REPORT
M-369 | 2015
EIFAAC International Symposium Recreational fishing in an era of change Lillehammer, Norway 14 – 17 June 2015
COLOPHON
Executive institution
Norwegian Environment Agency
Project manager for the contractor Contact person in the Norwegian Environment Agency
Øystein Aas Arne Eggereide
M-no Year Pages Contract number
369 2015 70
Publisher The project is funded by Norwegian Environment Agency, NINA, NASCO, Norwegian Environment Agency EIFAAC Registration Fees
Author(s)
Øystein Aas (editor)
Title – Norwegian and English
EIFAAC International Symposium - Recreational fishing in an era of change. Symposium Program and Abstracts.
Summary – sammendrag
Norway host an international symposium on recreational fisheries initiated and organised through the European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission (EIFAAC), in Lillehammer, 14 – 17 June 2015. Nearly 200 participants from around 20 countries have registered for the meeting. This report presents the full program of the Symposium, including abstracts for the more than 100 presentations given at the meeting.
4 emneord 4 subject words
Konferanse, fritidsfiske, EIFAAC, program Conference, programme, EIFAAC, angling
Front page photo
Øystein Aas
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Content
1. Preface ...... 4 2. Symposium organisation ...... 5 3. Supporters and sponsors ...... 6 4. Main Programme ...... 7 5. EIFAAC Symposium Abstracts ...... 10 5.1 Keynote presentations ...... 10 5.2 Technical Parallel Sessions ...... 14 A1: Integrative Management of Esox Lucius Considering Ecological, Evolutionary and Socio-economic Perspectives. Chairs: Skov & Arlinghaus ...... 14 B1a: Crayfish Recreational Fisheries Management: Challenges and Opportunities. Chairs: Johnson & Skurdal ...... 18 B1b & B2: Use of Data Collected from Anglers for Management of Recreational Fisheries. Chairs: Pope, Wilde, Aarts & Sawynok ...... 19 C1: Participation and Monitoring of Recreational Fisheries, Recruitment and Outreach. Chairs: Fjeldseth & Evensen ...... 26 D1: Social Dynamics in C&R Fisheries. Chairs: Stensland & Kagervall ...... 31 A2a: Challenges and Opportunities in Using Reference Points for the Management of Recreational Fisheries for Atlantic Salmon. Chairs: Vehanen & Hutchinson ...... 36 B2: See above on B1b ...... 39 C2: Trans-disciplinary Approaches to Sustainable Fish Stocking and the Besatzfisch Project. Chair: Arlinghaus ...... 40 D2: C&R Fisheries – New Insights from Fish Biology Research. Chairs: Uglem & Kraabøl ...... 44 A3: The Right Angle – Balancing Biological, Social and Economic Goals in the Management of Recreational Fisheries. (NB. Starts with Intro 1230 after Session A2) Chairs: Hyder & Strehlow ...... 49 B3: Trait-based Vulnerability of Fish to Angling Gear. Chairs: Köck & Arlinghaus ...... 54 C3: Sustainable Fishing Tourism in Freshwater Environments Chair: Liberg ...... 58 D3: Stocking for Conservation – the Cases of Salmon, Eel and Sturgeon. The IMPRESS Project. Chairs: Weltzien & Mayer ...... 61 6. Graduate student’s grant for best presentations sponsored by NASCO ...... 65 7. List of Participants ...... 66
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1. Preface
EIFAAC, the European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission, has for decades promoted and encouraged informed, sustainable and science-based use, management and conservation of freshwater fish resources. An important milestone event took place in 1996 with the EIFAC Symposium on Social, Economic and Management aspects of recreational fisheries in Dublin chaired by Phil Hickley and Helena Tompkins. This symposium established a platform for the development of European recreational fisheries including the promotion of applied and multidisciplinary “recreational fisheries sciences”. These themes were later addressed in EIFAC recreational fisheries symposia, annual meetings, by several working groups and specific activities with the aim to professionalize and improve recreational fisheries management and development in Europe. Outputs include for instance the Code of practice for recreational fishing (2008) and the Guidelines for assessing social and economic benefits of recreational fisheries (2010).
Europe is seeing a rapid transformation in social issues, e.g. there has been a shift in values caused by globalization and urbanization, as well as by more recent and very different challenges such as climate change and the economic crisis in several countries. All this influences freshwater fisheries and recreational fishing in many ways. It might affect behavior and preferred outcomes of recreational fisheries, recruitment of anglers and the general standing of recreational fisheries and freshwater resources in society as well as how we manage and utilize freshwater resources in a wider sense. While we have seen improvements in the ecological status of some aquatic environments, e.g. reduction in nutrient loading in lakes and reduction in acid deposition, there are new pressures e.g. the demand for carbon neutral electricity through hydropower. At the same time, rural areas are constantly seeking to capitalize on their natural resources through tourism, including fishing tourism as a means to create jobs and income.
In order to address many of these and other issues the 2015 EIFAAC Symposium “Managing recreational freshwater fisheries in an era of change” bring together stakeholders, managers, scientists and users to focus on the multidisciplinary challenges of sustainable recreational fisheries management. The Symposium endeavors to provide a forum for exchange of novel research, practical experiences and management approaches that foster and support sustainable recreational fisheries. Nearly 200 participants and contributors have signed up for the meeting, which will have more than 100 presentations from scientists, managers, NGOs and business representatives from approximately 20 countries. We look forward to the symposium and will use the opportunity to thank all participants and contributors for their eager and friendly responses so far!
On behalf of the organizing committee,
Øystein Aas, Symposium Project Leader
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2. Symposium organisation
Organising committee
Petri Heinimaa, Finland
Miran Aprahamian, United Kingdom
Cathal Gallagher, Ireland
Arne Eggereide, Norway
Robert Arlinghaus, Germany
Tomislav Treer, Croatia
Håkan Carlstrand, Sweden
Carl Burger, USA
Brian Graeb, USA
Ian Winfield, UK
Øyvind Fjeldseth, Norwegian Hunters and Anglers Association
Torfinn Evensen, Norwegian Salmon Rivers
Ola Hegge, County Administration Oppland, Norway
Berit Torsbakken, County Administration Oppland, Norway
Øystein Aas, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Norway (Symposium project leader) [email protected] ; phone + 47 934 66 710
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3. Supporters and sponsors
American Fisheries Society – AFS www.fisheries.org
European Angling Alliance - EAA www.eaa-europe.org
European Fishing Tackle and Trade Association - EFTTA www.eftta.com
Fisheries Society of the British Isles - FSBI www.fsbi.org.uk
Institute of Fisheries Management - IFM www.ifm.org.uk
North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation - NASCO www.nasco.int
Norwegian Hunters’ and Anglers’ Alliance www.njff.no
Norwegian Salmon Rivers www.lakseelver.no
Lillehammer Museum, Maihaugen (http://www.maihaugen.no/en/Maihaugen/)
Oppland County Council (http://oppland.org/Oppland-English/)
County Governor Administration Oppland http://www.fylkesmannen.no/en/Oppland/
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research http://www.nina.no/ninaenglish/Start.aspx
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4. Main Programme
Sunday 14th June 2015
From 1400: Registration
1900 - 2100: “Get together” barbeque in the Lillehammer Radisson Hotel Garden
Monday 15th June 2015
From 0700: Breakfast
0800 - 1000: Registration
1000 – 1230: Plenary Opening of Symposium. Recreational fisheries in an era of change – an international perspective. Chair: Head of Department, Mr Raoul Bierach, Norwegian Environment Agency
1000 – 1015: Opening. Welcome to Lillehammer and Oppland. County Governor of Oppland, Ms Christl Kvam
1015 – 1030: Aim and goal of Symposium. Symposium project leader Professor, Dr. Øystein Aas, NINA, Norway
1030 – 1105: Demographic, economic and social change in sustainable recreational fisheries – an international perspective. Professor, Dr. Robert Arlinghaus, IGB, Germany
1105 – 1120: Break
1120 – 1155: More people fishing more often – England’s national angling strategy. CEO Mark Lloyd, Angling Trust, UK
1155 – 1230: Migratory freshwater and diadromous fish resources: Challenges and opportunities for recreational fisheries management. Professor, Dr. Eva Thorstad, NINA, Norway
1230 – 1330: Lunch
1330 – 1800: Technical parallel sessions. (See separate program below for details)
A1: Integrative management of Esox lucius considering ecological, evolutionary and socio- economic perspectives. (7 presentations). Chairs: Christian Skov and Robert Arlinghaus.
B1a: Crayfish recreational fisheries management: Challenges and opportunities (4 presentations). Chairs: Stein Johnsen and Jostein Skurdal.
B1b: Use of Data Collected from Anglers for Management of Recreational Fisheries (Intro and 4 presentations). Chairs: Kevin Pope, Gene Wilde, Toine Aarts and Bill Sawynok. OBS Starts 16:30
C1: Participation and monitoring of recreational fisheries, recruitment and outreach (9 presentations). Chairs: Øyvind Fjeldseth and Torfinn Evensen.
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D1: Social dynamics in Catch & release recreational fisheries (10 presentations). Chairs: Stian Stensland and Anders Kagervall.
1830: Opening reception at Maihaugen Outdoor Museum
2030: Buffet Dinner at Symposium Hotel
Tuesday 16th June
From 0700: Breakfast
0900 – 1300: Technical parallel sessions. (See separate program below for details)
A2a: Challenges and opportunities in using reference points for the management of recreational fisheries for Atlantic salmon (7 presentations). Chairs: Teppo Vehanen and Peter Hutchinson.
A3: The right angle - balancing biological, social and economic goals in the management of recreational fisheries (Intro and 1 presentation). Chairs: Kieran Hyder and Harry Strehlow - OBS Session starts 12:30.
B2: Continued from B1b: Use of Data Collected from Anglers for Management of Recreational Fisheries (10 presentations). Chairs: Kevin Pope, Gene Wilde, Toine Aarts and Bill Sawynok – OBS Session starts 0830.
C2: Trans-disciplinary approaches to sustainable fish stocking and the Besatzfisch project (7 presentations). Chair: Robert Arlinghaus.
D2: C&R fisheries – new insights from fish biology research (8 presentations). Chairs: Ingebrigt Uglem and Morten Kraabøl.
1300 – 1400: Lunch
1400 – 1820: Technical parallel sessions. (See separate below program for details)
A3: The right angle - balancing biological, social and economic goals in the management of recreational fisheries- continued (9 presentations). Chairs: Kieran Hyder and Harry Strehlow.
B3: Trait-based vulnerability of fish to angling gear (8 presentations). Chairs: Barbara Köck and Robert Arlinghaus.
C3: Sustainable fishing tourism in freshwater environments (8 presentations). Chair: Egil Liberg.
D3: Stocking for conservation – the cases of salmon, eel and sturgeon. The IMPRESS project (6 presentations). Chairs: Finn A. Weltzien and Ian Mayer.
1830 - 1930 (voluntary): Film from “Besatzfisch”-project. Short introduction by Robert Arlinghaus.
2000: Three-Course Dinner at Symposium Hotel
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Wednesday 17th June 1100 – 1300
From 0700: Breakfast
0830 - 1100: Plenary theme: Habitat restoration, biodiversity conservation and recreational fisheries. Chair: Mr Thomas Moth Poulsen, EIFAAC/FAO
0835 – 0900: Citizen science and recreational fisheries: Monitoring and managing the Eel. Joe Pecorelli, Zoological Society of London, UK
0900-0925: Watershed restoration – lessons from four decades and three continents. Dr Martin O’Grady, Fisheries Ireland
0925 - 0950: Management of the Danish salmon stocks - What to do when your starting point is a whole lot of nothing? Vice-director, Dr. Anders Koed, DTU Aqua, Denmark
0950 - 1010: Break
1010 – 1035: Restoring River Ecosystems and the Foundations of Recreational Fisheries. Dr Luther Aadland, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, USA
1035 - 1050: Reflections on restoration and conservation in European watersheds. Environmentalist, angler and actor Jasper Pääkkönen, Finland (to be confirmed)
1050 – 1110: Break
1110 – 1300: Plenary closing theme: Integrative challenges of recreational fisheries management. Chair: Mr Thomas Moth Poulsen, EIFAAC/FAO
1100 – 1125: The changing face of recreational fisheries in the Great Lakes and its ecological and socio-economic consequences. Professor William Taylor, Michigan State University, USA.
1125 - 1150: Cross-disciplinary approaches to optimal, sustainable recreational fisheries management. Dr Fiona Johnston, IGB, Germany.
1150 – 1250: The future of recreational fisheries in a globalized world. A roundtable summary of the Symposium. Convened by Chairman of EIFAAC Dr Cathal Gallagher, with contributions from cooperating organisations and supporters, keynote speakers, session chairs and other Symposium attendees.
1250 – 1300: Closing of Symposium. Arne Eggereide, Norwegian Environment Agency.
1300 – 1400: Lunch
Excursions open for Symposium attendees according to pre-registration in the afternoon from 1645. A) Hydro Power Station and migratory inland brown trout - “Hunderfossen”. B) Small- scale commercial fishery for whitefish – “Reinsvatnet”. Sandwich and softdrink served on departure.
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5. EIFAAC Symposium Abstracts
5.1 Keynote presentations Monday
Demographic, economic and social change in sustainable recreational fisheries – an international perspective
Keynote Speaker: Professor, Dr Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), [email protected]
Recreational fisheries do not operate in isolation. Instead, they are tightly coupled to macro- level changes in demography and the economy as well as changes in the contemporary Zeitgeist. With increasing urbanization, societal-level values related to the environment and animals shift, deemphasizing the extractive use of natural resources and increasing importance placed on conservation of wildlife and of the well-being of individual fish. Some of these changes challenge recreational fisheries in terms of affecting participation and accepted management actions and fishing behaviour. Using examples mainly from Europe, I will discuss how social value and demographic shifts affect recreational fisheries. It is concluded that recreational fisheries development is strongly related to macro-level changes and that fisheries managers and policy makers are well advised to develop a systems view on recreational fisheries as social-ecological system.
More people fishing more often – England’s national angling strategy
Keynote Speaker: CEO Mark Lloyd (Angling Trust UK), [email protected]
The Angling Trust is the new, united organisation for all anglers in England. It has used the outputs of research into the economic, social and environmental benefits of angling to make the political case for promoting angling participation. Working with the Environment Agency, it carried out a survey of nearly 30,000 anglers to identify the barriers to them going fishing. It has then developed a strategy (www.anglingtrust.net/nationalanglingstrategy) to overcome these barriers and has begun implementation. The strategy has four complementary objectives: 1. We want people to take up and continue fishing so it becomes a habit for life – getting the fishing habit. 2. We want angling to be recognised for its role in improving the nation’s health and well being, increasing educational attainment and reducing crime and anti social behaviour – transforming and changing lives. 3. We want to improve people’s lives by using angling as a catalyst for bringing people and society together – creating community waters. 4. We want people to recognise that fish and fishing are at the heart of a better environment – hands up for the environment. The presentation will describe some of the work that has been carried out to deliver these objectives, describe the lessons learned and the work that still needs to be done.
Keywords: Participation, angling, development, outreach, recruitment.
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Diadromous fish: threatened and coveted
Keynote Speaker: Adjunct Professor, Dr Eva B. Thorstad (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected]
Many migrating fishes are popular among recreational anglers, and valuable for commercial fisheries - and sometimes threatened because they are attractive targets in the fisheries. Some of these species have spectacular, long-distant and largely unknown migrations. Individuals of migrating fishes perform regular migrations to take advantage of using the best- suited habitat, for instance during different stages of the life cycle, or in different seasons, to increase their individual fitness. Migrations may solely be within freshwater or the sea, or between freshwater and the sea. Fishes performing migrations between freshwater and the sea are referred to as diadromous fishes. Migrating species may be influenced by various impacts in different habitats, and there are specific management challenges related to migrating fishes compared to stationary populations. Many well-known migrating species suffer population declines, but there are differences among species and geographic areas. In this presentation, results and experiences from studies of Atlantic salmon, European eel and sturgeons will be emphasised. What we can learn across species and regions related to challenges and opportunities for recreational fisheries management will be discussed.
Keywords: Migratory species, management challenges, recreational fisheries
Wednesday:
Citizen science and recreational fisheries: Monitoring and managing the Eel (and smelt and river water quality)
Keynote Speaker: Joe Pecorelli (Citizen Science Projects Manager, Zoological Society of London), [email protected]
Environmental citizen science encompasses a broad range of projects in which volunteers partner with scientists to answer real-world questions at geographic scales too large for a scientist to study alone. Anglers represent a fantastic resource that can be engaged in citizen science projects in the aquatic realm. ZSL has been working with anglers and other volunteers as part of their citizen science programme since 2011. Three case studies will be presented. 1) Eels, Anguilla anguilla: ZSL field staff have been monitoring the upstream elver migration in four of London’s rivers since 2005. In 2011, in order to expand the programme, we started to engage the help of citizen scientists. Now with over 500 volunteers trained and 14 partnership organisations involved the project has become the largest and most wide- ranging study on eel migration through a single catchment in the UK. The information from the study not only allows us to refine eel pass prioritisation by highlighting barriers to upstream eel migration, but it also provides a unique insight into eel recruitment into the Thames area, that has value at a national scale. 2) Smelt, Osmerus eperlanus: This study highlights innovative ways of engaging citizen scientists in research on the reproductive biology of an estuarine fish that is a Feature of Conservation Importance in the Thames estuary. 3) Water quality: ZSL locally coordinates the national Anglers Riverfly Monitoring Initiative. A scheme that trains and supports anglers in the use of a biotic assessment for measuring the health of their local waterways.
Key words: citizen science, eel, smelt and river monitoring
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Watershed restoration – lessons from four decades and three continents
Keynote Speaker: Dr Martin O’Grady (Fisheries Ireland), [email protected]
Management of the Danish salmon stocks - What to do when your starting point is a whole lot of nothing?
Keynote Speaker: Dr Anders Koed (Technical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources), [email protected]
In the beginning of the 1980’ies the eight indigenous Danish salmon populations were either gone extinct or were close to extinction, primarily due to habitat degradation. However, conservation efforts, in the form of river restoration, fisheries regulations and implementation of a supportive breeding program based on native brood-stock led to a resurge of the populations, allowing annual catches by anglers of up to around 2500 salmon today. Population increases have stagnated in recent years, but the production potential of the salmon populations is expected to be much higher than current levels. It is unknown whether the stagnation observed across populations is a response to limiting local factors (e.g. spawning habitat or predation) or it is a correlated response across population (e.g. to climate change). In order to further increase the production of the salmon rivers and their unique salmon populations, there is a need both locally and globally to gain understanding about key factors limiting current populations. Management activities combining conservation of Danish salmon populations with the development of a profitable, sustainable recreational fishery have been facilitated by a high degree of stakeholder awareness-building and engagement. If the productivity of Danish salmon populations is optimised the recreational fishery and the related economical gain have the potential to increase correspondingly. An increase in salmon population size will not only be highly beneficial to the local economy, but also to the genetically unique salmon populations and hence the protective status of the species in Europe.
Key words: Salmon, Self-sustainable, Profitable recreational fishery
Restoring River Ecosystems and the Foundations of Recreational Fisheries
Keynote Speaker: Dr Luther Aadland (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, USA), [email protected]
Abstract: Recreational fisheries in the United States have been adversely affected by anthropogenic changes to ecosystems that include land-use changes, dam construction, stream channelization, and pollution. These changes have resulted in alteration of ecosystem functions causing substantial losses of freshwater biodiversity that include important game species as well as non-game keystone species. For example, native species richness upstream of complete barriers on 28 Minnesota rivers was reduced by an average of 44% while tolerant invasive species persist or dominate. Fisheries agencies have traditionally focused on the culture and stocking game-fish and other management-dependent activities to compensate for these losses. In contrast, the restoration of ecosystem processes is a self-sustaining approach that is not dependent on management or maintenance. While harvest limitations will always be a critical role of fish management, restoration and reconnection of critical
12 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 habitats and the processes that create habitat can reduce or eliminate the need for artificial propagation. Restoration of channelized streams has reestablished fisheries and increased species richness for fish and invertebrates by restoring habitat forming processes, reconnecting riparian zones and floodplains and nutrient uptake and processes. Dam removal and nature-like fish passage in Minnesota have resulted in the return of extirpated fish and mussel species, dramatically improved recreational fisheries, and improvements in recreational opportunities and safety for canoeing and kayaking.
Keywords: Ecosystems, recreational fisheries, restoration, streams, fish passage, dam removal
The changing face of recreational fisheries in the Great Lakes and its ecological and socio-economic consequences.
Keynote Speaker: Professor William Taylor (Michigan State University, USA), [email protected]
Cross‐disciplinary approaches to optimal, sustainable recreational fisheries management
Keynote Speaker: Dr Fiona D. Johnston (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), [email protected]
Recreational fisheries are complex social-ecological systems and their management involves the management of people as well as fish populations. Recreational fisheries managers need to balance the benefits of exploiting fisheries, angler satisfaction, with the conservation of fish populations; objectives which often conflict. Yet, while it has long been recognized that anglers are dynamic players in fisheries, the integration of angler dynamics into fisheries projection models used to guide policy decisions has been slow to develop. Despite the extensive study of angler preferences by human dimensions researchers, interdisciplinary barriers have limited the cross-disciplinary approaches to fisheries management. Bioeconomic models, such as ones developed recently, incorporate biological, social and management components into a single modelling framework. These models have the potential to be very useful tools for managers and policy makers. They make a paradigm shift away from biological yield-based management objectives (e.g., MSY) towards optimum social yield (OSY), an objective that includes biological and socioeconomic benefits associated with fisheries. By making management objectives explicit and using mechanistic models to describe angler preferences and dynamics, policy decisions are more transparent and defensible. Moreover, these models could be used in an adaptive management context, allowing input from stakeholders to guide decisions. However, potential pitfalls associated with interdisciplinary research, and the complexity and tractability of the models for managers need to be recognized. Ultimately, cross-disciplinary approaches have the potential to challenge some ingrained assumptions about recreational fisheries, and can help us to develop sustainable management policies for recreational fisheries.
Keywords – interdisciplinary research; bioeconomic model; angler dynamics; optimum social yield; fisheries management
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5.2 Technical Parallel Sessions Monday Afternoon Timetable
Time A1 Esox lucius B1a Crayfish C1 Participation & D1 C&R Social Management Outreach dynamics 13:30 Intro Intro Intro Intro 13:40 A1-1 B1a-1 C1-1 D1-1 14:00 A1-2 B1a-2 C1-2 D1-2 14:20 A1-3 B1a-3 C1-3 D1-3 14:40 Break Break Break Break 15:00 A1-4 B1a-4 C1-4 D1-4 15:20 A1-5 B1a Discussion C1-5 D1-5 15:40 A1-6 B1a Discussion C1-6 D1-6 16:00 Break Break + 10 min Break Break 16:20 A1-7 16:30 Intro to: C1-7 D1-7 B1b/B2 Angler data 16:40 A1 Discussion B1b-1 C1-8 D1-8 17:00 A1 Discussion B1b-2 C1-9 D1-9 17:20 A1 Discussion B1b-3 C1 Discussion D1-10 17:40 B1b-4 C1 Discussion D1 Discussion 18:00 END END END END
A1: Integrative Management of Esox Lucius Considering Ecological, Evolutionary and Socio-economic Perspectives. Chairs: Skov & Arlinghaus
A1-1. Transition of Pike Fisheries in Denmark; Regulations, Stocking Activities, Animal Welfare and Habitat Improvement
Authors: Christian Skov (Danish Technical University, DTU Aqua), [email protected] Søren Berg (Danish Technical University)
Abstract: In recent years, political awareness in Denmark that rod and reel caught pike represents important socioeconomically values has emerged. Trophy and C&R fisheries are growing in popularity and an increasing number of private fishing clubs practice voluntarily inverse slot regulations as a regulation measure to facilitate this. Moreover, in 2014 legal minimum harvest size of pike was increased from 40 cm to 60 cm to increase the number of pre-harvest spawning events of smaller fish. Also in 2014, the Danish minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries published a vision for growth within the recreational fisheries sector. One of the focus areas of the vision is pike angling including possible increased angler tourism. This includes several regulation actions. For example in some of the popular pike fishing areas in brackish waters on the Danish Baltic coast mandatory C&R angling, a ban of commercial landings and certain commercial fishing gears are envisioned. Final decisions about this will be taken in spring 2015. Animal welfare aspects in relation to angling were evaluated in 2013 by the Danish animal welfare committee (appointed by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries). The evaluation questioned two aspects of pike angling: C&R fishery and the use of living fish bait. As a consequence the latter will be banned, whereas no official action will be
14 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 taken in relation to C&R fishing. From being common practise in both fresh and brackish waters, stocking activities has declined during the last decade and today very few pike are stocked. It is concluded that the management of Danish pike fisheries is in transition especially with regards to regulation and stocking activities whereas habitat improvement measures, such as water level regulations in spring and creation of artificial spawning grounds, are still rare. The presentation will be supplied with examples of scientific work that relates to the management issues presented.
Keywords: C&R fisheries; Recreational fisheries; Angler tourism; Regulations; Pike angling; Animal welfare
A1-2. Status of Pike and Pike Management in France
Authors: Nicolas Guillerault (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Toulouse), [email protected] Julien Cucherousset (CNRS; Université de Toulouse), Frédéric Santoul (CNRS; Université de Toulouse), Géraldine Loot (CNRS; Université de Toulouse)
Abstract: Pike is one of the most targeted species by recreational anglers in France that represents the southwestern limit of the native distribution of the species in Europe. The species is currently classified as vulnerable in France and important management programs have been implemented in the last decades. After briefly introducing the general characteristics of the recreational fishery and the management practices in France, we will synthesize the current knowledge about pike biology and ecology in the country. We will then present current research and preliminary results about the efficiency of pike stocking to sustain pike populations. At the national level, and using a national fish distribution database, we investigate whether stocking affects the spatial distribution of the species. At the local level, using molecular tool, we aim at quantifying the contribution to recruitment of stocked individuals in a pike population located in an urbanized stretch of a large river. Overall, this work aims to better appreciate whether stocking, which is among the most popular measure used to sustain recreational fisheries in France, is efficient for pike conservation.
Keywords: Angling in France; Stocking; Molecular biology; Country-scale database
A1-3. Sustainably Managing Pike (Esox Lucius) using Harvest Slots – Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implementation Issues in Germany
Authors: Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin), [email protected] Shuichi Matsumura (University of Gifu), Daniel Gwinn (University of Florida), Micheal S. Allen (University of Florida)
Abstract: Pike (Esox lucius) populations in Germany are generally managed based on one-size-fits-all policies based on state-wide minimum-length limits. Such regulations can lead to strong juvenation of pike stocks, which according to new theoretical and empirical results can destabilize stock dynamics. As an alternative tool the use of harvest slots that also save large fish from harvest have been proposed. Several simulation models that we constructed reveal the substantial superiority in performance over minimum-length limits both in terms of the conservation of a more natural age structure and numerical yield. Moreover, fisheries-induced selection on slower growth was not present when pike stocks were exploited based on harvest slots, and many fewer fish died due to cryptic mortality compared to the management by minimum-length limits. Importantly, the probability of maintaining the catch of desired trophy fish was much higher in management scenarios with harvest slots compared to
15 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 minimum-length limits. Despite all these benefits, managers and anglers are very reluctant to implement harvest windows in Germany, inter alia, because they are perceived as illegal catch-and-release of harvestable fish sizes. The story shows how pervasive the influence of animal welfare is in Germany because it prevents a superior management strategy to reach practical reality as anglers and manager fear the Sword of Damocles of being accused of illegal play with large fish through catch and release.
Keywords: Animal welfare; Perception; Age structured simulation model
A1-4. Capability of Slot-length Limit Regulation in Conserving Large Pike
Authors: J. Tiainen (University of Helsinki), [email protected] M. Olin (University of Helsinki), H. Lehtonen (University of Helsinki), K. Nyberg (University of Helsinki), J. Ruuhijärvi (Natural Resources Institute Finland)
Abstract: In this study of size-selective fishing, we compared the effects of minimum length limit (MLL) of 40 cm and harvestable slot-length limit (HSL) of 40-65 cm on pike (Esox lucius) population density, biomass and size structure in years 2008-2013. The study was conducted in four 2.1- 13.8 ha pristine forest lakes located in southern Finland, in which the dominant fish species are perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and pike. According to our results, intensive size selective fishing can rapidly alter the size structure of pike populations, as in MLL-lakes large pike (>65 cm) were extinct in just four years. Small pike were resilient to fishing, since only 1 of 4 lakes showed signs of decrease of population density or biomass by pike removal. HSL-treatment managed to retain large pike in the lake, which is considered an essential feature of sustainable fishing. However, the results suggest that the number of large pike can decrease even under HSL-regulation if the growth rate is slow and fishing is intensive, due to the high possibility to get caught before reaching the upper length limit. Thus adequate survival of pike of harvestable size has to be assured in order to maintain large pike in the lake in the long term.
Keywords: Pike; Esox lucius; Large individuals; Size-selective fishing
A1-5. A Review of the Effects of Northern Pike Regulations
Authors: Gene R. Wilde (Texas Tech University), [email protected] Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: We review the literature on effects of regulations on northern pike Esox lucius regulations and perform a meta-analysis to assess which regulations have been most effective. We use these results, and those from other studies, to develop a simulation model for the general management of northern pike, which considers regulations and other management actions, such as stocking. Model results are discussed and then considered in light of what is known of angler support and acceptance of regulations and management actions.
Keywords: Regulation; Esox lucius; Meta-analysis; Simulation model; Management actions
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A1-6. Evaluating the Relative Fitness Importance of Early Life Conditions and Maternal Size Effects in Windermere Pike - an Integral Projection Model Approach
Authors: Yngvild Vindenes (University of Oslo), [email protected] Øystein Langangen (University of Oslo), Ian J. Winfield (Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK), Asbjørn Vøllestad (University of Oslo)
Abstract: Conditions experienced in early life stages can have long-term impacts on individual phenotypes and life histories. The importance of temperature to early growth and recruitment in fish is well known, but recent studies have also emphasized maternal effects of body size or age. However, the relative importance of these early life effects to fitness remains largely unexplored. Using a female based integral projection model (a demographic length-structured population model) with long-term data from Windermere, U.K., we evaluated the relative fitness importance of temperature, female length, and female recruit length (at age 1), through different vital rates across the life history. The model included four state variables (female current length, female recruit length, current and previous temperature) determining seven vital rate functions. Overall, fitness (long-term population growth rate) was more sensitive to parameters affecting survival and growth than reproduction, in line with general life history theory for a relative long-lived species. Egg weight increased with female length (leveling off for large lengths), but this effect had only minor impacts on fitness, even when egg weight was assumed to have a strong effect on early survival. In contrast, fitness was sensitive to early temperature effects on growth, and potentially on early survival.
Keywords: Early life conditions; Impacts; Maternal effects; Fitness; Projection model;
A1-7. Reproductive Characteristics of Pikeperch (Sander Lucioperca) in Relation to Size- selective Recreational Fishing in South Finnish Lakes
Authors: M. Olin (University of Helsinki), [email protected] J. Ruuhijärvi (Natural Resources Institute Finland), T. Roikonen (University of Helsinki), J. Tiainen (University of Helsinki), H. Lehtonen (University of Helsinki)
Abstract: We studied the maternal effect, size-related fecundity, and size and age at maturation in pikeperch, and contrasted the results to the prevailing recreational fishing pressure in three lakes in southern Finland. Both fecundity and egg dry weight increased significantly with female size and age, emphasizing the importance of large individuals for reproduction. Size and age at maturation (50% probability) were 42-44 cm and 5-7 yr., respectively. The estimated maturation length was considerably higher than the national minimum length limit (MLL 37 cm). Also the local higher MLL recommendations (42-45 cm) are too low in lakes where pikeperch growth is good. According to fisheries inquiries conducted, the most fishermen obey the local recommendations of MLL and gillnet mesh size, and are also fairly sympathetic to release large, reproductively important individuals. It seems that at least in southern Finland, the potential for conservation of fish stocks by local voluntary agreement is quite good.
Keywords: Pikeperch; Sander lucioperca; Maternal effect; Fecundity; Maturation; Recreational fishing; Regulation; Sustainability
17 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
B1a: Crayfish Recreational Fisheries Management: Challenges and Opportunities. Chairs: Johnson & Skurdal
B1a-1. Catch them if you can – Management Dilemmas after Exclusion of Native Noble Crayfish by Alien Signal Crayfish
Authors: Jostein Skurdal (Lillehammer Museum), [email protected] Stein I. Johnsen (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Trond Taugbøl (Glommens and Laagens Water Management Association)
Abstract: In Norway, exploitation of freshwater crayfish is almost without exception for recreational purposes. Until 2006, the only freshwater crayfish species in Norway was the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus), but a few populations of signal crayfish (Pasifastacus leniusculus) has established recently. All the discovered populations of signal crayfish have been carriers of the crayfish plague agent, Aphanomyces astaci, a disease lethal to all freshwater crayfish not of North American origin. Locals have a strong desire to exploit signal crayfish, but the strict legal framework of Norway ban fishing in fear of motivating further illegal introductions. To illustrate the antagonism between authorities´ skepticism and the public desire to open for recreational fishing we use the case of Lake Øymarksjøen. Here, introduced plague carrying signal crayfish wiped out and substituted a healthy and productive population of noble crayfish. We compare historical catch per unit effort (CPUE) data on noble crayfish with present data on signal crayfish and discuss pros and cons of the strict legislative line of the Norwegian authorities.
Keywords: Recreational fishing; Alien crayfish; Disease; Native crayfish; Conservation
B1a-2. How to Save the Native Noble Crayfish and the Crayfish Fishery at the Same Time - the Importance of Culture, Consumption and Economy
Author: Lennart Edsman (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), [email protected]
Abstract: Exploitation is one of the main threats to preserving biodiversity. In Sweden the endangered native noble crayfish has steadily declined, due to the lethal fungal disease crayfish plague. North American signal crayfish, introduced to substitute the fishery lost, was thought to be immune to the disease but turned out to be both a chronic carrier and vulnerable to the plague. The initial idea that it would give a better fishery, also turned out to be false. Crayfisheries have strong traditions, playing a cultural, social, and recreational role, resulting in a high economic value. For fishing right owners the main interest is catching crayfish for the crayfish parties, regardless of species. With alien species readily available, the largest threat is illegal introductions of plague-carrying signal crayfish by man, not over-fishing. People that are allowed to catch and benefit from noble crayfish are the best protection against illegal stocking of signal crayfish. Recreational and subsistence fishery is thus of major importance locally for the will to protect. Exploitation, in the form of a sustainable fishery, is the key to successful conservation of the noble crayfish. This is also the main point in the Action plan for Conservation of the Noble crayfish in Sweden.
Keywords: Noble crayfish; Conservation; Culture; Exploitation; Action plan
B1a-3. Fecundity and Female Size – Bigger is not Always Better
Authors:
18 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Lennart Edsman (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), [email protected] Anders Asp (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Patrick Bohman (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Fredrik Engdahl (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Per Nyström (Ekoll AB), Alfred Sandström (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Marika Stenberg (Ekoll AB)
Abstract: It is generally found that larger females have a higher reproductive output. This is also the case for freshwater crayfish, where positive relationships between female size and number of eggs have been found for many species. Large females are thus expected to be more important for population growth rate compared to small females, by producing more offspring. We investigated this in signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) populations in two lakes in eastern Sweden. Females were collected in autumn prior to mating and ovarian egg number was counted. In late spring females were again collected and pleopodal egg number was counted. As expected, and found earlier, there was a positive linear relationship between ovarian egg count and female size in autumn. In contrast to expectations there was however almost no relationship between female size and pleopodal egg number in the spring, just prior to hatching. The largest signal crayfish females did not contribute more offspring to the next generation. The usual management advice to save the larger females to promote population growth was thus not applicable in this case.
Keywords: Signal crayfish; Female size; Fecundity; Population growth; Fisheries management
B1a-4. Active Spreading of an Invasive Species Challenges Ecosystem-based Management of Crayfisheries
Authors: Japo Jussila (University of Eastern Finland), [email protected] Anssi Vainikka (University of Eastern Finland), Raine Kortet (University of Eastern Finland), Harri Kokko (University of Eastern Finland), Jenny Makkonen (University of Eastern Finland)
Abstract: We describe the impact of the alien crayfish introduction on the Finnish inland fisheries. The decision to introduce the alien signal crayfish was made to solve the problem of collapsing native crayfish stocks and crayfisheries due to the crayfish plague epidemics. The original idea was founded on overly optimistic expectations, partially by ignoring the available warnings. The outcome of the massive stockings conducted during the last four decades now shows that the alien crayfish has not performed as expected and might even end up as being a failure. The alien crayfish is a permanent reservoir of the crayfish plague disease agent, Aphanomyces astaci, spreads it efficiently and has been shown to experience elevated mortality when infected. In spite of this, the official policy in Finland is still driving towards spreading of the alien crayfish threatening original aquatic ecosystem functions and slowly leading in the elimination of the native crayfish. The policy includes national alien species strategy and national crayfisheries strategy, both contradicting EU alien species policy and knowledge on the behavior of people who tend to illegally transfer signal crayfish. We will focus on the loss of the native crayfish and its cumulative effects in ecosystems and society.
Keywords: Alien crayfish; Native crayfish; Conservation; Exploitation; Disease
B1b & B2: Use of Data Collected from Anglers for Management of Recreational Fisheries. Chairs: Pope, Wilde, Aarts & Sawynok
B1b-1. A Conceptual Model for Angler-supplied Data
Author: Gene R. Wilde (Texas Tech University), [email protected]
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Abstract: A wide variety of data used to evaluate and manage fisheries are collected from anglers. However, with few exceptions, these data are used as obtained, with little attention given to data quality other than screening for obviously erroneous values. Here, I propose a general model for angler-supplied data that attempts to identify and measure effects of angler bias, error, and misreporting. I use published studies to parameterize a simulation model that provides insight into which angler biases and errors have the greatest impact on catch, and other estimates, obtained from these data.
Keywords: Angler-supplied data; Data quality; Effects; Bias; Error; Misreporting
B1b-2. Citizen Science in Norwegian Marine Recreational Fisheries
Author: Alf Ring Kleiven (Institute of Marine Research, Norway), [email protected]
Abstract: The Norwegian marine fishing authorities do not conduct fishing data sampling from marine recreational fisheries, even though the participation rate is one of the highest in the world. The last 10 years, the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) has increased its collaboration directly with recreational fishers to collect knowledge about the activities and the target stocks. In addition to traditional mark-recapture studies, IMR has developed standardized report systems for specific recreational fisheries, including internet reporting and mobile phone applications. The data is amongst other used for studies on management effects and catch rate time series. Even though fishery dependent data has its limitations, voluntary citizen data collection is cost-effective and has a great potential for research and management in data-poor fisheries
Keywords: Citizen science; Data-poor fisheries; Recreational fishing
B1b-3. Using Angler Smartphones Applications for Data Collection and Fisheries Management
Author: Paul Venturelli (University of Minnesota), [email protected]
Abstract: Fisheries assessment requires information about harvest and effort, and how these vary in space and time. Conventional approaches to obtaining this information are costly, limited by diminishing resources, and fairly restricted in time or space. Mobile smartphone applications (apps) are a novel approach to collecting a wealth of angler behavior and fisheries data cheaply, at high resolution, and over broad spatial scales. I present an analysis of three years of angler data from a popular mobile fishing app in Alberta, Canada, that identifies province- wide, seasonal patterns of i) lake popularity that were consistent with conventional data, and ii) anthropogenic lake connectivity. I also present preliminary results from two ongoing studies to determine if apps can complement or even replace conventional approaches (e.g., creel surveys). These studies, and similar work in other parts of North America and Europe, show that mobile technologies can provide inexpensive, high-resolution, real-time harvest data; and engage stakeholders through citizen science. The challenge before us is to understand the benefits and limitations of this novel tool, and, where appropriate, tailor its use to a diversity of recreational, commercial, and subsistence fisheries.
Keywords: App; Behavior; Creel; iFish; Mobile; Smartphone application
B1b-4. Strategy for Recreational Fishing Data Collection in Sweden
Authors: Martin Karlsson (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), [email protected]
20 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Henrik Ragnarsson Stabo (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Erik Petersson ((Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Håkan Carlstrand (The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management), Stig Thörnqvist (The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management)
Abstract: Recreational fishing has more than one million practitioners in Sweden and for many species the catches are much larger than in the commercial fishery. Despite the high value of recreational fishing and the potential impact on the fish stocks, most fisheries data collection is focused on commercial fishing. However, data on recreational fishing is important for the managers of common fisheries resources, monitoring of environmental status and evaluating the goals set for recreational fishing development and performance. Here, we present how we plan to collect the relevant data on recreational fishing in Sweden, and give an overview of the strategies we used to decide what fish species we should focus on, what areas are likely to receive a high fishing pressure, and what sampling methods to use. Our proposal is based on combining several different survey methods. We believe that the strategies we present are of general interest and can be applied in other countries.
Keywords: Recreational fishing, Data collection, Stock assessment, Management
B2-1. Gill-tags and Smartphones – Bringing Salmon Management into the 21st Century
Authors: Dan Blomkvist (County Administrative Board of Norrbotten/Northern Lapland), [email protected] Glenn Douglas (Swedish National Sport Fishing Association)
Abstract: The presentation covers results and experiences from the first year of applying an internet- based management system for salmon fishing in state owned waters of the Lainio river, Sweden. The system includes the use of gill-tags and mandatory catch reports as means of controlling harvest and produce reliable catch statistics. Catch reports are made directly by participating sport-fishermen via smartphone or computer. The system eases management burden and provides opportunities for a number of statistical adaptations and also the possibility to diversify regulations, license prices etc. for different user categories.
The Lainio river is the main salmon producing tributary of the Torne River which in turn is the main wild salmon producing river system in the Baltic Sea. The upper parts of the Lainio river is managed by the state through the County Administrative Board of Norrbotten/Northern Lapland. The area is a true wilderness fishery with the main access being via helicopter and with an environment similar to parts of the Kola peninsula in Russia and the Finnmark area in Norway.
Keywords: Salmon management, Gill-tags, Internet, Catch reports, Statistics
B2-2. Cellphone Applications for Catch Reports and Swedish Anglers' Willingness to Report their Catches
Author: Peter Belin (Swedish Anglers’ Association), [email protected]
Abstract: Swedish Anglers Association has been working with projects for catch reports among recreational anglers since 2010. In a survey among 320 anglers in 2010, almost 90% said they were willing to report their catches. In an investigation in some fishing areas there were 19% of the anglers who reported their catches. (Swedish report available.) In the coastal region and some of the big lakes in Sweden there is regulatory compulsion for license purchase or registration for recreational anglers. This makes it difficult to value fishing effort and
21 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 catches. We have created applications for anglers to quickly and easily report their catches in some specific recreational fisheries in Sweden. The application, Fångstdatabanken, for android cellphones is available on Google Play from August 2014. iPhone application is under development and will be released spring 2015. Android application for lake Vänern have more than 170 users and more than 450 reported catches during August to December 2014. We have been working with projects for catch reports in Lake Vänern 2012-14 and have data from more than 6800 catches, mostly salmon and brown trout from boat fishing competitions. Information, simplicity and continuity are key factors in the work to get anglers report their catches.
Keywords: Catch; Reports; Cellphone; Application; Anglers
B2-3. Can Principles of Swarm Intelligence Help us Assess the Abundance of Freshwater Fishes in Angling Waters? An Experimental Test in Pike (Esox Lucius)
Authors: Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin), [email protected] Stefan Krause (University of Higher Education, Lübeck), Daniel Hühn (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Thilo Pagel (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Jens Krause (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries)
Abstract: Swarm intelligence is generally the realisation that group living can facilitate solving cognitive problems that go beyond the capacity of single individuals. In German freshwater fishing clubs, the “swarm” of anglers organized in a club are not only users of local fisheries, but also the collective managers using tools such as size-limits or stocking of fish. To manage fisheries information about the state of fish stocks is needed. In the absence of scientific stock assessments, one means by which an angler community can approximate the status of a fishery is by asking each member of a club for his or her estimate of fish stock size and average the result. In theory, this average estimate should closely match reality within bounds of uncertainty. We tested this prediction by first assessing the size of northern pike (Esox lucius) in 18 stillwaters managed angling clubs. We then surveyed a random sample of anglers. In addition we conducted workshops with club heads. Workshop participants very closely estimated the true stock size, while results for anglers were mixed. Swarm intelligence may therefore be a suitable method to “assess” fish stocks in the absence of scientific data, but results shall be interpreted with caution.
Keywords: Swarm intelligence; Mark and recapture; Averaging; Angler data
B2-4. Specialist Angler Data – a Resource in Recreational Fishing Management
Authors: Henrik Ragnarsson Stabo (Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences) [email protected] Nicka Hellenberg (Swedish Anglers Association)
Abstract: Data on fish species that are rare, not important for commercial fishing and/or hard to catch using standard monitoring methods is often scarce. This applies to many of the species that are targeted by recreational fisheries. The aim of this study was to evaluate if specialist angling data could be used to improve management, evaluate the effect of fishing regulations, and monitor rare species. In several countries detailed catch records are kept by angler associations or fishing clubs/societies. We analyzed data from several sources, but primarily a database that is maintained by the Swedish anglers association. The database was started in 1971 and has more than 30000 detailed records of big fish. We found that if the data meets certain criteria it can be very useful in management and conservation. We present
22 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 several case-studies where we have evaluated for example the effect of seasonal restrictions and investigated the seeming local extinction of a species. The methods outlines here can be applied in other countries where there either specialist anglers catchers are recorded or where such recording is possible to start.
Keywords: recreational fishing, data collection, specialist angling, rare species, management
B2-5. Angler Log Books as a Tool to Inform Fisheries Management
Authors: Christian Skov (DTU-Aqua), [email protected] Teunis Jansen ( ), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: This presentation has two parts. First, Sixty-two years of voluntarily collected angling logbook data from a large natural Danish lake were used to study variation in perch, Perca fluviatilis CPUE (catch per unit effort), expressed as no. of captured fish per boat trip, as an index of stock size. Perch CPUE was influenced by commercial fishing, directly through perch harvest and indirectly through pike harvest (pike predation was the main driver of perch abundance). Also changes in the size distribution were revealed by the angling logbooks, which seemed related to changes in harvest from commercial fisheries. It is concluded that high-quality angler logbooks that record effort and catch can be a cost-effective tool to inform lake fisheries management by revealing long-term population trends. Second, a proto type of a browser and telephone-app based standardized angler log book is presented. The angler log book is financed by Danish national angling license funds and is planned to be introduced to Danish anglers in autumn 2015. Strategies to facilitate a wide use and success is discussed, i.e. factors that motivates the anglers to use the electronic angler log book.
Keywords: Angler log books; Perch; Variation; Cost-effective; Population trends; Telephone app
B2-6. MijnVISmaat: Using Voluntary Angler Catch-data for more than Monitoring Fish- stocks
Authors: Toine Aarts (Royal Dutch Angling Association Sportsvisserij Nederland), aarts@sportvisserijnederland Remko Verspui (Royal Dutch Angling Association Sportvisserij Nederland)
Abstract: By providing anglers with a free app for collecting their catch-data, the Royal Dutch Angling Association Sportvisserij Nederland annually collects information from 6.000 to 7.000 different anglers and more than 40.000 catches. Angler catch-data is traditionally used to monitor species distribution, length-frequency distribution and CPUE at both a local and national scale. The same data does however also provide a good indication of angling activity and potential spatial and temporal changes in it. In this presentation it is discussed how this type of information can be used as a valuable tool to protect local angling interests as well as how these data are used for fisheries management.
Keywords: Angler catch-data; App; Angling activity; Changes; Local angling interests;
23 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
B2-7. Angler-catch Networks over Space and Time
Authors: Christopher J. Chizinski (Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska), [email protected] Kevin L. Pope (U.S. Geological Survey-Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska) Dustin R. Martin (Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska)
Abstract: Anglers often seek specific species or groups of species on a given day and choose to fish in a manner (i.e., location, technique, and gear) that increases their chances of catching the targeted species or group. Even so, anglers often catch species that were not targeted. Using network theory, we investigated relationships between anglers grouped by targeted species and the suite of species caught by those groups across space and time among 43 freshwater reservoirs (surface area: 0.4 – 12111 ha) during 2009 – 2013 in Nebraska, USA. The number of species caught, number of angler groups, and mean number of links between angler groups and species caught increased with waterbody size. Interestingly, the network specialization (H’) did not change with increasing waterbody size, but the variation of H’ decreased with waterbody size. Although there is some variation in the size and number of nodes in a network, each network tended to remain relatively constant across time with a few exceptions. These exceptions were due to the rapid increase in relative abundance of a single species that resulted in a compartmentalized angler-catch network with less interaction among angler groups and species caught. Networks from angler-collected data can provide new insights.
Keywords: angler communities, network theory, fish communities, fishery management
B2-8. Assessment of Ecosystem Services Using Data Collected from Anglers
Authors: Kevin L. Pope (U.S. Geological Survey-Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska) [email protected] Christopher J. Chizinski (Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska) Mark A. Pegg (School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska)
Abstract: Recreational fisheries provide numerous benefits to people; that is, recreational fisheries generate ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services). Monitoring and assessment of ecosystem services is an important component of contemporary ecosystem-based management of fisheries. We believe that abundances and compositions of angler catches can be used to directly and indirectly quantify the (relative) ecosystem services provided by different fisheries. To that end, we used network theory to investigate the relationships between anglers grouped by targeted species and the abundances and compositions of caught fish, both released and harvested, for 3 freshwater reservoirs in Nebraska, USA that differed in composition of anglers. We will present results of this assessment to demonstrate the potential for qualitative assessment of ecosystem services among recreational fisheries. Networks of angler catches, generated from angler-collected data, can provide new and novel insights to benefits accrued from recreational fisheries, and these insights should lead to new, innovative fishery-management actions.
Keywords: Angler catches, Network analysis, Angler groups, Fishery management
24 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
B2-9. Master Anglers: Using Angler Records to Assist with Population Assessment
Authors: Mark A. Pegg (School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA) Geoff Klein (Fisheries Branch, Manitoba Conservation and Water Stewardship, Canada) Kevin L. Pope (U.S. Geological Survey-Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, and School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln)
Abstract: The Province of Manitoba has the oldest established Master Angler program in North America. We present data from the Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus fishery of the Red River of the North showing how Master Angler data can be used to assess fish populations. The current master angler criterion for Channel Catfish in Manitoba is for an individual fish to be > 865 mm. A total of 35,913 Master Angler records between 1974-2013 were used to evaluate changes in harvest regulations ranging from no length limit and daily creel limit of eight fish (prior to 1981) to the present regulation of one fish under 600 mm may be harvested per day (since 1996). The average size of Channel Catfish reported in the Master Angler database increased with restrictive harvest regulations as expected. The number of trophy sized (> 910 mm) channel catfish also increased from < 50 individuals per year through the 1980’s to > 500 individuals per year in the mid-2000’s. The transition of the Channel Catfish fishery in the Red River of the North from harvest oriented to trophy oriented management is clearly reflected in the sizes and numbers of fish recorded in the Master Angler database.
Keywords: Master Angler, Channel Catfish, Population Trends
B2-10. Looking into the “Crystal Bowl”
Authors: Bill Sawynok (Manager of Infofish Australia), [email protected] Presented by Gene Wilde (Texas Tech University)
Abstract: Fisheries management is still largely viewed in one dimension, which is that a fisheries agency is responsible for the management of fish stocks. However there is another way to manage fisheries and that is through directly influencing fishers’ behavior. In an e-world where technology is forever changing and social media packs a punch it may be time to start thinking differently. Conventional fisheries management requires stock assessment, the development of objectives for the stock and then the implementation of rules and regulations that are designed to achieve those objectives. In most jurisdictions that can be a very long process taking several years if it involves legislative or regulatory change. In the meantime the fishery moves on. However behavior can be influenced much more quickly if the right information is presented to anglers. The most influential information comes from predicting what anglers can expect in the future as that will influence their thinking and in turn their behavior. This paper looks at the “Crystal Bowl”, a case study where anglers are providing data through tagging, catch, effort and recruitment surveys that is combined with commercial catch, river flows, rainfall and climate projections and used to predict Barramundi stocks in Central Queensland Australia in a new way. Crystal Bowl predictions are made in Nov at the end of the fishing season (Feb-Oct) for the coming season. Predictions are quantitative and cover size range, catch rates, stock trends and recruitment and data are collected during the season to test the predictions and provide the basis for predicting the next season. Our 2013 predictions for 2014 were all (except one) within the 20% range of the predictions. Our predictions for 2015 and 2016 are all trending downwards rapidly and will require anglers, commercial fishers, tackle stores, seafood processors, community leaders and maybe even fisheries managers to think much more carefully about how they interact with the fishery.
Keywords: Stock management, harvest surplus, rapid predictions, modern technology
25 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
C1: Participation and Monitoring of Recreational Fisheries, Recruitment and Outreach. Chairs: Fjeldseth & Evensen
C1-1. Statistics on Recreational Fisheries in Sweden
Authors: Håkan Carlstrand (The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management), [email protected] Anton Paulrud (The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management), Stig Thörnqvist (The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management), Jens Persson (The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management), Pär Karlsson (Statistics Sweden) (presenter)
Abstract: A new method is since 2013 used to provide national statistics on recreational fisheries in Sweden. A postal questionnaire was sent to 10,000 randomly selected permanent residents in Sweden. The questionnaire was sent out at three occasions during the year with questions regarding fishing activities in the most recent four months. During 2013, a total of 1.6 million Swedes ages 16–80 went fishing at least once, 1.2 million men and 0.4 million women. In the age group 16–30 years, 0.4 million people went fishing; for those ages 31–50, the total was 0.6 million; and in the age group 51–80 years, 0.6 million. The total number of fishing days during 2013 was 13.3 million. Of that total, 9.2 million days were conducted in lakes and rivers and 4 million days in the sea. The number of occasions in which handheld gears were used totalled to 40 million during 2013; the number of occasions in which nets, pots and similar gears were used was 7 million. In 2013, the retained part of all catches equalled 16,000 tons of which 9,000 tons were caught in rivers and lakes and 7,000 tons in the sea. The most important species for catches in inland fisheries were perch, pike, trout, crayfish and pike-perch. The most important species for catches in sea fisheries were perch, pike, mackerel, trout and herring. Total expenditures in recreational fisheries are estimated at SEK 5.8 billion of which SEK 2.3 billion was in short-term costs such as fishing equipment, travelling, fishing guides, food and accommodation. Expenditures in long-term investments such as boats and more costly fishing equipment equalled SEK 3.5 billion.
Keywords: Angling; Sport-fishing; Fishermen; Gender; Age groups; Fishing days; Used gears; Catches; Fish species; Expenditures
C1-2. Survey of Recreational Fishery on Inland Waters in the Netherlands
Author: Roland van Aalderen (Royal Dutch Angling Association Sportvisserij Nederland), aalderen@sportvisserijnederland)
Abstract: Recreational fishing on 15 large inland waters in the Netherlands was surveyed between 2011 and 2014. During this period five lakes, six rivers and four large canals were investigated, using aerial and on-site surveys. Aerial surveys were used to obtain an estimate of the total number of fishing trips per year and the geographical distribution along the water. In addition on-site interviews and logbook surveys were performed to characterize the angling activities. Data from national surveys on recreational fishing were used to extrapolate the observations to estimates of year-round activity. Overall quantitative data were collected on geographical and temporal distribution of fishing trips, angler-preferences, avidity, used means of transportation, catch quantity, the composition of caught species, and length-frequency distributions per species. Ultimately, the results from this study were presented to fishery management boards and used in fishery management plans. Furthermore, the results were used in negotiations with water managers to substantiate the economic value of recreational fishing and to indicate important fishing spots. The methods used for this study as well as the results will be presented.
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Keywords: Recreational fishery; Aerial survey; On-site survey
C1-3. Licensed Angling in Latvia – Lessons Learned
Authors: J. Birzaks (Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR), [email protected] K. Abersons (BIOR), Ē. Aleksejevs (BIOR), J. Aizups (BIOR), J. Bajinskis (BIOR)
Abstract: In licensed angling sites besides a regular angling card a license must be obtained. Such angling is established in 66 lakes and 13 rivers in Latvia. Angling managers are required to provide data of the catch by species, the number of sold licenses and their total value. The aim of this study was to analyze these data. Overall, 26 species are obtained in licensed angling. Annual catch is increased by introducing licensed angling in new water bodies from 11 t in 2011 to 184 t in 2013. More than 80% of the catches are diadromous smelt and vimba (in the rivers) and pike, bream and perch (in the lakes and reservoirs). The number of sold licenses ranged from 30 to 50 thousand and the total gross value from 120 to 150 thousand EUR annually. Analysis of the data shows that: - In some occasions reported catch data are unreliable. Best data are obtained in sites where the special deposit is included in licence fee and returned to angler after submission of the catch report; - Angling effort can't be assessed; - Catch data do not confirm the effect of restocking. In addition licensed angling partly can be restrictive for several fish resources users groups.
Keywords: Licensed angling; Monitoring, Data Quality
C1-4. The Rise and Fall of Rod Licence Sales in England and Wales (UK)
Authors: Guy Mawle (Fisheries consultant), [email protected]
Abstract: In England and Wales, UK, all freshwater anglers are legally required to have a rod licence issued by a government agency, as well as a permit from the fishery owner. Sales of rod licences therefore reflect both the level of angling activity and compliance with the law. From the early 1990s, marketing has been used to promote licence sales which increased from 900k in 1993 to a peak of almost 1.5 million in 2009. One marketing technique used to increase licence sales was the development of a national database of fisheries available on a daily permit. In 2009, local angling opportunities were promoted through the distribution of a million free angling guides, paper and online. Follow-up research showed that guides encouraged hundreds of thousands of anglers, many new, to go fishing, and also reminded many to buy a licence. Sales were also boosted in 2009 by advertising the requirement for a rod licence in angling programmes on terrestrial television. Sales rose by 9 per cent compared to the previous year. Most marketing activity was stopped in 2010 for political reasons, and sales have declined to about 1.1 million in 2014. Annual income to government agencies from rod licences has fallen by €5 million a year reducing funding for fisheries work, including the promotion of angling. Although the ban on marketing has been largely withdrawn, government agencies may no longer be able to reverse the decline in rod licence sales and funding for freshwater fisheries.
Keywords: Angling activity; Licence sales trends; Angling guides; Marketing effects
27 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
C1-5. Why do People Quit Salmon Angling? A Study of Norwegian Salmon Fishery Participation Dynamics
Authors: Oddgeir Andersen (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Stian Stensland (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), Øystein Aas (Norwegian University of Life Sciences; NINA)
Abstract: The number of salmon anglers in Norwegian rivers has declined significantly, with a reduction of 13 % (10 000 anglers) from 2012 to the 2013 & 2014 seasons. During the same period fishing regulations in Norway have in general become stricter (e.g. lower quotas, shorter seasons) because several regions have experienced lower runs. In this paper, we use the national salmon fishing license register to target anglers who fished for salmon in Norway the last time in 2012. We sent an email questionnaire to 6500 lapsed anglers. Here, we investigate which inter-, intra- and structural constraints that hindered them from going fishing, and with a particular emphasis on resource constraints. Further, we address how anglers would react to different actions measures to make them go fishing in the future. Preliminary results show that currently lapsed anglers not are permanently lost, and the majority have intentions to re-engage in this activity in the future.
Keywords: Anglers; Constraints; Retention measures; Web-survey
C1-6. Differences in Motivation and Satisfaction between Lapsed and Active Salmon Anglers in Norway
Authors: Oddgeir Andersen (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Stian Stensland (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), Øystein Aas (Norwegian University of Life Sciences; NINA)
Abstract: We compared lapsed and active salmon anglers interest- and motives for angling, catch orientation and overall satisfaction. We used contact information from the national salmon fishing license register to email a questionnaire to 15 000 anglers. Preliminary results show that lapsed anglers consistently rated the relative importance of salmon fishing lower than active anglers, compared to other recreational activities. Recreational- and socialize with friends was the most important motives for both groups. For lapsed anglers, it was more important to socialize than experience a challenging fight with the fish, whereas for active anglers this pattern was the opposite. Active anglers was also more satisfied with the overall fishing experience, the number of anglers on the beat and the number of fish they caught, but lapsed anglers was more satisfied with the current fishing regulations than the active ones. We also found strong similarities in behavioral intentions for salmon fishing in the future, which means that currently lapsed anglers have potential to re-engage in this activity. The results indicate that currently lapsed anglers are not permanently lost. They are less motivated, but surprisingly, more positive to current regulations than active anglers.
Keywords: Catch orientation; Harvest regulations; Recruitment
28 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
C1-7. Angling Volunteers – Education, Integration & Enforcement
Author: Mark Owen (Head of Freshwater, Angling Trust),
Abstract: The Angling Trust is the sole representative and governing body for angling in England covering Coarse, Game & Sea fishing. In partnership with the Environment Agency and others we have formulated and adopted the National Angling Strategy which has 4 main themes: - Getting the Fishing Habit - Transforming & Changing Lives - Creating Community Waters - Hands up for the Environment This presentation will centre on our work to educate East European migrant anglers into the English way of fishing and our rules, enforcement using volunteers to enhance the State system, reflect on anglers as volunteers in the Berne Convention’s Code of Conduct on Recreational Fishing & Invasive Alien Species written by the Angling Trust. These are delivered through our Building Bridges, Voluntary Bailiff Service, Alien Attack & Regions campaigns
Keywords: Angling, integration, partnerships, education & enforcement
C1- 8. A Year of Angling: The Norwegian Association of Hunters and Fishermen (NJFF)
Authors: Knut Johan Ruud (Norwegian Hunter’s and Angler’s Association, NJFF), [email protected] Øyvind Fjeldseth (NJFF)
Abstract: The Norwegian Hunter’s and Angler’s Association (NJFF) defined 2014/15 as “the year of angling”, and the whole organisation focused on angling from May 10th 2014 to June 30th 2015. 285 local clubs arranged over 1000 angling activities, ranging from basic introductions to angling for beginners to advanced fly-casting clinics. We wanted to show parents how to take their children fishing, to show children and youths how to go fishing, and to show more experiences anglers how to improve their skills and hopefully motivate them to try different techniques and new species. NJFF's main goal was to get as many people as possible to go fishing with us during the year, and that these events would have a long-term positive effect on the number of anglers nationwide and inspire more people to participate in fishing and outdoor activities. The year of angling combined large-scale happenings (some even with the attendance of His Majesty the King and national TV coverage) with local club arrangements and courses. To sum up the year of angling and to develop a strategy for our future commitment toward anglers, NJFF arranged an national conference in April 2015. The Norwegian angler community is changing, and focus has changed from a harvest orientation to a focus on experience and conservation. NJFF wishes to learn how to adapt. We discuss the following topics: to what extent has the year of angling attracted new anglers; has over 1000 activities and courses improved the skill level of anglers; what have we learned about NJFF, the anglers and the future?
Keywords: Angling activities; NJFF; Large-scale happenings; Local clubs; Promoting angling; Angler community; Change
29 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
C1-9. Who says “It's only Fishing!”?
Author: Sarah Collins (Chief Executive Officer, Get Hooked on Fishing), [email protected]
Abstract: Get Hooked on Fishing is an angling charity which was launched in 1999 and has projects based across the UK. We use angling as a tool for increasing social inclusion by working with children, young people, their families and communities, helping them access the well- documented personal, social, health, well-being, educational and environmental benefits of angling. The charity works with a range of partners nationally, regionally and locally, including the Angling Trust and Environment Agency. We actively contribute towards the National Angling Strategy and robustly monitor outcomes and outputs. Over the last fifteen years we have helped thousands of young people: - Improve their personal and social skills; - Increase their confidence and self-esteem; - Re-engage with education; - Refrain from committing crime; - Resist re-offending; - Increase their volunteering portfolios; - Achieve educational qualifications; - Participate in apprenticeships; - Access training opportunities; - Gain employment. We know that for many of these young people angling has created opportunities and for some of them, these have been life changing.
Keywords: Angling; Social inclusion; Young people; Communities; Partnerships
30 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
D1: Social Dynamics in C&R Fisheries. Chairs: Stensland & Kagervall
D1-1. The Role of Norms, Informal Sanctions and Assumed Consequences in Catch & Release Angling
Authors: Stian Stensland (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), [email protected] Øystein Aas (Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research)
Abstract: As catch and release angling (C&R) behaviour increases, more knowledge is needed to understand the influence of norms, their sanctions, and the perceived consequences to fish. Based on a survey of salmon anglers (n = 656) in Lakselv River, Norway, we showed that norms and awareness of consequences influence anglers’ behavioural intention of voluntarily releasing fish. Awareness of consequences had stronger impact on C&R behaviour than the perceived social norm. The results from the structural modelling supported our initial conceptual model, and suggest that voluntary C&R is a process where the individual angler considers the biophysical (ecology, setting, species, status of stocks) and social setting in addition to other factors. An investigation of informal sanctions of catch-and-release angling showed an evidence for both a medium strength C&R norm and a weak keep norm in this fishery, receiving different ascriptions between angler groups. The results help understand angler group conflicts and explain how angling behaviour is formed, thereby helping management agencies achieving angler satisfaction.
Keywords: Catch orientation; Human dimensions; Motivation; Nature-based tourism; Recreational fishing.
D1-2. Catch and Release in Sweden – Characteristics and Development
Authors: Anders Kagervall (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), [email protected] Thomas Heberlein (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Gustav Hellström (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences), Göran Ericsson (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)
Abstract: If fishery management is to succeed to manage many wild-fish based freshwater fisheries exposed to high angling pressure, recreational anglers must be willing to release their catch. Important factors guiding the behavior of individuals are the current norms. People often behave like others do. Knowledge of how personal characteristics relate to the catch and release norms gives insight how catch and release will be accepted. To assess anglers’ willingness to release fish we surveyed members in the national organization for recreational anglers in Sweden. The survey was mailed to 1067 members and we obtained an answer rate of 75 percent. The survey contained questions to assess the angers personal norm toward the release of fish as well as personal characteristics. Using k-means cluster analysis we identified three groups with very different personal norms toward the release of fish. We further analyzed difference in personal characteristics of the anglers in each group. Important factors for the personal norm were, for example, age, preference for angling gear or targeted species. Further we give examples of the development of catch and release in Swedish salmon rivers.
Keywords: Catch and release; Norms; Attitudes; Cluster analysis
31 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
D1-3. Moral Evaluation of Catch-and-release Practices by the German Public
Authors: Carsten Riepe (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), riepe@igb- berlin.de Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: Based on fish welfare reasoning, some popular angling practices have been increasingly regulated or banned in Germany. One of them is voluntary catch-and-release angling (C&R) of legally harvestable fish sizes. We assessed moral evaluations of C&R in a random sample of 1,043 members of the German public and found that a neutral description of the C&R process was favorably evaluated. Total release of all fishes caught was not considered immoral by the majority of the respondents. Ecological motives for C&R (e.g., to protect spawners) were more accepted than egocentric reasons (e.g., to allow other anglers recapture the fish). These findings indicate that the ethical judgment of C&R is strongly driven by the motives of the angler and less by what happens to the fish (pain, suffering, damages). Although this perspective is in line with the German Animal Protection Act, the current institutional treatment by fisheries agencies and angling associations of not tolerating any form of voluntary C&R does not seem to comply with the views of the majority of the public. Hence, changing the treatment of C&R to a “Swiss solution” may be warranted. Here, voluntary C&R is accepted if it contributes to the maintenance or recovery of fish stocks.
Keywords: Human dimensions; Recreational angling; Catch-and-release angling; General population survey; Animal welfare
D1-4. The Growth of Catch & Release Angling as a Constraint and Facilitator for Participation in Salmon Angling
Authors: Stian Stensland (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), [email protected] Øystein Aas (Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Oddgeir Andersen (NINA), Knut Fossgard (Norwegian University of Life Sciences)
Abstract: Weaker runs of Atlantic salmon in many Norwegian rivers have led to stricter catch quotas, shortened seasons and closed rivers to protect spawning stocks. Catch & release (C&R) of salmon in Norwegian sport fisheries has grown from 7% in 2009 to 13% in 2013 due to resource concerns and social norms. Reasons for C&R vary. Some anglers see C&R as an obligation and as anglers’ contribution to salmon conservation. In other cases fishing regulations require release of some fish (wrong size, sex, species). Others again release a fish more or less voluntarily so they can keep on fishing instead of filling their quota and quit fishing. The rapid growth of C&R act as a participation constraint for some anglers, and as a participation facilitator for others. The two last years the debate about C&R and fishing regulations has been specifically profound in the two top Norwegian rivers Gaula and Orkla. This paper investigate angler group characteristics for those two groups seeing C&R as respectively limiting or enhancing their participation. Data are based on a survey of anglers in the Gaula and Orkla rivers, in addition to text analysis from comments in the salmon blog in the local newspaper website.
Keywords: Animal cruelty; Conflict; Fishery management; Fishing tourism; Salmon conservation; Subsistence values
32 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
D1-5. Do coast, salmon and inland anglers differ in attitudes towards catch & release?
Authors: Thrond O. Haugen (Norwegian University for Life Sciences, NMBU), [email protected] Stian Stensland (NMBU), Jonathan E. Colman (NMBU), Henriette Kildahl (NMBU), Esten Skullerud (NMBU), Jeanette Thimamontri (NMBU)
Abstract: Norway offers many angling opportunities spanning free and nearly non-regulated coastal fishing, via low-cost and slightly regulated inland fishing for salmonids to expensive and highly regulated salmon fishing in rivers. C&R constitutes a potential management tool in all these systems. We explored if attitudes towards C&R as a management tool differ among anglers fishing in different systems and discuss management implications and challenges in face of eventual differences. In situ and web questionnaire surveys were performed during 2011-2013 in Inner Oslofjord coastal area (IO, >15 species), Engerdal Municipality (EM, inland salmonids) and in River Lakselva (RL, salmon). The results revealed significant differences in attitudes towards C&R. IO anglers scored highest in favor of “C&R = wasting food” (IO>EM>>RL). Score ranks in favor of “C&R = animal abuse” were EM>IO>>RL, and for “C&R = healthy management”: RL>>IO>EM. The three groups also differed in catch orientation (EM>IO>>RL). The IO system had a high angler-type diversity as reflected by high questionnaire score value variation. These findings imply implementing C&R as a management tool will face different justification and information challenges in the three study systems. Challenges seem most pronounced in the IO system due to high angler-type diversity and incomplete resource status knowledge.
Keywords: Fisheries management, Recreational fishing, Questionnaire surveys, Angler diversity, Angler motivation
D1-6. From a Living Thing to a Living Being – Changing Views on Catch and Release of Atlantic Salmon in Alta River, Norway
Author: Merete Ødegaard (Alta Museum), [email protected]
Abstract: The River Alta in northern Norway is renowned for its large salmon, and attracts anglers from all over the world. It’s tradition for fly-fishing has been encouraged by the local administrative body, ‘Alta Laksefiskeri Interessentskap’ (ALI). ALI has a unique approach to general salmon management. Through its long experience with firm administration of fishing rights, ALI has been able to control both how and when and by whom the river is fished. The Atlantic salmon is among many anglers considered an endangered species, for instance due to killing of smolt by lice from big salmon farms in the fjords and other environmental threats. As a result, measures have been taken to secure that the Alta River salmon stock achieve the set spawning-target, one of these measures is the practise of catch and release angling. Although angling in Alta is founded on long built knowledge and tradition, it has always been open to innovation and new ideas such as the introduction of catch and release in the 1990s. Based on participant-observation carried out along the river and interviews with local fishing guides, I will discuss how catch and release has changed human-salmon relations; how to fish and how to think about fishing.
Keywords: Catch and release; Flyfishing; Salmon; Human-salmon relations
33 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
D1-7. Rhetoric and Hegemonies in Controversies over Management Policies in the Salmon River of Orkla, Norway
Authors: Hogne Øian (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Margrete Skår (NINA), Oddgeir Andersen (NINA), Øystein Aas (NINA)
Abstract: This paper deals with controversies over how the salmon of River Orkla should be accessed in terms of management and utilization. Results of a qualitative study that included different stakeholders in the River Orkla, during the season of 2013, confirms the tendency of the increasing acceptance of catch and release as a mode of protecting salmon rivers from the assumed negative consequences of consumptive angling. Yet, among anglers and river owners alike, the research interviews also disclosed some ambivalence towards, or even opposition to, C&R as a management policy. While these controversies and conflicts might be grounded in clear-cut economic and political interests of different stakeholders, efforts are made to establish hegemonic discourses based on cultural meaning systems and ideological perspectives. Behind this competition for hegemony - which involves divergent cultural models of the relationship between man and salmon, but also between man and the nature in general - the ultimate dimension nevertheless appears to be disagreements over what kind of angling should reign in River Orkla and other Norwegian salmon rivers. Some anglers and river owners worry that the new management policy is part of a process where a few stakeholders, who accommodate exclusive angling for up-market costumers, will displace consumptively minded angling. On the other hand, those who like to see River Orkla developed into an attractive river for national and international sport anglers worry that too much consumptive angling will destroy such a development, for wealthy and non-wealthy anglers alike. The discourses on angling practices and angling rules appear to be casted too much in scenarios of either or, while discussions of arrangements that could accommodate both exclusive and non- exclusive angling seem to be harder to come by.
Keywords: C&R Angling; Rhetoric, Conflicts, Power relations
D1-8. Catching Catch-and-release- evidence from an Atlantic Salmon Recreational Fishery
Author: Jon Olaf Olaussen (Trondheim Business School), [email protected]
Abstract: Catch-and-release (C&R) is often regarded as a win-win management tool in recreational fisheries. As long as release mortality is low, C&R may both ensure sustainable fish stocks and a large recreational fishing sector at the same time. Hence, apparently both the targeted fish populations and the recreational anglers are better off. However, this depends on both fish welfare assumptions as well as angler preferences. While fish welfare is widely studied, angler preferences with respect to C&R are less understood. The present paper presents the results from a quantitative study of angler preferences in a Norwegian recreational Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery. The postal survey was sent to 392 random anglers in the catch statistics registers of 17 Norwegian salmon rivers during fall 2013, and 244 anglers responded (62% response rate). The results suggest that introducing mandatory C&R regimes may reduce the angler utility by a magnitude of up to 80% in this fishery, and hence advocates caution and more surveys to be undertaken before C&R introductions.
Keywords: Angler preferences; Angling; Catch-and-release; Recreational fisheries; Salmo salar; Willingness-to-pay; Management
34 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
D1-9. Where Recreation and Conservation Meet: Rapid Integrated Assessment of the Catch-and-release Mahseer (Tor spp.) Recreational Fishery of the Cauvery River, India
Authors: Shannon D. Bower (Carleton University), [email protected] Andy J. Danylchuk (University of Massachusetts), Rajeev Ragavan (St. Albert's College, India; Mahseer Trust, Freshwater Biological Association), Sascha Clark-Danylchuk (Fish Mission), Adrian Pinder (Mahseer Trust, Freshwater Biological Association; Bournemouth University), Steven J. Cooke (Carleton University)
Abstract: The mahseer (Tor spp.) of India are a group of potamodromous cyprinids currently facing numerous challenges in their native ranges including overfishing, pollution, and hydropower development. As a result of such challenges, six of eight Indian mahseer species have been listed as ‘Near Threatened’ or ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List. The mahseer recreational fishery has served as an ally for this group of iconic species, fostering aquatic stewardship, providing livelihood alternatives for poachers and generating revenue for local communities. Yet, information regarding species-specific responses to recreational fishing practices is lacking and a 2009 decree equating fishing with hunting in the Indian Wildlife Act (1972) has rendered the future of mahseer recreational fisheries uncertain. In 2014, our team conducted rapid physiological assessments and stakeholder workshops to evaluate the suitability of catch-and-release recreational fishing as a potential tool for mahseer conservation in the Cauvery River, Coorg. In early 2015, our team conducted angler and community surveys to measure key sociological attributes of the fishery, including measuring the malleability of angler behaviours and the degree of community support for the fishery. Workshop outputs highlighted the complexity of social dynamics of the mahseer fisheries, and the need for increased engagement of stakeholders and managers. We discuss these results in detail, along with preliminary results of the 2015 field season.
Keywords: Mahseer; Endangered species; Recreational Fishery; C&R fishing; Conservation
D1-10. Catch and Release - Protection or Damage to the Fish? A Case Study from Amazonas Fisheries
Author: Miguel Petrere Jr
Abstract: Worldwide, in recent decades, the number of people involved in the activity has increased. Practitioners who advocate this form of leisure claim that it helps preserve fish stocks, but those who criticize it claim that it causes stress and even fish deaths. Brazil is one of the countries with the highest diversity of freshwater and marine fish. Albeit commercial fisheries have been always important, mostly small scale fisheries, catch and release is becoming very popular in the country, especially in the Amazon. But so far, contrary to what occurs in other countries, very little is known about fish biology and behaviour and the consequences of the activity in the preferred species. In this paper a quick review on the subject is presented with a discussion from an ethical point of view.
Keywords: Catch and release; Conflicts; Amazonas; Consequences
35 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Tuesday AM Time Schedule
Time A2a Atlantic B2 Angler data C2 Trans-discipl. D2 C&R Biology salmon (obs starts at approaches to 0830) stocking 0830 B2-1 (0830 - 0850) 0900 Intro B2-2 (0850 – 0910) Intro Intro 0910 A2-1 B2-3 C2-1 D2-1 0930 A2-2 B2-4 C2-2 D2-2 0950 A2-3 B2-5 C2-3 D2-3 1010 Break Break Break Break 1030 A2-4 B2-6 C2-4 D2-4 1050 A2-5 B2-7 C2-5 D2-5 1110 A2-6 B2-8 C2-6 D2-6 1130 Break Break Break Break 1150 A2-7 B2-9 C2-7 D2-7 1210 Discussion B2-10 Discussion D2-8 1230 1230: Intro A3 Discussion Discussion Discussion Right Angle Mgt 1250 A3-1 (1240) Discussion Discussion 1300 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch
A2a: Challenges and Opportunities in Using Reference Points for the Management of Recreational Fisheries for Atlantic Salmon. Chairs: Vehanen & Hutchinson
A2a-1. Development of Biological Reference Points for Atlantic Salmon and Brown Trout Populations: Methods and Challenges
Authors: Kjetil Hindar (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Ola Diserud (NINA), Richard Hedger (NINA), Peder Fiske (NINA), Sten Karlsson (NINA), Ola Ugedal (NINA), Anders Foldvik (NINA), Torbjørn Forseth (NINA), Anders Finstad (Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
Abstract: The central goal for management of anadromous salmonids in Norway is to secure natural populations and their habitat so that natural diversity and productivity are maintained, and within these frames to develop the size and potential yield of these populations to the benefit of fishing rights owners and fishers. The most important methods to achieve this goal are to develop conservation limits and management targets for each population and to estimate the surplus (if present) of adult fish potentially available for fishing. The most important challenges are to provide a general and efficient methodology to estimate conservation limits for several hundreds of populations, to estimate the effects on conservation limits when habitat quantity and quality change, to estimate attainment of targets and provide sound fisheries advice (cf. Symposium Abstract by Forseth et al.), and to manage invading fish farm escapees and their effects on wild populations. Here we provide an overview of the methodology used in Norway to provide conservation limits and management targets for
36 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Atlantic salmon, and the most important challenges faced by research, management, and fishers. We also suggest ways of transferring knowledge developed for Atlantic salmon to its congeneric species, the brown trout, which has a different life history, different habitat use, and faces different challenges to salmon.
Keywords: Anadromous fishes; Salmonids; Conservation limit; Management target; Habitat changes; Fishing regulations; Releases
A2a-2. Management of Salmon Rivers in Sweden – a Shift from Species to Populations
Authors: Stefan Larsson (County Administrative Board of Västerbotten), [email protected] Torleif Eriksson (County Administrative Board of Västerbotten), Ulf Carlsson (County Administrative Board of Västerbotten)
Abstract: In recent years, the overall Total Allowable Catch in the commercial fishery for Baltic salmon has been substantially lowered. Because of this and other actions (e.g. habitat restoration), many Swedish salmon populations are of higher biological status than ever observed before. However, there are still weak populations that require cautionary measures. On a national scale, important salmon management decisions have recently been taken, of which the exclusion of the mixed-population offshore salmon fishery has been of the highest significance, allowing for the management of individual salmon populations. Hence, salmon management in Sweden is now in the process of changing from a species-based to a population-based approach. To safeguard weak populations and optimize the socio-economic value of strong populations, work is in progress to form river-specific management plans. In this presentation, the complexity of salmon management in Sweden, with a mix of numerous small and large private fishing-right owners is described, together with how regional and national authorities work together with private interests in seeking consensus on the implementation of river specific salmon management plans.
Keywords: Management; Salmon; Trout; Baltic; Fishing-right; Legislation; Action plan
A2a-3. A Review of the Process for Management of Atlantic Salmon in Ireland on a Single Stock Basis Following Scientific Stock Assessment of Achievement of Conservation Limit
Authors: Cathal Gallagher (Inland Fisheries Ireland), [email protected] P. Gargan (IFI), N. O'Maoileidigh (Marine Institute), J. White (IFI), W. Roche (IFI)
Abstract: Since 2007, river-specific conservation limits (CL) have been set for all 143 salmon rivers in Ireland. Conservation limits were established with reference to river wetted area, latitude, stock recruitment indices, and river specific information on salmon. An annual assessment is undertaken of the attainment of CL using counters or rod catch in association with a range of exploitation rates. A Risk Analysis is then undertaken which incorporates the range around the CL and the variability around the estimated forecast of salmon returns in the following year. A catch option which provides a high probability (>75%) that the CL will be met is advised. If returns are likely to be less than the CL then harvest fishing is not advised. For rivers with no direct means of salmon stock assessment, catchment wide electro-fishing provides an index of salmon spawning. After receipt of scientific advice on the status of salmon stocks, a management decision is taken on whether rivers are open for harvest fisheries, open for catch and release angling to provide a stock assessment or closed. This process for management of Atlantic salmon in Ireland is reviewed and its applicability for management of Atlantic salmon in other North Atlantic salmon producing countries is discussed. The application of this process for the management of recreational fisheries for sea trout is also discussed.
Keywords: Atlantic salmon; Conservation limits; Stock assessment; Reference points
37 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
A2a-4. The Effectiveness of a Decision Structure to Regulate Salmon Fisheries in England and Wales (UK)
Author: Guy Mawle (Fisheries consultant), [email protected]
Abstract: In 2006, a Decision Structure was introduced for the regulation of salmon fisheries in England and Wales, UK. Its purpose was to trigger consistent and prompt responses by local managers to the risk of depleted stocks, reflecting international agreements on the principles of salmon management. The Decision Structure comprises four stages applied annually: stock assessment, screening for options, option evaluation, solution and uptake. Stock status is assessed annually by using spawning escapement over the previous ten years to predict the future probability of compliance with a management target. The Decision Structure aims to ensure that, in time, all rivers have a low probability of failing their management targets. In contrast, national objectives only aim to reduce the number of rivers having a high probability of failure. Even so, these are not being met. Individual rivers are used to demonstrate the Decision Structure and some of its limitations. These include the slow process for stock assessment; the lack of pre-agreed management measures which would enable prompt introduction; and the need for better integration with management of other factors affecting stock abundance. Options are suggested for improvement.
Keywords: Salmon; Management; Spawning target; Measures
A2a-5. Attainment of Conservation Limits and the Harvestable Surplus as Foundation for Catch Advise for Atlantic Salmon Fisheries in Norway
Authors: Torbjørn Forseth (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Peder Fiske (NINA), Kjetil Hindar (NINA), Ola Diserud (NINA), Bjørn Barlaup (Uni Research, Bergen), Harald Gjøsæter (Institute of Marine Research, Bergen)
Abstract: The use of conservation limits and management targets in the management of salmon populations in Norway has been successful in achieving the main goal of conservation and sustainable exploitation. The total spawning biomass of salmon populations has increased and an increasing number of populations are at their maximum reproductive capacity, despite adult returns remaining at low levels. Here we briefly review the procedures for evaluating attainment of conservation limits, but focus on recent advances in estimating harvestable surplus in a complex system with mixed-stock marine fisheries and multi-stock river fisheries. We also describe how the concept of harvestable surplus is included in evaluation of population status and in the process of providing catch advice.
Keywords: Anadromous fishes; Salmonids; Conservation limit; Catch advice; Harvestable surplus
38 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
A2a-6. Development in Setting Spawning Targets for, and Analysing the Mixed-stock Fishery on the Atlantic Salmon Populations of the River Teno/Tana
Authors: Jaakko Erkinaro (Natural Resources Institute Finland, River Tenojoki Fisheries Research Station), [email protected] Jorma Kuusela Panu Orell (Natural Resources Institute Finland), Eero Niemelä (Natural Resources Institute Finland), Maija Länsman (Natural Resources Institute Finland), Juha-Pekka Vähä (University of Turku), Morten Falkegård (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Anders Foldvik (NINA)
Abstract: Atlantic salmon are exploited in mixed-stock fisheries in the River Teno/Tana main stem, which target the circa 30 sub-populations in the complex. Exploitation of the various populations is cumulative, starting from the coastal fisheries, and continuing in the fjord, estuary, main stem of the Teno, and further to the fishery within the tributaries. Identifying the run timing and migration patterns of the different populations and exploitation levels on these stocks is essential for a population-specific management plan. In addition, successful target-based management requires the estimation of the desired abundance of the spawning stock in each population. Spawning targets have recently been established for 24 salmon populations in tributaries and in the main stem of the River Teno, based on the standard method established for all Norwegian salmon rivers. In addition, 32 microsatellite loci were used to analyse the genetic structure of approximately 3,500 samples, and 31 genetically different populations were defined as a baseline for the River Teno system. Based on catch statistics, catch (scale) samples and their genetic analyses, population-specific exploitation in the main stem can now be estimated in time and space, for different fishing gears and user groups and for different life history groups (sea-age groups, previous spawners).
Keywords: Spawning targets; Mixed-stock fishery; Genetics; Management; Diversity
A2a-7. To Fish or not to Fish? The Use of Counter Data in Support of Rational Management of the Recreational Salmon Fishery in Norwegian Salmon Rivers
Authors: Magnus Thor Asgeirsson (Vaki Aquaculture Systems Ltd.), [email protected] Preben Strand (Vaki Aquaculture Systems Ltd.)
Abstract: There may be little correlation between the number of fish caught and the number of fish migrating in rivers. There are examples of rivers that have experienced record runs of salmon while at the same time experiencing extremely poor catches. An automatic fish counter can confirm how many fish are present in the river at any time and provide a comprehensive overview of migration patterns compared with other methods in use today such as trapping and manual counting with or without use of cameras. Today, Riverwatcher Fish Counters have been installed in seven rivers in Norway (Reppafjordelva, Skottfoss, Akerselva, Stabburselva and three rivers in Glomma). In this presentation we will consider case studies from a four of these rivers. The Reppafjordelva is a good example where there is no correlation between rod catch and the number of salmon in the river. There have been years of record salmon runs with rather poor catches. In the light of the counter data, stakeholders have kept the river open to salmon fishing in years with poor catches but abundant salmon runs. Counters can be used to determine the exploitation rate in rod fisheries which is usually between 25% and 50% in Repparfjordelva with rod catch positively correlated with abundance. However, in one year there was high rod catch despite a poor salmon run.
Keywords: Fish-counter; Migration; Exploitation; Ichthyology; Automatic monitoring
B2: See above on B1b
39 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
C2: Trans-disciplinary Approaches to Sustainable Fish Stocking and the Besatzfisch Project. Chair: Arlinghaus
C2-1. A Comparative Analysis of Salmonid Stocking Governance in France, Germany, Norway, Sweden and Atlantic Canada. Implications and Consequences for Recreational Fisheries Management
Authors: Øystein Aas (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Julien Cucherousset (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Ian Fleming (Memorial University of Newfoundland), Johan Höjesjö (Göteborg University), Christian Wolter (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries)
Abstract: Movement and stocking of freshwater fishes outside their native habitat has increasingly become a “wicked issue” in contemporary fishery management and conservation. New knowledge challenges long-term established practices of stocking since it is scientific consensus that both intentional and unintentional release of cultivated fish can pose serious risks to the genetic identity of native populations. However, fish stocking might still be conducted in sustainable ways being important for conservation of threatened populations or species and for sustaining angling opportunities. Among stakeholders it is seen by some as a blessing and by others as a curse. This paper compare previous and current salmonid (native as well as non-native species) stocking governance in five legislative units around the North Atlantic; Atlantic Provinces of Canada, France, Germany, Norway and Sweden. The study is based on document studies carried out by a team of fishery experts from each unit. It documents differences between the legislative units in overall goals and objectives, sectorial organization and levels of decision-making, which might explain differences in salmonid stocking and salmonid distribution in the five studied areas. The paper also identifies how decision-making solve dilemmas applying differentiated objectives for different spatial units and watersheds, as well as how concepts of native and non-native (alien) species and populations are subject to “negotiations” and compromises.
Keywords: Salmonid stocking; Governance; Policy; Sectorial organisation, Document studies
C2-2. Landscape Scale Dynamics of Fishers, Fish and Policy: Experiments, Data and Models of Canadian Recreational Fisheries
Authors: John R. Post (University of Calgary), [email protected] Adrian Clarke (Freshwater Fisheries Society of British Columbia), Wolfgang Haider (Simon Fraser University), Tom Carruthers (University of British Columbia), Murdoch McAllister (University of British Columbia), Kora Dabrowska (Simon Fraser University)
Abstract: Recreational fisheries in lake districts are social-ecological systems with dynamic interactions across spatial and temporal scales. Diversity of angler behaviours, variability in fish production and constraints on management policy create a complexity of outcomes that are difficult to understand and manage. Despite the high economic and social value of many of these fisheries, resources are usually inadequate to develop best management practices on a site-by-site basis. One approach to management of such data poor fisheries is to conduct Adaptive Experimental Management (AEM) regimes with the twin goals of optimizing policy and improving our understanding of these complex social-ecological systems. We are conducting an AEM on a large, high value recreational fishery in British Columbia involving a combination of stocked and wild rainbow trout fisheries. A series of whole lake experiments are being conducted manipulating stocking rates and management policy across clines of ecological productivity and angler effort. In concert with the experiments, we are assessing angler behaviour, fish population dynamics and resultant spatial and temporal patterns in
40 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 fishing quality. Spatial models, conditioned to field data, are being used to determine optimal management policy in support of a series of explicit objectives for this fishery.
Keywords: Angler behaviour; Population dynamics; Adaptive experimental management; Stocking strategies; Social-ecological systems
C2-3. A Transdisciplinary Sustainability Science Route to Sustainable Fish Stocking in Recreational Fisheries
Authors: Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin), [email protected] Eva-Maria Cyrus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Marie Fujitani (Leibniz- Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Erik Eschbach (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Fiona Johnston (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Daniel Hühn (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Thilo Pagel (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Carsten Riepe (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries)
Abstract: It is increasingly appreciated that development of solutions to sustainability issues demands the integration of scientific and non-scientific knowledge and a participatory process in which managers, scientists and affected stakeholders interact. We here describe the key outcomes of a transdisciplinary action research project in which fisheries scientists involving both natural and social science disciplines and recreational anglers collaborated over four years to develop robust knowledge on how to improve fish stocking. We had three key objectives. First, what are the biological outcomes of common stocking practices? Second, how do anglers construct ecological knowledge about stocking and finally, can one alter the functional understanding on how stocked system function through participatory research. To answer these questions, a team of natural and social scientists collaborated with 18 angling clubs in Lower Saxony. Some clubs were exposed to a jointly planned and executed fish stocking experiment in the club’s own waters with two model species. Another set of clubs was informed about sustainable stocking via frontal lectures, which were also provided to the participatory clubs. A final set of angling clubs served as the control group. We conclude our cumulative insights that transdisciplinary cooperation is useful in exposing anglers to science and for transferring knowledge into practice. However, there are also challenges to be overcome, such as generating trust and acceptability, maintaining interested in a long research process and achieving social learning within clubs.
Keywords: Human dimensions; Fish stocking; Recreational angling; Adaptive fisheries management
C2-4. The Human Dimensions of Stocking in German Angling Clubs
Authors: Carsten Riepe (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), riepe@igb- berlin.de Thilo Pagel (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Johanna Hilsberg (Leibniz- Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Ben Beardmore (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Andrew McFall (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Jürgen Meyerhoff (Technical University, Berlin), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: Organized in thousands of clubs, recreational anglers are key players in the management of freshwater fish stocks in Germany. Yet, the human dimensions of fish stocking are poorly understood. To bridge this gap, large-scale surveys were conducted among members of North German angling clubs and with managers from a nationwide sample of angling clubs. Most respondents exhibited positive attitudes toward fish stocking and revealed strong personal and social norms in favour of stocking. Results from a choice experiment suggested that
41 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 positive attitudes towards stocking were grounded in the belief that stocking contributes to catches. Hence, anglers did not have an intrinsic preference for stocking. Nevertheless, because angler satisfaction is catch-dependent and anglers assume stocking to be necessary to maintain catches, pro-stocking norms are strong and affect decision makers, which contributes to the tradition of stocking as a panacea. Despite their preferences for stocking, many study participants were open to alternative management tools that may foster natural reproduction, but such tools were perceived as more difficult to implement. We conclude that human dimensions are a major factor contributing to the adherence to stocking as a predominant management tool. Changing this situation implies changing pro-stocking norms or attitudes held by German club anglers.
Keywords: Human dimensions; Fish stocking; Recreational angling; Adaptive fisheries management; Discrete choice experiment
C2-5. Natural Reproduction and Stock Enhancement Outcomes: Evaluation of Stocking Fish into Populations with and without Natural Reproduction Using Carp and Pike as model Species
Authors: D. Hühn (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), [email protected] T. Pagel (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), E. Eschbach (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), R. Arlinghaus ((Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: In recreational fisheries stocking is one of the most used and abused tool to manage fish stocks. However, reliable controlled and replicated experiments beyond case studies and theoretical assumptions are rare. We tested the stock enhancing effects of releasing fish in naturally reproducing and populations lacking natural recruits, using controlled and replicated experiments. Stocking scenarios with harvestable sized common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and three life stages of northern pike (Esox lucius L.) were evaluated. We found that stock sizes of carp and pike increased strongly when the populations lacked natural recruits. Whenever natural reproduction occurred, stocking pike fry or fingerlings failed to increase stock size, but replacement effects were documented despite the substantially lower fitness of stocked compared to wild individuals. Stocking of adult pike elevated stock size, but stocked fish suffered from handling and stocking-induced losses of 10% over the first winter. The relative reproductive success of stocked adult pike was 0.56 but due to small sample sizes differences to resident pike were not always significant. Overall, stocking is a valuable management tool in fish populations where natural reproduction is lacking. In the case of successfully reproducing populations stocking of small pike is bound to fail, and the same may hold true for many other species. At the same time, stock enhancements may risk genetic biodiversity because some replacement of native genotypes by stocked fish is almost inevitable.
Keywords: Stocking; Additive effects; Natural reproduction; Replacement; Carp; Pike
C2-6. The Costs and Benefits of Stocking Reproducing and Non-reproducing Species: a Bioeconomic Modelling Approach
Authors: Fiona D. Johnston (Leibniz-Insitute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin), [email protected] Michael S. Allen (University of Florida), Carsten Riepe (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Ben Beardmore (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Thilo Pagel (Leibniz-Insitute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz- Insitute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: Fish stocking and harvest regulations (e.g. minimum-size limits) are commonly used in recreational fisheries to maintain or enhance fisheries, but their effectiveness in achieving management objectives is rarely evaluated. Our aim was to evaluate how stocking various fish
42 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 densities and sizes (fry, fingerlings and adults), performed relative to minimum-size limits alone in terms of augmenting the fish population, increasing angler satisfaction, and the net economic benefit (benefits minus costs) produced. We used a bioeconomic model that integrated fish population dynamics and angler population behaviour, and modelled two species – naturally-reproducing northern pike (Esox Lucius) and non-reproducing common carp (Cyprinus carpio). We found that the usefulness of stocking depended on the performance measure examined. For example, stocking often augmented the fish population, but did not necessarily increase angler satisfaction. Furthermore, fish stocking only made sense economically when the fish population was not successfully reproducing (e.g., overfished pike populations) or when it would not otherwise exist (e.g., carp). In all other cases, minimum- size limits generated similar benefits without incurring the costs of stocking. Our results suggest that stocking should only be considered when there are sufficient numbers of anglers benefiting from stocking to offset the costs, and that low stocking densities should be used to minimize costs.
Keywords: Fish stocking; Bioeconomic model; Cost-benefit analysis; Angler utility; Discrete choice model
C2-7. Engaging with Stakeholders for Sustainable Inland Fisheries: a Randomized Controlled Experiment on Learning for Sustainable Stocking in German Recreational Fisheries
Authors: Marie L. Fujitani (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), [email protected] Andrew McFall (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Christoph Randler (University of Education Heidelberg), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: This project evaluated two educational interventions on sustainable stocking practices in the largest educational randomized experiment of its kind involving stakeholders with direct management responsibilities. In Germany, anglers are leaseholders of fishing rights and oversee management (e.g., stocking). Seventeen angler clubs from Lower Saxony were randomly assigned to control, stocking lecture, or transdisciplinary cooperation groups. We assessed the efficacy of the interventions at changing knowledge and behavioral antecedents using questionnaires. Lecture group anglers received a presentation on sustainable stocking. In the transdisciplinary group, in addition to the same stocking lecture, participated in hands- on learning as anglers and scientists collaborated to design, conduct, and evaluate stocking experiments on different species in club water bodies. Results of the two educational interventions were analyzed by Before-After-Control-Impact analysis with club-level random effects. We found that anglers absorbed information from the lectures in the short-term, but forgot most topics 10 months later. Transdisciplinary cooperation anglers remembered twice as many topics 8-10 months after program end. Behavioral antecedents towards stocking remained unchanged, though results suggest stocking practices may be modified towards sustainability. Transdisciplinary cooperation performed better than lectures in teaching adaptive management and monitoring, in addition to building relationships with stakeholders and facilitating two-way knowledge transfer.
Keywords: Cognitive hierarchy; Environmental education; Difference in differences; Evidence- based management; Natural resource management
43 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
D2: C&R Fisheries – New Insights from Fish Biology Research. Chairs: Uglem & Kraabøl
D2-1. The effect of catch-and-release angling at high water temperatures on behavior and survival of Atlantic salmon during spawning migration
Authors: Torgeir Havn (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Ingebrigt Uglem (NINA), Øyvind Solem (NINA), Steven J. Cooke (Carleton University), Frederick G. Whoriskey (Ocean Tracking Network, Dalhousie University), Eva B. Thorstad (NINA)
Abstract: Many Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations have declined during the last decades. Various restrictions on riverine fisheries have been introduced to conserve spawning populations, including increased use of catch-and-release (C&R) angling. Previous studies have shown that survival of caught and released S. salar angled at water temperatures below 15 °C is high. The survival at water temperatures above 15 °C has so far not been well examined under natural conditions. In this study, behavior and survival following C&R was investigated in wild S. salar (n = 75) angled on sport fishing gear in the River Otra in southern Norway at water temperatures of 16.3-21.1 °C. The fish were tagged externally with radio transmitters and immediately released back into the river to simulate a realistic C&R situation. The majority of the fish (91%) survived C&R. Most of the fish that were present in the River Otra during the spawning period three to four months later were located at known spawning grounds. Downstream movements (median farthest position: 0.5 km, range: 0.1-11.0 km) during the first four days after release were recorded for 72% of the fish, presumably stress-induced fallback associated with C&R. Fish that fell back spent a median of 15 days before commencing their first upstream movement after release, and 34 days before they returned to or were located above their release site. Mortality appeared to be somewhat elevated at the higher end of the temperature range (14% at 18-21 °C), although sample sizes were low. In conclusion, C&R at water temperatures up to 18 °C had minimal behavioral consequences and was associated with low mortality (< 7%). Nevertheless, low levels of mortality occur due to C&R angling and these losses should be accounted for by management authorities in rivers where C&R is practiced. Refinement of “best practices” for catch-and-release may help to reduce mortality, particularly at warmer temperatures.
Keywords: Biotelemetry; Fisheries management; Radio telemetry; Recreational Fishing; Salmo sal
D2-2. Behavior of Atlantic Salmon Released by Recreational Anglers: Insight from Electronic Tags
Authors: Robert J. Lennox (Carleton University), [email protected] Eva B. Thorstad (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Steven J. Cooke (Carleton University), Frederick G. Whoriskey (Ocean Tracking Network, c/o Dalhousie University), Torgeir B. Havn (NINA), Øyvind Solem (NINA), Ola H. Diserud (NINA), Tor Næsje (NINA), Martin R. Johansen, Eva M. Ulvan (NINA), Ingebrigt Uglem (NINA)
Abstract: Catch-and-release is becoming popular as a strategy for managing recreational Atlantic salmon fisheries in Norway and abroad. Telemetry studies have demonstrated high survival of salmon released by anglers, however, catch-and-release may have important sublethal consequences, including alterations to behavior. Using radio transmitting tags affixed to salmon released by anglers, we analyzed behavior of salmon after catch-and-release in Norwegian Atlantic salmon fishing rivers. Tagging and tracking data from several rivers identified altered upriver migratory behavior of salmon relative to a control group in River Gaula, thermal behavior of salmon tagged with temperature logging iButton tags in River Lakselva, and gear avoidance among recaptured salmon from tagging studies conducted in
44 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Rivers Gaula, Lakselva, Otra, and Orkla. Altered behavior has important consequences for migrating salmon in the context of reproduction, given that salmon are migrating towards specific spawning territory within their natal rivers. Moreover, behavioral effects of catch- and-release provides interesting insight into salmon fisheries management given the economic and cultural importance of salmon for many coastal communities.
Keywords: C&R; Recreational fisheries; Salmon; Behavioral effects; Fisheries management
D2-3. The Impact of Different Angling Lures on Rod-caught Salmon
Author: Guy Mawle (Fisheries consultant), [email protected]
Abstract: In England and Wales (UK), all rod-caught Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) must be released with minimal harm before 16 June. On rivers with severely depleted stocks, all salmon must be released. Fishing with natural baits such as worm is restricted because of the risk of mortality. Even when salmon must be released, spinning as well as fly fishing is widely permitted, as is the use of barbed hooks, on the assumption that the mortality associated with angling will be negligible. Exploitation rates, before release, by angling of between 20 and 50 percent have been reported, especially for multi-sea-winter salmon. Spinning often accounts for half or more of the total salmon catch. One of the most popular spinning lures is the Flying C. This study uses anglers’ records of over 1200 salmon caught on the River Usk, Wales to examine the number of salmon reported as mortally injured by capture, i.e. as having died before release, or as deep-hooked or bleeding and therefore unlikely to survive after release. Most of the salmon were caught after 16 June when release was not mandatory, though widely practised. Of salmon caught on Flying Cs, 11 percent were reported as mortally injured, compared to 3 percent of those caught on fly, and 6 percent of those caught on plugs. Anglers were not obliged to report injuries, only whether the salmon was killed or released. The level of mortal injuries is therefore expected to be higher than reported. Possible changes to regulations on fishing gear are discussed.
Keywords: Atlantic salmon; C&R; Spinning; Mortal injuries; Fishing gear regulations
D2-4. Catch-and-release Effects on Brown Trout in a Specially Regulated Fly Fishery in a Norwegian River
Author: Morten Kraabøl (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected]
Abstract: The effects of repeated catch-and-release (c&r) events on acute behavioural responses, site fidelity and subsequent recaptures and releases on brown trout were investigated by conventional telemetry techniques in a fly-fishing zone on River Hemsil, SE Norway, in 2010- 2012. In total 29 trout (BL: 32-55 cm) were caught during dry fly fishing in June 2010 and equipped with internal radio transmitters and external Carlin tags (N=26), and three with only Carlin tags. The precision range of the manual tracking (N=1987) during 367 days was estimated to +/- 100 m. Fly fishers were instructed to report the Carlin number by mobile phone after each c&r event, and project and contact information was distributed along the 20 km river stretch. No immediate displacement responses were detected after 27 c&r events within the longevity of the transmitters (June 2010 to June 2011). During three fishing seasons (2010, 2011 and 2012), 18 of the 29 (62 %) tagged trout were recaptured 40 times (1-8 times/ind). A common feature was that all recaptures occurred in the same pool as they were originally captured, tagged and released in June 2010, which indicates a strong site fidelity within season, and homing to feeding pools between seasons. Migrations between vital habitats, home range estimates and other aspects of c&r regulated trout fisheries are also presented and discussed.
45 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Keywords: Brown trout; Catch & release; Telemetry; Behavioural responses; Migrations; Home range; Homing; Site fidelity
D2-5. Evaluating Air Exposure Thresholds for Recreational Grayling Fisheries with Physiological and Behavioral Tools
Authors: Robert J. Lennox (Carleton University), [email protected] Ian Mayer (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), Torgeir B. Havn (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Martin R. Johansen, Steven J. Cooke (Carleton University), Eva B. Thorstad (NINA), Ingebrigt Uglem (NINA)
Abstract: European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) are popular recreational sport fish throughout Europe. Grayling are typically released by anglers after angling but are often lifted out of the water prior to release. To evaluate the effects of air exposure and exercise on released grayling condition, we compared blood physiology and reflex impairment metrics from three air exposure treatments to baseline values obtained from grayling that were blood sampled immediately after capture without air exposure. Treatment groups were air exposed for 0, 10, or 120 s after angling and then transferred to holding chambers. Blood samples were drawn from grayling after 30 min holding and were analyzed for pH, glucose and lactate levels, and sodium ion concentration. Tail grab and orientation reflexes were assessed thrice: immediately after capture, after air exposure, and after 30 min to quantify impairment. Grayling in all three treatment groups exhibited different blood-based physiological parameters relative to baseline values, which was expected as angling typically induces a secondary stress response. However, glucose, lactate, and pH values were not different among treatment groups, indicating that air exposure did not exacerbate the stress response relative to angling alone. Sodium ion concentrations were higher in 120 s air exposed grayling relative to baseline concentrations. Immediately after air exposure, the extent of reflex impairment increased with longer air exposure durations, with 100% of 120 s air exposed grayling exhibiting impaired reflexes. Reflex impairment lingered for grayling air exposed for 10 s and 120 s but recovered rapidly for grayling air exposed 0 s. Although physiological indices did not indicate an exacerbating effect of air exposure relative to just exercise, prolonged reflex impairment was associated with the longer air exposure interval. Anglers must therefore take care to reduce air exposure and eliminate it entirely when possible in order to adhere to best practices for grayling angling.
Keywords: Grayling; Recreational fisheries; Air exposure; Impacts
D2-6. Post-release Hook Shedding Mechanism of Deep-hooked European Eels (Anguilla Anguilla)
Authors: Marc Simon Weltersbach (Thünen-Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries TI-OF), [email protected] Keno Ferter (IMR), Florian Sambraus (University of Bergen), Harry Vincent Strehlow (TI-OF), Malte Dorow (State Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Institute for Fisheries)
Abstract: The European eel stock (Anguilla anguilla) has experienced dramatic declines, and is currently considered to be outside safe biological limits. For many European anglers, eel is an important target species, and several studies have shown that recreational eel landings can exceed commercial eel harvest on regional scale. To reduce fishing induced mortality, some countries have prohibited harvest of eel. Other countries have introduced stricter bag limits or higher minimum size limits. Stricter harvest regulations increase the likelihood of regulatory catch-and-release (C&R). As eels are often deep-hooked, we studied the post- release fate of deeply hooked eels focusing on the potential hook shedding mechanism. 32 deep-hooked eels were caught with four different hook versions and the line was cut. After
46 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 tagging, eels were held in a tank for five months, and frequently radiographed to evaluate potential hook shedding. A comprehensive examination was performed for all eels to determine probable causes of death, progress of wound healing, physical condition, occurrence of wound infections and hook shedding. Our findings are helpful to design best practice guidelines reducing the post-release mortality, and to provide information for angler education to reduce potentially negative impacts of C&R and to promote the conservation of the European eel.
Keywords: Catch-and-release; Deep hooking; European eel; Hook removal; Post-release mortality
D2-7. Effects of Lure Type, Fish Size and Water Temperature on Hooking Location and Bleeding in Northern Pike (Esox Lucius) Angled in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Martin Stålhammar (Lund University; County Administration Blekinge Län), [email protected] T. Fränstam, J. Lindström, J. Höjesjö (Göteborg University), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), P. A. Nilsson
Abstract: Management of several economically important fish stocks has failed. The dominant coastal predatory pike in the southwestern Baltic Sea has decreased markedly in abundance during the past decade. Today’s management of pike in the Baltic Sea includes bag limits, size limits and restricted fishing periods. Catch and release (C&R) that is required by regulations, is today a commonly accepted method to conserve fish stocks. However, this requires both knowledge and good practice to minimize negative effects for the fish. Hooking-related injuries have been shown to be one of the most critical determinants of fish mortality post release. We here present for C&R angling for northern pike (Esox lucius), that hooking location and size of fish captured vary among lure types and that hooking location can be affected by water temperature. These results support the notion that anglers can minimize injury in northern pike angling by the choice of appropriate gear. However, even though best practice is used, C&R can have both lethal and sub-lethal consequences for fish. Our results highlight the importance of proper lure choice, and that temperature- and size-dependent factors can influence injury severity in C&R pike fisheries.
Keywords: Catch and release; Recreational fisheries; Northern pike; Hooking-related injury; Angling gear
D2-8. Studying Barotrauma and Survival of Physoclistous Fish after Rapid Decompression: Lessons Learned from an Atlantic Cod (Gadus Morhua) Experiment
Authors: Keno Ferter (University of Bergen), [email protected] Odd-Børre Humborstad (Institute of Marine Research, Norway), Marc Simon Weltersbach (Thünen- Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries TI-OF), Harry Vincent Strehlow (TI-OF), Jon Helge Vølstad (Institute of Marine Research, Norway)
Abstract: Barotrauma occurs when fish with closed (physoclistous) swimbladders are brought up from deep water, and has been identified as one of the main contributors to post-release mortalities in many freshwater and marine species. When studying the survival of fish suffering barotrauma several factors, such as environmental conditions and post-release behavior, need to be considered. To investigate barotrauma symptoms and survival of Atlantic cod, field studies were conducted in which cod were held in surface and submerged cages. The incidence of ruptured swimbladders increased with capture depth. Other external barotrauma symptoms were bloated bellies, stomach protrusions and bulging eyes, which are
47 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 also found in many other freshwater and marine species. Cod held at the surface showed mortalities of over 50% for some depth groups, while no mortality was recorded for cod held in submerged cages. This difference in mortality was most likely caused by a large water temperature difference between the surface and the bottom. Since most cod return to capture depth after being released, mortality estimates based on surface cage observations are inaccurate. Thus, if fish suffering barotrauma return to capture depth after release and the water column is stratified, submerged cages are more suitable to study post-release survival.
Keywords: Barotrauma; Post-release mortality; Containment study; Thermal stratification; Catch- and-release
Tuesday PM
Detailed Time Schedule
Time A3 Right angle B3 Trait based C3 Sustainable D3 IMPRESS vulnerability Fishing Tourism project 1400 Intro Intro Intro 1410 A3-2 B3-1 C3-1 D3-1 1430 A3-3 B3-2 C3-2 D3-2 1450 A3-4 B3-3 C3-3 D3-3 1510 Break Break Break Break 1530 A3-5 B3-4 C3-4 D3-4 1550 A3-6 B3-5 C3-5 D3-5 1610 A3-7 B3-6 C3-6 D3-6 1630 Break Break Break Break 1650 A3-8 B3-7 C3-7 Discussion 1710 A3-9 B3-8 Discussion Discussion 1730 A3-10 Discussion Discussion Discussion 1750 Discussion Discussion Discussion Discussion 1810 END END END END
48 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
A3: The Right Angle – Balancing Biological, Social and Economic Goals in the Management of Recreational Fisheries. (NB. Starts with Intro 1230 after Session A2). Chairs: Hyder & Strehlow
A3-1. Recreational Sea Angling – a European Perspective
Authors: Kieran Hyder (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science), [email protected] Mike Armstrong (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science), Harry V. Strehlow (Thünen Institute of Baltic Sea Fisheries)
Abstract: Recreational sea angling is a high-participation activity in Europe providing very large economic value especially in coastal communities and many social benefits such as relaxation and engaging with nature. In many other countries including the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, the value of recreational angling is recognised and co-management of recreational and commercial species practiced. In Europe the lack of data has hampered the potential to include recreational angling in stock assessment, develop national and European policy, and help angling bodies develop their own policies. The reporting of recreational catches of some species has become a European legislative requirement since 2002, leading to the development of surveys across Europe. These surveys have shown that catches of recreational fish can be a significant share of the total landings for species like European seabass and cod. In this study, the numbers of anglers, days fished, catches, and economic value of recreational sea angling is synthesised to give an overall picture of recreational sea angling in Europe. Data from individual countries are collated and combined with extrapolations based on proportion of sea anglers and population size, where country data do not exist. Catches are compared with commercial landings to assess the relative importance of the recreational sector. The results are discussed in the context of management of fish stocks and development of the recreational sector in Europe.
Keywords: Europe; Recreational catches; Recreational fisheries; Recreational sea angling; Recreational value
A3-2. Does Medium-intensive Commercial Fishing Affect Effectiveness of Angler Catches in Polish Inland Waters?
Authors: Arkadiusz Wolos (Department of Fishery Bioeconomics, Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn), [email protected] and Marek Trella (presenter), [email protected]
Abstract: In Poland 35-40% of the area of the so-called open or running waters i.e. lakes, rivers and dam reservoirs are subjected to both commercial and recreational fishing. In recent years some angling circles organized various actions aiming at total ban of commercial fishing in selected waters. These actions started from articles in magazines for anglers, next changed to petitions to the Parliament, and further developed even to the most acute form – blockade traffic on one national road. The aim of the study was to determine differences between the effectiveness of angler catches in waters with and without commercial fish exploitation. In order to study this problem totally 48278 obligatory catch returns form 7 regional departments of the Polish Angling Association (with no commercial fishing), and 616 voluntary angler questionnaires collected in commercial fisheries, with data on angling pressure and catches in 2010-2011 were analyzed. Two basic parameters characterizing effectiveness of angler catches were calculated, and compared: catch per unit effort, and species composition of anglers’ catches. The analysis of the first parameter indicated that the means for both
49 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 subsets did not differ statistically, and studies on the 2nd parameter revealed that species composition of anglers’ catch in lakes used by commercial enterprises were characterized by a significant share of predators – pike and perch i.e. species mostly preferred by the anglers. It was stated that medium-intensive commercial fishing pressure did not affect significantly effectiveness of angler catches, and allowed to fulfill both recreational and commercial goals of management in Polish inland waters.
Keywords: Commercial fishing; Recreational Fishing; Harvest effectiveness, Angler catches; Differences
A3-3. A Review of the Processes for Salmon Fisheries Regulations in Norway
Authors: Sindre Eldøy (Norwegian Environment Agency), [email protected] Raoul Bierach (Norwegian Environment Agency), Arne Eggereide (Norwegian Environment Agency), Kjell Magne Johnsen (Norwegian Environment Agency)
Abstract: The presentation provides a description of the salmon fisheries regulatory processes in Norway, which are based on scientific advice, and involve stakeholders at a local, regional and national level. Introduction of spawning targets has resulted in: - Changes in how stock status is assessed - Changed focus in monitoring efforts - A system has been developed for advice for single stock fisheries as well as aggregated assessment and advice for mixed stock fisheries - More stocks reaching their targets due to reduced exploitation rates Management according to spawning target has also boosted stakeholder involvement in form of local data acquisition.
Keywords: Atlantic salmon; Salmon management; Reference points; Assessment; Scientific advice
A3-4. Managing Multiple Use Freshwater Fisheries in the Swedish Mountain Areas
Authors: Torleif Eriksson (County Administrative Board of Västerbotten), [email protected]
Abstract: A large part of the mountain areas in Sweden are state own land managed by the County Administrations. In the County of Västerbotten there are over 20 000 lakes and hundreds of streams. Over time consumptive importance of freshwater fish have declined but still hunting and fishing are often central to the perception of the landscape for people in rural areas. Wilderness, fish and wildlife are typical resources of the region and have led to new areas for recreational fishing. Today there are a number of stakeholders interested in the fish resource in the mountains such as local household fishers in the lakes, recreational fishermen and sport fishing entrepreneurs. The management of the fisheries on state land in the mountain area was formerly characterized by a large-scale approach focused on accessibility and with limited active management. During the last years a more diversified management approach has been developed collecting more data about the resource and the resource use. In the presentation we present the management of multiple uses of the fish resource and the management application for recreational fisheries under development including the resource, the resource users and the management parameters involved.
Keywords: Recreational fishing; Resource use; Fishery management
50 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
A3-5. Migration Patterns and Strategies of the River Teno Brown Trout – Insights for Sustainable Management
Authors: Timo J. Ruokonen (University of Jyväskylä), [email protected] Mikko Kiljunen (University of Jyväskylä), Roger I. Jones (University of Jyväskylä)
Abstract: Our project aims to generate fresh insights into the factors controlling brown trout migration strategies which have direct links to sustainable fisheries management. Our study system, The River Teno, drains a large area of northern Finland and northern Norway, and within the system several distinct drainage units can be recognized. The Teno holds one of the most important Atlantic salmon stocks in the world that has been intensively studied, but alscontains an extensive brown trout population with a wide range of life-history strategies about which relatively little is known. The project will use stable isotope analysis of archived scale samples to categorize Tenojoki trout into different life-history strategies, to reveal movements of individuals between the river and the sea, as well as between different freshwater habitats, and to evaluate how fishing mortality influences trouts spawned in different Tenojoki drainage units. By combining new data with the existing information about the trout migrations, it would provide a sound scientific basis for the sustainable management of the Teno brown trout fisheries.
Keywords: Brown trout; Life history; Migration; River Tenojoki; Stable isotope analysis
A3-6. The Conflict between Cormorants and Anglers – Effects of Predation on Recreational Fishing
Author: Niels Jepsen (Technical University of Denmark, DTU Aqua), [email protected]
Abstract: The conflict between conservation of fish stocks and fisheries can be complicated by a third party. This is the case in areas where high numbers of cormorants can keep fish stocks at a very low level, thus hampering recruitment. In such a situation the task for managers is to protect the fish from both fishing and predation. In Europe, the conflict between cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) and anglers go back a long time, but despite much focus and many studies, the scientific documentation of significant impact of cormorants on fish stocks is limited and often disputed by stakeholders. This lack of documentation complicates management of the conflict because the discussions between user groups are based more on feelings than facts. This presentation will provide a summary of the types of documentation of the magnitude and effects of cormorant predation we have produced through many years of research. The various methods used will be briefly discussed and the process of turning scientific evidence into changes in attitudes and management will be described.
Keywords: Cormorants; Conflicts; Recreational fisheries; Mitigation
A3-7. Scientific Inputs to the Focussed Restoration and Management of one of Ireland's Foremost Wild Brown Trout Fisheries, Lough Corrib
Authors: M. O'Grady (Inland Fisheries Ireland), [email protected] K. Delanty (IFI), P. Prohdol (Queens University Belfast), C. Gallagher (IFI), J. Caffrey (IFI)
Abstract: Lough Corrib has long been regarded as one of the highest quality fly fisheries for brown trout in western Europe. This paper outlines the various focused scientific programs which have been undertaken over the last forty years to generate informed management programs
51 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 particularly in relation to restoration. Programs included the completion of baseline ecological and physical surveys aimed at identifying the various anthropomorphic problems in different sub-catchments and the lake itself and generating and monitoring the effectiveness of appropriate restoration programs designed to correct these imbalances. An adult lake fish stock survey program has been designed by IFI and in use on Irish lake trout fisheries since the late 1970’s. This technique was employed on L. Corrib to allow one to put a perspective on fish stocks present relative to other Irish lakes. The findings in relation to micro-satellite D.N.A. studies of brown trout stocks in L. Corrib’s sub-catchments are outlined and the value of these programs in understanding the dynamics of the mixed adult trout population in the lake are illustrated. The importance of interrelating the various databases in relation to generating effective restorative management programs are discussed
Keywords: Brown trout; Restoration; Stream enhancement; Micro-satellite DNA studies; Invasive species
A3-8. Recreational Fishing as Self-subsidising Activity: Implications for Sustainability of Targeted Fish Stocks
Authors: Alf Ring Kleiven (Institute of Marine Research), [email protected] Even Moland (Institute of Marine Research; University of Agder), Ussif Rashid Sumaila (University of British Columbia)
Abstract: Recreational fishing, both by local residents and tourists, is a popular activity globally. The behaviour and motivation of recreational fishers is different from those of commercial fishers. Unlike the latter, the former are not dependent on making profits in order to continue fishing. Rather, the value of recreational fishing to those who engage in it is a combination of catches and experience values. The latter value implies that recreational fishers can continue fishing when they should not, just like subsidised commercial fishers. Hence, the term self- subsidising: A fishery as one in which fishers subsidise themselves through an economic investment in gear and time from their non-fishery based earnings. The consequence of which is that recreational fishers can continue fishing long after the commercial fishing industry has stopped fishing because their operations have became economically unviable. There is reason to argue that in many areas, recreational fishing efforts, due to the self-subsidising mechanism, are sustained at high rates while stocks decrease. In this contribution we describe the innate self-subsidising forces in recreational fishing, present examples and discuss their implications.
Keywords: Recreational fishing; Self-subsidy; Fishery economics,
A3-9. Recreational Fisheries in Emerging Economies and the Developing World: Identification of Knowledge Gaps and Management Priorities
Authors: Shannon Bower (Carleton University), [email protected] Øystein Aas (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Robert Arlinhaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Douglas Beard (United States Geological Survey), Ian G. Cowx (University of Hull), Andy Danylchuk (University of Massachusetts), Katia Feire (Universidade Federal de Sergipe), Warren Potts (Rhodes University), Stephen Sutton (James Cook University), Steven J. Cooke (Carleton University)
Abstract: The common view of recreational fishery development supports a paradigm in which recreational fisheries grow concurrently with industrialization through increased leisure time and often correspond with a decline in subsistence and commercial fishing. This position requires adjustment as the sector is growing rapidly in low- and middle-income (LMICs)
52 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 countries of the world. In the midst of this growth, millions of individuals in these regions continue to rely on fishing activities for food and employment security, suggesting that recreational fishery development in LMICs will occur under more complex conditions than witnessed in highly industrialized countries. That many of the poorest regions also demonstrate low resilience to economic and ecological shock further implies that realization of biological and sociological risks surrounding sector growth (including overfishing, habitat loss and social conflict) may be greater than in the industrialized world. Despite these risks, little is known about recreational fishing sector attributes at a global scale. In an effort to establish such a global view, we conducted a survey of fisheries managers and professionals in emerging and developing countries that was designed to identify knowledge gaps and management needs surrounding recreational fishery growth in addition to gathering information on specific fishery attributes. We will discuss the results of the survey, with a focus on issues relevant to European respondents.
Keywords: Recreational fishery; Development; LMIC countries; Global scale; Knowledge gaps; Management needs
A3-10. The Co-existence of Recreational and Commercial Fisheries in the Croatian Section of the Sava River
Authors: Treer Tomislav (University of Zagreb), [email protected] Piria Marina (University of Zagreb), Tomljanović Tea (University of Zagreb), Matulić Daniel (University of Zagreb), Aničić Ivica (University of Zagreb), Safner Roman (University of Zagreb), Šprem Nikica (University of Zagreb), Suić Josip (Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Zagreb)
Abstract: In the Croatian section of the Sava River, along the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, the recreational as well as commercial fisheries are allowed. Therefore, the aim was to analyse and compare the fishing data on both groups of fishermen. CPUE was calculated as one fisherman’s annual catch in kilograms. Statistical analyses were done by SPSS program. Total catch of all fish species by both groups is stable year after year (participation of anglers 88%). Average annual catch by an angler is 13.25±3.51 kg while by a commercial fisherman is 899±398 kg. There is no catch correlation between these two groups (r2 = 0.011; p = 0.843), because the greater catch of one group does not affect the catch of the other. Commercial fishermen are less selective, so the bream (Abramis brama) that is dominant species in this part of the river is also dominant in the catch. On the contrary, anglers catch in higher percentage common carp (Cyprinus carpio), pike (Esox lucius) and allochtonous species, primarily grasscarp (Ctenopharingodon idella) and gibel carp (Carassius gibelio). Therefore, there is no evident competition between recreational and commercial fishermen at this section of the Sava River.
Keywords: Fishermen; Competition; CPUE; Abramis brama; Cyprinus carpio
53 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
B3: Trait-based Vulnerability of Fish to Angling Gear. Chairs: Köck & Arlinghaus
B3-1. The Evolutionary and Ecological Legacy of Size-selective Fishing
Authors: Silva Uusi-Heikkilä (University of Turku), [email protected] Andrew Whiteley (University of Massachusetts), Anna Kuparinen (University of Helsinki), Shuichi Matsumura (Gifu University), Paul Venturelli (University of Minnesota), Jon Slate (University of Sheffield), Craig Primmer (University of Turku), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: Size-selective fishing has the potential to cause changes in fitness-related traits (e.g., body size), which are often heritable. Thus, size-selective fishing can cause genetic changes in exploited populations. We subjected experimentally populations of wild zebrafish (Danio rerio) to size-selective harvest over five generations and focused on three questions that have been sofar only partially studied experimentally in the fisheries context: 1) How do important life-history traits collectively respond to size-selective harvesting? 2) How do the potential changes in life-history traits affect population growth rates? 3) Can size-selective harvesting induce rapid molecular-level responses? Fish adapted to high fishing pressure invested more in reproduction, reached a smaller adult body size, and were less bold. Phenotypic changes were subtle but accompanied by genetic changes. Thus, our results provide evidence for rapid, harvest-induced phenotypic and evolutionary change when harvesting is intensive and size-selective. The observed life-history changes elevated population growth rate in harvested conditions, but slowed population recovery under a simulated moratorium. Our study contributes to the understanding of the rate of phenotypic and evolutionary changes in size- selective fisheries and suggests that fisheries-induced evolution is not necessarily a long-term process but it can be rapid and may become a short-term concern in fisheries management.
Keywords: Fisheries-induced evolution; Conservation; Population dynamics; Life-history Evolution
B3-2. Behaviour-mediated Alteration of Positively Size-dependent Vulnerability to Angling in Response to Historical Fishing Pressure in a Freshwater Salmonid
Authors: Jun-ichi Tsuboi (Fisheries Research Agency), [email protected] Kentaro Morita (Fisheries Research Agency), Thomas Klefoth (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Shinsuke Endou (Prifoods Co., Ltd.), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: Positively size-selective vulnerability to fishing is well established in recreational fisheries. Size-selective harvesting can either induce an indirect selection response of behaviour traits that are correlated with size or exert direct selection pressures on behaviour that contribute to vulnerability. Any behavioural change might alter the size-selective nature of angling. We conducted field experiments using amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) demonstrating that, as expected, large fish were more vulnerable than smaller individuals in a low angling pressure (LP) stream, but that positively size-selective angling was not (or no longer) present in a high pressure (HP) stream. We show that genetically and phenotypically- based behavioural change that reduced catch rates had taken place in response to intensive size-selective harvesting. Laboratory growth studies suggested that stress coping styles were different among HP and LP fish. Taking together, our results suggested that shy individuals were selectively favoured in HP streams, which in turn disrupted the generally positive relationship among salmon body size and its vulnerability to angling gear. Evolution of timidity in response to high angling-induced exploitation rates can reduce the size-selective
54 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 properties of angling, reduce the value of fishery-dependent stock assessments and have ecological consequences for food webs and ecosystem stability.
Keywords: Angling-induced evolution; Size-selective exploitation; Growth rate; Timidity; Salmonid
B3-3. Selectivity of Angling for Behaviour in Eurasian Perch Perca Fluviatilis
Authors: Anssi Vainikka (University of Eastern Finland), [email protected] Reetta Väätäinen (University of Eastern Finland), Laura Härkönen (University of Eastern Finland), Raine Kortet (University of Eastern Finland), Pekka Hyvärinen (Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute)
Abstract: Consistent individual differences (CIDs) in behaviour are of interest to both basic and applied research, because any selection acting on them could induce evolution of animal behaviour. It has been suggested that CIDs in the behaviour of fish might explain individual differences in vulnerability to fishing. If so, fishing could induce evolution of fish behaviour. We will present data from a series of experiments assessing CIDs in the behaviour of both wild-collected and captivity-reared Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) in relation to vulnerability of these fish to various angling gear. Perch displayed individually consistent behaviour across time and across experimental set-ups. Our results show that boldness, as it is defined to reflect behaviour under predation threat, may not be related to vulnerability to angling in this species. However, fish captured early in order in ice-fishing showed active exploration behavior also in experimental conditions, suggesting that exploration and group leadership expose perch to high risk of angling mortality. We discuss challenges that relate to studies in shoaling species such as perch, and show that angling is likely positively selective for body size through several mechanisms.
Keywords: Behaviour; Fishing-induced evolution; Fishing vulnerability; Growth; Personality; Selection
B3-4. Movement Behavioural Traits Predict Angling Vulnerability in Sedentary Fish
Authors: Josep Alós (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), [email protected] Christopher Monk (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Robert Arlinghaus ((Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: With recent developments of the tracking technology and the sophistication of statistical tools applied to movement data, fisheries scientists and behavioural ecologists have gained new opportunities to accurately analyse movement patterns of fish in the wild at fine spatial scales and test novel hypotheses. In this study we hypothesized that the general movement characteristics adopted by sedentary fish could predict the vulnerability of fish to recreational angling gear and generate selection differentials favouring certain behavioural types. We tested this hypothesis in the recreational fishery of the pearly razorfish, Xyrichthys novacula, where the movement behavioural traits of wild fish were determined using a random walk-based state-space model and the vulnerability of fish to the fishing gear was quantified using a survival analysis. We found evidence supporting our hypothesis and fish with larger home ranges and a higher tendency to explore novel environments were quickly removed from the population compared to the opposite behavioural types. These results suggest that recreational angling is able to exert selection differentials on the movement behavioural traits that can indirectly alter the attractiveness of the recreational fishery, reduce the productivity of the fishery and alter food webs as surviving fish are expected to have reduced foraging areas.
Keywords: Angling; Downsizing adults; Fish behaviour; Movement Ecology; Selection differentials; State-space model
55 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
B3-5. Angling Selection on Salmonid Behavioural Traits: Implications for the Invasion Potential of an Introduced Species
Authors: Barbara Köck (University of Gothenburg), [email protected] Libor Závorka (University of Gothenburg; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague), David Aldvén (University of Gothenburg), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Jörgen Johnsson (University of Gothenburg)
Abstract: Fish stocking is frequently practiced notably for game fishing, although it is known that the introduction of species represent several ecological risks, such as increased competition pressure on native species. In this study, the invasion potential of an introduced trout (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated by comparing its behavioural patterns and vulnerability to angling with a native trout (brown trout, Salmo trutta). Rainbow and brown trout were PIT-tagged and released in equal densities in four experimental ponds equipped with a set of stationary RFID antennas. Records from these antennas together with laboratory scores of movement in barren tank were used to assess activity of individuals. Angling selectivity linked to inter- and intraspecific behavioural patterns was evaluated using two different angling methods. Higher proportions of rainbow trout were caught using a “cast and wait” gear, while higher proportions of brown trout were caught with a “cast and retrieve” angling gear, indicating a species-specific response and a gear effect. Catchability over time was species specific and linked to individual activity levels. Catchability was positively linked to activity of rainbow trout measured in the ponds, but negatively linked to activity of brown trout in the laboratory. Overall, rainbow trout was more vulnerable to angling than brown trout, indicating that angling, as a special form of predation, would mitigate the invasion potential of this introduced species.
Keywords: Activity; Angling vulnerability; Behaviour; Invasion; Selection
B3-6. Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Vulnerability to Angling – the Role of Behavior Exemplified by Experimentally Angled Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)
Authors: Thomas Klefoth (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), klefoth@igb- berlin.de Philip Rebensburg (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Christian Skov (Technical University of Denmark, DTU-Aqua), Anna Kuparinen (University of Helsinki), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: In passively operated fisheries like angling, boldness-related behaviors should play a fundamental role in affecting vulnerability of fish and hence, boldness should be under strong selection. Using juvenile common garden-reared carp (Cyprinus carpio) within a narrow size- range, we investigated the mechanistic basis of selection caused by passive bottom angling with organic bait. We focused on one behavioral (boldness; measured within the laboratory and in ponds), two morphological (body-shape and head shape), one life-history trait (capacity for growth) and one state variable (energetic-status). With the exception of feeding under disturbance, carp behavior was unrepeatable within the laboratory, but it was highly consistent within ponds. Laboratory behavior and energetic-status were largely unrelated to angling vulnerability. By contrast, boldness in ponds turned out to be the most important trait under selection as indicated by 1.4 times greater standardized selection gradients acting on boldness compared to growth capacity. In addition, body shape and the size of the head and the mouth positively influenced the vulnerability to angling. Because juvenile growth was correlated with boldness, our study is the first to mechanistically show the potential
56 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 evolution of growth rate as an indirect consequence of angling-induced selection acting on energy-acquisition related behaviors, particularly boldness.
Keywords: Angling; Catchability; Evolutionary change; Growth; Selection
B3-7. Testing the Relationship between Vulnerability to Angling and Behaviour in Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) at a Whole-lake Scale
Authors: Christopher T. Monk (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), … Josep Alós (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz- Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin)
Abstract: There is growing evidence that certain individual behaviours increase the probability of capture in recreational fisheries. If strong selection pressures operate on behaviour, it is possible that fisheries evolutionarily alter personality traits, such as boldness and activity, potentially affecting the quality of recreational fisheries through evolution of reduced vulnerability to angling. We used an acoustic telemetry system to investigate how in situ movement patterns of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, were related to angling vulnerability. To that end, we released 114 adult carp implanted with acoustic transmitters into Kleiner Döllnsee (~25ha) and recorded their movement for two months prior to angling. Fishing intensity equalled to 93 rod-hours/ha, and angling happened through four sites distributed around the lake. High tag-loss resulted in valid data for only 43 individuals, and although we captured 23 individuals only 10 captured fish produced valid data. As theory suggests, home- range size and vulnerability were unrelated. Unexpectedly, there was also no relationship between activity and vulnerability. However, individuals that were detected more frequently near baited feeding spots were more likely to be captured. Visits on feeding spots reflect boldness; hence angling exerts selection on boldness favouring fish that are less responsive to feeding spots in open sites.
Keywords: Vulnerability; Behaviour; Personality; Carp; Telemetry
B3-8. Catchability of Individual Fish by Trawling is Driven by Capacity for Anaerobic Metabolism
Authors: Shaun S. Killen (University of Glasgow), [email protected] Julie J. H. Nati (University of Glasgow), Cory D. Suski (University of Illinois)
Abstract: There is increasing evidence that intense fishing pressure is causing evolutionary changes to fish populations. However, we lack fundamental information regarding the mechanisms underlying potential harvest-associated selection. It is unknown, for example, what physiological traits make some individual fish more susceptible to capture by fisheries. Here, using simulated trawling procedures with schools of wild common minnows Phoxinus phoxinus, we investigate two key questions critical to the study of fisheries-induced evolution that have been impossible to address using large-scale trawls: 1) Are some individuals within a fish shoal consistently more susceptible to capture by trawling than others?; and 2) If so, is this related to individual differences in their swimming performance and metabolism? We provide the first evidence of repeatable variation among individuals in their susceptibility to capture by trawling, and show that is strongly related to individual anaerobic capacity and maximum anaerobic swimming ability, independent of body size. Aerobic scope was not directly related to catchability, but maximum aerobic swim speed showed a strong negative correlation with propensity to be captured. Standard metabolic rate was highest among fish that were least catchable by trawl, but this relationship probably arose indirectly through correlations between metabolic rate and anaerobic capacity. These results suggest size- independent vulnerability to trawling is linked to swimming performance and metabolic
57 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 demand. Selection on these traits by fisheries could induce major shifts in the fundamental physiological makeup and function of descendent populations that could influence resource requirements, resiliency, and responses to environmental change.
Keywords: Swimming performance; Metabolic rate; Aerobic scope; Anthropogenic selection; Conservation physiology
C3: Sustainable Fishing Tourism in Freshwater Environments. Chair: Liberg
C3-1. Health and Well-being of Hunters and Fishers on State Forest Land in Finland
Authors: Mika Laakkonen (Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services, Finland), [email protected] Mikko Rautiainen (Metsähallitus), Mikko Malin (Metsähallitus), Markku Seppänen (Metsähallitus)
Abstract: This study examined the impacts on health and well-being as experienced by Metsähallitus customers who hold fishing and hunting permits. This is the first Finnish study assessing the impacts of fishing and hunting on the social, psychological and physical well-being benefits perceived by visitors. The target group of this study, conducted parallel to the study of well- being benefits experienced by visitors to national parks, comprised persons having acquired a fishing or hunting permit for state-owned areas in 2013. The study material was collected through an Internet survey. The questions measuring well-being experienced during a fishing or hunting trip were similar to those in the on-site survey for visitors to national parks. The results indicate that fishing and hunting trips are beneficial in terms of the social, psychological and physical well-being of people. Longer trips resulted in more beneficial impacts on well-being, and the increase was highest on trips that lasted 8 to 14 days. On average, women experienced a more intensive increase in well-being impacts than men, and the 25–44 age group experienced well-being more strongly than younger and older visitors. This survey confirms the results of previous studies regarding the revitalising and activating impacts of nature. Questions that measure the well-being benefits experienced are a viable tool for measuring health and well-being benefits experienced by fishermen and hunters.
Keywords: Health; Well-being; Survey; Fishermen; Hunters
C3-2. Creating a Sustainable Grayling Tourism Fishery – the Importance of Harvest Regulations and Local Economic Impacts
Authors: Simen Prestaasen (FishSpot), [email protected] Børre K. Dervo (NINA), Gudmund Nygaard (FishSpot)
Abstract: The fishing right holders in the northern part of county Hedmark, Norway, decided to increase their ambitions in fishing tourism and the project “Fishspot” was established 2010. The main objective has been to create a sustainable grayling tourism fishery in Nord-Østerdal region in Hedmark county in Norway, based on better organisation and information, tailored fishing products/regulations and systematic monitoring. This should provide a basis for economic development for fishing right owners and tourism in the region. Since the beginning, Fishspot has grown to include 68 fishing license areas covering half of Hedmark County, ten percent of Oppland County and parts of the southernmost areas of Sør-Trøndelag county (15,000 km2 in total). On average, the turnover of license sales has increased by around 10 percent per year.
58 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015
Overall, licenses for a gross value of NOK 6.9 million was sold in 2014, equivalent to 119 000 fishing days. Foreign anglers accounted for approximately 20 percent. Anglers’ expenditures of goods and services were estimated to NOK 100 million, where fishing licenses amounted to approximately 10 percent. Areas designated as fly-fishing zones had the highest growth in sales. Overall, these zones constitute less than two percent of the total area in Fishspot, but accounts for 34 percent of fishing effort and expenditures. The main reasons for the success of Fishspot seem to relate to a well-functioning interplay between own marketing (website and social media), the development of different fishing products tailored to specific angling segments, fishing on natural (wild) fish populations and lakes and rivers with strict harvest regulations and introduction of catch and release to uphold the quality of the fishing.
Keywords: Grayling based fishing tourism; Sustainability; Marked based harvest regulations
C3-3. Swedish Annual Report of Developments in Recreational Fishing and Fishing Tourism in 2014
Authors: Magnus Andersson (Swedish Board of Agriculture), [email protected] Daniel Melin (SBA), Adam Johansson (SBA), Fredrik Palm (SBA)
Abstract: Knowing and understanding trends in recreational fisheries and fishing tourism are essential for adequate promotion and management measures. It has long been difficult to monitor such trends in a cost-efficient way. In order to address this problem the Swedish Board of Agriculture intends to produce a series of annual reports of which the first one was presented at the Swedish Game Fishing Fair in March 2015. The report consists of contributions and data from a consortium of organisations and stakeholders (the advisory group for recreational fishing and fishing tourism), representing different interests of this broad and dynamic sector. The report contains information about the organisations and in what way they contribute to the objectives in the Swedish strategy for recreational fishing and fishing tourism 2014-2020. Analysis and discussion regarding the most recent development of the sector are also included. The annual reports aim to promote and enhance public interest in recreational fishing and fishing tourism and will provide valuable results for stakeholders and concerned authorities. It also aims to inform legislators and politicians about the importance of the sector.
Keywords: Public-private partnership; Monitoring methods, Fishing Tourism Business Networks
C3-4. Economic Impacts of Angling Events in Ireland
Author: Paul O'Reilly (Inland Fisheries Ireland; National University of Ireland), [email protected]
Abstract: Recreational angling and inland fisheries are recognised to have considerable socio-economic benefits, not only for anglers but for others in both local and wider communities. In this study the value of Irish recreational angling events was estimated using the travel cost method. A survey of recreational anglers who had participated in Irish angling events over the course of the 2013 angling season was undertaken; this survey yielded a sample of 314 complete questionnaires for analysis. Poisson, negative binomial and generalised negative binomial models were then compared to estimate the average angler's consumer surplus for these events. The negative binomial model adjusted for on-site sampling performed relatively well in the study. An average consumer surplus figure of €252 per day was estimated using this model. The overall willingness to pay for indicated by anglers who took part in the angling events was estimated to be €2305 per angler per trip. The study demonstrated that anglers who participated in Irish angling events place a very high value on them; this corresponds
59 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 with the theory that where individuals specialise in a certain form of recreational activity they tend to invest more heavily in these activities in correlation with their degree of specialisation.
Keywords: Recreational; Angling; Events; Ireland; Economics
C3-5. Socioeconomic Study of Swedish Recreational Fishing Entrepreneurs
Authors: F. Palm (Swedish Board of Agriculture), [email protected] D. Melin (SBA), M. Andersson (SBA), A. Johansson (SBA)
Abstract: In order to identify recreational fishing entrepreneurs in Sweden and improve our knowledge regarding the socioeconomic impact of this sector, we are presently conducting a two-part study of Swedish recreational fishing entrepreneurs. The aim of the study is to provide estimates on number of Swedish entrepreneurs within the sector, as well as estimates of national total revenues and employment. The study also identifies what type of services entrepreneurs provide and whether they are active in lakes, rivers or marine environments. The methodology consists of an initial screening of recreational fishing entrepreneurs using the standard industrial classification method (SIC), in order to identify possible SIC-codes for all types of activities within the sector. The second part of the study will be based on a questionnaire sent to a random selection of possible recreational fishing entrepreneurs within the identified SIC-codes. We present results of the screening process and discuss implications for the upcoming second part of the study.
Keywords: Recreational fishing; Entrepreneurs; Socioeconomic impacts
C3-6. Sustainable Salmon Fishing in the Barents Region – Balancing Ecological, Economical and Sociological Aspects in the County of Porsanger
Author: Egil Liberg (Lakselva River Owners Association), [email protected]
Abstract: After years of declining catch-rates, the Lakselv Landowner's Association (LGF) organised their first drift count in 2002. Results were poor, and changes had to be made. The introduction of quotas was the first measure, followed by regulation of the number of fishermen, a high focus on catch and release, and increased costs for fishing licenses. In order to oversee these measures, LGF hired their first full-time employee in 2007. The management scheme was quickly successful in terms of strengthening the salmon stock, and has made Lakselva a world- renowned place for large Atlantic salmon. Although opinions have varied, the great success of the management scheme has made many previously in opposition to reconsider and become positive towards the scheme. In Norway, LGF's way of thinking was quite new and original. Being aware of the differing opinions on the matter, it has been important for LGF to handle both ecological, economical and sociological aspects of the management regime. In terms of ecology, we have in many aspects copied the models implemented in several Scottish rivers, complemented with our best knowledge and the research-based knowledge coming from the government and research institutions. Economically, we have realized that Lakselva is a driving force in the local economy, and we have been careful to consider this along with the locals' cheaper access. Sociologically, it has been a matter of communication and openness. Although things have slowly been catching on, patience has truly been a virtue.
Keywords: Sustainability, Fishing Tourism; Local Acceptance
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C3-7. Spatial Mobility of Anglers in the Norwegian Salmon Sport Fishery – Implications for Fishing Tourism
Authors: Stian Stensland (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), [email protected] Øystein Aas (Norwegian University of Life Sciences; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), Oddgeir Andersen (NINA), Knut Fossgard (Norwegian University of Life Sciences)
Abstract: Weaker runs of Atlantic salmon in many Norwegian rivers have led to stricter catch quotas, shortened seasons and closed rivers to protect spawning stocks. Restrictions in the angler’s main river/area implies that the angler have the following main strategies: stop fishing and do something else, stay but adapt to the new conditions in the area/river, go to new rivers/areas or a combination of these alternatives. Based on nationwide surveys for the 2008 and 2014 fishing seasons we compare the regional distribution of anglers over time in Norwegian salmon rivers. We further analyze how different socio-demographic and psychometric factors influence which main strategy is used by the angler. Implications for fishing tourism are discussed.
Keywords: Displacement; Involvement; Place attachment; Recreational angling; Substitution
D3: Stocking for Conservation – the Cases of Salmon, Eel and Sturgeon. The IMPRESS Project. Chairs: Weltzien & Mayer
D3-1. IMPRESS: Improved Production Strategies for Endangered Freshwater Species
Author: Finn-Arne Weltzien (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), [email protected]
Abstract: As a consequence of human activities such as over-fishing, pollution, and habitat destruction including hydroelectric power dams and turbines, European freshwater fish populations have been under threat during recent decades. Indeed, several species are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as critically endangered. Programs that aim to stock or re-introduce a species to fulfil biodiversity preservation or restoration objectives have been introduced only recently, although projects for stocking or re- introduction of native species have been performed at least since the early 1900s, often involving salmonids. However, the scientific basis for successful stocking or re-introduction is deficient. Current rearing techniques produce juveniles with low post-release survival and reproductive success due to both physiological and behavioural/cognitive shortcomings that renders them maladapted for life in the wild. This is mainly due to the fact that the employed hatchery techniques were developed for food producing aquaculture, and not suitable for wildtype conditioning purposes. The primary research objective of the recently initiated EU-project IMPRESS is to raise knowledge and develop innovative production strategies for the conservation and management of endangered freshwater fish, focussing on three key European species; the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and sturgeons (Family Acipenseridae). In IMPRESS, we want to focus on improved production strategies for stocking purposes, in order to increase survival and improve behavioural adaptation to natural conditions (increased fitness). IMPRESS aims to improve current practices by employing a multidisciplinary intersectoral approach based on new experiments and existing knowledge. This includes research to improve basic knowledge of fish reproductive physiology, expansion of available tools in biotechnology and genomics, and hatchery techniques better suited for wildtype conditioning. Importantly, implementation of improved rearing systems for wildtype conditioning will only be successful if they are accepted and implemented by the stakeholders responsible for stocking actions. Therefore,
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IMPRESS will also focus on the social and economic dimensions of the transfer of improved technology to and between fish farmers and relevant stakeholders as an innovative feature.
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation; Multidisciplinary Approaches; International Training Networks
D3-2. Managing Declining Harvestable Surplus in Norwegian Atlantic Salmon Populations
Authors: Torbjørn Forseth (Norwegian Institute for Nature Research), [email protected] Peder Fiske (NINA), Bengt Finstad (NINA)
Abstract: Pre-fishery abundance of Atlantic salmon in Norway has been reduced by more than 60 % during the last 30 years, causing declining harvestable surplus in most populations. In 2013, 17 % of the assessed populations had no harvestable surplus and 25 % had less that 20 % surplus. A major cause for declining abundance is reduced ocean survival, but regional factors contribute to reduced early marine survival and local factors have reduced smolt production in some rivers. Fish stocking have been common in Norway for more than 50 years, and regarded an important population enhancement strategy. However, in 2010, the Norwegian Scientific Advisory Committee for Atlantic Salmon Management reviewed the positive and negative effects salmon stocking and provided a set of restrictive recommendation. As a consequence, stocking is now being restricted to conservation purposes and populations are enhanced by focusing on natural recruitment. Management according to conservation limits and management targets has reduced exploitation rates, causing increased spawning populations in post-populations despite the negative trends in pre-fishery abundance. In parallel, management focuses on handling the anthropogenic pressures both in the rivers and along the coast. If these pressures are handled and survival conditions at sea improve, increasing harvestable surplus is expected.
Keywords: Anadromous fishes; Salmonids; Harvestable surplus; Stocking; Harvest regulations
D3-3. Are Current Production Regimes Effective for Stock Enhancement Programmes
Author: Ian Mayer (Norwegian University of Life Sciences), [email protected]
Abstract: Currently, salmonids are raised in captivity for two purposes, firstly for food production (aquaculture), and secondly for the purpose of stock enhancement. However, both purposes employ similar production regimes based on intensive hatchery production involving high densities, predictable feeding regimes and homogeneous rearing environments. Increasing evidence indicates that fish raised under these intensive hatchery regimes display reduced cognitive ability and impaired behavioural responses compared to wild conspecifics. While it can be argued that this is acceptable for aquaculture, from both a production and welfare aspect it is unfavourable for the purposes of stock enhancement, as fish raised under these conditions are maladapted for life in the wild and characterized by high levels of post-release mortality. Given the limitations of current production regimes for raising fish for the purpose of stock enhancement there is an urgent need to develop new hatchery protocols aimed at increasing the behavioural competence of reared fish. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that changes in hatchery regimes can lead to increased cognitive ability and behavioural competence in fish raised under captive conditions. For example, the implementation of new hatchery protocols involving lower rearing densities, irregular feeding regimes and environmental enrichment have been shown to result in increased cognition and improved life fitness behaviours such as foraging and anti-predator behaviour. Although the implementation of such new hatchery techniques would be more costly, and involve lower fish densities, it can be argued that they would be more cost effective in the long term due
62 EIFAAC International Symposium | M-369 | 2015 to increased post-release survival. One of the major objectives of the new EU project IMPRESS will be to develop rearing techniques more suitable for the purpose of wildtype conditioning of hatchery raised salmonids. This will require a paradigm shift, developing hatchery techniques not for the mass production of food fish (aquaculture) but for the production of more behaviourally competent fish more suitable for the purposes of stock enhancement. Keywords: Enrichment, Rearing protocols, WIldtype Conditioning, Salmonid Cultivation
D3-5. Conservation and Management of Sturgeon Stocks: Overview of Sturgeon Production and Research Priorities
Authors: Jörn Gessner (Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries), gessner@igb- berlin.de M. L. Acolas (Irstea, Cestas Cedex), Sven H. Wuertz (Leibniz-Institute for Freshwater and Inland Fisheries), H. Rosenthal (World Sturgeon Conservation Society, Neu Wulmstorf)
Abstract: Sturgeon are among the most highly endangered groups of species worldwide (IUCN 2010). Despite their protection status and the conservation attempts taken, the negative trend of the populations has been reverted in only few populations worldwide. While the main focus must be placed upon the in situ protection both of the survival of the species from both poaching and unintentional losses, conditions of the habitats utilized, including their accessibility, integrity, and also their functionality have to be ensured. Currently, for the most critically endangered species and populations the basic principle must be to prevent the remaining individuals from becoming extinct, a perspective threatening a variety of species with small home ranges, suffering from intense adverse anthropogenic impacts, and low efficiency of enforcement. Ex situ measures to collect and safeguard the last remaining specimen or a representative subset of the genetic diversity remaining in the basins in question is a high priority to ensure availability of adapted and well suited material to support or even to re-establish a population in a river system or a historic range. Rearing of broodstock for future restocking of offspring as well as the production of the juveniles for release must take into consideration the purpose for which the rearing is carried out. In contrast to aquaculture production for consumption the rearing of fish for release has to take into consideration that the individuals produced have not only to be healthy and reveal good growth but must represent the full set of behavioral characteristics that the fish require to survive and thrive in its natural environment. In European sturgeon (A. sturio) and the Baltic sturgeon (A. oxyrinchus) this led to a strategy to adapt the rearing conditions to ensure maximum survival in the first fish that became available from the Gironde (France) through catches of juveniles as well as from the first successful reproduction of wild fish in captivity in 1995. In the F1, due to the availability of larger numbers of fish per year class, the rearing conditions are adapted to resemble conditions in the wild. This is even more the case since the broodstock is maintained both in France and in Germany to increase safety in maintaining the required genetic makeup of the populations. In juveniles for release, the rearing of offspring tries to combine the utilization of the growth potential of the fish with the approach to ensure fitness for survival in fish to be released through the adaptation of rearing conditions. Fish are not weaned to formulated diets but are fed natural diets only to ensure experience with such feed after release, strategies for the adoption of increasingly near natural conditions during rearing, are to be applied with regard to light and temperature fluctuations, availability of cover and substrate, training of predator avoidance based upon the results of lab experiments. IMPRESS is to contribute towards this end of the adaptation of stocking programs in the near future.
Keywords:
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D3-6. Conservation and Management of the European Eel: Current Status of Eel Populations and Research Priorities
Author: Juan F. Asturiano (Universitat Politècnica de València), [email protected]
Abstract: The European eel is a demanded species with high market values, intensively fished at all its life stages, including glass, yellow and silver eels. Moreover, wild glass eels are the base of the eel aquaculture, that supplies most of the eels consumed in the world. But this species reproduces only once during its lifetime and the habitat where it lives have suffered a high deterioration due especially to pollution and dam construction. An intense reduction of the European eel populations has been evidenced from the late 1970s and juvenile recruitment has decreased, dropping to 1% of the levels encountered before. Thus, this species was recently categorised as critically endangered by the European Union and listed by CITES under Appendix II, avoiding the exportation of glass eels to Asia from 2010. Reproduction in captivity seems the only realistic alternative to reduce the pressure on natural populations and supply glass eels to eel farms. Research on this field has got some results but has proved difficult due to the complex reproductive physiology of the eels. Thus, improvements are crucial on the use of environmental factors, recirculation systems, hormonal treatments, broodstocks management, specific diets, gamete evaluation and handling, breeding and hatchery methods, and specific culture techniques for a self-sustained eel aquaculture. The development of biotechnology techniques, such as production of recombinant hormones, germ cells xenotransplantation, or spermatogonia and sperm cryopreservation, could be another alternatives, or at least complementary tools.
Keywords:
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6. Graduate student’s grant for best presentations sponsored by NASCO
Sponsored by The North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO), we are happy to announce that two supporting grants will be rewarded to the:
Best MSc Student’s presentation, and Best PhD Student’s presentation at the EIFAAC Symposium.
Each grant is a financial contribution of Euro 500.
Students giving presentations should make clear they are relevant candidates (students) in the start of their presentation. Session chairs are asked to nominate qualified candidates (confirmed students that has not yet passed their final exams/approvals and who have presented to a standard eligible for the rewards). A committee consisting of Peter Hutchinson, NASCO; Cathal Gallagher, EIFAAC; and Øystein Aas, NINA will evaluate the suggested candidates and decide on the reward winners. Short, written justifications from nominating session chairs should be delivered to Peter as soon as possible after the end of the program on Tuesday 16 June. Rewards will be announced during dinner on Tuesday 16th June.
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7. List of Participants
Last name First name Country Email
Aadland Luther USA [email protected] Aarts Toine W.P.M. Netherlands [email protected]
Aas Øystein Norway [email protected] Alos Josep Germany [email protected]
Andersen Oddgeir Norway [email protected]
Andersen Oddgeir Norway [email protected]
Andersson Magnus Sweden [email protected]
Arlinghaus Robert Germany [email protected] Asbjørnsen Einar Norway [email protected] Bajinskis Janis Latvia [email protected] Bakken Ove Norway [email protected]
Bakmann Ole Norway [email protected] Belin Peter Sweden [email protected] Bell David Sweden [email protected] Berge Olav Norway [email protected] Bierach Raoul Norway [email protected] Blomkvist Dan Sweden [email protected]
Bower Shannon Canada [email protected] Breton Bernard France [email protected] Brørs Sturla Norway [email protected] Byrne Ciaran Ireland [email protected] Båtstad Kai Rune Norway Caffrey Joe Ireland [email protected] Campion Suzanne Ireland [email protected] Carlsson Ulf Sweden [email protected] Chambers John Ireland [email protected] Chizinski Christopher USA [email protected]
Collins Sarah United Kingdom [email protected] Crudden John Ireland [email protected] Danielsson Håkan Sweden [email protected]
Dervo Børre Norway [email protected] Dunn Russell USA [email protected] Dyrendal Helge Norway [email protected]
Ebert Kaare Manniche Denmark [email protected] Edsman Lennart Sweden [email protected]
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Last name First name Country Email Eggereide Arne Norway [email protected] Eiriksson Gudni Magnus Iceland [email protected]
Eldøy Sindre Norway [email protected] Eriksson Torleif Sweden [email protected] Erkinaro Jaakko Finland [email protected] Evensen Torfinn Norway [email protected] Faherty Lal Ireland [email protected]
Farstad Espen Norway [email protected] Fersoy Haydar Turkey [email protected] Ferter Keno Norway [email protected]
Fjeldseth Øyvind Norway [email protected] Forseth Torbjørn Norway [email protected]
Forseth Torbjørn Norway torbjø[email protected] Freudenberg Philipp Germany [email protected] Fujitani Marie Germany [email protected] Gallagher Cathal Ireland [email protected] Geertz-Hansen Peter Denmark [email protected] Gessner Jörn Germany [email protected] Guillerault Nicolas France [email protected] Hagen Hassve Marius Norway [email protected] Hamda Natnael USA [email protected] Hanel Reinhold Germany [email protected] Hansen Heidi Norway [email protected] Haugen Thrond Norway [email protected] Haukebø Trond Norway [email protected] Havn Torgeir Børresen Norway [email protected] Heinimaa Petri Finland [email protected]
Hindar Kjetil Norway [email protected] Hutchinson Peter United Kingdom [email protected]
Hyder Kieran United Kingdom [email protected] Hühn Daniel Germany [email protected] Høy Erik Norway [email protected] Jacobsen Lene Denmark [email protected] Jensen Pål Erik Norway [email protected] Jepsen Niels Denmark [email protected] Johansson Adam Sweden [email protected] Johansson Stig Norway [email protected]
Johnsen Stein I. Norway [email protected]
Johnston Fiona Canada [email protected] Jussila Japo Finland [email protected] Jøranlid Anne Kristin Norway [email protected] Kagervall Anders Sweden [email protected] Kambestad Atle Norway [email protected]
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Last name First name Country Email Karlsson Martin Sweden [email protected] Killen Shaun United Kingdom [email protected] Klefoth Thomas Germany [email protected] Kleiven Alf Ring Norway [email protected] Knutti Andreas Switzerland [email protected] Koeck Barbara Austria [email protected]
Koed Anders Denmark [email protected]
Kraabøl Morten Norway [email protected] Kraal Marco Hans Netherlands [email protected] Kramer Rob USA [email protected] Kvaal Marianne Norway [email protected] Laakkonen Mika Finland [email protected]
Lande Torgeir Norway [email protected] Langdal Kjell Norway [email protected] Larsson Stefan Sweden [email protected] Lennox Robert Canada [email protected] Liberg Egil Norway [email protected]
Liebe Morten Norway [email protected]
Lloyd Mark United Kingdom [email protected] Lundgren Markus Sweden [email protected] Madsen Torbjørn Norway [email protected] Malin Mikko FInland [email protected] Matveev Igor Russia [email protected]
Mawle Guy United Kingdom [email protected] Mayer Ian Norway [email protected] McEnroe Martin Ireland [email protected] Meerburg David USA [email protected]
Melin Daniel Sweden [email protected] Mohammad Mostafa Siddiquee India [email protected] Monk Christopher Germany [email protected] Moth-Poulsen Thomas FAO [email protected]
Museth Jon Norway [email protected] Nilsson Tommy Sweden [email protected] Norum Ine Cecilie Norway [email protected] Nygaard Gudmund Norway [email protected] Nyqvist Marina Finland [email protected] Næstad Frode Norway [email protected] OGrady Martin Ireland [email protected]
O'Grady Martin Ireland [email protected] Ojanlatva Dan Sweden [email protected] Olaussen Jon Olaf Norway [email protected] Olin Mikko Finland [email protected] O'Reilly Paul Ireland [email protected]
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Last name First name Country Email Ottosson Kenneth Sweden [email protected] Owen Mark United Kingdom [email protected]
Owen Mark United Kingdom [email protected] Palm Fredrik Sweden [email protected] Pankov Vladimir Russia [email protected] Parmann Siri Norway [email protected]
Pecorelli Joe United Kingdom [email protected] Persson Jens Sweden [email protected] Petrere Jr Miguel Brazil [email protected]
Poole Russell Ireland [email protected] Pope Kevin USA [email protected] Post John Canada [email protected] Pozin Aleksandr Russia [email protected] Prestaasen Simen Norway [email protected] Racz David Hungary [email protected] Ragnarsson Stabo Henrik Sweden [email protected] Riepe Carsten Germany [email protected] Rioux Danielle USA [email protected] Ruokonen Timo Finland [email protected] Ruud Knut Johan Norway [email protected] Rydberg Daniel Sweden [email protected] Rydgren Martin Sweden [email protected] Scheel-Bech Lene Denmark [email protected] Schratwieser Jason USA [email protected] Sipponen Matti Finland [email protected] Skov Christian Denmark [email protected] Solstad Øystein Norway Stensland Stian Norway [email protected] Strehlow Harry Germany [email protected] Stålhammar Martin Sweden [email protected]
Taylor William USA [email protected]
Thorstad Eva Norway [email protected] Tiainen Joni FInland [email protected]
Treer Tomislav Croatia [email protected] Trella Marek Poland [email protected] Tsuboi Jun-ichi Japan [email protected] Tønnessen Alf Helge Norway [email protected]
Uglem Ingebrigt Norway [email protected] Uusi-Heikkilä Silva FInland [email protected] Vainikka Anssi FInland [email protected] van Aalderen Roland A.A. Netherlands [email protected] Vehanen Teppo Finland [email protected] Venturelli Paul USA [email protected]
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Last name First name Country Email Wawrzyniak Igor Poland [email protected]
Wedul Egil Håvard Norway [email protected] Weltersbach Marc Simon Germany [email protected] Wilde Gene USA [email protected] Zafaradl John Sweden [email protected] Zharkov Gennady Russia [email protected] Ødegaard Merete C. Norway [email protected]
Øian Hogne Norway [email protected]
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