Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 nesadn h opeiyo Catch-and-Release of Complexity the Understanding 10.1080/10641260601149432 DOI: print 1064-1262 LLC ISSN: Group, Francis & Taylor © Copyright Science Fisheries in Reviews nadFseis eateto ilg n clg fFse,M¨ Fishes, [email protected] of E-mail: Ecology Germany. and Biology of Department Fisheries, Inland nRcetoa ihn:A nertv ytei of Synthesis Integrative An Fishing: Recreational in lblKoldefo itrcl tia,Social, Ethical, Historical, from Knowledge Global drs orsodnet oetAlnhu,LinzIsiueo rswtrEooyand Ecology Freshwater of Leibniz-Institute Arlinghaus, Robert to correspondence Address SUSKI, 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DA R nvriy onvle Australia Townsville, University, Canada Ontario, Kingston, University, USA Canada Ontario, Ottawa, University, Carleton Germany Berlin, Humboldt-University, and Germany Berlin, F Fishes, of Ecology and Biology owga nttt o aueRsac NN) rnhi,Norway Trondheim, (NINA), Research Nature for Institute Norwegian Cook James Geography, and Studies Environment Tropical of School Queen’s Biology, of Department Station, Biological University Queen’s Switzerland Biglen, Sohn, & Schwab USA DC, Washington, Council, Alaska, Research Juneau, National Fish, Sport of Division Game, and Fish of Department Alaska Biology, of Department Laboratory, Physiology Conservation and Ecology Fish of Department Fisheries, Inland and Ecology Freshwater of Leibniz-Institute clyo giutr n otclue nttt fAia Sciences, Animal of Institute Horticulture, and Agriculture of aculty BR ARLINGHAUS, OBERT K complexity to- the fishing. Progress acknowledging recreational by C&R. C&R enhanced in in be inherent might involved C&R dimensions institutional, of treatment cultural, and successful of ward factors array biological the and highlights psychological, work present recreational sustainable The toward path management. the stakeholders, fisheries reasons, paving other 4) of and and potentials, con- anglers, variety conflict and managers, minimizing a management 3) between fisheries for dialogue successful facilitating helpful supporting 2) is science servation, the perspective improving a 1) Such as such perspectives. manage- C&R and on and perspective biological, insights integrative socio-psychological, rial an philosophical, multifaceted develop historical, and we on complex synopsis, drawing present hooking the by the of of In study understanding C&R. the of hampers and nature sciences This biological release. the after conducted on mortality been focusing has angle fishing disciplinary recreational a in from (C&R) catch-and-release on research Most aaeet okn otlt,hsoy ua iesos ulta fet,recre- effects, sublethal dimensions, philosophy fishing, human ational history, mortality, hooking management, I POLICANSKY, VID eywords 6 , TPE .SUTTON, G. STEPHEN 57–6,2007 15:75–167, n ilgclPerspectives Biological and nln,aia efr,cthadrlae niomna tis fishery ethics, environmental catch-and-release, welfare, animal angling, 4 LXNE SCHWAB, ALEXANDER 1 TVNJ COOKE, J. STEVEN 75 7 N V .THORSTAD B. EVA AND geseam30 28 Berlin, 12587 310, uggelseedamm 2 O LYMAN, JON 5 CORY 8 3 Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 noe n ssbetvl endb h niiulpriiata en esr;i stherefore is it leisure; being as participant as generate angling individual to recreational the products in fishing participants by reel, selling to involve defined refer a We not including subjectively non-commercial. does often is time), rod, working and and to line, income, opposed hook, (as with time western In conducted free motivation. for primary typically during and the is not nutrition) is fishing cost (e.g., offset recreational survival to cultures, human products fishing for selling or essential food needs obtaining which physiological meet to resources generate 6R rigase al. et Arlinghaus R. angling (C&R) Catch-and-release Introduction 76 rdc fteagigeprec,age aifcin sotncthdpnet(Arlinghaus ultimate catch-dependent the often although is rates, satisfaction, angler catch experience, high of angling “survival” on the The of depend cost. product necessarily the offset not not a does does however, and catch angler, later the angler or an if sooner an intensity will fishing fisher between reduce commercial or difference A fishing fish. Another stop to incentive 2006). economic al., the is et fisher Lewin commercial (Cooke high 2006; be consid- 2004, By can rate. impact Cowx, catch cumulative low and their a however, by world-wide, characterized anglers is of angler millions single a ering compared ocean, example, the For in differences. trawler striking large some a bycatch also to are and There pollution, 2006). Cowx, impacts, and size habitat (Cooke and age changes, biomass, evolutionary in fishing-induced reductions truncation, changes, trophic fishing-induced as such conservation, billion 17 about which of annually, global fish a billion 47.1 on estimates as retained. that high Using are suggested as 2006). be (2004) could al., Cowx catch et and angling 1999; Lewin scale, Cooke (NRC, 2005; fisheries, mortality Cooke, recreational fishing and Canadian of Arlinghaus from source 2004; largest al., com- the et of also today Coleman of are is group that user angling species several sole recre- importance, for the Consequently, regions, mercial is 2002). coastal al., thus et and some (Arlinghaus fisheries in stocks commercial fish also replaced many but largely in has regions, particularly since fishing temperate ecosystems, ational harvest the some angler In of by limiting 2002). ecosystems indicated rules (Policansky, freshwater as Europe other older, in and much Ages aware- limits Middle is general size the populations the minimum fish However, of deplete 2006). implementation can al., the et fishing and Lewin recreational Arlinghaus 2006; that 2004; Cowx, al., ness et and 2002; Coleman Cooke al., 2004; et 2005; Cowx, Post and Cooke, 2002; given Cooke al., been et 2002; has (McPhee Love, stocks recognized and fish increasingly Schroeder impact is can role angling its but that envi- attention, notion marine less The the 2002). in al., particularly et fishing, (Pauly populations commercial ronment on fish focuses fishing-induced global populations for potential fish affecting the of on as declines discussion academic recognized and public been the Often, increasingly 1999). (NRC, has general in Fishing Catch-and-Release of Context decisions. management fisheries recreational inform goal better ultimate to The is identify C&R. work in C&R, needs present on of research the knowledge important understanding of the available improve clearer the to make and evaluate hoping gaps, exploited angle, and knowledge recreationally multidisciplinary summarize of a we a conservation from article, offer C&R and and this management C&R In of the populations. complexity in fish the application understand its to biological for essential and basis considered social, is ethical, C&R historical, of unifies aspects global that present perspective the in integrative detail in An describe we synthesis. as however, detractors, its without not is It recently. nln n omrilfihn hr ayise frlvnefrmngmn and management for relevance of issues many share fishing commercial and Angling 1 We s h term the use angling yoyosywt erainlfihn,ie,fihn htde not does that fishing i.e., fishing, recreational with synonymously 1 a oghsoyadhsrcie nraigattention increasing received has and history long a has anglers . Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 s.I a ettlo o,bti sntmnae.Freape nage ih eanonly retain others. might all angler release voluntarily an example, and release For size to mandated. and angler not species is an desired it a of but of decision not, fish voluntary or one protected total the legally be released), cannot to can and be refers It protected fish. C&R must are Voluntary than therefore species etc. larger some and retained), or (e.g., retained, be species smaller be protected fish not limits, all bag must (i.e., seasons, limit limits that size length-based C&R as specified to refers such the C&R regulations Regulatory by unharmed. released required are is fish the possible, degree the to special to of caught. anglers use fish force the the that of include of limits most to bag use or and principle part the slot) limit” release time, maximum, kill/zero Over (minimum, “no size 1996). a including (Quinn, from regulations, action mandatory broadened voluntarily i.e., has a regulations, term be harvest the can captured, of It were C&R result by 2002). from they the (Policansky, gradient assisted where a angling or mostly waters implies (harvest) and the line, catch-and-kill term to relative and to a back only hook is fish C&R using live unharmed. survive by releasing to fish then presumably and capturing reels, of and process rods the to refers C&R Definitions al., et (Cooke manifold 2005). inappropriately and Suski, conducted press), is and C&R in Cooke if 2002a; legal 2005; place (Arlinghaus, take and might C&R cultural that of impacts C&R, biological forms with some issues al., with et ethical associated (Arlinghaus overlooks conflicts society however, to perspective, benefits This economic and 2002). social important providing time, same For 2002). (Policansky, does it sustain- that social shows e evidence and much economic, and fishing, biological, recreational the of ability encourages C&R implementing that and suggest (Lucy population fish on impacts fishery angling-induced 2002). a Studholme, provides potential applied, in to properly if fish answer fishing, by releasing management C&R caught commercial for Therefore, most option in gill-nets. when method, the than Consequently, fishing and than capture was recreational fisheries. in seines the angling likely that more as of is by fish condition such nature good captured a comparatively gears the when releases fishing to damage angler commercial Due less an most case. experience if the typically apply often not fish is does which press), bycatch caught, in Wilde, of intentionally and (Cooke definition is fisheries angling the commercial C&R in although sense, discarding a and In bycatch 2002). Policansky, to 1987; equivalent 1977, Roelofs, and (Barnhart angling 2002). al., et to (Post due density-dependent occur catchability inverse can or 2002) depensation (Sullivan, rates fishing, harvest illegal prob- recreational density-dependent inverse mortality In per-capita abundances. anglers increasing population low by an involve at exploited processes ability populations Depensatory in 2002). collapses pro- al., depensatory et fish-stock (Post So-called of decline. probability stocks the when increase fishing cesses reduce necessarily not do alterations anglers habitat as such impacts other declines. or stock overfishing to to leading the due if low even fishing are continue opportunities might catch anglers Therefore, 2006). Arlinghaus, 2005; Mehner, and ape yrlaigfih h mato nln ntersuc smnmzdwie tthe at while, minimized is resource the on angling of impact the fish, releasing by xample, nisms xrm om oa &,eeyfihcuh ya nlri eesdalive; released is angler an by caught fish every C&R, total form, extreme most its In would sense common view, of point conservation and management fisheries a From C&R is effort angling high with cope to means promoted and applied frequently One i.e., self-regulating, not are fisheries recreational some that proposed (2002) al. et Post ac-n-ees erainlFsig77 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 ftel ok,sol eefciei nuigtesria fahg rprino discarded of proportion high a of survival the tailor. ensuring in use The effective the be lowest. should discouraging hook was hooks, including treble mortality strategies, each yield of hook management for current treble Although their estimate using that types. calculated mortality concluded recruit hook authors fishing per sublegal other yield similar, the than were using rate type calculated mortality curves greater recruit significantly per a in of mortality resulted and injury hooking hooks on baited ( designs al. hook tailor single et different Ayvazian and Conversely, of frequencies. effects hooks similar the at investigated treble trout (2002) that rainbow of reported esophagus (2003) the of in Jenkins meta-analysis to lodged between their types. likely mortality In in hook more difference hooking. two a were demonstrate gut these to latter of failed the (1992) occurrence White because greater and Taylor bass a salmonids, in striped resulting lower for with swallowed, hooks associated be single were mortality. hooks than hooks or treble rates injury treble that massive determined if mortality in However, also (1996) result hooks. Richards will treble and certainly to Diodati almost relative they ingested imbedded, deeply deeply more become be and to injury tend reduce hooks to gear industry novel fishing of type recreational This the fish. line. discarded by main of the needed mortality to is applied creativity is pressure and gentle design when fish the exits and u rgls(eza,17;Alese l,20) hr r ubro ifrn hook different event. C&R of a number of a endpoints are the impact There can 2004). factors esopha- al., these as and et with such types, Aalbers fish, and areas 1978; characteristics angled visceral (Pelzman, of in gills mortality hooking or following the gus mortality influencing of factor believed probability is primary increased it the Currently, an 2004). is or Kuklinski, location and jaw DuBois damage, hooking in 2004; organ that hooking al., hooking, et superficial esophogeal (Aalbers (i.e., damage bleeding, gill impact damage, or consequences appreciable tissue injury, hooking no blindness/eye that from to shown range lip) have can Studies fish the fish. impact angled to released for potential of the have well-being hooking and with survival associated factors various and event, angling ul natgln htatvtsarlaemcaim h okrvre ieto y180 by direction reverses hook The angler mechanism. the release when a hook activates fish that self-releasing the line handling Shelton tag without were barbless a removed removed the on be been pulls on can had captured rainbow hooks that fish Shelton of hooks of 2003). study circle (Jenkins, those a barbless than In on greater 1). caught times Figure fish four of their rates see mortality 2003; trout, (Jenkins, hook Shelton hooking “self-releasing” and injuries 2005). in Suski, result and (Cooke to hooks tending J-style hooks to (i.e., circle similar configuration offset locations severely hook benefits conservation with circle the hooks, alter addition, dramatically circle In also properly of can 2003a). Subtle perform 2002) al., al., to review). et hook et Prince for the offline; (Cooke of versus of 2004, inline injuries ability corner eye the Suski, the influence to and than can lead hook Cooke other and the (see locations of size in exceptions organs the hook in are important differences rarely injuring there hooks of although circle risk jaw, the fact, the reducing In thus liver). types, heart, hook (e.g., have shallower other in to result to to proven relative tend hooks been hooking Circle have 2004). hook to Suski, shank) relative and the fisheries (Cooke the recreational hooks of freshwater J-style to conventional and point marine parallel of the number than a (where rather for benefits shank hooks conservation the circle to example, perpendicular For is 2002). Uphoff, and (Lukacovic unk n hlrs 19)smaie al ieaueadrpre htsingle that reported and literature early summarized (1994) Childress and Muoneke oktype Hook types. and characteristics Hook 2. An P mtmssaltatrix omatomus ew okdsg htsospoiefrrdcn reiiaighnln sthe is handling eliminating or reducing for promise shows that design hook . h yeo okcngetyiflec h ntmclhoiglocation hooking anatomical the influence greatly can hook of type The ac-n-ees erainlFsig117 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release )i nW senAsrla h uhr eotdta rbehooks treble that reported authors The Australia. estern okn ffihi nieial opnn faC&R a of component inevitable an is fish of Hooking ◦ Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 okcnfi ntemuho h s n hntesakt-on itne(ae slarge is 2005). (gape) al., distance et shank-to-point Cooke 2005; the Rand, when and and (Beckwith fish hooking entire the jaw the of than permit when to mouth hooks effectively enough the circle most in with function fit fishing hooks can anglers circle hook for Apparently, (2005) important al. types. et more hook Cooke other be study, with may recent a size In mortality hook hooks. significant that 1/0 noted reported smaller but with hooks, captured 6/0 those with ( among captured cod (25%) fish the blue among studied in mortality size (1999) no hook Carbines observed However, and Lakes. mortality Great hooking between Laurentian relationship the in salmon Chinook or oe wyatrscigi h at hntefihsisaanttehaywih,the weight, Rand heavy and the Beckwith ( of against drum study carp swims The red swallowed. the on fish deeply as (2005) being the carp of When instead feeding leader lip the bait. the the pierces the penetrates of hook hook in extension free sucking an now after is The In away hook. rig hooking. the moves hair deep outside the minimal bait leader, in the short result fixes and can that leads rig heavy hair with so-called leads a fishing heavy and bottom and leader fixed using short that a angling there with However, carp together fish. specialized of from injury evidence on anecdotal types strong hook is with association in configuration tool. tackle management and of and ence 2001), conservation al., effective et an (Cooke be can hooks hooks barbed barbless with reasons, extensive those more (due for disturbance are physiological times) and handling injuries beneficial Sublethal longer is hooks fish. to barbless benefit of only use can that and notion discards the Nonethe- for support 1997). available Brett, data and of Turek majority 1997; the Scarpella, have less, and controversy Others Schill substantial anglers. 1992; generating White, by benefit, and released Taylor little (e.g., and provide caught hooks lures barbless trout or that flies of suggested barbless mortality also or subsequent barbed with in of role use comparisons differences the no significant five that plays statistically of concluded in three authors resulted The in mortality. comparisons and hooking 11 in flies of with one comparisons only however, four hook- lures; lower of produced two hooks in barbed that mortality with determined ing released authors The and hooks. caught barbless salmonids or (nonanadromous) barbed see resident organic; of versus mortality fly hooking versus pared (lure bait of upon type depending the exist and may treble) also sections). or Differences other (single 2004). hook 2001; Meka, of al., 2001; type hook et al., the of Cooke point et the 1997; at Cooke damage Ernst, (e.g., tissue and reducing entry remove and (Diggles to 2004) removal angler Meka, of 2002; the Hoffman, by ease and required Schaeffer the is that increasing time by barbless of hook of amount the Use the reduce 2004]). to Kuklinski, shown and although been [DuBois 1994), has trout Childress, hooks brook and (e.g., (Muoneke exist taxa do fish rates studies of mortality disparate number reduced a have for and hooks injurious barbed to less relative are hooks barbless that concluded generally ev ( coho of mortality on size al. hook et of Arlinghaus Savitz Similarly, R. effect rate. no mortality found influence not (1995) did al. size et hook that hooks, non-anadromous (1992) concluded in of White mortality and and hooking size salmonids Taylor with associated article, types, factors synthesis-type on hook another meta-analysis In a different conducted warranted. conclude between was fish to relationships of (1994) the sizes Childress and into and research perhaps Muoneke further 1994), prompted Childress, This that variation. and (Muoneke interspecific studies to among due widely varies performance hook 118 n per ob h rsneo bec fabr nteho.Suisi hsae have area this in Studies hook. the on barb a of absence or presence the be to appears ent abdvru abeshooks barbless versus Barbed Ta com- directly that studies past of results the synthesized (1997) Scarpella and Schill and size, fish size, hook between relationship the types, hook conventional Among c l ofiuainadho type hook and configuration kle canp ocellatus Sciaenops . nte atrta a nuneteipc fahooking a of impact the influence can that factor Another . ) iie tde r vial xmnn h influ- the examining available are studies Limited rvddeiec htasmlrmcaimcan mechanism similar a that evidence provided nohnhskisutch Oncorhynchus Pa r pri colias apercis ) and ) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 hs itracsmyices h ieiodo otlt o nldfiho a impair may 1992). McDonald, or and fish (Gonzalez angled corrected for been mortality have of disturbances until likelihood performance the increase may disturbances these ffiefihacmltddrn nagigdy oacmls hs s r edo board on held are fish this, accomplish To weight day. greatest angling the an obtain v during to accumulated strive fish typically five tournaments of bass ( black bass in Black competing 2003). anglers Kamke, and (Kerr annually cropterus held events 20,000 over with industry, 2005). al., et (Broadhurst tanks in retention temporary However, include above. do described event experience angling not C&R do non-tournament typically a a environments of marine angling that in the the beyond tournaments of or stressors such conclusion scrutineers, the in at angled impartial catches, catches Fish photography, anglers’ compare day. different digital verbally may of individuals using fish where comparison board where system direct environments, honor on a marine allow made In to day. are transport the comparisons easily of for to are end 1991 large fish the al., too angled at et be where water and Schramm format the live-release see fish to a day; alive of practice one returned number today (i.e., held pre-defined time fish tournaments a of Most of of period details). catch pre-defined often greatest a length), within the total typically for or compete number, cumulative contestants (weight, where competitions are tournaments) omnsi oso os(uha Na stress as by (such generated ions area of surface loss gill increased a and is permeability hormones gill reduced of sequence 1992; an- McDonald, and prolonged (Gonzalez T disturbances etc.), ionic/osmotic significant consumption, in store results also energy gling imbalance, acid/base production, (lactate of periods longer 1991). replenished al., Nonetheless, et fish 2001). (Scarabello as debt al., rates oxygen metabolic et their heightened (Schreer angled indicated fish exhaustively variables cardiovascular for angled elevated increased briefly smallmouth levels to for resting required relative to time fish return of to length future the variables to respond fact, cardiovascular to In bass fishes avoidance. of predator ability as the impact such may challenges therefore and correct 2005). to McCormick, time require disturbances and additional physiological the larger as Meka addition, well In 2002; as hormones. Tomasso angling, stress al., of accompanies presence 1995; that et continued exercise burst al., Thompson prolonged the et 1999; correlate from results Kieffer al., all likely et muscle This 1991; Gallman white al., 1996; and et al., plasma (Gustaveson both et duration in angling increases lactate pH, with of plasma in increases positively Changes and 2003). al., cortisol, et plasma Thorstad Kieffer 2002; in 1991; al., al., et et Thompson (Gustaveson 1995; duration al., angling et with magnitude in by increase experienced fish disturbances angled physiological of an of number magnitude A how the employed. (i.e., that being demonstrated equipment question) have the in studies size and species/fish 2005) to McCormick, matched and is gear Meka appropriately 2003; al., a et and Thorstad (e.g., leads fish heavy using By rig. hair a minimized. using is of hooking instead deep hook leader, the short on bait natural with occur rswtrfihs(ozlzadMDnl,19;Ael ta. 91 ra nu fions of influx an or 1991) al., Na et Avella as 1992; (such McDonald, and (Gonzalez fishes freshwater sesi ieel,adlgtrfihaerlae hnahairidvda scuh (a caught is individual heavier a when released are fish lighter and livewells, in essels msoe l,19;Glmne l,19;Topo ta. 02.A nvial con- unavoidable An 2002). al., et Thompson 1999; al., et Gallman 1996; al., et omasso eetacutfo utai eel htsm & nln vnsfretaiefishes estuarine for events angling C&R some that reveals Australia from account recent .Cmeiieagigevents. angling Competitive 4. nNrhAeia nln oraet aegoni ouaiyt eoealucrative a become to popularity in grown have tournaments angling America, North In ope ihtemtblcdsubne htacmaylne nln durations angling longer accompany that disturbances metabolic the with Coupled duration. Angling 3. p. r h otpplrtresfrteeeet Kr n ak,20) and 2003), Kamke, and (Kerr events these for targets popular most the are spp.) + n K and + ) n oso ae o aiefihs(vlae l,19) Again, 1991). al., et (Avella fishes marine for water of loss and ac-n-ees erainlFsig119 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release h uainta s sage eed ntesz fthe of size the on depends angled is fish a that duration The opttv nln vns(lokona angling as known (also events angling Competitive + n Cl and − ) n paeo ae rmteglsof gills the from water of uptake and Mi- Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 ilgclsuiso h mato & nteeooyo xlie s populations. fish exploited and of behavior ecology C&R the angler on C&R on of studies impact socioeconomic the in on increased studies biological is synthetically, rigor and collaboratively, of scientific productively, collection used if improved are and surveys for angler potential if enormous insights is and there data Thus, understand boundaries. to communica- those need scholarly across the improving including tion emphasized boundaries, (2002) national Aas and (2007). cultural Cooke Pine across by fishing and given Pollock were and C&R (2002a) of al. impact et biological natural the improving understanding for Recommendations to (2006). approaches NRC scientific and (2002) Ditton by provided were widespread Pitcher sufficiently in examples not other are see they 2004; 2002a). but Arlinghaus, Hollingworth, present, 2004; and 2003, at Research, States surveys Morgan United large-scale Roy Such the (e.g., 2006). to (NRC, restricted surveys not the are in human- included comprehensive more is if and information developed C&R, are dimensions of effects methods etc., and if extent solved, rates, the evaluating are adequately al. C&R comprehensiveness for and et expenditures, bias Arlinghaus valuable of motivation, R. problems much behavior, if provide especially Marine attitudes, to the potential National angler as the U.S. about have such surveys the surveys information Such by angler 2006). conducted (NRC, comprehensive Service Survey of Fisheries Statistics draw value we Fisheries potential particular, Recreational In and needs. 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C&R to adopt come anglers whereby process the Cniudo etpage) next on (Continued Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 4 .Alnhu tal. et Arlinghaus R. 142 oilUdrtn public Understand Social of predictors Compare Social eerhctgr eerhne ainl n e points key and Rationale need research category Research umr fkycthadrlae(&)agigrsac needs research angling (C&R) catch-and-release key of Summary eadn C&R regarding beliefs and attitudes sub-populations angler different across C&R Catch-and-Release T be10 able tde r eddt xmn how examine to needed are Studies that suggest studies previous of Results nraesria ftefish. the of survival increase that practices adopt to their willingness about and C&R view anglers how investigate that conduced be to need studies Moreover, jurisdictions. some in conflicts welfare-related animal current basic support gather that to data order in C&R of forms particular and C&R views society USA. the on focused has date to of anglers C&R on research the dimensions of human Much questions. these better to gaining answers for critical be will al., 2002), et Aas Europe; North (e.g., in America those from differ fishing C&R surrounding attitudes and norms the where areas from particularly America, North outside populations angler with Research others? to compared some fisheries in established firmly so C&R become has why and how finally, behavior? And C&R influence this does so, how if and, subpopulations angler across vary health fishery of perceptions anglers’ and behavior, C&R norms of conservation, of norms as factors such Do place)? takes activity fishing individual’s within an (i.e., sub-population fish which to where and species target what to about made choices the to according vary behavior C&R angler’s an does Likewise, sub-populations? angler across vary behavior of C&R predictors the Do include: questions Important location). and/or targeted species by segmented populations angler (i.e., level sub-population angler the at primarily replicated and conducted be C&R should on behavior research future the of much (Continued) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 oilUdrtn the Understand Social a as C&R Understand Social of role the Understand Social eerhctgr eerhne ainl n e points key and Rationale need research category Research umr fkycthadrlae(&)agigrsac needs research angling (C&R) catch-and-release key of Summary C&R of consequences and benefits economic stakeholders between conflicts of source nature for respect and stewardship aquatic of facilitation in C&R Catch-and-Release ac-n-ees erainlFsig143 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release T be10 able nomto snee nhwmuch how on needed is Information increasing are C&R surrounding Conflicts a is C&R that proposed (2005) Evans tde swl Plcnk,2002). (Policansky, well the as in studies included be to need they behavior, angler understanding to importance crucial of are industries guiding e on data aggregate and on trends information develop to needed are surveys comprehensive broader, addition, e angling C&R by that characterized species are or areas limited on focused studies by accomplished be can research This fishing. recreational other of to forms opposed C&R, money on and spend time they their of much how and opportunities, angling C&R to respond they how angling, C&R value anglers 2007). Arlinghaus, (e.g., exists models qualitative e e w further. is develop and to one likely important an is discussion the fishing; such allowing of effects adverse and benefits the of of documentation aware not are and We them habitats? protect their to try will to who enough then care all, at fish salmon to Atlantic allowed for is nobody if words, In other them. for constituency angling an ev C&R careful allowing of advisability the about elsewhere, as (ASF, 2006), Maine in discussion some been There has anglers. of ethic C&R the (voluntary) of implication social the understand e that empirical, and theoretical Research, both fish. individual the for here respect nature, enrooted an of sign visible pniue.Bcuetecatrand charter the Because xpenditures. In exclusively. almost or xclusively only now, Until conflicts. such xplain reasons underlying which xamines to needed is proposition this xamines rdwd.Rsac snee that needed is Research orld-wide. nfrednee pce opreserve to species endangered for en Cniudo etpage) next on (Continued (Continued) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 4 .Alnhu tal. et Arlinghaus R. 144 ilgclAss h sublethal the Assess Biological controlled Conduct Biological and inter- Expand Biological eerhctgr eerhne ainl n e points key and Rationale need research category Research umr fkycthadrlae(&)agigrsac needs research angling (C&R) catch-and-release key of Summary v fitness-related other and growth on behavior angling-related of effects system cardio-respiratory the and hormones, biochemistry, muscle and blood of trends recovery and disturbance the document e catch-and-release of assessments intra-specific prmnsto xperiments ariables Catch-and-Release T be10 able rwhadohrfins-eae indices fitness-related other and Growth be can assessments laboratory Controlled several on focused have studies Existing srdcin ngmt ult and quantity. quality gamete in reductions such as alterations, fitness possible of comprehensivelist for (2002a) al. et Cooke See practices. angling different associated with costs the assess to models opportunity e Much 2002a). al., et (see Cooke stress chronic or acute sublethal through indirectly or intake food reduced through directly either angling catch-and-release by affected be can recoveryduration. alter they how and mortality or disturbances sublethal to contribute may factors these how determine of e degree exposure, air the of as duration such factors, manipulate to used scale. national a on or national governments of support the by with conducted or be to need surveys will such typically research, the of scope of the because useful; being for potential great have surveys comprehensive and well-designed questions, social research above the all For species. among and within of catch-and-release impacts the of develop models to conceptual used be could data These studies. catch-and-release be in to considered needs that etc.) size, life-stage, sex, (e.g., variation substantial intra-specific be can there addition, In species. alternative to on expand research to include need a is There Suski, 2005). and (Cooke species profile high it o eeomn fbioenergetics of development for xists to temperature, water and xhaustion, (Continued) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 ilgclEautn the Evaluating Biological link the Evaluate Biological ilgclEaut nmlwelfare animal Evaluate Biological eerhctgr eerhne ainl n e points key and Rationale need research category Research umr fkycthadrlae(&)agigrsac needs research angling (C&R) catch-and-release key of Summary iiaigteeeffects these mitigating for techniques as well as fish on (decompression) capture deep-water of consequences survival and behavior longer-term and stress physiological between nuyadstress and injury minimize to techniques of development the including catch-and-release, of aspects Catch-and-Release ac-n-ees erainlFsig145 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release T be10 able atr ffihfo epwtrcnlead can water deep from fish of Capture a in results angling Catch-and-release A frlae fish. released survivalof the maximize to employed be can that techniques as mitigation well effective as species, different for depths angling critical establish hopefully can research Additional generated results. have disparate date to topic this studies on as investigated, be to needs fish deeply-angled of survival the improving at (‘fizzing’) deflation air bladder manual of efficacy the addition, In activity. this of consequences longer-term the about known little is yet mortality, cases, some in and, changes physiological catastrophic to mortality. minimize to techniques angling improve and modify to this understanding use ultimately and fish in angled mortality for reasons the better understand to begin can scientists and managers mortalities, angling-induced with disturbances these and of magnitude source the relating By fish. for disturbances physiological quantifiable easily and predictable of suite seCoeadSedn npress). in Sneddon, and Cooke condition (see possible best the in are released fish that ensuring with those associated to identical are fish angled of welfare considering with associated concepts the Essentially, industry. fishing recreational research the similar in for activities need a is there and 2006), al., et (Huntingford aquaculture for developed been recently has welfare ag oyo eerho animal on research of body large Cniudo etpage) next on (Continued (Continued) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 4 .Alnhu tal. et Arlinghaus R. 146 ilgclEautn h fet of effects the Evaluating Biological of impacts the Evaluate Biological eerhctgr eerhne ainl n e points key and Rationale need research category Research umr fkycthadrlae(&)agigrsac needs research angling (C&R) catch-and-release key of Summary population the particularly levels, biological across angling catch-and-release behavior and survival, health, fish on retention hook Catch-and-Release T be10 able itei nw bu h fet of effects the about known is Little towards directed be should Effort ta. 2003). al., Millard et (e.g., experiment” “model a in catch-and-release of effects population the foresee to models assessment stock standard into integrated be to need mortality, e.g., results, study catch-and-release settings). Moreover, lab and field in endocrinology and physiology, behavior, together bringing (e.g., approach interdisciplinary an likely and creativity require will which on topics, research these more for need is clearly There strategies. and tools management of development for essential is information Such ecosystem. or community, population, of the level the at angling catch-and-release release. to prior handled are fish deeply hooked that way the for haveimplications can trade-off this of nature the Understanding known. not fish are in hooks imbedded deeply leaving to compared damage tissue exposure and/or air such between tradeoffs the Currently, released. be ultimately that will fish for damage tissue and/or significant exposure air prolonged can in efforts result such and hook, the remove to e often anglers deeply, hooked are When fish breaks. as line fish, the the when inside happens left are lures or hooks where fish in monitor behavior to post-release need a esophagus. is the there in Also, deep set is when hook fish the released of tissue the in hooks leaving of impacts the determining pn ra elo fotattempting effort of deal great a xpend (Continued) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 otnet eonz htkeigfihi ai s ffihre eore nmn cases. many in resources to fisheries need of will use valid anglers a C&R is and fish keeping agencies that management recognize clientele, to diverse continue their and of regulations be C&R needs should with the managers public tool, angling the management C&R of fisheries Although segments av important all. large at alienating an avoid not substantial be, to or to a careful situations continue some that will in suggests only and evidence C&R is, practice available will philosophy, anglers C&R of become number the may anglers to some Although dedicated conservation. to fisheries as highly in expectations play realistic likely have will must C&R managers role fisheries the that suggest paper this in reviewed ilgclLnigquantitative Linking Biological of rigor the Increasing Biological ilgclEautn h interactive the Evaluating Biological eerhctgr eerhne ainl n e points key and Rationale need research category Research i h perneo aun n yeo eoreue(.. &)oe tes omeet To others. over C&R) (i.e., use resource of type one valuing of appearance the oid umr fkycthadrlae(&)agigrsac needs research angling (C&R) catch-and-release key of Summary studies catch-and-release and settings) realistic in handling of way year, per handled and hooked fish of number total rates, catch (e.g., fisheries angling of description controls of use and e better through studies catch-and-release stressors multiple of effects prmna design xperimental Catch-and-Release ac-n-ees erainlFsig147 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release T be10 able nmn ae,awat fifrainis information of wealth a cases, many In on research existing the of Much To seiswt ac-n-ees studies. catch-and-release with fisheries angling of description and studies biological fisheries classical linked that studies limited are there However, fish. individual on catch-and-release av field. the in studies tagging or telemetric include to cages/pens/tanks in studies mortality hooking conducting beyond move to a need also is There tanks. in non-replicated held are treatments different where pseudoreplication, is problem common Another etc.). seining, electrofishing, (e.g., techniques non-angling using fish capturing This requires controls. utilize to fails mortality) hooking (particularly catch-and-release ie g,o eprtr dependent. temperature or be age, might size, and additive are stressors that recognition growing the research reflect Future must sex. fish or size, fish temperature, water of effects potential interactive the assess not would typically e For independently. considered been ape td farexposure air of study a xample, ae otsrsosadijre have injuries and stressors most date, ial bu h matof impact the about ailable (Continued) Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 digcuinaotagigi epwtr ugsigta icehosmyb favorable be may hooks circle that suggesting water, results include deep Our to in further populations. angling extended be fish about can caution protect but adding conclusions help If general those can period. support reproductive C&R synthesis the this applied, from during properly fish angling are hooks from principles barbless refrain use such 5) 4) minimize temperature, and 2) water lures/flies, duration, in artificial angling extremes and during minimize angling 1) avoid were: 3) C&R They exposure, for air guidelines species. generalized across of extend suite a should presented that (2005) Suski and Cooke are returned. fish immature be undersized, is to if already example, there for view, C&R; improve of to point available angler’s and information the enough for societies different from However, and how C&R. govern populations approach that norms and of social view level the cultures and the fish; at individual the particularly of C&R, fitness the of downsides biological the to anglers; happens which activities, human all a of as or effects area fishing. influence, the recreational human an from include of protected i.e., possible are be zone, as biota free not no-take where as would a develop place It and establishing function 2006). for can al., ecosystems reason et where non-consumptive (Cooke a anglers areas, by with protected implemented species compatible otherwise zones, and endangered no-take many monitored of of goals in carefully conservation discussion generic activity if the valid with (see compatible a be area can be C&R no-take certainly, might and, strict C&R C&R, a certainly, with But with associated above). incompatible mortality some is is it there then Since 2005). Bohnsack, and (Bartholomew clean, 2006). (ASF, towards work populations” their fish in support healthy Council and and Maine press spirit, ASF’s rivers a of conservation free-flowing affiliates issued the other where (ASF) rekindle and River, Federation clubs will salmon Penobscot “it Salmon local because Alantic the action Maine the in the above, endangered; supporting salmon as noted release listed As Atlantic not species. for other are endangered on season fish the fish) the C&R as some limited takes waters that same a fishing the implemented as in well is occur (as it species, C&R that endangered of species for effects smolts C&R the salmon considering in Atlantic consider in salmon; than Thus, to smaller salmon. returning necessary or Atlantic small adult adult large as as protect trout large are kill to as species to or enough illegal that be small for should limits and it words, size smolts other established salmon the protect that to such an enough trout constitutes regulations brown reconsider salmon to for Atlantic recommended wild limits) also a was (size it take However, species.” might the that to salmon. fishing risk Atlantic “[a]ny additional with that confused out often (introduced) pointed are for was trout brown fishing It because of rivers, report, risks salmon 2004 the in its discussed trout In 2004) brown sufficient. (NRC, be Council not Research might National prohibition that the even But River. Penobscot the there, in streams all, fish not but to for some, in C&R, possible endangered including wa not as fishing, listed is all federally small it Maine, are in which a cases, example, salmon, al. some by an Atlantic et even As in Arlinghaus species. species, least R. endangered at that an for Thus, of legally harassment. rate includes mortality also the it defined increases broadly amount; that is Take activity species. any endangered listed includes a and of take fishing is the example, Act hooking prohibits For Species act Endangered cases. U.S. that The some the prohibited. in of documentation 9 1% Section than under abundant species less endangered no-take be listed paper can officially in for it this or though even endangered in zero, are not reviewed is that mortality have species We on fishing areas. C&R protected continue to want might anglers 148 s rhbtdfo 00utlSpebr20,we iie & seywsallowed was fishery C&R limited a when 2006, September until 2000 from prohibited sti eiwhsson hr sagetne obte nesadCRbhvo of behavior C&R understand better to need great a is there shown, has review this As reserves no-take with compatible is C&R whether question a also is There because occur might managers fisheries and conservationists, anglers, among Conflicts Downloaded By: [Carleton University] At: 05:34 28 April 2007 a,Ø h etcatr utclua n rs-icpiaypors neautn recreational evaluating in progress cross-disciplinary and multicultural chapter: next The Ø. Aas, the on angling catch-and-release of effects The Drawbridge. A. M. and Stutzer, M. G. A., S. Aalbers, References of Ministry Ontario the NSERC. University, and Queen’s Resources, by Research Natural supported Engineering was and Suski Sciences C. (NSERC). Natural Council the and Foundation, and A. Lindbergh Charles Morrow the Foundation, Anne University, Killam Walton Carleton Izaak Innovation, the Columbia, for British Foundation of University Canadian The the by supported was Cooke S.J. Acknowledgments a,Ø,adB .Klebr.Cnupieoinaino nlr nEgra,Norway. Engerdal, in anglers of orientation Consumptive Kaltenborn. P. B. and Ø., Aas, je,I,adM Fishbein. M. and I., Ajzen, in fishing recreational catch-and-release over Controversy Ditton. B. R. and Thailing, E. C. Ø., Aas, fmngr n te tkhlesitgaesm fteapcsdsusdi h present the C&R. in as discussed aspects such the issue of “simple” some a integrate w stakeholders such other in and involved managers dimensions psychological If institutional, and cultural, factors, of array our biological is the It highlighted and conservation. has and work management present into the implemented that and hope discussed be to tool. need management C&R fisheries of efficient social- and whole acceptable the an be to can attention C&R pay determine when that and to transformations if role institutional and their cultural and is including reduce populations environment, It fish would ecological exploited however, experiences. protect fish, fishing and release quality conserve to preserve to have possibility managers fisheries the options fish Restraining the table-sized harvested. for in particularly be angling, shown can C&R was tolerate that as not However, do perspectives fishing. these recreational would article, streams subsistence-like this such banning that unlikely in is It successful to concepts). and be susceptible rights humans animal thus between or liberation interactions and animal consumptive nature (e.g., accept fish from wake not do the separated that in increasingly worldviews accepted world-wide is and in increase opinions that be as to society (such not likely avoided urbanized are may be an perspectives to of capture Such has Germany). that during in practice injuries fishing areas unethical some and an stress considered is minimizes C&R because and fish released of species-specific, detail. of more that development incorporate expect the that support we guidelines also fisheries-specific course, We or due expanded. specific, In regionally and refined C&R. be for will provide guidelines these to justified information sufficient scientifically have the now regarding and we conclusions that intelligent definitive conclude make we C&R, to of difficult aspects is biological it Although maintained. be should ove r,pors oad ucsflteteto & ih eenhanced. be might C&R of treatment successful towards progress ork, r seis p 252–263. pp. fisheries, hooks. J-type and circle offset on captured seabass J. white juvenile of survival and growth Pthr .J n .E olnwrh d..Ofr:BakelSine(2002). Manage. Science Blackwell Oxford: Eds.). Hollingworth, E. C. and J. T. (Pitcher, Pthr .J,adC .Hligot,Es) xod lcwl cec (2002). Science Blackwell Oxford: Eds.). Hollingworth, E. C. and J., T. (Pitcher, 95–106. pp. Europe. hsrve a hw htteei o nyhoigmraiyivle hnissues when involved mortality hooking only not is there that shown has review This survival improves that science best the even cultures, and jurisdictions some in However, J rnieHl (1980). Prentice-Hall NJ: te oksye,adta ffihaetmoaiyrtie o n esn ae quality water reason, any for retained temporarily are fish if that and styles, hook other F s.Manage., ish. , 19 : 5–6 (1995). 751–761 24 : In nesadn tiue n rdcigsca behavior social predicting and attitudes Understanding 9–0 (2004). 793–800 ac-n-ees erainlFsig149 Fishing Recreational Catch-and-Release In : erainlFseis clgcl cnmcadSca Evaluation Social and Economic Ecological, Fisheries: Recreational : erainlFseis clgcl cnmcadSca Evaluation Social and Economic Ecological, Fisheries: Recreational . nlwo Cliffs, Englewood Environ. .Am. N. ,