Surface Water
Community Water System Owner/Operator No. of Connections Source - Surface water
Vavenby TNRD 114
Avola Avola Improvement District 25 The Sands, E. Barriere Lake Private 31 Barriere Ridge Resort, EBL Private 72
The Avola Improvement District operates its own community water system. This small pre-1970 system sourced from Avola Creek was upgraded in 1984 yet it remains on a permanent boil order. It serves approximately 25 households and has a maximum capacity of 50 connections.
Two private community systems serve the Sands and Barriere Ridge Resort on East Barriere Lake. The Sands is comprised of 31 shared-interest units in a multi-family residential zone. Barriere Ridge Resort has 72 shared-interest units within a lakeshore resort. Both systems pump water from East Barriere Lake. There are no plans to expand these developments or their water systems.
There are 38 other small water systems in the Plan area. These serve manufactured home parks, resorts and other commerical and institutional uses.
8.2.3 Objective 1 Ensure that there is a safe and cost effective supply of potable water for domestic consumption and the service is allocated in a responsible manner. Policies a) TNRD owned water systems shall comply with the TNRD Water Conservation Plan and Water System Acquisition and Sustainability Strategy. b) Groundwater wells shall be developed in accordance with the Province’s Groundwater Protection Regulation and Health Hazard Regulation. c) Private community water system owners are strongly encouraged to ensure that water supplies are adequate to meet current domestic demand and firefighting needs and the required provincial approvals are in place. d) Groundwater users are encouraged to register their existing and new domestic use wells with FrontCounter BC’s online registration. All new groundwater wells used for non- domestic purposes must obtain a water license and pay water fees and rentals to the Province. e) Encourage water conservation for all uses - residential, commercial, industrial and agriculture - including consideration of water confinement measures such as rainwater/snowmelt cisterns as a supplement for irrigation and firefighting. f) Support public education on water supply. g) Encourage property owners to conduct voluntary water testing to assure potability suitable treatment and it is.
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Advocacy Policies
h) As a means to protect Avola’s community water source for its system, develop a referral protocol for forestry related activities in the Avola Creek watershed with the objective of facilitating communication between forestry companies and system administrators. 8.2.4 Objective 2
Advocate a strategic approach to community water system management that is consistent with levels of growth and the needs of local residents. Policies a) Require all new development within the Vavenby, Blue River and Maple Mission water system service boundaries to be serviced by the given community water system. b) Current and future water system owners and operators shall maintain their respective systems and provide potable water in accordance with the Drinking Water Protection Act and Drinking Water Protection Regulation. c) Investigate the operating costs and capacity of an existing community water system when considering additional densities or reduced number of users. d) Development shall be encouraged within the existing service boundaries. e) Support the installation of water meters on all residential connections. f) As part of the subdivision approval process, proponents must demonstrate that an adequate, long-term water supply is available in accordance with the TNRD Subdivision Servicing Bylaw. g) Review Blue River Community Water System Development Cost Charge Bylaw 1682.
8.3 Environmental Services & Infrastructure 8.3.1 Liquid Waste
Plan area wastewater is primarily managed via on-site sewage systems subject to the BC Sewerage System Regulation under the Public Health Act. There are no TNRD owned systems but a small number of private community sewer systems, developed pursuant to the Municipal Wastewater Regulation under the Environmental Management Act, provide communal sewage disposal. These are at The Sands, Barriere Ridge Resort and Shuswap Highlands on East Barriere Lake. There are no plans to expand these existing private sewer systems. Smaller communal systems also provide service to a few lakeshore and manufactured home park developments throughout the Plan area.
Sewage disposal systems have a finite lifespan. For pre-existing, non-conforming suburban and lakeshore parcels, replacement sewage disposal systems will require creative site planning and in some cases, advanced technical analysis and implementation to avoid negative lake impacts.
There are no septage pits in the Plan EAs. At one time, the TNRD operated septage pits in Blue River, Clearwater, and Barriere. All 3 were closed between 2010 and 2015.
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8.3.2 Solid Waste and Recycling The TNRD solid waste and recycling service includes all electoral areas and municipalities except the City of Kamloops. Solid waste is accepted at eco-depots, transfer stations, or a TNRD landfill. Eco-Depots are full service waste and recycling disposal facilities while transfer stations are generally smaller and provide basic residential waste disposal and recycling services. Eco depots can be found in Clearwater, Louis Creek and Blue River. Transfer stations are in Agate Bay, Simpcw/Chu Chua, Little Fort and Vavenby. Curbside pick-up serves Blue River and Avola residents. The landfills in Clearwater, Blue River, and Barriere we closed and replaced with Eco-Depots between 2010-2014. All closed landfills are illustrated on the appropriate maps at the end of the OCP. The TNRD promotes solid waste reduction through the 2018 Regional Solid Waste and Recycling Program which sets out the following key strategies:
. Increase recycling by businesses and institutions . Increase the diversion of waste generated by construction and demolition activities . Reduce the amount of organic waste (food scraps and yard waste) being landfilled . Increase promotion and education efforts . Encourage the proper disposal of household hazardous waste . Continue to tackle illegal dumping . Increase the efficiency of residual waste management services Residents described the garbage collection and recycling program as a TNRD service that is most important to their household and their neighbourhoods.
8.3.3 Mosquito Reduction The TNRD has conducted a mosquito program since 1972. The program is based on the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), meaning the most environmentally sensitive control methods are considered first. Prevention and reduction of mosquito larval development sites is the first objective of the program. The TNRD carries out mosquito control activities within Electoral Area “O” and the southern portion of Electoral Area “A”. Blue River residents expressed enthusiasm for a mosquito program in their area. That said, an expanded Mosquito Reduction program to include Electoral Area “B” is not being contemplated by the TNRD at this time.
8.3.4 Noxious Weed Control
The TNRD noxious weed control service and the Invasive Plant Committee were created in 1976. The Southern Interior Weed Management Committee (SIWMC) was established as a non-profit society in 1997. Then in April 2017, the Committee and the SIWMC Board agreed to amalgamate both functions into one new comprehensive committee: the Thompson-
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Nicola Invasive Plant Management Committee (TNIPMC). The key functions of the TNIPMC are to provide coordination and communication amongst the parties to ensure all stakeholders are working together in their own operations to minimize the spread and impact of invasive plants across jurisdictional boundaries. Other functions include education, promoting research, and financial accountability. Key goals of the TNIPMC follow:
. Improve regional invasive plant knowledge . Coordinate and improve efficacy of invasive plan management across the TNRD . Influence operational policy and change for invasive plant management . Protect Indigenous values
Plan area noxious weeds that are of concern include spotted knapweed, hoary alyssum, orange hawkweed, yellow flag iris and Japanese knotweed, primarily in the Barriere and Clearwater areas. Residents expressed concerns about the Province’s lack of weed control on the shoulders of public roads, especially as regards spotted knapweed, hoary alyssum and hawkweeds.
8.3.5 Objective 1
Support a strategic, cost-effective and responsible approach to environmental services management and outreach.
Policies a) Support Interior Health Authority efforts to raise awareness of effective ways to develop wastewater disposal systems that minimize environment impacts b) Groundwater wells shall be developed in accordance with the BC Groundwater Protection Regulation and Health Hazard Regulation. c) Ensure development applications are consistent with overall sustainable subdivision servicing standards d) Support the ongoing implementation of the TNRD Solid Waste Management Plan e) Endorse a more environmentally responsible and equitable approach to solid waste management through education, efficient disposal methods and technologies. Advocacy Policies f) Create public awareness to educate residents of the responsibilities that come with lakeshore development including foreshore protection and waste management.
8.4 Major Utility Infrastructure
8.4.1 Energy
BC Hydro supplies most Plan area residents with electrical power. Future energy development opportunities may include alternative sources such as Valisa Energy’s Bone Creek hydroelectric project, to supplement the existing grid system. This independent power project is expected to have a long-term average generation of 72 GWh per year. Recent new sources such as Clemina Creek and Serpentine Creek power projects are approved subject to environmental management plan approval.
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Clean Energy Projects (formerly called Independent Power Projects or IPPs) are any electricity-generating infrastructure that provides electricity to BC Hydro under contract, including wind power, river diversion, geothermal, tidal, and biomass combustion. The Plan area has considerable potential for additional developments as evidenced by the 42 investigative licences considered by the Province over the past 5-8 years for the feasibility of mainly wind and run-of-the-river diversion power projects. Some residents expressed concern about the weak electrical grid serving the North Thompson Valley and its inability to support large-scale projects that draw significant power. Some residents believe this is a deterrent to new business operations in the Plan area.
The Trans-Mountain pipeline extends the length of the North Thompson Valley. On November 29, 2016, the Government of Canada granted conditional approval of the Trans-Mountain Expansion Project. This expansion will add approximately 980 km of new pipe and reactivate 193 km of existing pipeline. Construction activity, including temporary construction camps in Blue River and Clearwater, will provide short-term economic benefit to communities along the pipeline corridor.
Residents also expressed an interest in a natural gas service in the North Thompson Valley. Utility companies will be made aware of the interest; however, a program to expand the electric grid or natural gas system is not being contemplated at this time.
8.4.2 Information Technology (IT)
Reliable fast cellular and internet service are critical for personal and business communications in society today. Effective communication, necessary for successful business, is taken for granted in an urban setting where advanced networks exist. Information technology is equally important in rural areas and so high speed internet access and improved cellular coverage is the number one requested improvement from Plan area residents.
The Plan area’s dispersed settlement patterns and challenging geography create inherent challenges for the enhancement of social, educational and economic opportunities. The absence of high speed internet and adequate cell coverage across most of the Plan area compounds the issues.
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In December of 2016, the CRTC ruled that residential fixed and mobile broadband internet are basic IT services, equal in importance to the landline telephone of the 20th century40. An update to the Local Government Act will provide regional districts an additional tool to extend high-speed internet to under-served areas. Under the Act, high speed Internet will be considered an essential service. An improved IT platform will form a better foundation for rural sustainability, improve communications, and open up the potential for a rural digital economy.
8.4.3 Objective 1 Work towards a cost-effective sustainable approach to secure and improve IT infrastructure as a means to promote community growth.
Policies a) Support improvements/expansion of communications coverage including cell phone service and high-speed internet within the whole Plan area, acknowledging Federal telecommunication legislation. b) Encourage utility and IT companies and the Province to develop utility services that will not have a negative impact on critical habitat or existing view corridors.
8.4.4 Objective 2 Encourage alternative energy and servicing systems, for existing or new development, that support climate action and sustainability goals.
Policies a) Support the development of small scale, self-reliant energy generation methods including solar, wind or geothermal energy. b) Encourage a thorough analysis of all proposed CEP or independent power projects to ensure OCP and Board policy compliance.
Advocacy Policies
c) TNRD will work with industry and higher levels of government to improve fixed and mobile broadband internet and cellular telecommunication access. d) Research the ability of cellular phone compatibility with the public emergency alert system.
8.5 Emergency Preparedness & Protective Services
8.5.1 Emergency Response
The Plan area is susceptible to a variety of natural risks including wildfire, flooding and more recently, chemical spills. Pursuant to BC legislation and local bylaw, the TNRD has implemented a regional emergency program. This program does not take the place of the Emergency Management BC (EMBC), nor does it address emergencies that are normally handled at the scene by the appropriate first responders such as police, fire or ambulance. The TNRD program is in place to
40 Cybera News. February 27, 2017. https://www.cybera.ca/news-and-events/tech-radar/crtc-declares-broadband-a-basic-service/
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assist incident commanders when emergencies exceed their response capabilities, resources or authority. The program provides the direction and coordination required to respond and recover from major emergencies or disasters.
8.5.2 Fire Protection and Other Emergency Services
The complexity of wildland fire management has increased in previous decades as a result of economic, political, and ecological factors. Forests under stress (e.g. Pine Beetle), land base competition and the public’s expectations are emerging challenges41. Additionally, anthropogenic influence (climate change) has substantially increased the risk of dry conditions, wildfire risk, and fire scale. As the climate continues to change, we can expect that extreme wildfire seasons like 2017, will be more frequent in the future42. The 2003 McLure and 2017 Little Fort wildfires speak to the risk and aftermath of large-scale events in the Plan area. Several factors, including improved forest management, personal fire safety actions, education and Firesmart program implementation will help form the basis for localized fire hazard mitigation in the Plan area.
The Districts of Barriere and Clearwater each have a municipal fire department, suppression apparatus, and trained personnel. Little Fort, Vavenby, and Blackpool fire departments are all administered by the TNRD. Blue River Fire Department is administered by the Improvement District while the Chu Chua Fire Department is administered by Simpcw First Nation.
Ambulance and policing services are provided by the BC Ambulance Service and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) respectively. Barriere and Clearwater each have an ambulance station and Blue River has a rural ambulance station. The two Districts each have individual RCMP detachments and volunteer search and rescue functions. The TNRD provides other services related to emergency management including the provision of 911 services, house numbering and community evacuation planning.
The TNRD works closely with police and other emergency service providers (including First Nations) to support infrastructure and capital investments that are coordinated and planned in accordance with the Board’s projected needs.
8.5.3 Objective 1
Ensure that sufficient water, fire service infrastructure and management assistance is available for effective fire protection management.
41 Canadian Council of Forest Ministers, 2005. pp. 8-10. 42 Kirchmeier-Young, M.C., Gillett, N.P., Zwiers, F.W., Cannon, A.J. and Anslow, F.S., 2018. p.7.
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Policies
a) Support ongoing efforts of all rural volunteer fire protection services and work with each department during development application reviews. b) Evaluate fire suppression service levels periodically to ensure they are commensurate with population. c) Continue to work with the Provincial Emergency Program on emergency planning. d) Work with livestock operators when considering emergency preparedness, protective services and evacuation planning. e) Encourage new development and civic facilities to remain or locate within Community Nodes or Rural Settlement areas, thereby supporting a viable local service centre.
8.5.4 Objective 2
Promote responsible site and building development and fuel management to reduce fire risk. Policies
a) Wildfire risk is an important consideration in the design and development of property and buildings. Management will play a bigger part of the conversation with homeowners and developers. b) Support BC Home Owners Firesmart Manual recommendations, including guidelines for building materials, fire separation, vegetation management, and general fire safety. c) Update Fire Prevention Inspection Bylaw 1994 which can require landowners and/or occupiers to prevent and suppress fires. d) Work with residents to promote and implement the Evacuation Plans of Louis Creek-Exlou- Darfield-Little Fort, Blackpool-Clearwater-Vavenby, Avola-Blue River and Adams Lake- North/East Barriere Lakes-Johnson Lake-Sinmax Creek Valley.
Advocacy Policies
e) Encourage all new construction to require roof sprinklers to reduce the risk of wildfire loss.
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Part 9 Transportation & Mobility 9.1 Context The ability to connect and travel depends on an effective transportation network, especially critical for rural communities. Vehicular use is the primary transport method in the Plan area although other modes are available including transit, train, plane, boat and trails. Road networks are the lifelines that enable residents and visitors to get to work, shopping or recreation. Due to the area’s rugged terrain and general remoteness, transportation networks play a key role in the future. They will need review during the life of this OCP, especially if residents age in place. Maintaining mobility throughout the region is a specific RGS goal. To achieve this means ongoing maintenance and safety audits of existing road networks to ensure risks are addressed, based on current needs and conditions. 9.2 Transportation & Mobility – A Short History
Prior to contact, First Nations people established and followed a network of trails in their seasonal hunting, fishing and trading migrations. Geography challenged many who ventured into the North Thompson, resulting in this area being amongst the last in the TNRD to be settled by colonial transportation networks. Fur traders were the first post-contact travellers who trekked northward from a Hudson’s Bay Company post at the “little fort”. The Brigade Trail, a historic freight trail, extended from Chu Chua to the Cariboo past Canim Lake. These early trail networks helped early prospectors and frontier migrants access remote areas in search of natural resources. Arrival of the ‘Overlanders’ in 1862 by rafting into Kamloops from Tete Jaune Cache proved that the North Thompson River could be travelled, albeit with peril. Sternwheelers and steamboats named the Kamloops, the Peerless and Distributor were soon plying the river from Kamloops to as far north as Vavenby with a variety of goods and people.
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The first Canadian National Railway train in 1915 marked the beginning of a new era of travel and settlement in the North Thompson Valley. Goods and people soon travelled easily and freely with train stations forming the early nuclei for existing communities along the route. A complete highway through the Valley was not completed until almost half a century later, in 1960. 9.3 Multimodal Transportation Systems
By Land The Yellowhead Highway (HWY 5), an integral segment of the provincial/national road system connecting markets and communities in BC to Alberta and beyond, and is the principle vehicular route connecting Plan area communities in the North Thompson Valley. The Interlakes Highway (Highway 24) connects the Valley to the Nehalliston Plateau and Cariboo. Both highways are Controlled Access Highways. Secondary public and Forestry Service roads provide access to smaller settlement areas including the Shuswap Highlands, Wells Gray Park and Adams Lake. Public roads outside incorporated municipalities fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure (MoTI). The system includes most of the Plan area’s primary and secondary roads including the reaction ferry at Little Fort. The Ministry strives to build and maintain a safe and reliable multi-modal transportation system providing affordable, efficient and accessible transportation options for all British Columbians. The majority of the area’s backcountry and lakeshore is accessed by two types of resource roads, single or two-lane gravel roads built to industrial standards to access natural resources. Forest Act roads generally provide access to harvest timber on Crown land. Forest Service Roads (FSR) are maintained by the forest industry under road use permits or, if there is no industrial user, by the Province. Public transit service is provided in some of the Plan area. With Clearwater and Electoral Area “A,” transit is delivered by partnership between the District and BC Transit through an Annual Operating Agreement. A rural transit service exists in the areas around Clearwater via a Community Transit Partnership Agreement which provides bi-weekly transit service from Vavenby to Kamloops with stops in Vavenby, Clearwater, Blackpool, Little Fort and Barriere and monthly service between Blue River and Clearwater with connection to Kamloops. Regularly scheduled passenger train service through VIA Rail Canada has stops in Clearwater and Blue River.
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By Air
Kamloops Airport serves most of the region. Scenic flights and fixed-wing air charter services are provided from a paved air strip and heliport in Blue River and a rural airstrip in Clearwater. The area does not have improved airport or regular service.
Air service is necessary for competitiveness in a global economy. As described in Part Four, the Plan area has a comparative advantage in the form of environmental and recreational amenities. Researchers confirm that natural amenities are critical to attracting knowledge-based workers,43 a significant driver of economic growth.44 If opportunities develop, such as expansion of knowledge-based institutions or adventure tourism, for example, then improvements to existing aerodromes to accommodate improved air service may be required.
By Water
The Little Fort Reaction Ferry provides service across the North Thompson River. This service is critical to residents and visitors accessing the east side of the Valley, cutting time and energy off a much longer route. This ferry proved invaluable for the delivery of firefighters and fire apparatus during the 2017 Little Fort Complex fire.
From tugboats pulling log booms to the Adams Lake Interfor mill to wakeboard boats pulling water skiers on East Barriere Lake to fishing boats pulling gang trolls on Eleanor Lake, Plan area lakes and rivers play host to a wide range of personal watercraft and commercial vessels. Public access and protection of these freshwater resources were noted and valued by area residents. Vessel operation restrictions, including speed, propulsion limits or towing activities, are regulated and enforced by Transport Canada.
9.3.1 Objective 1 Ensure the maintenance of a safe and efficient road system for the sustainable movement of people and goods.
Policies
a) Support the maintenance of the major road network as identified on the Map 10, especially Highway No.5 being a core segment of the national highway system. b) Support the ongoing efforts by the Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development to improve East Barriere Lake Forest Service Road for the duration of this OCP.
43 Rasker, R., Gude, P., Gude, J. and van den Noort, J. 2009, p. 4 44 ibid. p. 4
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c) Acknowledge that Hwy 5 and Hwy 24 are Controlled Access Highways, thus direct access must be approved by Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure and may require road construction to a prescribed standard pending the scope of new development. d) Collaborate with Canadian National Railway (CN) on the following: i. train whistle cessation at the Avola Village Road crossing ii. trains blocking access at McCracken Road in Birch Island iii. develop all-season train passenger shelters in Clearwater and Blue River
9.3.2 Objective 2
Ensure that future development and land use decisions recognize and support public road safety and mobility objectives.
Policies
a) Work with residents and the Province to establish and promote adequate evacuation routes. b) Maintain the current level of public transit service, at minimum, in the Plan area. c) Encourage private sector bus service to re-establish a regularly scheduled bus route through the North Thompson Valley. d) Discourage new development with limited common services and access, unless authorized by the provincial agency having jurisdiction. e) Work with the Districts of Barriere and of Clearwater to develop an integrated road network plan that works to serve all users. Advocacy Policies
f) Develop directional/promotional signage on Highway No. 5 that directs people to Vavenby. g) Work with the Province and community members to develop improved parking at the Squaam Bay boat launch.
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Part 10 Future Land Use Strategy
10.1 Context
Residents have identified not only their respective community values and visions but also expressed their understanding of the challenges in their region. This has informed the development of a Future Land Use Strategy. In consideration of their views and in light of objectives and policies in the preceding parts, the land use strategy recognizes the need to provide flexibility for settlement, commerce and industry while maintaining the sustainable, aesthetic and fair disposition of land, resources, facilities and services.
10.2 Community Nodes Blue River, Avola, Vavenby, and Little Fort are designated as Community Nodes. These four communities, as identified on the attached Maps 4-7, comprise the primary precincts for commercial, residential, industrial, recreational and institutional land uses throughout the Plan area.
The Community Node designation includes those historic communities that support a variety of commercial, recreational and community uses, as well as residential development with a mix of housing types. This designation seeks to preserve the unique character of each of Community while supporting low and medium density residential infill development.
Most commercial uses in the Plan area are concentrated in the District of Barriere and District of Clearwater. The Village of Chase, located just outside the Plan area, is also an important hub for residents at the south end of Electoral Area “O”. Local and highway commercial uses are located in Blue River, Avola, Vavenby and Little Fort. Building upon the success of heli-skiing operations, the Blue River and area is emerging as focal point of experiential and adventure tourism activities.
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The Little Fort Community Node can accommodate future residential but will be primarily viewed as a ‘gateway’ regional community node in the Plan area given its location at the crossroads of two major highways. Given no community water or sewer systems, the focus for Little Fort growth is on highway and tourist commercial uses and in-fill residential, where possible.
The relatively low population and shrinking primary and secondary resource sector makes traditional commerce activities a challenge. Most existing businesses are long-time enterprises operated by people who live in the area. For the life of this OCP, expanded natural amenity based tourist commercial activities, all season outdoor exploits and value-added agri-businesses are generally encouraged as a way to expand economic opportunities.
10.2.1 Community Node Objectives - General a) Implement the RGS by directing growth to existing community nodes and municipalities. b) Ensure residential land use and density are appropriate to each community with consideration of character, existing land use, density and current services. c) Accommodate a range of housing choices and affordable housing options. d) Promote non-residential development that serves the needs of local residents and visitors.
10.2.2 Community Node Policies - General a) Promote Community Nodes as suitable locations for people to live, work and play. b) New development applications in a Community Node shall be assessed under the following criteria: i. compatibility with nearby land use, designations, and neighbourhood character; ii. connection to a community water system or proven groundwater capacity; iii. adequate on-site development controls including parking, access, sewage disposal and storm water management; iv. natural hazard mitigation, including flood, unstable soils, and wildfire; v. pedestrian connectivity to parks, school or community facilities; vi. Development Permit requirements, if applicable; and vii. compliance with other OCP goals and policies including affordable housing and healthy active community choices. c) Home based business use is supported throughout the Plan area as both a valuable part of the local economy and a reason to reduce single occupancy vehicle trips. d) Bed and breakfast use is permitted throughout the Plan area in accordance with the terms in the Zoning Bylaw.
10.2.3 Community Node Policies – Residential a) Designated Community Node areas are anticipated to be more than adequate to satisfy potential residential demand for the duration of this OCP. Rezoning for low-density residential development in Blue River and Vavenby may be considered in their respective core areas noting existing non-conforming density is not a precedent or model for new development.
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b) A broad range of affordable housing options are supported in each Community Node which may, as permitted under the Zoning Bylaw, consist of a single family dwelling; a two-family dwelling; one secondary suite; a manufactured or modular home; recreational vehicle (with conditions); or multi-family dwellings (except Little Fort) conditional on parcel size, community water, approved sewer service and other site requirements. c) Lakeshore development policies noted under s. 10.3.3 shall apply to development on Eleanor Lake (Blue River). d) Monitor increases in the number of empty dwellings/properties and issues related to building maintenance and impact on existing services. e) Traveller accommodation use in residential zones is prohibited as an outright use but may be considered through the issuance of a Temporary Use Permit in accordance with s. 4.6 of this OCP and Board Policy. f) Recreational vehicle use for dwelling purposes, either as a principal building or accessory building, is prohibited by zoning but may be considered through the issuance of a Temporary Use Permit in accordance with s. 4.6 of this OCP.
10.2.4 Community Node Policies - Commercial and Industrial a) Redevelopment of existing commercial and industrial sites is encouraged as a higher priority than expansion of new commercial or industrial areas. b) Support a neighbourhood commercial centre in each Community Node to serve residents. c) Support highway and traveller commercial uses that complement existing highway and commercial uses in Blue River and Little Fort provided visibility and safe access from the highway are available. d) Discourage all forms of incidental commercial strip development along Highways 5 and 24. e) Monitor the need for employee housing for any new commercial or industrial development. f) Support tourist commercial use in Avola. g) Vavenby and Blue River industrial lands will retain an industrial focus and support future processing, manufacturing, storage, and ancillary business uses.
10.3 Rural Settlement Areas
The Rural Settlement Areas of Wells Gray Corridor and Blackpool are illustrated on the attached Maps 8 and 9. These larger areas are host to primarily rural residential and agricultural uses with pockets of historic commercial uses or vacant lands with commercial zones.
The Wells Gray Corridor Rural Settlement Area encourages a mix of agricultural, residential, institutional and tourism commercial uses. Existing commercial nodes may be expanded over time to benefit the economy and provide services to visitors and residents alike. Expansion of research/development institutional uses is encouraged.
The Blackpool Rural Settlement designation supports low density residential uses and agriculture given that a large part of the area is within the Agricultural Land Reserve, floodplain and given a general consensus from the residents that they wish to keep this area as large rural parcels.
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Potential new resource and tourism opportunities along with in-migration resulting from resource, tourism or institutional expansion may provide infill opportunities for existing lands in these areas.
10.3.1 Rural Settlement Area – General Objectives
a) Promote land uses that support rural, low density lifestyles in accordance with the RGS. b) Provide opportunity for various forms of affordable housing. c) Direct new commercial and industrial uses to Community Nodes or incorporated areas. d) Support a balanced, open and fair approach to the consideration of traveller accommodation use and recreational vehicle use for dwelling purposes.
10.3.2 Rural Settlement Area – General Policies a) Require new development to meet parcel area requirements set in the Zoning Bylaw. b) New development applications shall be assessed under the following criteria: i. groundwater or surface water capacity ii. impact on agricultural land iii. compatibility with neighbourhood density or uses iv. Development Permit requirements, if applicable v. natural hazard mitigation, if applicable vi. compliance with other goals and policies set out in the OCP c) Support a range of low density rural residential uses permitted in the Zoning Bylaw. d) New developments adjacent to ALR land shall incorporate the Ministry of Agriculture Guide to Edge Planning: Promoting Compatibility along Urban-Agricultural Edges. e) Home based business use is supported throughout the Plan area as both a valuable part of the local economy and a reason to reduce single occupancy vehicle trip generations. f) Bed and breakfast use is encouraged in accordance with terms in the Zoning Bylaw. g) Discourage development in the fringe areas of District of Clearwater and Barriere as per the Fringe Area Policy Guidelines.
10.3.3 Rural Settlement Area – Residential Policies a) Designated Rural Settlement Areas are anticipated to be more than adequate to satisfy residential demand for the duration of this OCP. b) Development of zoned properties is encouraged as a higher priority than expansion of new, higher density residential parcels. c) Low density residential uses are supported including secondary dwelling (with conditions) and secondary suites. d) Traveller accommodation use in residential zones is prohibited as an outright use but may be considered through the issuance of a Temporary Use Permit in accordance with s. 4.6 of this OCP and Board Policy. e) Recreational vehicle use for dwelling purposes, either as a principal building or accessory building, is prohibited but may be considered through a Temporary Use Permit (see s. 4.6).
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10.3.4 Rural Settlement Area - Commercial and Industrial Policies a) Redevelopment of existing commercial and industrial sites is supported as a higher priority than expansion of new commercial or industrial areas unless required for site-specific resources. Small-scale commercial development to serve the day to day needs of the local neighbourhood or tourist commercial uses specific to the area may be considered. b) Support new tourist recreation and accommodation development in Wells Gray Corridor. c) Discourage all forms of commercial strip development along Highway No. 5. d) Support development of new home-based business use, including bed and breakfast, throughout the Plan area. e) Discourage bylaw amendment applications in the fringe area of the District of Clearwater. Advocacy Policies f) The TNRD will work with the District of Clearwater to consider a southern boundary expansion as part of the overall approval process for any major highway commercial development on Hwy. 5.
10.4 Electoral Area Planning The areas outside the designated Community Nodes and Rural Settlement Areas are less populated and subject to uses that are more conducive to larger parcels including agriculture.
Electoral Areas have a mix of residential development densities, ranging from pockets of suburban and country residential zones in Louis Creek and Birch Island to lakeshore residential areas on East Barriere and Adams Lakes. Each Electoral Area pockets also has pockets of commercial and industrial zoned lands.
10.4.1 Electoral Area Planning - General Objectives
a) Preserve existing large rural and agricultural parcels in recognition that the majority of the Plan area will continue to remain primarily rural in nature with limited community services and infrastructure. b) Protect existing large tracts of land and environmentally sensitive features while recognizing existing zoning rights, including rural dwelling use. c) Encourage housing that is compatible with the lakeshore environment and comprises of tenures and densities that meet the diverse needs and income levels of families. d) Support neighbourhood commercial activities that serve the needs of local residents, business, agriculture, and tourism.
10.4.2 Electoral Area Planning – General Policies a) Existing conforming commercial, residential, industrial, and institutional uses are permitted. b) Support traditional primary resource sectors such as forestry, mining and agriculture. c) Review proposed commercial, residential, industrial, and institutional uses that on the basis of scale and use and if complimentary to existing rural uses.
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d) Encourage agriculture industry and local food production by establishing economic strategies that promote the industry and new markets. e) Discourage proliferation of non-farm residential development. Additional dwellings for agricultural or horticultural use shall only be approved in accordance with the Zoning Bylaw and ALR regulations. f) Requirements for new subdivisions or non-farm development adjacent to farm or Crown land shall include the installation, by an approved fencing contractor, of four strand barbed wire cattle fencing in accordance with Kamloops Forest District specifications, with fence maintenance being the responsibility of the landowner. New gates bordering on Crown land are not permitted. g) Recognize the Districts of Clearwater and Barriere, where services and amenities are more readily available, as regional commercial hubs for major commercial development. h) Home based business use is supported throughout the Plan area as both a valuable part of the local economy and a reason to reduce single occupancy vehicle trip generations. i) Bed and breakfast use is supported in the Plan area in accordance with the Zoning Bylaw.
10.4.3 Electoral Area Planning – Residential Policies a) Electoral Areas will provide for a range of low density rural residential uses permitted in the Zoning Bylaw. b) New subdivision or non-farm development adjacent to agricultural or Crown land shall of four strand barbed wire cattle fencing in accordance with Kamloops Forest District specifications, with fence maintenance being the responsibility of the landowner. c) Traveller accommodation use is prohibited in residential zones as an outright use but may be considered through the issuance of a Temporary Use Permit in accordance with s. 4.6 of this OCP and Board policy. d) Recreational vehicle use for dwelling purposes, either as a principal building or accessory building, is prohibited but may be considered through a Temporary Use Permit (see s. 4.6).
Advocacy Policies
e) Develop a Housing Needs Report for each Electoral Area (including Community Nodes and Settlement Areas) to confirm current and projected housing needs for the next 5 to 15 years.
10.4.4 Electoral Area Planning – Lakeshore Development Policies
Lakeshore Electoral Areas include low density lake oriented residential development within 1km of a lake. Most parcels are serviced with on-site sewage disposal and a private water source. These areas include a large number of pre-existing parcel sizes. The lake edge is recognized as both highly valuable and sensitive requiring careful development and ongoing impact management.
a) Lakeshore development density varies from lake to lake but the TNRD Lakeshore Development Guidelines shall be applied for all development applications.
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b) All lakeshore development shall be serviced with community water and sewer systems or approved, on-site sewage disposal with potable water services from either ground or surface water sources. c) proposals for lakeshore residential development shall be evaluated on a site specific basis on the following: i. lake and environmental impacts; ii. natural hazards; iii. access; iv. water and sewage disposal servicing; and v. adequate storm water management. d) Development Permit requirements may apply to new development in this designation. e) Affordable lakeshore tenure opportunities, including appropriately zoned recreational vehicle parks, are encouraged subject to environmental considerations, parcel size, sewer servicing and public input. f) Traveller accommodation use is prohibited in residential zones but may be considered through a Temporary Use Permit in accordance with s. 4.6 of this OCP and Board Policy. g) Recreational vehicle use for dwelling purposes, either as a principal or accessory building, is prohibited but may be considered through a Temporary Use Permit (see s. 4.6).
10.4.5 Electoral Area Planning – Commercial and Industrial Policies
a) Support rezoning for new tourist commercial uses throughout the Plan area subject to evaluation on the basis of the following: i. adequate on-site sewage disposal and potable water; ii. safe and efficient access to and from the property; iii. natural hazard mitigation including wildfire; iv. riparian area Development Permit requirements; and v. affordable staff housing either on-site or proximal to the new development. b) Support new home-based business use, including bed and breakfast, throughout the Plan area conditional on Zoning Bylaw compliance. c) Local agricultural businesses including agri-tourism, farm-gate marketing, winery/cidery and cannabis are generally supported subject to Zoning Bylaw and ALR compliance. d) Discourage all forms of commercial strip development along Highway Nos. 5 and 24. e) Discourage new bylaw amendment applications for development in the fringe areas of both the District of Clearwater and Barriere. f) Encourage commercial and industrial development to locate on existing appropriately zoned lands, preferably within existing Community Nodes or incorporated areas. g) Any new major mining proposals are to be preceded by a comprehensive fulsome public consultation process in accordance with provincial and federal requirements. h) Any new industrial applications or proposals will be assessed against the following criteria: i. compatibility with nearby land use, designations, and neighbourhood character; ii. natural hazard mitigation, including flood, unstable soils, air quality and wildfire;
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iii. mitigation of visual impacts where development is proposed within the Hwy 5 corridor and other visually sensitive areas; iv. archaeological assessment; v. new industrial subdivisions or non-farm development adjacent to farm or Crown land shall include installation of four strand barbed wire cattle fencing in accordance with Kamloops Forest District specifications, with fence maintenance being the responsibility of the landowner; vi. proximity and access to existing road or rail network; and vii. natural environment impact mitigation, including Development Permit and Lakeshore Development Guideline compliance. Advocacy Policies i) Work with Trans-Mountain and provincial agencies to responsibly develop the construction camps required for the pipeline expansion project j) Investigate ways to establish legacy infrastructure that may be repurposed for use beyond the pipeline construction project.
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Salle Ranch – Chinook Cove Courtesy: Ed Salle Part 11 Development Permit Areas
11.1 Context The OCP specifies community goals for protection of the environment and potential hazard mitigation. A Development Permit (DP) is the primary planning tool for lands and developments that warrant special protection or development control. Detailed consideration must be given when certain types of development or buildings are proposed in the DP areas. Local Government Act s. 488 grants authority to establish a DPA for a variety of purposes such as but not limited to: protection of the natural environment, its ecosystems and biological diversity; protection of development from hazardous conditions; and establishment of objectives to promote water conservation. The guidelines established herein regulate development on lands designated as a “Development Permit Area” (DPA), as referenced for convenience on external map data. These maps are based upon Provincial Ministry information and/or formal designations by higher levels of government, the specifics being cited in the DPA.
11.1.1 General Provisions A property owner must obtain a DP before constructing, adding to or altering a building or other structure, altering or clearing land, natural features or vegetation or altering a building or structure on land within a DPA, unless specifically exempted. A DP is also required during the subdivision process and prior to approval of subdivision by the Approving Officer or Authority. Permit conditions generally address environmental and safety issues. The Board (or delegated authority) may also require that the development be consistent with any building or lakeshore development guidelines.
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The following DPA is established for the Plan area:
. DPA 1 - Riparian and Watercourse Protection Development Permit Area 11.2 Riparian & Watercourse Protection Development Permit Area No. 1
11.2.1 Purpose The Riparian and Watercourse Development Permit Area (DPA 1) is designated pursuant to the following purposes of Section 488.1 of the Local Government Act: a) Protection of the natural environment, its ecosystems, and biological diversity. DPA 1 also facilitates administration of BC’s Riparian Areas Protection Regulation, which applies to streamside and water body perimeter protection and enhancement areas in the TNRD.
11.2.2 Area DPA 1 requirements apply to all qualifying Plan area bodies of water as set out in provincial legislation and as maintained on the Province’s Riparian Area Protection Regulation Notification System (RARNS). The area includes all watercourses/streams generally shown on Provincial Terrain Resource Information Management (TRIM) mapping and adjacent lands as well as any other streams determined by a Qualified Environmental Professional (QEP) pursuant to Riparian Areas Protection Regulation BC Reg. 178/2019 (RAPR). TNRD Interactive Mapping System reflects which Plan areas are affected as this data is
gathered/updated and the RAPR is amended Figure 12. Riparian Assessment Area or superseded. DPA 1 areas adjacent to qualifying watercourses are as follows: a) 30 metre strip on both sides of a watercourse measured from the stream boundary; b) for a ravine less than 60 metres wide, a strip on both sides of the stream measured from the stream boundary to a point that is 30 metres beyond the top of the ravine bank; and c) for a ravine over 60 metres wide, a strip on both sides of the stream measured from the stream boundary to a point that is 10 metres beyond the top of the ravine bank (see Figure 12). A DP is required for any of the activities prescribed in the RAPR.
11.2.3 Justification
The primary goal of the DPA 1 designation is to regulate development activities in the riparian areas adjacent to watercourses in order to preserve natural features, functions and conditions that support fish life processes, for example: . reducing or eliminating erosion . maintaining tree canopy . protecting ground and surface water from contamination
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11.2.4 Guidelines
a) All development within DPA 1 must be consistent with the most current versions of the Provincial RAPR. b) Prior to any building, clearing, and excavation, development activities should be planned in advance so as to avoid intrusion into DPA 1 in order to minimize the impact of activities on these areas. c) A DP may be issued upon receipt of a written assessment report from an environmental professional qualified to submit under RAPR and receipt of notification from the Provincial Ministry having jurisdiction that the report meets Provincial reporting requirements. The report shall be used to determine the conditions of the development permit and may be appended to the permit document. d) Lands will be retained in their natural state where possible, preserving indigenous vegetation and trees. If suitable areas of land for the use intended exist on lands outside the DPA area, the proposed development should be directed to those areas in order to minimize development in the DPA. The onus will be placed with the property owner to demonstrate that encroaching into the DPA is necessary due to circumstances such as topography, hazardous conditions or lack of alternative developable land, and that every effort is made to minimize adverse impacts. Every effort must be made to avoid any development or vegetation disturbance in the DPA and should only be considered as the final option. e) DP approval may be conditional upon a landowner providing security to guarantee the performance of permit conditions. 11.2.5 Exemptions Exemptions from the requirements of DPA 1 are as prescribed in the Provincial RAPR legislation.
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Part 12 Plan Implementation
12.1 Context Plan implementation is an essential part of the overall OCP’s success. This OCP establishes high- level policies that guide land use in a way that is congruous with a common future vision established by its residents. OCP implementation must be consistent with other TNRD initiatives including applicable zoning and building bylaws, Regional Growth Strategy, Lakeshore Development Guidelines, water, liquid waste and solid waste management plans. All Board decisions, future bylaws and works undertaken, must be consistent with the OCP as required under the Local Government Act. The OCP also provides policy guidance as land use issues are discussed with adjacent regional districts, member municipalities and other levels of government including First Nations.
12.2 Implementation, Refinements & Amendments
OCP implementation is carried out in several ways, as decisions are made regarding development and redevelopment, public works, capital projects, delivery of core services and a variety of other corporate initiatives. The predominant control-oriented implementation instruments come at the ground level through zoning, subdivision and building bylaw requirements. Plan implementation may also require more action-oriented instruments where “priming decisions” emanating from local government provide the condition and stimulation for a desired development.45 Some measures may be implemented more readily than others which require years to complete.
45 Leung, pp. 213-247
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Over time, OCP refinements may be considered through the OCP bylaw amendment process to monitor reflect the needs of a changing community. Amendments may need to reflect, for example, the adjust and consideration of new provincial legislation, new progress RGS transportation planning initiatives or large scale evaluate OCP projects regulated by federal or provincial Vision agencies. Goals
The OCP is an evolving document that should be manage revisited as residents and neighbourhoods change. change engage The OCP should be reviewed and updated every and consult seven to ten years and a comprehensive review and update undertaken every ten to fifteen years. Figure 13. OCP Implementation Cycle 12.3 Follow-up Initiatives
The following are planning initiatives that will require consideration as part of the implementation strategy for this OCP.
12.3.1 Zoning Bylaw
The zoning bylaw implements municipal and regional district land use planning visions expressed in an OCP, and may support community sustainability and resilience goals. The zoning bylaw regulates how land, buildings and other structures may be used. The zoning bylaw will be updated to ensure consistency with the OCP. Table 8. Zoning Bylaw Updates OCP Policy Action Required
5.2.1 and 5.3 Establish greater minimum parcel sizes in Rural and Agriculture zones 7.4.3 Amend the bed and breakfast requirements to require site host 10.2.2 Rezone pre-existing lakeshore parcels to the Lakeshore Residential zone Amend rural and lakeshore residential zones to allow temporary recreational vehicle use. Amend RAR section to reflect RAPR changes
12.3.2 Other Studies or Planning Initiatives
The OCP document is a living document that should be reviewed and updated every five to eight years. During the life of this OCP, the following additions should be included to better address the OCP vision over time. Table 9. Potential OCP Amendments OCP Policy Action Required
10.3.2 e) Develop a Housing Needs Report for each Electoral Area by April 2022 Develop a Trails Plan for Electoral Area “B”
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Part 13 References
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9. Caldwell, Wayne (2012). Rural Community Economic Development. Toronto – Municipal World. 10. Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. (2005). Canadian Wildland Fire Strategy: A Vision for an Innovative and Integrated Approach to Managing the Risks. Edmonton, Natural Resources Canada. 11. Clearwater & District History Book Committee (1996). Upper North Thompson Reflections. Clearwater: Clearwater & District History Book Committee. 12. Cooperman, Jim (1989). The History of Adams Lake. Shuswap Chronicles Vol. 2 13. Cooperman, Jim (1995). The Shuswap Indians – A Brief History. Shuswap Chronicles. 14. Cybera News. February 27, 2017. https://www.cybera.ca/news-and-events/tech-radar/crtc- declares-broadband-a-basic-service/ 15. Dollery, B., B. Grant and A. Akimov. (2010). A Typology of Shared Service Provision in Australian Local Government. Australian Geographer, 41(2). 16. Dunford, Muriel Poulton (2008). North River: The Story of BC’s North Thompson Valley & Yellowhead Highway 5. Clearwater: Community Resource Centre for the North Thompson. 17. Dunford, Muriel Poulton (2002). The Simpcw of the North Thompson. BC Historical News, 35(4). 18. Duxbury, Nancy and Campbell, Heather. (2011). Developing and Revitalizing Rural Communities through Arts and Culture. Small Cities Imprint, Volume 3. 19. Florida, Richard. (2018). The Rise of the Rural Creative Class. Washington, DC: Citylab. Retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/life/2018/05/the-rise-of-the-rural-creative- class/559319/ 20. Government of Alberta. (2011). Impacts of community events and festivals on rural places. Edmonton - Agriculture and Rural Development. 21. Government of Western Australia. Role of social infrastructure in local and regional economic development. RDSA Regional Infrastructure Summit Presentation from SGS Economics and Planning. 2012 22. Goward, Trevor and Hickson, Cathie (1995). Nature Wells Gray. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing. 23. Harding, Reece and Quattrocchi, Michael (2018). All You Need To Know About Parks. Young Anderson Barristers and Solicitors Seminar Manual. 24. Ignace, Ronald and Marianne (2017). Secwepemc People, Land and Laws. Montreal: McGill – Queen’s University Press. 25. IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Avery, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY. 26. Kirchmeier-Young, M.C., Gillett, N.P., Zwiers, F.W., Cannon, A.J. and Anslow, F.S. (2018). Attribution of the Influence of Human-Induced Climate Change on an Extreme Fire Season. Earth’s Future 1(11). p. 7. 27. Kulig, Judith, Edge, Dana and Joyce, Brenda. (2008). Understanding Community Resiliency in Rural Communities through Multimethod Research. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 3(3). 28. Leung, Hok-Lin. (1999). Land Use Planning Made Plain. Canada – Ronald P. Frye and Co.
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29. Manzo, Lynne and Perkins, Douglas D. (2006). Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 20(4). 30. Markey, S., Halseth, G., and Manson, D. (2013). Investing in Place: Economic Renewal in Northern British Columbia. Vancouver – UBC Press. 31. Ministry of Agriculture – Province of BC. Growing Knowledge – Agricultural Land Use Inventory – North Thompson – Clearwater, Barriere, Electoral Areas A, B, O & P – Summer 2012. 32. Matthew, Nathan and Marie (2002). A Brief History of the North Thompson People. 33. McDonald, C., Brown, A., Frost, L., Van Dijk, P., & Rainnie, A. (2013). Partnerships and integrated responses to rural decline: The role of collective efficacy and political capital in Northern Tasmania, Australia. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 346-356. 34. Neave, Roland. (2015). Exploring Wells Gray Park. Altona, Manitoba – Friesens Corporation. 35. Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions (2008). Climate Change and Health in British Columbia. Victoria, BC - University of Victoria. 36. Province of BC. (2019). Welcoming Visitors-Benefiting Locals-Working Together – A Strategic Framework for Tourism in British Columbia – 2019-2021. Victoria: Queens Printer Publishing. 37. Rasker, R., Gude, P., Gude, J. and van den Noort, J. (2009) The Economic Importance of Air Travel in High-Amenity Rural Areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 25 (2009). 38. Rasker, R. (2006). An exploration into the economic impact of industrial development versus conservation on western public lands. Society and Natural Resources. 19, 191-207. 39. Ryser, L., Patterson, D., Bodhi, M., Halseth, G., Good, J., Markey, S., Esfahani, N. (2016). Learning from Smart Services and Infrastructure Projects in Rural BC: Final Report. Prince George, BC: Canada Research Chair in Rural and Small Town Studies. 40. Ryser, Laura and Halseth, Greg. (2014). On the Edge in Rural Canada: The Changing Capacity and Role of the Voluntary Sector. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 5(1), p.42. 41. Smyth, David (1984). The Yellowhead Pass and the Fur Trade. BC Studies, 64: 48-73. 42. Statistics Canada . 2001 Community Profiles http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Index.cfm?Lang=E . 2006 Community Profiles http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92- 591/index.cfm?Lang=E . 2011 Census Profiles https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E . 2011 National Household Survey Profiles http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-nm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E 43. Sullivan, L., Ryser, L., and Halseth, G. (2014). Recognizing Change, Recognizing Rural: The New Rural Economy and Towards a New Model of Rural Service. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 9(4), pp. 219-245. 44. Teit, James (1909). The Shuswap. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 45. Teit, James (1909). Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. IV (Reprint from Vol. II, Part VII of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition). New York, New York: G.R. Stechert & Co.
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46. Thorburn, Mark. (2009). British Columbia Place Names. Alberta: Dragon Hill Publishing. 47. Vodder, Kelly, Gibson, Ryan and Baldachhino, Godfrey. (2015). Place Peripheral – Place-Based Development in Rural Island and Remote Regions. St. John’s, Newfoundland: ISERBooks – Memorial University of Newfoundland. 48. WorkBC . 2017. Industry Profiles. https://www.workbc.ca/Labour-Market-Industry/Industry- Profiles.aspx . 2018. British Columbia 2025 Labour Market Outlook. https://www.workbc.ca/getmedia/1dce90f9-f2f9-4eca-b9e5 c19de9598f32/BC_Labour_Market_Outlook_2018_English.pdf.aspx
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