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The Psychology of Revolution ( >" [['^ )iX: A.-^ ,/! ,A I DC CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tliis bool< is in tlie Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024309753 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REVOLUTION THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REVOLUTION BY GUSTAVE LE BON " " AUTHOR OP THE CROWD : A STUDY OF THE POPULAR MIND TRANSLATED BY BERNARD MIALL T. FISHER UNWIN LONDON : ADELPHI TERRACE LEIPSIC: INSELSTRASSE 20 English Translation first published igis '?37^£ (All rights reserved.) CONTENTS PAGE Introduction. The Revision of History .. II PART I THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ELEMENTS OF REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS BOOK I GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REVOLUTIONS Chapter I. Scientific and Political Revolutions ... ... 23 1. Classification of Revolutions ... 23 2. Scientific Revolutions 2S 3. Political Revolutions 26 4. The results of Political Revolutions 31 Chapter II. Religious Revolutions 34 1. The importance of the study of Religious Revolutions in respect of the comprehension of the great Political Revolutions ... ... 34 2. The beginnings of the Reformation and its first disciples ... 35 3. Rational value of the doctrines of the Reformation ... ... 37 4. Propagation of the Reformation ... ... ... ••39 5. Conflict between different religious belief. The impossibility of tolerance ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 6. The results of Religious Revolutions ... ... ... ... 46 Chapter III. The Action of Governments in Revolutions ... 49 1. The feeble resistance of Governments in time of Revolution ... 49 2. How the resistance of Governments may overcome Revolution ... 53 3. Revolutions effected by Governments. Examples: China, Turkey, &c. 54 4. Social elements which survive the changes of Government after Revolution ... ... ... ••• ••• ••• 5^ 5 Contents PAGE 6o Chapter IV. The Part Played by the People in Revolutions... ••• 60 I. The stability and malleability of the national mind ... Z. How the People regards Revolution ... ... — ... 03 3. The supposed part of the People during Revolution ... ••• 66 4. The popular entity and its constituent elements ... ... •• "9 BOOK II THE FORMS OF MENTALITY PREVALENT DURING REVOLUTION Chapter I. Individual Variations of Character in time of Revolution ... ... ... ... ... ••• 75 1. Transformations of Personality ... ... ... ••• 75 2. Elements of character predominant in time of Revolution ... ... 77 Chapter II. The Mystic Mentality and the Jacobin Mentality 86 1. Classification of mentalities predominant in time of Revolution ... 86 2. The Mystic Mentality ... ... ... ... .• 87 3. The Jacobin Mentality ... ... ... ... ... 92 Chapter III. The Revolutionary and Criminal Mentalities ... 97 1. The Revolutionary Mentality ... ... ... ... •••97 2. The Criminal Mentality ... ... ... ... ... 99 Chapter IV. The Psychology of Revolutionary Crowds ... 102 1. General characteristics of the crowd ... ... ... ... 102 2. How the stability of the racial mind limits the oscillations of the mind of the crowd ... ... ... ... ... ... 105 3. The r61e of the leader in Revolutionary Movements ... ... 109 Chapter V. The Psychology of the Revolutionary Assemblies 113 1. Psychological characteristics of the great Revolutionary Assemblies... 113 2. The Psychology of the Revolutionary Clubs ... ... ...116 3. A suggested explanation of the progressive exaggeration of senti- ments in assemblies ... ... ... ... ... ng PART II BOOK I THE ORIGINS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Chapter I. The Opinions of Historians concerning the French Revolution 123 1. The Historians of the Revolution 123 2. The theory of Fatalism in respect of the Revolution ... ... 126 3. The hesitation of recent Historians of the Revolution ... ... 130 Impartiality in History 4. ... ... ... ... ... j,, 6 Contents Chapter II. The Psychological Foundations of the AncibJ'^^'' Rbgimb ... '" ••• ... ... 137 1. The Absolute Monarchy and the Basis of the Antien Rlgime ... 137 2. The inconveniences of the .rfwjew^^W ... ... 138 Life 3. under the Ancien Regime... "[, "_ ... ... i^j Evolution 4- of Monarchical feeling during the Revolution ... ... 144 Chapter III. Mental Anarchy at the time of the REVOLnTioN AND THE INFLUENCE ATTRIBUTED TO THE PHILOSOPHERS ... J47 I. Origin and Propagation of Revolutionary Ideas ... ... ...147 2. The supposed inBuence of the Philosophers of the eighteenth centui^ upon the Genesis of the Revolution. Their dislike of Democracy... 152 The philosophical 3. ideas of the Bourgeoisie at the time of the Revolution ... ... ... ... .__ _. j-g Chapter IV. Psychological Illusions respecting the French Revolution ... ... ... ,-q 1. Illusions respecting Primitive Man, the return to the State of Nature, and the Psychology of the People ... ... ... ... icg 2. Illusions respecting the possibility of separating Man from his Past and the power of Transformation attributed to the Law ... ... 160 3. Illusions respecting the Theoretical Value of the great Revolutionary Principles... ... ... ... ... ... ... jgj BOOK II THE RATIONAL, AFFECTIVE, MYSTIC, AND COLLECTIVE INFLUENCES ACTIVE DURING THE REVOLUTION Chapter I. The Psychology of the Constituent Assembly ... 167 1. Psychological influences active during the French Revolution ... 167 2. Dissolution of the Ancien Regime. The assembling of the States- General ... ... ... ... ... ... ... lyo 3. The constituent Assembly ... ... ... ... ... 172 Chapter II. The Psychology of the Legislative Assembly ... 183 1. Political events during the life of the Legislative Assembly ... 183 2. Mental characteristics of the Legislative Assembly ... ... 185 Chapter III. The Psychology of the Convention ... ... 190 1. The Legend of the Convention ... ... ... ... 190 2. Results of the triumph of the Jacobin Religion ... ... ... 193 3. Mental characteristics of the Convention ... ... ... 197 Chapter IV. The Government of the Convention ... ... 202 1. The activity of the Clubs and the Commune during the Convention ... 202 2. The Government of France during the Convention : the Terror ... 205 3. The End of the Convention. The Beginnings of the Directory ...210 7 Contents PAGE Chaptbr v. Instancbs of Revolutionary Violencb ... — 213 1. Psychological Causes of Revolutionary Violence ... ••• ••• ^'3 ^'5 2. The Revolutionary Tribunals ... ... ... •• " ...218 3. The Terror in the Provinces ... ... ... ••• Chapter VI. The Armies of the Revolution ... ... — 223 ...223 1. The Revolutionary Assemblies and the Annies ... ... 2. The Struggle of Europe against the Revolution ... ... ••• 224 of 3. Psychological and Military Factors which determined the success the Revolutionary Armies ... ... ... •• ••• 22? Chapter VII. Psychology of the Leaders of the Revolution... 232 1. Mentality of the men of the Revolution. The respective iniluence of violent and feeble characters ... ... ... ••• ••• 232 2. Psychology of the Commissaries or Representatives " on Mission" ... 234 3. Danton and Robespierre ... ... ... ••. ••• 238 4. Fouquier-Tinville, Marat, Billaud-Varenne, &c. ... ... ••• 24S 5. The destiny of those Members of the Convention who survived the Revolution ... ... ... ... ... .•. 250 BOOK III THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ANCESTRAL INFLUENCES AND REVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES Chapter I. The Last Convulsions of Anarchy. The Directory 252 1. Psychology of the Directory ... ... ... ... ... 252 2. Despotic Government of the Directory. Recrudescence of the Terror ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 255 3. The Advent of Bonaparte ... ... ... ... ... 259 4. Causes of the Duration of the Revolution ... ... ... 262 Chapter II. The Restoration of Order. The Consular Republic 265 1. How the work of the Revolution was confirmed by the Consulate ... 265 2. The re-organisation of France by the Consulate ... ... ... 267 3. Psychological elements which determined the success of the work of the Consulate ... ... ... ... ... ... 270 Chapter III. Political Results of the Conflict between Tradi- tions AND THE Revolutionary Principles during the last Century ... ... ... ... 21,- 1. The psychological causes of the continued Revolutionary Movements to which France has been subject ... ... ... ... 275 2. Summary of a century's Revolutionary Movements in France ... 280 8 Contents PART III THE RECENT EVOLUTION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES PAGE Chapter I. The Progress of Democratic Beliefs since the Revolution ... ... ... ... ... ... 289 1. Gradual propagation of Democratic Ideas after the Revolution ... 289 2. The unequal influence of the three fundamental principles of the Revolution ... ... ... ... ... ... 292 3. The Democracy of the " Intellectuals" and Popular Democracy ... 293 4. Natural Inequalities and Democratic Equalisation ... ... 296 Chapter II. The Resolts of Democratic Evolution ... ... 300 1. The influence upon social evolution of theories of no rational value ... 300 2. The Jacobin Spirit and the Mentality created by Democratic Beliefs... 302 3. Universal Suffrage and its representatives ... ... ... 307 4. The craving for Reforms ... ... ... ... ... 310 5. Social distinctions in Democracies and Democratic Ideas in various countries ... ... ... ... ... ... — 312 Chapter III. The New Forms of Democratic Belief ... ... 316 1. The conflict between Capital and Labour ... ... — Zif) 2. The evolution of the Working Classes and the Syndicalist Movement 318 3. Why certain modern Democratic Governments are gradually being transformed into Governments by Administrative Castes... 322 Conclusions ... ... ... ... ... ••. — 3*^ ; The Psychology of Revolution INTRODUCTION THE REVISION OF HISTORY The present age
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