DOCSLIB.ORG

Outlines of the French Revolution Told in Autographs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Outlines of the French Revolution Told in Autographs mmm> j^H^^a J wMm?imm President White Library Cornell University Cornell University Library , l l rench Revolution told i iii iii ili??iii?iMn!i l!S.„f 3 1924 032 226 olm.anx 684 &«J Cornell University Library 'Be h The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032226684 OUTLINES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TOLDr IN AUTOGRAPHS [SELECTED FROM A PRIVATE COLLECTION] EXHIBITED AT THE LENOX BRANCH OF THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY MARCH 20, 1905 I/. ABBREVIATIONS. signed. A. L. S. Autograph letter signed. A. D. S. Autograph document L. S. Letter Signed. D. S. Document Signed. A. L. Autograph Letter. A. D. Autograph document. P. Portrait. I. Illustration. ^5f*0RD BEACONSFIELD — groping for comparisons — declared that 111 there were only two events in history: The Siege of Troy and ^^ the French Revolution. The present exhibition of autographs is an attempt to teach the outlines of history, and particularly of the French Revolution, by means of holographic illustration. The writing of a man, it is held, is the most perfect relic he leaves behind him. Something physical, as well as intellectual and moral, belonging to his personality, has gone into the material substance carrying his writing. A limited space makes the selection of characters a. difficult matter. All students are not likely to agree in regard to the eminence and importance of some individuals who had part in the great event here illustrated. And so, likewise, all will not recognize the great con- tributory causes or discover the same harvest from the Revolutionary seed. The relative importance of men and actions has depended in this instance on the judgment of the exhibitor, but it is believed that the principal actors in the Revolutionary drama will be found represented. To find the seeds of the French Revolution, some go back to the time of the Jansenists and the religious controversies. We have preferred to begin with those characters, living nearer the event, whose intel- lectual processes taught the people of France to think for themselves, and thus we find the subject arranging itself somewhat in the follow- ing order: I. The Philosophical writers, like Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau. II. The Economic writers, like Quesnay and Mably. III. The Encyclopfidistes, like Diderot, and d'Alembert. IIII. The Financiers, like Turgot, who first of all French states- men thought to reason with the people, and Calonne, of whom Madame de Stael said He did more than any other man to create the French Revolution. V* The Statesmen, like Choiseul and Maurepas. VI. The Poets, like Beaumarchais, who ridiculed the Court, and Le Brun, who incited the people to vandalism. VII. The Editors, and those who moved the mighty lever of the press, like Momoro, the " first printer of Liberty," and Prudhomme, whose weekly illustrated paper had a circu- lation of 200,000. VIII. The Court at Versailles at the opening of the Revolution. Villi. The Queen at the Little Trianon. X. The affair of the Necklace. General. XI. Les Etats Generaux, or Assembly of the States A. The Clergy. B. The Nobility. C. The Third Estate. XII. The oath in the Salle du Jeu do Paume. XUI. The bust of Necker and the Cocarde (July 12, 1789). XIIII. The Bastille. XV. The march of the Women from Paris to Versailles. XVI. The Federation of the Champ de Mars. XVII. Favras Conspiracy. xvm. The Flight to Varennes. XVIIII. La Louisette, or the Guillotine. XX. The Marseillaise. XXI. The Attack on the Tuileries. XXII. The Fate of the King. XXIII. The Shadow of the King. XXIIII. The Assignats. XXV. The Eoyal Family in th3 Temple. XXVI. The Revolutionary Tribunal. XXVII. The Dumouriez Conspiracy. XXVIII. Marat, the "Friend of the People." XXVIIII. The Republican Calendar. XXX. The Fate of the Queen. XXXI. " Posterity Judges Men." XXXII. The Girondins. XXXIII. The Herbertistes. XXXIIII. The Dantonistes. XXXV. The Frontier. XXXVI. The Vendue. XXXVII. The Vengeur. XXXVIII. The Roll-call of the Condemned. XXXVIIII. The Festival of the Supreme Being. xxxx. The Triumvirate. XXXXI. The 9th Thermidor. XXXXII. The Last of the Mountain. XXXXIII. The Corps Legislatif. A. Council of Five Hundred. B. Council of Ancients. C. Directory. XXXXIIII. The Cry for Bread. xxxxv. The Massacre at Rastadt. XXXXVI. The Coup d'Etat. XXXXVII. The Consulate. XXXXVIII. Bonaparte Consul for Life. XXXXVIIII. The Emperor of the French. Les Mottoes tuent les limes : la Posteiite les juge. — Duport-Dutertre, guillotined Nov. 28, 1793. 1. MONTESQUIEU (Charles Secondat de) Baron de la Br6de. Philosopher and author of Lettres Persannes and Esprit des Lois. Voltaire declared, Mankind had lost their rights and Montesquieu found them, again. A. L. S., Bordeaux, March 19, 1740. P. 2. VOLTAIRE (Francois-Marie Arouet de). Philosopher, whose Lettres sur les Anglais taught the French people to understand liberty. Under date April 2, 1764, he predicted, in so many words, the coming of the Revolution. A. L. S., Dec. 27, 1742. P. I. 3. AROUET (Francois). Father of Voltaire, and unfriendly to his literary studies. Voltaire assumed, in 1718, the name of Voltaire from a sort of anagram of Arouet 1. j . ( Le Jeune ) D. S., Paris, Dec. 4, 1705. 4. VILLETTE (Charles-Michel) Marquis de. Married the adopted daughter of Voltaire, called la, Belle et Bonne. It was in his house (at present 27 Quai Voltaire, Paris) that the heart of Voltaire was preserved and where the procession halted July 11, 1791, on its way to the Pantheon. The house bore the inscription: His mind is everywhere; his heart is here. A. L. S., Paris, April 28, 1784, concerning the mechanics brought to Ferney by Voltaire. I. 5. LANCLOS (Ninon de), sometimes written L'Enclos. Famous woman whose charms attracted three generations. She bequeathed 2,000 livres to Voltaire with which to buy books. A. L. S. P. 6. CHATELET (Gabriele-Emilie de Breteuil) Marquise du. Brilliant woman of science and intimate friend of Voltaire. Translated Newton into French. Voltaire lived many years in her house in Paris and in her chateau in Civey. When she died in 1740 he exclaimed: "I have lost half my life.'' A. L. S., speaks of Voltaire. P. 7. DENIS (Rosalie-Louise-Mignot). Writer and niece of Voltaire, with whom he spent his last days. A. L. S., Paris, July 16. 8. ROUSSEAU (Jean-Jacques). Philosopher, whose L'in4galite parmi les Homines taught men their rights. The opening phrase in the second part of this essay, more than any other expression of the human intellect, induced the Revolution. A. L. S., L'Hermitage, Sept. 25, 1756. P. I. 6 9. EPINAY (Louise-Florence Pgtronelle Tardieu d'Esclavelles) Madame d'. The patroness of Rousseau, to whom she loaned her country- house, the Hermitage. A. L. S., to Catherine II of Russia. P. I. 10. HOUDETOT (Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde) Comtesse d\ Sister-in-law of Madame d'Epinay and intimate friend of Rous- seau. A. L. S., Paris, March 28, 1807. P. I. 11. BUFFON (George-Louis Le Clerc) Comte de. Famous naturalist whose theories and writings changed the method of thought of the French people and prepared the French mind to receive the work of the philosophers and economists. L. S., Jan. 1, 1780. Montbard. P. 12. QUESNAY (Francois). Chief of the Economistes: physician to Madame de Pompadour: called the Confucius of Europe. His articles in the Encyclopedic on Fermiers and Grams contributed largely to Revolutionary ideas. He attributed the poverty of the agriculturists to feudal oppression, driving persons from the fields to the town. A. L. S., written from the Palace of Versailles, where he had apartments directly under those of Madame Pompadour. P. 13. MABLY (Gabriel-Bonnet). The first great preacher in France of Communism, who taught that the individual ownership of land was the source of misery and that reform must come through a Revolution. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 8, 1783. P. 14. DIDEROT (Denis). Chief editor of the Encyclopfidie, a work which did so much to spread Republican ideas. A. L., to J. B. A. Suard, Secretaire de l'Academie Franchise. P. 15. ALEMBERT (Jean-Le Rond d'). One of the editors of the Encyclopgdie. A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 19, 1744. P. 16. LESPINASSE ( Julie-Jeanne-Eleonore de). Friend of d'Alembert. A. D. 17. HOLBACH (Paul-Thyry) Baron d\ Author: contributed to the Encyclopfidie on scientific, economic and philosophical subjects. A. L. S. 18. HELVETIUS ( Claude-Adrien). Philosopher and one of the Encyclopgdistes. A. L. S., Vov<§, July 9, 1762. P. 19. GRTMM (Frederic-Melchoir). Important contributor to the Encyclopgdie. A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 5, 1779. P. 20. RAYNAL (Guillaume-Thomas-Francois). Writer of Histoire Philosphique, which placed him in the ranks of Voltaire and Rousseau. A. L. S., St. Ouen, Oct. 6. P. 21. LA HARPE (Jean-Francois de). Distinguished writer and early supporter of Republican ideas. A. L. S., Relative to a literary subscription by Paul I. P. 22. TERRAY (Joseph-Marie) l'Abbe. Comptroller of Finances under Louis XV. Created corn monopoly. A. L. S. P. 23. TURGOT (Anne-Robert-Jacques) Baron de l'Aulne. Financier under Louis XVI, who first explained to the French people their system of taxation. A. L. S. P. 24. MAUREPAS (Jean-Frederic Phelippeaux). Minister under Louis XVI. His contest with Turgot greatly weakened the Monarchy. A. L. S., Oct. 7, 1773. P. 25. CALONNE ( Charles-Alexandre de). Financier under Louis XVI. Built octrois around Paris, ad- vised the King to call Assembly of Notables in 1787, thus opening the way for the Etats Generaux and the Revolution.
Load more
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

115 pages remaining, click to load more.

Recommended publications
  • Roberts & Tilton
    ROBERTS & TILTON FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 12, 2016 Daniel Joseph Martinez IF YOU DRINK HEMLOCK, I SHALL DRINK IT WITH YOU or A BEAUTIFUL DEATH; player to player, pimp to pimp. (As performed by the inmates of the Asylum of Charenton under the direction of the Marquis de Sade) April 9 – May 21, 2016 Sade: “Justine (or The Misfortunes of Virtue)” 1791 Opening Reception Saturday, April 9th, 6-8pm Roberts & Tilton is pleased to present a new installation by Daniel Joseph Martinez. “IF YOU DRINK HEMLOCK, I SHALL DRINK IT WITH YOU or A BEAUTIFUL DEATH; player to player, pimp to pimp. (As performed by the inmates of the Asylum of Charenton under the direction of the Marquis de Sade)” is an immersive environment referencing Jacques-Louis David’s seminal portrait The Death of Marat (1793). Whereas David’s painting represents a single moment, Martinez’s interpretation is conceived as a mise en scène, constantly oscillating between past and present. Entering the gallery, the viewer is confronted by a pair of aluminum bleachers dividing the gallery space. Monitors depicting slow moving clouds are hung over each set, suggesting windows. In the space carved out between the bleachers are three life-like sculptures of Martinez as Marat, his assassin Charlotte Corday, and of the artist himself. A closer look reveals that while the figures are modeled after the artist’s own body, each appropriate the signifiers specific to their character: a knife; fresh wounds; a bathtub; a chore jacket. Confronting this hyper-awareness of the physical body is the fourth character, who appears in the deadpan recital of Corday’s monologues from Peter Weiss’s play “Marat/Sade” (1963) projected throughout the installation.
    [Show full text]
  • Annales Historiques De La Révolution Française, 371 | Janvier-Mars 2013, « Robespierre » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 01 Mars 2016, Consulté Le 01 Juillet 2021
    Annales historiques de la Révolution française 371 | janvier-mars 2013 Robespierre Édition électronique URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/12668 DOI : 10.4000/ahrf.12668 ISSN : 1952-403X Éditeur : Armand Colin, Société des études robespierristes Édition imprimée Date de publication : 1 mars 2013 ISBN : 978-2-200-92824-7 ISSN : 0003-4436 Référence électronique Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 371 | janvier-mars 2013, « Robespierre » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 mars 2016, consulté le 01 juillet 2021. URL : https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/12668 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.12668 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 1 juillet 2021. Tous droits réservés 1 SOMMAIRE Introduction « Je vous laisse ma mémoire […] » Michel Biard Articles La souscription nationale pour sauvegarder les manuscrits de Robespierre : introspection historique d’une initiative citoyenne et militante Serge Aberdam et Cyril Triolaire Les manuscrits de Robespierre Annie Geffroy Les factums de l’avocat Robespierre. Les choix d’une défense par l’imprimé Hervé Leuwers Robespierre dans les publications françaises et anglophones depuis l’an 2000 Marc Belissa et Julien Louvrier Robespierre libéral Yannick Bosc Robespierre et la guerre, une question posée dès 1789 ? Thibaut Poirot « Mes forces et ma santé ne peuvent suffire ». crises politiques, crises médicales dans la vie de Maximilien Robespierre, 1790-1794 Peter McPhee Robespierre et l’authenticité révolutionnaire Marisa Linton Sources Maximilien de Robespierre, élève à Louis-le-Grand (1769-1781). Les apports de la comptabilité du « collège d’Arras » Hervé Leuwers Nouvelles pièces sur Robespierre et les colonies en 1791 Jean-Daniel Piquet Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 371 | janvier-mars 2013 2 Comptes rendus Lia van der HEIJDEN et Jan SANDERS (éds.), De Levensloop van Adriaan van der Willingen (1766-1841).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysing the High Art of Propaganda During the French Revolution
    Thema Close to the Source: Analysing the High Art of Propaganda during the French Revolution Jacques-Louis David’s The Death of Marat reveals the blurred lines between historical fact and fiction. Cam Wilson, undergraduate student, The University of Melbourne Analysing primary source material is both an The Death of Marat (1793, see Figure 1) by Jacques- important and highly rewarding exercise in historical Louis David is a uniquely complex historical source scholarship. The ability to critically examine and that captures both the brutal reality and the elaborate evaluate primary documents is the foundation of fiction of the French Revolution. The tragic depiction quality historical research. Analysis requires historians of Jean-Paul Marat, the radical journalist and political to look far beyond first impressions of a historical agitator lying dead in his bath, reveals the methods source. They must examine it in fine detail and be employed by political propagandists to manufacture able to communicate their description to the reader. a new ideological reality for the revolutionary state. Reconstructing the historical context of the source Simultaneously, it serves to accentuate the sense of both deepens the analysis and frequently provides tragedy and death the revolution has left in its wake. This analysis examines the multiple meanings of inspiration for further research. Armed with detailed David’s iconic painting to explain how a historical research and observation, the focus of the analysis source with such a deliberate political agenda can is to uncover the intentions of the author and the reveal so much about revolutionary France. message they are trying to convey.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. CHAPTER 1 Introduction French Society in 1789 Historians working on the French Revolution have a problem. All of our attempts to find an explanation in terms of social groups or classes, or particular segments of society becoming powerfully activated, have fallen short. As one expert aptly expressed it: “the truth is we have no agreed general theory of why the French Revolution came about and what it was— and no prospect of one.”1 This gaping, causal void is cer- tainly not due to lack of investigation into the Revolution’s background and origins. If class conflict in the Marxist sense has been jettisoned, other ways of attributing the Revolution to social change have been ex- plored with unrelenting rigor. Of course, every historian agrees society was slowly changing and that along with the steady expansion of trade and the cities, and the apparatus of the state and armed forces, more (and more professional) lawyers, engineers, administrators, officers, medical staff, architects, and naval personnel were increasingly infusing and diversifying the existing order.2 Yet, no major, new socioeconomic pressures of a kind apt to cause sudden, dramatic change have been identified. The result, even some keen revisionists admit, is a “somewhat painful void.”3 Most historians today claim there was not one big cause but instead numerous small contributory impulses. One historian, stressing the absence of any identifiable overriding cause, likened the Revolution’s origins to a “multi- coloured tapestry of interwoven causal factors.”4 So- cial and economic historians embracing the “new social interpretation” identify a variety of difficulties that might have rendered eighteenth- century French society, at least in some respects, more fraught and vulnerable than earlier.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Revolution and Haiti, by Alex Fairfax-Cholmeley
    52 III.2. The French Revolution and Haiti Alex Fairfax-Cholmeley Queen Mary, University of London Keywords: the Atlantic; Bourbon Restoration; National Convention; Paris Revolutionary Tribunal; Saint-Domingue; slavery; Thermidorian reaction I have become increasingly interested in the potential of using Saint- Domingue/Haiti as a prism through which to study French society during the Revolutionary era. Not only is the story of the revolution in Saint-Domingue important in its own right, but the complex and contradictory reactions it provoked back in the metropole offer an opportunity to put Revolutionary and counter-revolutionary principles under the microscope. The Haitian revolution was, after all, a test case for revolutionaries in France, who were debating the limits and potential of liberty and equality – as set against concerns over issues like the sanctity of private property, public order and geopolitical security. A Haitian prism on French politics has two further distinct advantages. First, it encourages, or perhaps even demands, a much broader timeframe than is usually employed in Revolutionary historiography, with French recognition of Haiti’s status as an independent nation in 1825 one obvious end point. Second, it leads naturally to engagement with the developing transnational e-France, volume 4, 2013, A. Fairfax-Cholmeley and C. Jones (eds.), New Perspectives on the French Revolution, pp.52-54. New Perspectives 53 historiography of the Atlantic world during this period – for example, work that looks at American condemnation and support for a successful slave rebellion in its vicinity. (Geggus and Friering, 2009; Sepinwall, 2012) This is therefore an opportunity to site French Revolutionary historiography in a truly international context.
    [Show full text]
  • Voices of Revolt Voices of Revolt
    VOICES OF REVOLT VOICES OF REVOLT SPEECHES OF MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE VOICES OF REVOLT VOLUME I * SPEECHES OF MAXI MILlEN ROBES PIERRE WITH A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH NEW YORK INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS Copyright, 1927, by INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, INc. Printed in the U. S . .A. This book is composed and printed by union labor CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 Robespierre in the Club of the Jacobins 18 Robespierre as the Realpolitiker of the Revo- lution 22 Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety 2 7 The Ninth Thermidor 36 THE FLIGHT OF THE KING 41 AsKING THE DEATH PENALTY FOR Louis XVI 46 CoNCERNING THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN 52 IN FAVOR OF AN ARMED PEOPLE, OF A wAR AGAINsT THE VENDEE s6 REPORT ON THE PRINCIPLES OF A REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT 61 REPORT ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL MORAL­ ITY • REPORT ON THE EXTERNAL SITUATION OF THE REPUBLIC • EXPLANATORY NOTES MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE INTRODUCTION IN the year 1770 a boy knocked at the gate of the Lycee Louis-le-Grand. Mass was just being held, and the youth could still hear the last notes of the organ as he was resting on a bench. He had covered a long distance on his journey: he had come from Arras. "Praised be Jesus Christ," was the sexton's greet­ ing as he opened the gate. The boy had already been announced, and was at once led to the rector. "So your name is Maximilien Robespierre, my child?" asked the Jesuit who conducted the insti­ tution. The young man becomes a scholar, one of the most diligent students of the Lycee Louis-le­ Grand.
    [Show full text]
  • A Morte De Danton Dantons Tod (1835), De Georg Büchner
    ESTREIA A Morte de Danton Dantons Tod (1835), de Georg Büchner tradução Maria Leite Marion, Baladeiro, Teatro Nacional São João Francisco Luís Parreira Laflotte, Mulher, Deputado 18-29 setembro 2019 Mário Santos Philippeau, Legendre, 18 set qua 21:00 encenação Dillon, Cavalheiro qua+sáb 19:00 Nuno Cardoso Nuno Nunes Robespierre, Madame, qui+sex 21:00 cenografia Mercier, Carcereiro dom 16:00 F. Ribeiro Paulo Calatré Simon, Hermann, Deputado figurinos Rodrigo Santos Saint-Just, Cidadão, Língua Gestual Portuguesa Nelson Vieira Cavalheiro, Carreteiro + Audiodescrição desenho de luz Sérgio Sá Cunha Paris, Collot d’Herbois, 29 set dom 16:00 José Álvaro Correia Cidadão, Jovem sonoplastia Conversa pós-espetáculo João Oliveira produção 19 set vídeo TNSJ Fernando Costa voz O espetáculo integra um pequeno Theatro Circo (Braga) Carlos Meireles excerto do filme Le Sang des bêtes (1949) 4 outubro 2019 movimento de Georges Franju Elisabete Magalhães Teatro Aveirense (Aveiro) dramaturgia A banda sonora inclui os seguintes 18 outubro 2019 Ricardo Braun temas, tratados a partir dos originais: assistência de encenação Por una Cabeza, de Carlos Gardel Teatro Húngaro de Cluj Nuno M Cardoso Musica Ricercata: I. Sostenuto (Cluj-Napoca, Roménia) de György Ligeti Festival da União dos com interpretação Pierre-Laurent Aimard Teatros da Europa Afonso Santos Lacroix, Soldado, An der schönen, blauen Donau, Op. 314 23 novembro 2019 Cidadão, Deputado de Johann Strauss II Albano Jerónimo Danton interpretação Zubin Mehta Teatro Nacional D. Maria II António Afonso Parra Hérault-Séchelles, & Wiener Philharmoniker (Lisboa) Jovem Cavalheiro, Cidadão, Deputado 9-19 janeiro 2020 Joana Carvalho Lucile, Mulher de Simon, dur. aprox. 2:30 com intervalo Adelaide, Thomas Payne, M/12 anos Mulher, Membro da Junta de Salvação Pública, Deputado Espetáculo em língua portuguesa, João Melo Camille Desmoulins, legendado em inglês.
    [Show full text]
  • Rochambeau's Cavalry: Lauzun's Legion in Connecticut 1780-1781
    Rochambeau's Cavalry: Lauzun's Legion in Connecticut 1780-1781 The Winter Quarters of Lauzun's Legion in Lebanon and its March Through the State in 1781 Rochambeau's Conferences in Hartford and Wethersfield Historical And Architectural Survey Project Historian: ROBERT A. SELIG, Ph.D. Project Director: MARY M. DONOHUE Sponsors: State of Connecticut JOHN G. ROWLAND Governor Connecticut Historical Commission JOHN W. SHANNAHAN Director and State Historic Preservation Officer DAWN MADDOX, Ph.D. Preservation Programs Supervisor Co-Sponsor: Inter Community Historic Resources Committee Hans DePold, Chairman 2000 Connecticut Historical Commission 59 South Prospect Street Hartford, CT 06106 Tel.: (860) 566-3005 Fax: (860) 566-5078 E-mail: cthist@neca.com Inter Community Historic Resources Committee Hans DePold, Chairman 2 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 3. METHODOLOGY 6 3.1 Criteria for Selection: How Sites Were Chosen for Inclusion 8 3.2 The Form 9 3.3 Other Parts of the Survey Report 10 3.4 Recommendations for Phase III of the Rochambeau in Connecticut Project 11 4. The Conference at Hartford, September 18-22, 1780 14 5. The Conference at Wethersfield, May 19-26, 1781 21 6. The Volontaires Étrangers de Lauzun 27 6.1 A Brief History of the Volontaires 27 6.2 Winter Quarters in Lebanon, November 1, 1780, to June 21, 1781 30 6.3 Order and Organization of the March through Connecticut, June 21 to July 3, 1781 34 7. CONCLUSION 42 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 44 9. DOCUMENTS 10. MARKERS erected by the State of Connecticut in 1956 Commemorating the March of Infantry under the comte de Rochambeau and of Cavalry under the duc de Lauzun through Connecticut in 1780, 1781, and 1782 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Napoleon Reversing the French Revolution. HIST 3000 (Chicago
    Napoleon Reversing the French Revolution. HIST 3000 (Chicago Style) Napoleon Bonaparte turned France into a police state during his reign.1 However, he did not continue the French Revolution as the French people hoped. The French Revolution brought forth liberty and to do as ones will if it does not harm another.2 A new document brought by the French Revolution embodying these principles was the French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen in 1789.3 This Declaration stated under article 11 that there was to be a free flow of ideas and opinions in writing and the press.4 Article 7 outlawed any cruel harsh punishment and arbitrary sentencing.5 However, Napoleon reversed these fundamental principles of the French Revolution. Writers, the press, along with the French people were subjected to the General police and prefects and were banned from saying anything controversial, against his regime, anything about France’s revolutionary past, and against France’s allies.6 Arbitrary, cruel punishments, and harsh rules were enacted by Napoleon through the Penal Code in 1810.7 Napoleon did not continue the French Revolution and reversed it by turning France into a police state and monitored and censored the French people, the press, and writers. French Revolution embodiment The French Revolution exemplifies liberty and freedom.8 This was what the revolutionaries were fighting for during the revolution of 1789, and was not given to the French people during the Ancient Regime.9 The French Revolution, particularly the revolution of 1789, exemplified the 1 Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon and Europe (Great Britain: Longman, 2001), Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • After Robespierre
    J . After Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION Mter Robespierre THE THERMIDORIAN REACTION By ALBERT MATHIEZ Translated from the French by Catherine Alison Phillips The Universal Library GROSSET & DUNLAP NEW YORK COPYRIGHT ©1931 BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED AS La Reaction Thermidorienne COPYRIGHT 1929 BY MAX LECLERC ET CIE UNIVERSAL LIBRARY EDITION, 1965 BY ARRANGEMENT WITH ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 65·14385 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE So far as order of time is concerned, M. M athie( s study of the Thermidorian Reaction, of which the present volume is a translation, is a continuation of his history of the French Revolution, of which the English version was published in 1928. In form and character, however, there is a notable difference. In the case of the earlier work the limitations imposed by the publishers excluded all references and foot-notes, and the author had to refer the reader to his other published works for the evidence on which his conclusions were based. In the case of the present book no such limitations have been set, and M. Mathiei: has thus been able not only to state his con­ clusions, but to give the chain of reasoning by which they have been reached. The Thermidorian Reaction is therefore something more than a sequel to The French Revolution, which M. Mathiei:, with perhaps undue modesty, has described as a precis having no independent authority; it is not only a work of art, but a weighty contribution to historical science. In the preface to his French Revolution M.
    [Show full text]
  • Marisa Linton, Virtue Or Glory?: Dilemmas of Political Heroism In
    Virtue or Glory? 83 Virtue or Glory?: Dilemmas of Political Heroism in the French Revolution Marisa Linton At some point after Maximilien Robespierre embarked on a career in revolutionary politics he became known as “the incorruptible.” This meant that he was seen as a “man of virtue.” People nowadays do not use the term virtue when they talk about politics. Sometimes I am told this is an archaic term that the general public will no longer understand. Yet in the realm of contemporary politics, matters of morality and immorality are as topical as ever. We no longer speak about the virtue of political leaders, but we do speak about honesty and hypocrisy; corruption and integrity; the need to put the public good over cronyism and favoritism; the acceptability or otherwise of political ambition and careerism; and the proper demarcation between public and private life. For example, the recent detention for questioning of Nicolas Sarkozy, on 1 July 2014, following allegations about corruption during his time in public office, invoked some of the same issues that vexed the revolutionary generation.1 There is a difference of course between our politicians and those of the French Revolution. We do not cut the heads off our politicians when they fall short of high moral standards. But we all know that the integrity or otherwise of politicians has an impact on many peoples’ lives. We do not, however, expect our politicians to be heroes. We know that being in politics entails, in the words of Hilary Clinton, making “hard choices.”2 We might well agree with Charles Nodier who, in 1831, characterized the professional politician Marisa Linton is Reader in History at Kingston University, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Frauen in Der Französischen Revolution Nr. 33 : Bibliographie
    KOMMISSION DER EUROPÄISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN Generaldirektion Audiovisuelle Medien, Information, Kommunikation, Kultur Fraueninformation Nr. 33 Die Frauen in der Französischen Revolution Bibliographie mm tm - Rue de la Loi, 200 · B-1049 Brüssel · Tél. 235.97.72 / 235.28.60 Wiedergabe nur mit Quellenangabe zulässig Bei Veröffentlichung erbitten wir ein Belegexemplar ©HIB IFIEAUJIM ΠΝ ©SIR IFIRAN2ÔSHSCHIN IRIVOLOTIION Bibliographie Yves Bessières und Patricia Niedzwiecki Institut de Recherche pour le Développement de l'Espace Culturel Européen (Forschungsinstitut für die Entwicklung des Europäischen Kulturraums) Januar 1991 INHALT Seite Vorwort 01 Das Urteil der Geschichte 02 Die Frauen und die Geschichte 03 Die Ursprünge der Frauenbewegung 09 Die Frauen und die politische "Frauenbewegung" 1 2 Die "Erklärung der Rechte der Frau" von Olympe de Gouges 1 4 Der Beitrag der Frauen zur Revolution 1 8 Die Zeit nach der Revolution 23 Lexikon 26 Zeittafel 31 Bibliographie 33 Erst anläßlich der Feiern zum 200. Jahrestag der Französischen Revolution richteten die Historiker ihr Augenmerk auf die Rolle, die die Frauen bei diesem historisch bedeutsamen Ereignis gespielt haben. In der Geschichtsschreibung der Männer werden die Frauen häufig ins Abseits gedrängt, totge• schwiegen, einfach ignoriert. Mit der vorliegenden Studie soll ihnen ihr legitimer Platz in der Ge• schichte zurückgegeben werden. Fausta Deshormes La Valle — 1 VORWORT Keine andere Phase der Geschichte Frankreichs ist so umstritten wie die der Französischen Revolu• tion von 1789; sie war es damals, und sie ist es noch heute. Ein Beweis hierfür sind die kürzlichen veranstalteten Feierlichkeiten anläßlich des 200. Jahrestages und die damit zusammenhängenden Auseinandersetzungen. Ohne Zweifel spüren wir noch heute die Auswirkungen dieses Ereignisses; es ist wie ein nicht zu Ende gegangener Weg, auf dem wir heute noch vorangehen, wenn wir von den Menschenrechten (den Rechten von Frauen und Männern) und von Freiheit sprechen, den Grundlagen der Rechtssysteme in den europäischen Demokratien.
    [Show full text]