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Public Attitudes , Security , Justice , Lybia , DFID PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SECURITY AND JUSTICE SECTORS IN LIBYA FINAL REPORT (WITH RECOMMENDATIONS) FOR THE DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AUGUST 2013 CONTENTS 1 Executive Summary .....................................................................................................................5 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................7 3 Research Scope and Methodology ..........................................................................................8 3.1 Research Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Research Approach ............................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 9 4 Current Security and Justice Landscape ............................................................................ 14 4.1 The Justice Sector .............................................................................................................................. 14 4.2 The Security Sector ........................................................................................................................... 18 5 Perceptions of Security ........................................................................................................... 25 5.1 Local and National Security ........................................................................................................... 25 5.2 Worrying Scenarios and Incidents.............................................................................................. 29 5.3 Main Causes of Insecurity .............................................................................................................. 31 5.4 Security Providers ............................................................................................................................ 33 6 Perceptions of Crime ................................................................................................................ 37 6.1 Evolution of Criminality.................................................................................................................. 37 6.2 Occurrence of Crime and Levels of Concern towards Crimes ........................................... 39 6.3 Responses to Criminality ............................................................................................................... 42 7 Attitudes Towards Police ....................................................................................................... 47 7.1 Presence and Visibility in Libya ................................................................................................... 47 7.2 Interactions ......................................................................................................................................... 49 7.3 Improving Perceptions of the National Police ........................................................................ 50 7.4 Efficiency, Corruption, Contributions to Security, and Approachability ...................... 52 8 Attitudes Towards Semi- and Un-official Security Actors ............................................ 56 8.1 Presence and Visibility in Libya ................................................................................................... 56 8.2 Integrating or Disbanding Brigades ........................................................................................... 60 8.3 Interactions with the Supreme Security Committee ............................................................ 61 8.4 Supreme Security Committee: Efficiency, Security, and Approachability .................... 63 8.5 The Role of the Community in Preventing Crime .................................................................. 68 Public Attitudes towards the Security and Justice Sectors in Libya Altai Consulting Page 2 of 93 9 Attitudes Towards the Justice System ................................................................................ 70 9.1 Perceptions of the Justice System ............................................................................................... 70 9.2 Perceptions of Judges ...................................................................................................................... 72 9.3 Perceptions of Sharia Law ............................................................................................................. 75 9.4 Perceptions of Justice Providers ................................................................................................. 76 10 Current Issues and Perspectives .......................................................................................... 81 10.1 General Security and Justice Issues ............................................................................................ 81 10.2 Top Priorities for the Ministry of Interior ............................................................................... 82 10.3 Top Priorities for the Ministry of Justice .................................................................................. 84 11 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 87 11.1 Key Findings ........................................................................................................................................ 87 11.2 Risks and Areas of Opportunity ................................................................................................... 89 11.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 90 12 Annex 1: Key Justice and Security Indicators ................................................................... 92 Public Attitudes towards the Security and Justice Sectors in Libya Altai Consulting Page 3 of 93 ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY DFID Department for International Development FCO Foreign & Commonwealth Office GNC General National Council IDI In-depth Interview KII Key Informant Interviews LSF Libyan Shield Forces LYD Libyan Dinars MoI Ministry of Interior MoJ Ministry of Justice PI Paired Interview SSC Supreme Security Committee Amiyah Local Arabic dialect Fatwah Islamic legal pronouncement Munteqa Local area, e.g., urban district, or valley Shabiyah Pre-revolutionary administrative region Shari’a Islamic law Thuwwar Revolutionaries ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was written by Naji Abou Khalil, with the support of Adrian Carriere and Laurence Hargreaves, all from Altai Consulting. Quantitative and qualitative research was managed by Usama Al Senosy and conducted by Imad Al Dine Al Kout, Mohannad Bejawi, Abd Al Rahman Al Basir and Ebtihaj Embaya, all from Istishari Research and Consulting, Altai’s Libyan research partner. Altai Consulting is grateful to the Libyan Ministry of Interior for its support and feedback throughout the research, to the many stakeholders in the security and justice sector who informed these findings, and to the thousands of Libyans who kindly and candidly shared their opinions. Unless specified otherwise, all images in this report were taken by Altai Consulting. This publication was produced by Altai Consulting for review by the Department for International Development. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department for International Development. Public Attitudes towards the Security and Justice Sectors in Libya Altai Consulting Page 4 of 93 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In March 2013, Altai Consulting was commissioned by the Department for International Development (DFID) to conduct a national survey on attitudes towards the Libyan security and justice sectors, with a particular focus on understanding awareness of and attitudes towards the National Police. It is hoped that the findings in this report will be used by DFID and its Libyan Government counterparts to better target policies, operations and improvement programs. The majority of Libyans had a positive view of security, with 67% reporting that local security was ‘very good’ or ‘good’, while 37 % said that the current security situation was ‘a lot better’ or ‘somewhat better’ than before the revolution, and 45% said current security was better than during the NTC period. Similarly, the majority of Libyans believed that the crime situation in their areas has become ‘a lot better’ or ‘somewhat better’ over the past six months. These positive perceptions, however, must be qualified by the high reported rates of crime as well as widespread worries amongst Libyans with regards to criminal activities: almost 1 out of 20 Libyans reported that they or a close member of their family were victims of kidnapping, 1 out of 7 were robbed at illegal checkpoints, 1 out 14 were victims of house robberies, and 1 out of 33 victims of murder. Libyans believe that criminal activities and insecurity in general are mainly caused by armed individuals (53%), lack of police (37%), ineffective police (27%), and illegal or irresponsible brigades (24%). As a general trend, levels of crime and insecurity are high in the East (especially in Benghazi) and even more so in most districts in the South, and young Libyans, especially young
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