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Military Intervention and International Law: a Critical Analysis of the Role of the International Community in Political Uprisings in Libya and Syria

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Military Intervention and International Law: a Critical Analysis of the Role of the International Community in Political Uprisings in Libya and Syria Military intervention and international law: A critical analysis of the role of the international community in political uprisings in Libya and Syria Blessing Simura This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the School of Social Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal - Howard College Supervisor / s Dr. Lubna Nadvi and Prof. Goolam Vahed Durban, South Africa November 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ i DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... v LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background and outline of research problem .............................................................................. 5 1.3 Preliminary literature study and reasons for choosing topic ........................................................ 9 1.4 Research problems and objectives: Key questions to be asked ................................................. 15 1.5 Research problems and objectives: Broader issues to be investigated:..................................... 15 1.5.1 Hypothesis ............................................................................................................................ 15 1.6 Principal theories upon which the research project will be constructed (research design) ...... 17 1.7 Research methodology and methods ......................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 26 INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CONTENDING THEORIES ON MILITARY INTERVENTION ........................... 26 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 26 2.2 The Grotian Doctrine and the Just War Theory .......................................................................... 27 2.3 The Concept of Sovereignty ........................................................................................................ 30 2.4 Realist Theory and Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes ....................................... 32 2.5 Human Rights Theory of International Relations ........................................................................ 34 2.6 Implications of theories on Military Intervention ....................................................................... 38 2.7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................ 44 INTERVENTION AND PRECEDENCE, 1990-2010 (IRAQ, SOMALIA AND KOSOVO) ................................ 44 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 44 3.2 Historical background to military interventions for humanitarian purposes ............................. 44 3.3 Iraq (1991 and 2003) ................................................................................................................... 46 3.4 Somalia (1992) ............................................................................................................................ 51 3.5 Kosovo (1999) ............................................................................................................................. 52 3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 58 i LIBYA AND SYRIA: ORIGINS AND NATURE OF THE CRISES .................................................................... 58 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 58 4.2 The Arab spring ........................................................................................................................... 59 4.3 Libya – historical overview .......................................................................................................... 61 4.4 Syria ............................................................................................................................................. 67 4.5 General Disproportions in the Arab Spring ................................................................................. 74 4.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................ 80 INTERNATIONAL LAW, TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, AND INTERVENTION IN LIBYA AND SYRIA .............................................................................................................................................................. 80 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 80 5.2 Responsibility to Protect: Changing the Rules of Military Intervention for Humanitarian Purposes? .......................................................................................................................................... 80 5.3 International Law and Intervention in Libya ............................................................................... 86 5.4 The Syrian case and international law ........................................................................................ 91 5.5 Aiding Opposing Belligerents under International Law .............................................................. 92 5.6 External Support for the Assad Government: Legality and Morality? ........................................ 94 5.7 The Use of Chemical Weapons and International Response ...................................................... 94 5.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................................ 99 RESPONSES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO LIBYA AND SYRIA: A COMPARISON ............... 99 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 99 6.2 Similarities and Differences in the Libyan and Syrian Crises .................................................... 100 6.3 African Union (AU), Arab League and United Nations (UN) on Libya ....................................... 103 6.3.1 Africa and the African Union (AU)...................................................................................... 103 6.3.2 Arab States and the Arab League ....................................................................................... 106 6.3.3 The International Community and the UN ........................................................................ 107 6.4 Syria, the Arab League and the International Community ....................................................... 109 6.4.1 The International Community ............................................................................................ 111 6.5 Regime Change and Other Factors ........................................................................................... 116 6.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 117 CHAPTER 7 .......................................................................................................................................... 120 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 120 7.1 General Findings: Libya and Syria ............................................................................................. 120 7.2 Human rights considerations vs strategic and geo-political interests: A
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