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THE IMPORTANCE of MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING in SHANGHAI1 What Is Marine Recreational Fishing?

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THE IMPORTANCE of MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING in SHANGHAI1 What Is Marine Recreational Fishing? IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings THE IMPORTANCE OF MARINE RECREATIONAL FISHING IN SHANGHAI1 CHEN Ye2 (College of Economies & Management, Shanghai Ocean University) Abstract Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is fishing for pleasure or competition. Recreational fishing can advance fisheries technology and benefits related industries. Recreational fishing can also diversify and increase the income of fishermen. Recreational fishing promotes mutual understanding between urban dwellers and fishermen, which is important to “Harmonious Society”. Last but not least, recreational fishing can raise ordinary people’s awareness of the importance of environment protection and territorial waters, which is especially important after China outlined the "maritime power strategy” in 2012. Shanghai, the most modern city in China, is just beside East China Sea (Shanghai means “Upon-the-Sea” in Chinese language). Shanghai is also the birthplace of China’s tourism industry. Shanghainese spent a lot of money on tourism annually. Recreational fishing has the potential to be a big and profitable industry in Shanghai. As people’s income increases, the value of recreational fishing in Shanghai will became more obvious. To order to promote the development of marine recreational fishing, the municipal governance of Shanghai should cooperate with neighboring provinces, set up laws and regulation and promote the development of related industries. Key Words： marine recreational fishing Shanghai What is Marine Recreational Fishing? Recreational fishing, also called sport fisheries, is fishing for pleasure or competition. It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit, or subsistence fishing, which is fishing for survival. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits. When location of creational fishing goes to sea, it becomes marine recreational fishing. Marine recreational fishing is very important to civilization. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries appreciates that recreational fishing is part of the history and fabric of American nation and wants to continue to improve upon this great tradition. Fishing has always been an important social activity promoting stronger families and communities, providing both employment and a way of life for many, and serving as a large economic driver at all levels—locally, regionally, and nationally. Recent estimates indicate there are approximately 12 million saltwater recreational anglers taking about 85 million trips a year. Combined, expenditures total $31 billion dollars, representing an $82 billion dollar impact and supporting half a million jobs. Just as important is the legacy of recreational fishermen as conservationists concerned about the health and sustainability of the marine environment. By practicing catch and release techniques, 1 IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings advocating for and participating in the development of better fisheries data and science, improving habitat, and engaging in the policy process, recreational anglers continue to effect positive change and ensure their voice is heard3. In traditional Chinese culture, the fishermen were always compared to hermits because of their free way of live. Many poems were written and paintings were painted to extol the life of fishermen. The Benefits of the Marine Recreational Fishing in China Benefiting the Development of Related Industries Developing marine recreational fishing industry involve in the advance in other related industries. Without advanced ships, the fisheries industry will not be sophisticated. The demand from the marine recreational fishing consumers put up the demand for high-tech fishing or related technology and equipment. Oceanology International, the Asia’s Premier event for marine science and ocean technology, was held in Shanghai 3-5 September, 2013. Lots of advanced fishing equipments were displayed in the show. Oceanology International won lots of visters. Fig.1: Oceanology International in Shanghai Diversifying and Increasing the Income of Fishermen China is a developing nation; even ordinary people can only earn a mere income, let alone the fishermen. With the deterioration of natural resources in the sea, it becomes more and more difficult for Chinese fishermen to catch fish there. According to our survey in Lusi, a fishing village in Jiangsu Provence, it only need one day for the fishermen to catch a ship of fish in the past, but it takes near a week for the fishermen to catch a ship of fish now. With the decline in the amount of fish that the fishermen caught, their income decline. In order to protect the fish species, Chinese government has issues many rules and regulations to limit the amount of fish caught, which push the fishermen into even worsen situation. The fishermen must find new ways to win their breads, and they face the challenge of transformation. Some fishermen turned to recreational fishing. The 2 IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings recreational fishing industry, especially marine recreational fishing, booms these years. Marine recreational fishing creates many new jobs opportunities for Chinese fishermen. Promoting Mutual Understanding between Urban Dwellers and Fishermen There is a huge income gap within China. The city dwellers enjoy a much higher income than the rural counterparts. The easterners have a higher income than the westerners. It is called “urban-rural dual structure” in academic community. Even in Shanghai, the most modern city in China, there still exits a big unbalance of wealth. The incomes of the people living in suburbs and getting income from agriculture sector industry are much less than the incomes of the people living in the downtown areas and working in the second or third industry. TableⅠ: The Annual Per Capita Disposable Income Difference between urban and rural households (RMB ) Year Urban Households Rural Households Year Urban Households Rural Households 2012 26959 7916.6 1996 4844.8 1926.1 2011 23979.2 6977.3 1995 4288.1 1577.7 2010 21033.4 5919 1994 3502.3 1221 2009 18858.1 5153.2 1993 2583.2 921.6 2008 17067.8 4760.6 1992 2031.5 784 2007 14908.6 4140.4 1991 1713.1 708.6 2006 12719.2 3587 1989 1387.8 601.5 2005 11320.8 3254.9 1988 1192.1 544.9 2004 10128.5 2936.4 1987 1012.2 462.6 2003 9061.2 2622.2 1986 910 423.8 2002 8177.4 2475.6 1985 748.9 397.6 2001 6907.1 2366.4 1984 660.1 355.3 2000 6295.9 2253.4 1983 572.9 309.8 1999 5888.8 2210.3 1982 535.3 270.1 1998 5458.3 2162 1981 500.4 223.4 1997 5188.5 2090.1 Source：National Bureau of Statistics Website：http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ Besides economic gap between urban and rural, there is misunderstanding between these two groups, which has more bad effects. For example, the urban believe that the rural are dirty and rude and the rural believe that the urban are cunning and arrogant, which may become the obstacle for developing “Harmonious Society”. The government determines to set up a new type of industry-agriculture and urban-rural relations in which the industrial sector promotes agriculture, urban areas support rural development, agriculture and industry benefit each other, and urban and rural development is integrated4. Major of participants of the creational fishing are come from cities. Marine creational fishing can works as bridge between the urban and the rural. In 1954 social scientist, Gordon W. Allport developed the contact hypothesis, also known as intergroup contact theory. According to the theory, under appropriate conditions interpersonal contact is one of the most effective ways to reduce 3 IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings prejudice between two group members. If one has the opportunity to communicate with others, they are able to understand and appreciate different points of views involving their way of life. As a result of new appreciation and understanding, prejudice should diminish5.Through marine creational fishing, the misunderstanding between the urban and the rural may be reduced. Increasing People’s Awareness of the Marine Environment and Ocean Mentality The marine recreational fishing has a high demand for the quantity of the waters. Even the waters is just a little polluted, no one will fishing in that waters for entertainment. In order to develop marine recreational fishing, the stakeholders must give priority to the environmental quantities of the waters, which benefits marine environment and increase ordinary people’s awareness of the marine environment6. Last but not least, recreational fishing can raise the ordinary people’s awareness of the importance of ocean, which is especially important after China outlined her “Maritime Power Strategy” in 2012. Marine Recreational Fishing in Shanghai Shanghai’s Close Tie with Ocean and Fishing Shanghai, the most modern city in China, is just beside East China Sea. The two Chinese characters in the city's name are '上' (Shang ="above") and '海' (Hai ="sea"), together meaning "Upon-the-Sea". The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th century Song Dynasty, at which time there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. According to Shanghai Local Historyduring the Hongzhi Period of Ming Dynasty (1488-1505) (明代弘治《上海 志》), the oldest local historical literature of Shanghai, “Shanghai County also called “Up Ocean” or “Above Sea” because it is located above the sea”. Matteo Ricci recoded that Shanghai got its name because it is beside the sea7. So Shanghainese have a special feeling towards ocean since they are born. Fig.2: The Map of Shanghai 4 IIFET 2014 Australia Conference Proceedings Shanghai is officially abbreviated Hu (沪) in Chinese. Hu is fence-like tools for fishing. They are erected on the coastal beach. When the water level is high, fish swim across the Hu. When the tide falls, the water flows away through the holes of the Hu. But fish leaves and became the prey of fishermen.
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