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OUTLINES

OF THE

FRENCH REVOLUTION

TOLDr IN

AUTOGRAPHS

[SELECTED FROM A PRIVATE COLLECTION]

EXHIBITED AT THE LENOX BRANCH OF THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY

MARCH 20, 1905

I/. ABBREVIATIONS.

signed. A. L. S. Autograph letter signed. A. D. S. Autograph document L. S. Letter Signed.

D. S. Document Signed. A. L. Autograph Letter. A. D. Autograph document. P. Portrait.

I. Illustration. ^5f*0RD BEACONSFIELD — groping for comparisons — declared that 111 there were only two events in history: The Siege of Troy and ^^ the .

The present exhibition of autographs is an attempt to teach the outlines of history, and particularly of the French Revolution, by means of holographic illustration. The writing of a man, it is held, is the most perfect relic he leaves behind him. Something physical, as well as intellectual and moral, belonging to his personality, has gone into the material substance carrying his writing.

A limited space makes the selection of characters a. difficult matter. All students are not likely to agree in regard to the eminence and importance of some individuals who had part in the great event here illustrated. And so, likewise, all will not recognize the great con- tributory causes or discover the same harvest from the seed. The relative importance of men and actions has depended in this instance on the judgment of the exhibitor, but it is believed that the principal actors in the Revolutionary drama will be found represented. To find the seeds of the French Revolution, some go back to the time of the Jansenists and the religious controversies. We have preferred to begin with those characters, living nearer the event, whose intel- lectual processes taught the people of France to think for themselves, and thus we find the subject arranging itself somewhat in the follow- ing order:

I. The Philosophical writers, like , and Rousseau. II. The Economic writers, like Quesnay and Mably. III. The Encyclopfidistes, like Diderot, and d'Alembert. IIII. The Financiers, like Turgot, who first of all French states- men thought to reason with the people, and Calonne, of whom Madame de Stael said He did more than any other man to create the French Revolution. V* The Statesmen, like Choiseul and Maurepas. VI. The Poets, like Beaumarchais, who ridiculed the Court, and Le Brun, who incited the people to vandalism. VII. The Editors, and those who moved the mighty lever of the press, like Momoro, the " first printer of Liberty," and Prudhomme, whose weekly illustrated paper had a circu- lation of 200,000. VIII. The Court at Versailles at the opening of the Revolution. Villi. The Queen at the Little Trianon. X. The affair of the Necklace. General. XI. Les Etats Generaux, or Assembly of the States A. The Clergy. B. The Nobility. C. The Third Estate. XII. The oath in the Salle du Jeu do Paume. XUI. The bust of Necker and the Cocarde (July 12, 1789). XIIII. The Bastille. XV. The march of the Women from to Versailles. XVI. The Federation of the . XVII. Favras Conspiracy. xvm. The . XVIIII. La Louisette, or the . XX. The Marseillaise. XXI. The Attack on the Tuileries. XXII. The Fate of the King. XXIII. The Shadow of the King. XXIIII. The Assignats. XXV. The Eoyal Family in th3 Temple. XXVI. The . XXVII. The Dumouriez Conspiracy. XXVIII. Marat, the "Friend of the People." XXVIIII. The Republican Calendar. XXX. The Fate of the Queen. XXXI. " Posterity Judges Men." XXXII. The . XXXIII. The Herbertistes. XXXIIII. The Dantonistes. XXXV. The Frontier. XXXVI. The Vendue. XXXVII. The Vengeur. XXXVIII. The Roll-call of the Condemned. XXXVIIII. The Festival of the Supreme Being. xxxx. The Triumvirate. XXXXI. The 9th Thermidor. XXXXII. The Last of . XXXXIII. The Corps Legislatif. A. . B. . C. Directory. XXXXIIII. The Cry for Bread. xxxxv. The Massacre at Rastadt. XXXXVI. The Coup d'Etat. XXXXVII. The Consulate. XXXXVIII. Bonaparte Consul for Life. XXXXVIIII. The Emperor of the French. .

Les Mottoes tuent les limes : la Posteiite les juge. — Duport-Dutertre, guillotined Nov. 28, 1793.

1. MONTESQUIEU (Charles Secondat de) Baron de la Br6de. Philosopher and author of Lettres Persannes and Esprit des Lois. Voltaire declared, Mankind had lost their rights and Montesquieu found them, again. A. L. S., Bordeaux, March 19, 1740. P. 2. VOLTAIRE (Francois-Marie Arouet de). Philosopher, whose Lettres sur les Anglais taught the to understand liberty. Under date April 2, 1764, he predicted, in so many words, the coming of the Revolution. A. L. S., Dec. 27, 1742. P. I. 3. AROUET (Francois). Father of Voltaire, and unfriendly to his literary studies. Voltaire assumed, in 1718, the name of Voltaire from a sort of

anagram of Arouet 1. j . ( Le Jeune ) D. S., Paris, Dec. 4, 1705. 4. VILLETTE (Charles-Michel) Marquis de. Married the adopted daughter of Voltaire, called la, Belle et Bonne. It was in his house (at present 27 Quai Voltaire, Paris) that the heart of Voltaire was preserved and where the procession halted July 11, 1791, on its way to the Pantheon. The house bore the inscription: His mind is everywhere; his heart is here. A. L. S., Paris, April 28, 1784, concerning the mechanics brought to Ferney by Voltaire. I. 5. LANCLOS (Ninon de), sometimes written L'Enclos. Famous woman whose charms attracted three generations. She bequeathed 2,000 livres to Voltaire with which to buy books. A. L. S. P.

6. CHATELET (Gabriele-Emilie de Breteuil) Marquise du. Brilliant woman of science and intimate friend of Voltaire. Translated Newton into French. Voltaire lived many years in her house in Paris and in her chateau in Civey. When she died in 1740 he exclaimed: "I have lost half my life.'' A. L. S., speaks of Voltaire. P.

7. DENIS (Rosalie-Louise-Mignot). Writer and niece of Voltaire, with whom he spent his last days. A. L. S., Paris, July 16. 8. ROUSSEAU (Jean-Jacques). Philosopher, whose L'in4galite parmi les Homines taught men their rights. The opening phrase in the second part of this essay, more than any other expression of the human intellect, induced the Revolution. A. L. S., L'Hermitage, Sept. 25, 1756. P. I. 6

9. EPINAY (Louise-Florence Pgtronelle Tardieu d'Esclavelles) Madame d'. The patroness of Rousseau, to whom she loaned her country- house, the Hermitage. A. L. S., to Catherine II of Russia. P. I. 10. HOUDETOT (Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde) Comtesse d\ Sister-in-law of Madame d'Epinay and intimate friend of Rous- seau. A. L. S., Paris, March 28, 1807. P. I. 11. BUFFON (George-Louis Le Clerc) Comte de. Famous naturalist whose theories and writings changed the method of thought of the French people and prepared the French mind to receive the work of the philosophers and economists. L. S., Jan. 1, 1780. Montbard. P. 12. QUESNAY (Francois). Chief of the Economistes: physician to Madame de Pompadour: called the Confucius of Europe. His articles in the Encyclopedic on Fermiers and Grams contributed largely to Revolutionary ideas. He attributed the poverty of the agriculturists to feudal oppression, driving persons from the fields to the town. A. L. S., written from the , where he had apartments directly under those of Madame Pompadour. P. 13. MABLY (Gabriel-Bonnet). The first great preacher in France of Communism, who taught that the individual ownership of land was the source of misery and that reform must come through a Revolution. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 8, 1783. P. 14. DIDEROT (Denis). Chief editor of the Encyclopfidie, a work which did so much to spread Republican ideas. A. L., to J. B. A. Suard, Secretaire de l'Academie Franchise. P. 15. ALEMBERT (Jean-Le Rond d'). One of the editors of the Encyclopgdie. A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 19, 1744. P.

16. LESPINASSE ( Julie-Jeanne-Eleonore de). Friend of d'Alembert. A. D.

17. HOLBACH (Paul-Thyry) Baron d\ Author: contributed to the Encyclopfidie on scientific, economic and philosophical subjects. A. L. S.

18. HELVETIUS ( Claude-Adrien). Philosopher and one of the Encyclopgdistes. A. L. S., Vov<§, July 9, 1762. P.

19. GRTMM (Frederic-Melchoir). Important contributor to the Encyclopgdie. A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 5, 1779. P. 20. RAYNAL (Guillaume-Thomas-Francois). Writer of Histoire Philosphique, which placed him in the ranks of Voltaire and Rousseau. A. L. S., St. Ouen, Oct. 6. P. 21. LA HARPE (Jean-Francois de). Distinguished writer and early supporter of Republican ideas. A. L. S., Relative to a literary subscription by Paul I. P. 22. TERRAY (Joseph-Marie) l'Abbe. Comptroller of Finances under Louis XV. Created corn monopoly. A. L. S. P. 23. TURGOT (Anne-Robert-Jacques) Baron de l'Aulne. Financier under Louis XVI, who first explained to the French people their system of taxation. A. L. S. P. 24. MAUREPAS (Jean-Frederic Phelippeaux). Minister under Louis XVI. His contest with Turgot greatly weakened the Monarchy. A. L. S., Oct. 7, 1773. P.

25. CALONNE ( Charles-Alexandre de). Financier under Louis XVI. Built octrois around Paris, ad- vised the King to call Assembly of Notables in 1787, thus opening the way for the Etats Generaux and the Revolution. A. L. S., to Monseignard relative to the Assembly, March 5, 1787. P. 26. LOMENIE DE BRIENNE (Etienne-Charles de). Successor to Calonne. Caused dismissal of the Notables. A. L. S., Brienne, Oct. 14, 1771. P. 27. NECKER (Jacques). Successor to Lomenie de Brienne. Caused the Etats Gfineraux to be summoned and gave to the Third Estate the same represen- tation enjoyed by the Clergy and Nobility combined. A. L. S., to Gouverneur Morris, Feb. 4, 1801. P. 28. NECKER (Suzanne-Curchod) Madame. Whose was of great assistance to her husband and whose philanthropy founded a hospital. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 25, 1788. P. 29. STAEL-HOLSTEIN (Anna-Louisa Germaine) Baronne de. Daughter of Necker: an early supporter of the Revolution. A. L. S., , May 28, 1809. 30. CHOISEUL (Etienne-Frangois) Due de. Minister of State whose management hastened the fall of the Monarchy. A. L. S., April 16, 1755. P. 31. VERGENNES (Charles-Gravier) Comte de. Minister under Louis XVI. A. L. S., Versailles, Nov. 17, 1774. P. ;

8

32. BEAUMARCHAIS ( Pierre-Augustin Caron de);. French Dramatic poet;,, whose Marriage de Figaro ridiculed the nobility. . the A. L S., to the Comitg de Surveillance, from the prison of Abbaye, Aug. 28, 1792. P. 33. LE BE.UN (Ponce-Denis Ecouehard). Lyric poet of the Revolutions but, in, 1793, wrote on the horrors of anarchy; called the French Pindar; advised in an ode the destruction of the Royal tombs at St. Denis, A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 1, 1767. P. 34. FONTANES (Louis) Comte de. Edited Amis de la Constitution Monarchique. A. L. S., to Citizen Trevilliers. P. 35. PANCKOUCK.E (Charles-Joseph).. Famous publisher of Le Moniteur TJnvoersel. Its original title was Qasette Nationale, ou Le Monitewr Vnwersel. Panckoucke owned ako the Mercure and the Gazette de Franee. A. L., S.„ April 10; 1788. P. 36. PRUDHOMME (Louis-Marie). Publisher of Revolution de Paris, a weekly contemporaneous journal, illustrated. The first number appeased directly after the events of July 14, 1789, and the last number Feb. 24, 1794. Several of these illustrations will be found in this exhibit. A. L.. S., June 14, 1828. P. r. 37. MOMORO (Antoine-Francois). Guillotined, at Paris, March 24, 179.4. Printer and engraver called himself The First Printer of Liberty, and devised the motto, Liberty, Egalit4, Fraternity placing it upon public buildings. A. L. S. P.

38. GORSAS (Antoine-Joseph). Editor of the Courier de Versailles, founded on the assembling of the Etats, Generaiua, expressing hostility to the Court. A. D. S., satirical verses. P.

39. PESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoist). Guillotined at Paris, , 1794. Edited Revolutions de France et de Brabant. The present piece is his editorial on Rousseau, showing the philosopher's influence on the men who were immediately shaping the Revolution. A. D. 40. MERCIER (Louis-Sebastien).

Conventional ; Girondin,; author of Tableau de Paris, who- called himself the Prophet of the French Revolution. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1787, relative to his Tableau de Paris. P. I.

41. BEFFROY BE REIGNS (Louis-Abel). Called Le Cousin Jacques from articles so signed in the paper he edited. A. D. S., Paris, March 2, 1785. 9

42. HEBERT (JacquesrRenfi). Guillotined at Paris, March 24, 1794. Edited P&re Duchesne;

chief of the party of Hfibertistes ; procureur of the Commune of Paris. L. S., Paris, June 25, 1793, to Chaumette. P. I. 43. FRERON (Louis-Stanislas). Edited Orateur de Peuple. A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 2, 1781. 44. BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (Jean or Jacques-Pierre). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Edited Patriot Francais. In 1787, with Claviere and Mirabeau, founded the Socie'te des Amis des Voirs. A. D., address on Finances of France, Oct. 11, 1787. I.

45. HUGUET (Marc-Antoine). Executed at Paris, Oct. 9, 1796. Edited Journal des Dibats et Dicrets. D. S., Paris, March 21, 1794. See No. 429. 46. MALLET DU PAN (Jacques). Edited the Mercure de France and afterwards, in England, the Mercure Britammique. A. L. S., Aug. 4, to M. d'Eschery. 47. LOUVET DE COUVRAI (Jean-Baptiste).

Conventionnel ; Girondin. Author of Aventures du Chevalier de Faublas; editor of La Sentinelle. A. L. S., Paris, June 27, 1797. P.

48. ROBERT (Louise-Felicite Guinement de Keralio) Madame. Edited, with Carra, he Mercure National; regarded by some as having first suggested a for France. A. L. S., Paris, May 21, 1790.

49. CHAMPCENETZ (Louis) Marquis de. Guillotined July 1794. Edited Actes des Apdtres, at Paris, 23,;

Royalist journal. Celebrated duejlist and maker of epigrams ; the Francois Villon of the Revolution. A. L. S., Nov. 23, 1783.

50. PELTIER (Jean-Gabriel). Journalist of the Royal party and editor ofNthe Aetes des ApStres. A, L. S., London, March 19, 1815. P.

51. ROYOU (Jacques-Corentin). One of the chief journalists of the Royal party, and founder of L'Ami du Boi, the first number of which appeared on June 1, 1790. A. L. S., Paris, Feb. 26, 1825, reeiting the events of his political life.

52. YOUNG (Arthur). English agriculturist, who described the conditions of France and the coming of the Revolution. A. L. S., Bradfield Hall. P. 10

53. LOUIS XVI ( Louis-Auguste) King of France. Guillotined at Paris, Jan. 21, 1793, at the Place de la Revo- lution. Married of Austria. Succeeded his grandfather, Louis XV, May 10, 1774. A. L. S., Versailles, to Malesherbes. P. I. 54. LOUIS XVI. Royal order to pay 3,000 livres to his old nurse, Demoiselle Mallard. D. S., Paris, Feb. 3, 1792. Signed also by Arnaud de la Porte, Intendent of the Civil List. 55. MALLARD (Demoiselle). The nurse of Louis XVI when an infant. A. L. S., July 6, 1786.

56. BUACHE (Jean-Nicolas de la Neuville). Taught Louis geography, his favorite study. When in ths Temple, Louis taught the Dauphin geography. A. L. S., to M. Bory, May 10, 1801.

57. ZEPPE (Jean-Pierre-Marie). The carpenter of Louis XVI, whom he employed to teach the Dauphin. L. S., St. Cloud, June 28, 1808, in which he solicits the title of Carpenter to the Emperor.

58. MARIE ANTOINETTE (Josephe-Jeanne de Lorraine). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 16, 1793. Queen of France. Married the Dauphin May 16, 1770; became Queen May 10, 1774; injured in reputation by the affair of the diamond necklace in 1785. Imprisoned in the Aug. 2, 1793. A. L. P. I. 59. ADELAIDE (Marie) de France. Daughter of Louis XV, aunt of Louis XVI; nicknamed by her father, Loque (rag). A. L. S., Versailles, March 15, 1781. P. 60. VICTOIRE (Louise-Marie-Therese) de France. Daughter of Louis XV, aunt of Louis XVI; called familiarly by her father, Ooche (pig). A. L. S. P. 61. LOUIS (Stanislas-Xavier) Comte de Provence. Brother of Louis XVI; fled from Paris June, 1791; returned to France April 24, 1814; fled to Belgium March 23, 1815; returned June 24, 1815, as Louis XVIII. A. L. S., Feb. 12, 1810. P. 62. MARIE (Josephine-Louise) de Savoie. Wife of Louis XVIII. A. L. S., Nov. 12, 1790. P. 63. (Philippe, Comte d'Artois) of France. Brother of Louis XVI; married Marie-Therese de Savoie; fled from Paris , 1789; succeeded Louis XVIII Sept. 16, 1824; abdicated Aug. 2, 1830. A. L. S., London, Oct. 4, 1803. P. 11

64. MARIE-THERESE DE SAVOIE. Wife of Charles X (Comte d'Artois). D. S., Versailles, Feb. 27, 1774. 65. ORLEANS (Louis-Philippe-Joseph) EgalitG. Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 6, 1793. Great-grandson of the Regent, and father of King Louis Philippe. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 31, 1793. P. 66. ORLEANS (Louise-Marie-Adelaide de Bourbon Penthievre) Duch- esse d\ Wife of Egalitg and mother of Louis Philippe. A. L. S., to Sir Sidney Smith, Dec. 23, 1812. P. 67. POLIGNAC (Gabrielle-Yolande-Claude-Martine de Polastron) Duchesse de. Friend of Marie Antoinette and the head of the Court faction. L. S., Versailles, Aug. 23, 1786. P. 68. POLIGNAC (Jules) Due de. Husband of Madame de Polignac. A. L. S., Kittsie (Hungary), May 11, 1794. P. 69. LAMBALLE (Marie-Therese-Louisede Savoie Carignan) Princesse de. Massacred by the mob at the prison of La Force, Sept. 3, 1792. Friend of Marie Antoinette. A. L. S., to the Comte de Longeron, Nov. 25, 1782. P. I. 70. LAMBALLE (Louis-Alexandre-Stanislas de Bourbon) Prince de. Son of the Due de Penthievre and husband of Madame de Lamballe. A. L. S., Versailles, Dec. 18, 1763. 71. NOAILLES (Philippe de) Due de Mouchy. Guillotined at Paris, June 27, 1794. Husband of " Madame Etiquette." Defended the Tuileries June 20, 1792. A. L. S.. May 20, 1784. 72. NOAILLES, Madame. Guillotined July 22, 1794. Called "Madame Etiquette; " social arbiter of the Court. D. S.

73. GUINES (Adrien-Louis de Bonnieres) Due de. One of the Messieurs de Chambre (with de Coigny and Besen- val) to Marie Antoinette, and whose conduct did so much to injure the Queen's reputation. A. L. S., March 9, 1779. 74. COIGNY (Marie-Francois-Henri de Franquetot) Due de. Friend of Marie Antoinette. Deputy to the Etats Gfineraux. Emigrated in 1792. See Guines. A. L. S., July 8, 1788. P.

75. BESENVAL (Pierre-Victor) Baron de. Soldier at the age of thirteen; aide de campe to Broglie; commanded troops around Paris in 1789; fled from his post. With his Swiss troops overcame the mob at Reveillon's, April 28 1789 A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1783. I. n

76. LAUZUN (Armand-Louis de Gontaut de Birofi) Due de. Guillotined at Paris, Dec. Si, 1793. Companion of Lafayette in America; claimed intimacy With Marie Antoinette; deputy to the Etats Generaux; commanded the Army of the North in 1792. A. h, S., Paris, June 19, 1790. 77. CAMPAN (Jeanne-LoUise-Henfiette Genet) Madame. Governess to the Royal children. A. L. S., June 5, 1805. P. 78. GENLIS (Stephanie-Felicity Ducrest) Comtesse. Wife 6f the 'Marquis Sillery, the Gir'ondiU; ofle of the women of the Court. Governess to the children of Philippe Egalite. A. L. S., Paris, June 27, 1787. 79. MARIE ANTOINETTE, LIBRARY OF. This piece, signed by Madame Genet Campon, Secretary to the Queen, a6knowledges the receipt of books for Marie Antoinette's private library at Versailles. The Queen took her library with her to the Tuileries. 80. MARIE ANTOINETTE, Queen of France. Principal victim of the affair of the diamond necklace. Mira- beau said: The affair of the diamond necklatie has been the prelude of the Revolution. Goethe declared. The history of the necklace foi'ms the preface of the Revolution. D. S., Versailles, July 15, 178S — a few days before the discovery of the plot. P. I.

81. BARRY ( Marie-Jeanne Gomart de Vaubernier) Comtesse du. Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 8, 1793. For whom Louis XV originally ordered the diamond necklace. A. L. S., Louveciennes, Sept. 18, 1780. P.

82. DELAMOTTE-VALOI8 ( Marie-Antbine^Nicolas ) Oomte. Husband of Madame Delamotte, and one of the swindlers. April 10-12, 1785, Sold a portion of the jewels in London. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 22, 1825. 83. DELAMOTTE-VALOIS (Jeanne de Saint-Remy de Val). Married Delamotte at Bar-sur-Aube. Feb. 1, 178S, received the necklace from the hands of de Rohan; escaped from Paris Aug. 6, 1785; arrested and imprisoned in Bastille Aug. 20, 1785; transferred to the Conciergerie (where the present letter was written) May 29, 1786; condemned to be seared with hot irons May 31, 1786. A. L. S., Conciergerie, June 3, 1786, asserting her innocence. P. I. 84. ROHAN, GUMENEE, (Louis-Rene-Edward) Prince and Cardi- nal de. Next to the Queen, the chief dupe in the affair of the diamond necklace. A. L. S., Versailles, Aug. 13, l7S3, concerning Cagliostro, then in Strasburg, whom he recommends. P. I. 85. GEORGEL (Jean-Francois) Abbe. Friend of de Rohan, whose defense he prepared at the trial of the affair of the necklace. L. S., Vienna, July 28, 1773. 85.* BOHMER & CO., the jewelers who made the necklace. D. S., Aug. 16, 1777. 13

86. CAGLIOSTRO (Giuseppi Balsamo) Alexandre Comte de. The alleged principal in the necklace fraud. Imprisoned in the Bastille Aug. 23, 1785. He arrived in Paris Jan.' 30, 1785, while de Rohan had already treated with the jewelers on Jan. 29. A. L. S., Paris, March 16, to Cardinal de Rohan, and relating to the affair. P. I. 87. DREUX-BREZE (Henri-Evrard) Marquis de. Grand Master of Ceremonies at the opening of the Etats Generaux when they met in the Salle des Menus-Plaisirs at Versailles, May 5, 1789. It consisted of the Three orders: the Clergy, the Nobility, and the Commons, or Third Estate. L. S., Versailles, April 22, 1787, relative to the Assembly of the Notables. I.

88. BARENTIN ( Charles-Louis-Fiancois de Paul) De. Keeper of the Seals, who opened the Etats Generaux at Ver- sailles May 5, 1789. A. L. S., Versailles, June 16, 1789, to the King, beseeching him to be neutral as regards the Third Estate. On the following day the National Assembly was constituted. I. 89. JUIGNE (Antoine-Eleanor-Leon Le Clerc) de. Archbishop of Paris, deputy from the Clergy to the Etats Generaux. A. L. S., March 10, 1794. P. 90. GOBEL (Jean-Baptiste-Josephe). Guillotined at Paris, April 12, 1794. Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux. Became the Constitutional Bishop of Paris March 15, 1791. Nov. 7, 1793, renounced his ecclesiastical func- tions and abjured the Church. A. L. 8., Sept. 5, 1791. P. 91. MESNARD (Clement). Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux. Joined the National Assembly June 24 1789. A. L. S., Paris, March 11, 1790. P. 92. GOUTTES (Jean-Louis). Guillotined at Paris, March 27, 1794. Deputy from the Clergy to the Etats Generaux. He proposed abandonment of all the privileges of the order, thus being among the first of his order to adopt Revolutionary ideas. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 28, 1791. P. 93. COULMIERS (Francois-Simonet) Abb6 de. Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux. On June 22, 1789, Coulmiers appeared with some other priests and united with the Third Estate. A. L. S., Paris, Feb. 1, 1781. P. 94. MAURY (Jean-Siffrein). Deputy from Clergy to Etats GSneraux; defended the Mon- archy and opposed Mirabeau in the Assembly; mobbed by the ueople April 13, 1790. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 1, 1785. P. I. 14

95. DILLON (Dominique). Deputy from the Clergy to Etats Gen6raux; joined the National Assembly, took the oath June 22, 1789, and signed his name. On June 24, after the majority of the Clergy had joined the Third Estate, which, after the oath in the Jeu de Paume, called itself the National Assembly — a term first suggested by one of the Clergy, Cur6 Marolles, and adopted by Mirabeau — Dillon was suggested to act as one of the Secretaries. See No. 395. D. S. 96. LINDET (Robert-Thomas). Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; became Bishop under the Constitution; regicide; member of Committee of Public Safety; President of Convention April 20, 1794. A. L. S., Evreux, July 22, 1793. 97. THIBAULT (Anne-Alexandre-Marie). Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; voted for imprison- ment of King, as against death. A. D., original manuscript of his speech before the Etats Gen- eraux on the state of France. 98. JOUBERT (Pierre-Mathieu). Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; took the civic oath March 8, 1791. A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 4, 1790. 99. CLEREMONT-TONNERE (Anne-Antoine-Jules) de. Deputy from Clergy to Etats Generaux; with five of his order, protested against the Civil Constitution, and emigrated. Arch- bishop of Toulouse. A. L. S., Dec. 24, 1821. 100. GREGOIRE (Baptiste-Henri). Deputy from Clergy to Jitats Generaux; with five of his order, June 14, 1789, joined the National Assembly; took the oath in the Jeu de Paume June 20, 1789; elected Secretary; voted for

the abolition of Royalty, saying : L'histoire des roia est le mortyr- ologe des nations. Declined by letter to vote for death of King; refused to abjure his religion. A. L. S., July 22, 1823. P.

101. LA ROUCHEPOUCAULD LIANCOURT ( Francois-Alexandre- Frederic). Grand Master of the King's Wardrobe. Deputy from the No- bility to Etats G6neraux. On the night of July 12, 1789, after the affair in Tuileries garden, in reply to the King's query, " Is it a revolt?" he answered, "No, Sire; a Revolution." President of National Assembly; emigrated to England. A. L. S., Sept. 2, 1803. P.

102. ANTRAIGUES ( Emmanuel-Louis-Henry-de Launay) Comte d'. Assassinated at Barme, England, July 22, 1812. Deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux; emigrated to , then to Russia, where he embraced the Greek religion; killed in England by an Italian servant. A. L. S., London, June 16, 1809.

103. EPREMESNIL (Jean-Jacques-Duval) d'. Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Pioneer of liberty. In the Paris Parliament he insisted on the right to legislate inde- pendent of the Royal will. A. L. S., Sept. 18, 1784. P. I. 15

104. MIRABEAU (Andrfi-Boniface-Louis-Riquetti) Vicomte de. Younger brother of the great Mirabeau. Was with Lafayette in America; member of Order of Cincinnatus; deputy from No- bility to Etats Generaux; remained a Royalist; emigrated. He was called Mirabeau Tonnerre, paraphrased from Tonneau (barrel) because of his size and drinking abilties. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 28, 1785.

105. NOAILLES ( Philippe-Louis-Marie-Antoine, Due de Mouchy, Prince de Poix) Comte de. Guillotined at Paris, June 27, 1794. Husband of " Madame Etiquette; " deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux. A. D. S., Versailles, Oct. 30, 1778. 106. NOAILLES (Louis-Marie) Vicomte de. Killed at Havana, Jan. 9, 1804. Deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux; fired one of the first shots for liberty by proposing, on Aug. 4, 1789, that the seigneurial privileges should be destroyed, that taxes should be levied on all citizens alike, and that feudal rights should be purchased by the Communities at a reasonable rate. D. S. 107. BROGLIE (Charles-Louis-Victor) Prince de. Guillotined at Paris, June 27, 1794. With Lafayette in Ameri- can war; Deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux; after Aug. 10, 1792, declined to recognize the decree dethroning the King. A. L. S., Broglie, Nov. 8, 1786. 108. CHATELET-LOMONT D'HARAUCOURT (Louis-Marie-Florent). Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 13, 1793. Son of Voltaire's friend; Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; convicted of having conspired against the patriots of the Sorame. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 27, 1782.

109. BEAUCHAMPS (Charles-Gregoire) Marquis de. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; emigrated with the Due d'Angouleme. A. L. S., Paris, June 20, 1798.

110. WIMPFEN (Louis-Felix) Baron de. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; served in the Republican armies; in 1793 he supported the Girondins and threatened the with marching on Paris. A. L. S., Bayeux, Aug. 4, 1809. P.

111. PAROY (Guy-Legentil) Marquis de. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux. A. L. S., Paris, March 14, 1782. P.

112. VAUDREUIL (Louis-Philippe, de Rigaud) Marquis de. Distinguished sailor. On July 17, 1789, when the Comte d'Artois prepared to escape, Vaudreuil borrowed thirty louis for his flight. A. L. S., Paris, July 23, 1781.

113. LALLY-TOLLENDAL (Trophime-Gerard) Marquis de. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux. On Aug. 4, 1789, he declared that as Louis XII had been known as the " Father of his people," so Louis XVI should be called the " Restorer of French Liberty." A. L. S., Paris, May 5, 1820. P. 16

Yves-Gilbert Motier) 114. LAFAYETTE ( Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch- Du Marquis de. Served under Washington in America; deputy from the No- bility to Etats Genfiraux; July 11, 1789, read in the Assembly the Rights, of Man; became commander of Paris forces after the fall of the Bastille; resented the abolishment of monarchy; cap- tured by the Austrians; imprisoned until Sept. 19, 1798. A. L. S., Le Grange, June 11, 1816. P. lip. LAMETH (Alexandre-Theodore-Victor) Baron de. Fought in American war under Rochainbeau; deputy from Nobility to Etats Generaux; President of the National Assembly Nov. 20, 1790. A. L. S., Glatz — where he was imprisoned — Oct. 9, 1794. P. 116. LAMETH (Charles-Malo-Frangpis) Comte de. Fought in American war; wounded at Yorktown; Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; when the King fled, June 20, 1791, he moved that the Assembly renew its oath of fidelity to the nation; opposed the dethronement of the King; elected President of the Assembly July 5, 1791. See No. 395. D. S. 117. CASTRIES (Armand-Charles-Augustin La Croix) Due de. Fought gallantly in American war. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; representing the Boyal party, he engaged in a duel with Charles Lameth; emigrated. A. L. S., , April 23. I.

118. BEAUHARNAIS (Alexandre-Frangois-Marie) Viscomte de. Guillotined at Paris, July 23, 1794. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; husband of Josephine La Pagerie; voted for suppression of privileges; elected President; announced to the Assembly, July 21, 1791, the King's flight; suspected of contrib- uting to the capitulation of Mayence; condemned without trial; executed July 23, 1794, with forty-five others. A. L. S., Dec. 7, 1791. P.

119. MONTLOSIER (Francois-Dominique de Reynaud) Comte de. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; a strong supporter of Royalty. A. L. S., Cleremont, Feb. 21, 1831. P. 120. FRETEAU DE SAINT JUST (Emmanuel-Marie-Michel-Philippe). Guillotined at Paris, May 15, 1794. Deputy from the Nobility to Etats Generaux; member of the Constitutional Committee; twice President of the National Assembly; attacked the doctrines of the Revolutionary Club of Melun; was sent to Paris, tried and condemned. D. S., Oct. 12, 1789, as President of the National Assembly, also by the Secretaries, Mirabeau and Faydel. P.

121. MASCON (Jean-Baptiste) Comte de. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; voted against the reunion of the Three Orders; emigrated in 1790. A. L. S., Paris, June 8, 1790. P. .

17

122. BUTTAFOCO (Mathieu) Comte de. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; voted with the Right; emigrated to England. The youthful Bonaparte com- posed his first published work in a letter to him. A. D. S.

123. CAZALES ( Jacques-Antoine-Marie) de. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; devoted advocate of the ancient regime and leader of the Monarchical party; the rival of Mirabeau as an orator; fought a duel with Barnave in the Bois de Boulogne; emigrated to Brussels. D. S. 124. BAILLY (Jean-Sylvain). Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 12, 1793. Scientist; member of the French Academy; deputy from the Third Estate, or Commons, to Etats Generaux; June 3, 1789, was elected Doyen or presiding officer, and, on June 17, was continued as President of the National Assembly; presided at the taking of the oath in the Salle du Jeu de Paume, June 20, 1789; elected Mayor of Paris. When, on July 17, 1791, in the Champ de Mars, the people were petition- ing for the dethroning of the King, Bailly read the Riot Act, and Lafayette fired on them; resigned; tried and condemned. A. L. S., Chaillot, Aug. 6, 1779. P. I.

125. CAMUS (Armand-Gaston). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; first Secretary to his order and to National Assembly; President; member of Convention; on his report, all titles of birth and distinction were suppressed; regicide; member of the Committee of General Defense; delivered by Dumouriez to the Austrians; exchanged for the Duchesse d'Angoulgme Dec. 25, 1795; member of Council of 500; keeper of the archives. A. L. S., Oct. 18, 1800. P. 126. BERGASSE (Nicolas). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux. Owing to his connection with the Beaumarchais-Kornmann law case, he was at the time the moat famous advocate in France. This case had a vital influence, through revealing social corruption, in producing the Revolution. A. L. S., Montereau, June 29, 1810. P.

127. SIEYES (Emmanuel-Joseph) Abbe.

Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Gengraux ; was author of Qu'est ce que le Tiers Etat? Called the first speculative genius of his time; devised form of National Assembly; drew up the oath of the Jeu de Paume; elected President of National Assem- bly; member of Convention; regicide; member of the Council of 500; declined to be one of the Directory of Five; elected to Consulate, with Bonaparte and Ducos. D. S., March 29, 1795. See No. 498. P.

128. BOUCHOTTE ( Paul-Pierre-Alexandre )

Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux ; was active in the opening scenes of the Assembly. D. S. 18

129. LE CHAPELIER (Isaac-Ren6-Guy). Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; one of the founders of the Breton session Club, the first form of the ; presided over famous to the of the National Assembly, Aug. 4, and, on Aug. 13, handed King the decrees then voted. A. L. S., Rennes, March 18. P. 130. BARNAVE (Antoine-Joseph-Marie-Pierre). Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 28, 1793. Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; one of the most bitter opponents of the Court; opposed Mirabeau when the latter favored the Monarchy; became a leader of the Jacobin Club, then called Amis de la Constitution; fought a duel with Cazales. D. S., as President of that Club, being the certificate of admis- sion of Barras. P. I.

13 J. POPULTJS (Marc-Etienne) Comte. Guillotined at Lyons, Feb. 14, 1794. Deputy from Third Estate to the Etats GSneraux; commissioner for making assignats. See No. 130. D. S. 132. DABBAYE (Louis-Jacques). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux. A. L. S., Melle, Dec. 24, 1792. 133. MIRABEAU (HonorS-Gabriel-Riquetti) Comte de. Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux, in which he was the foremost figure. Made his famous reply to de Brfefi, Master of Ceremonies, who, in the King's name, ordered the Assembly to disperse, June 23, 1789: "Go tell the King we are assembled in the name of the people, and are to be dispersed only by bayo- nets." Chairman of the committee reporting the Constitution; endeavored to save the monarchy, but died April 2, 1791. A. L. S., Aug. 31, 1781. P. I. 134. MALOUET (Pierre-Victor). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux and a consistent Royalist; opposed the notion to constitute a National Assembly; proposed to the King's ministers that the Assembly be moved to Tours; founded the Club of Impartials; carried a motion for the prosecution of editors and publishers for Use-nation; emi- grated to England. A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 8, 1788. P. I. 135. GUILLOTIN (Joseph-Ignace). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; on June 20, 1789, he proposed the Salle du Jeu de Paume for the National Assem- bly; proposed that the death penalty should be by ; the idea was perfected by Dr. Louis and first used on the Place de Greve, April 22, 1792, and the machine was first called La Louisette, afterward La Guillotine; became a suspect, and was in prison when Robespierre fell. A. L. S., Paris, March 28, 1808. P. I. 136. MOUNIER (Jean-Joseph). Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; on June 20, 1789, in the Salle du Jeu de Paume, he moved that all the mem- bers should take a solemn oath of federation; emigrated in 1790. A. L. S., to Madame de Gerando. 19

137. MARTIN-DAUCH (Joseph). Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; when, in the Salle du Jeu de Paume, the vote was taken on Mounier's motion, he alone declared against it, and finally put his name to the subscribed oath, writing after his signature the word opposant. A. L. S. P. I. 138. GOUPILLEAU (Jean-Francois-Marie). Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; on June 20, 1789, being ill he was carried on a cot into the Salle du Jeu de Paume to take the oath. See No. 297. D. S. 139. RABAUT-SAINT-ETIENNE (Jean-Paul). Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 5, 1793. Protestant minister; Dep- uty from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; elected Secretary National Assembly; President; aided in editing' he Mowiteur; supported the Girondins; voted for the confinement of the King instead of death; accused and arrested, he escaped and remained concealed with his brother, in the house of Payzac; his place of hiding said to have been betrayed by a friend, Pabre d'Eglantine. A. L. S. P. 140. TRONCHET (Frangois-Denis). Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; one of the Committee of Five to draw up the Constitution. In May, 1793, he retired until after the fall of Robespierre. A. L. S., Paris, July 5, 1797. P. 141. THOURET (Jacques-Guillaume). Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Gengraux; at the session of Sept. 14, 1791, as President, he administered the oath of the new Constitution to the King, and declared the Constituent, or National Assembly, closed; denounced by Couthon for engaging in a Dantonist plot, he was tried and condemned with Malesherbes and d'Epremesnil. A. L. S., Jan. 21, 1791. P. I. 142. DUPONT DE NEMOURS (Pierre-Samuel). Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; defended the King with a gun on Aug. 10, 1792; obliged to conceal himself until the 9 Thermidor; President of Council of Ancients; hostile to the Directory; fled to the United States. A. L. S., Dec. 10, 1805. P.

143. TREILHARD (Jean-Baptiste). Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Generaux; advocated transporting the remains of Voltaire from the Abbaye of Scellieres to the parish church of Romilly, recalling the fact that Voltaire had, in 1764, predicted the Revolution. A. L. S., Feb. 7, 1805. P. I.

144. REVEILLON (Jean-Baptiste). Contractor for the Royal manufactory of paper hangings, whose establishment in the Rue Montreuil au Faubourg Saint Antoine was sacked by the mob April 28, 1789, because Reveillon was alleged to have declared fifteen sous a day sufficient for a 20

workman's pay. He entered the Bastille voluntarily — its last prisoner; discharged May 28, 1789. L. S., Paris, Sept. 3, 1784. P. I. 145. NECKER (Jacques). Minister of Finances under Louis XVI. It was his abrupt dis- missal — attributed by the people to the influence of Marie Antoinette — on Saturday, July 11, 1789, toward five o'clock in the evening, that was the immediate cause of the Revolution, and which created the memorable scenes in the Place Louis XV and the Tuileries Gardens the following day. A. L. S., Dec. 12, 1776. P. 146. LAMBESC (Charles-Eugene-de Lorraine) Prince de. Commanded the regiment of German cavalry charged, July 12, 1789, with preserving the statue of Louis XV, on the Place Louis XV, which the mob threatened to overthrow. A procession, bear- ing the busts of Necker and Philippe D'Orleans, there came in contact with the troops in the Tuileries Gardens; some were in- jured, the first blood of the Revolution flowing on this occasion. The Prince's responsibility for this has never been proved. The Revolution is generally dated from the events of two days later. A. L. S., May 18, 1789. I. 147. DESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoist). On Sunday, July 12, 1789, in the Palais Royal, Desmoulins harangued the multitude, and proposed, in order that patriots might recognize each other, a badge, or outward sign should be adopted. It was agreed to wear green, the color of hope, and the crowd stripped the leaves from the neighboring trees, fash- ioning the first of the Revolution. He then cried " Aux Armes! " and the crowd, taking the busts of Necker and Orleans from the Museum of Curtius, carried them through the boule- vardes to the Place Vendome, where the riot began, and thence to the Place Louis XV, where it continued. A. L. S., Jan. 15, 1793. 148. COCARDE NATIONALE. Veritable specimen in use during the Revolution. The first attempt to provide the Revolutionary patriots with a badge of common identity was by . On July 13, 1789. when the bourgeoisie of Petit-Saint-Antoine organized themselves, the Cocarde Verte was the rallying sign. Between then and Oct. 1 of the same year the tri-colored badge was adopted, for, at the famous banquet of the Body Guards, the Cocarde Nationale was removed and the white, or Cocarde Blanche, the King's color, was substituted. 149. COCARDE NATIONALE. The King decrees, May 29, 1790, to the Convention that all others than the Cocarde Nationale shall be forbidden throughout the realm. Cocardes soon became general, and on July 30, 1792, the Assembly decreed that the Cocarde could be of any material, provided it showed the three colors.

The present document is the original order, dated Aug. 1, 1792, signed by the President, Laffon-Ladfibat, and the Secretaries, Tronchon and Blanchard. 150. BASTILLE. Contemporaneous map of the Chateau, published in La Bastille D6voiU6, printed in 1789. The first stone is said to have been laid April 22, 1370, under Charles V. It became a prison of 21

State under Louis XI. On the day of July 14, 1789, the crowd advanced, by the Rue Saint Antoine, past [see map] 6 into U, and the cannons were placed by V opposite D. The French guards and the citizens, commanded by Elie and Hulin, entered by Q and found Swiss guards and the Governor in S, where they surren- dered. The guns of the Bastille had fired from the towers D and II. 151. BASTILLE, Lettre de Cachet. Order of Louis XIV (by the hand of his Secretary) for the imprisonment " in my chateau of the Bastille," and examination of 1'AbbS Jean Baptiste Patouillet, probably concerned in the poisoning affairs of La Voisin. The Lettre has the usual form, " I pray God that He may hold thee in His holy keeping." Dated Dec. 22, 1668. Signed by Michel Le Tellier, the Secre- tary of State. See particularly No. 504. 152. BASTILLE, Lettre d'Elargissemmt. Order releasing the same prisoner from the Bastille. D. S., Lionne, Paris, April 2, 1669. 153. LES PIQUES. Veritable specimens employed during the Revolution by the people and by the National Guard, and so often used to carry heads on the occasion of massacres. 154. LATUDE (Henri Masers) de [known first as Danry]. One of the most famous prisoners of the Bastille. Ambitious of preferment, he sought it fraudulently at the hands of Madame Pompadour. Sending her anonymously a box of powder, he followed it to Versailles with a story of overhearing a, plot to kill her with a deadly explosive. She, however, compared the writing on the packet with his, and detected his hand. For this he was imprisoned at Vincennes and the Bastille for various periods covering thirty-five years, from both of which prisons he escaped. A. L. S., Bastille, July 3, 1758, to Louis XV. P. I.

155. POMPADOUR ( Jeanne-Antoinette-Poisson) Marquise de. Famous woman who exercised great influence over Louis XV, and by her conduct contributed to the decay of the monarchy. A. L. S. P. 156. FAC SIMILE of the famous box of face-powder sent to Madame Pompadour by Latude, and showing his handwriting. 157. LE GROS (Gellain) Madame. The liberator of Latude. Finding a piece of paper written by him appealing for help, although poor herself, she succeeded in enlisting the sympathies of many, and obtained his freedom. For this the French Academy conferred on her the Monthyon prize for the most virtuous action done in the year 1784. A. L. S., Paris, March 25, 1791. To the Patriot Palloy. P. 158. SALLE (Adrien-Nicholas) Marquis De La. Soldier; second only to Lafayette in command of the Paris Guard. On July 14, 1789, he did all that was possible to save the life of De Launey, but failed. A. L. S., Oct. 28, 1768, relating to Louis XV receiving the King of Denmark.

159. LAUNEY ( Bernard-Rene-Jourdan) Marquis de. Massacred at Paris, July 14, 1789. Governor of the Bastille 22

from 1776 to its fall. On that day he defended the Chateau de la Bastille with eighty-eight soldiers of the Irwalides and thirty- four of the Swiss company of Salis-Samade. At eight o'clock in the morning, cannon, by his own orders, were pointed toward the Eue Saint-Antoine; about one o'clock in the afternoon he fired on the crowd in the Eue Saint-Antoine and in the Cour de

1'Orme (see map, 3) ; surrendered to Elie and Hulin at 4:15 p. M. Directly after, escorted by Hulin, who had pledged his honor to save him and who held him by the arm, the crowd fell upon him, and in the Place de la Greve, almost at the steps of the Hotel de Ville, he was killed and his head cut off and carried on a pike. A. L. S., Bastille, March 9, 1786. P. I. 160. THURIOT DE LA ROZIERE (Jacques-Alexis). One of the Electors of the city of Paris. On the morning of July 14, 1789, he was deputed to go to the Bastille and ask the Governor to remove the cannon from their threatening positions, and that the chateau might be guarded by National troops. De Launey agreed to withdraw the cannon and promised not to fire on the people unless attacked. Thuriot then showed himself from the bastian that the people might know he was safe. D. S., Paris, Oct. 7, 1789. I.

161. HULIN ( Pierre-Augustin). Soldier and conqueror of the Bastille. In the afternoon of July 14 he put himself at the head of the French Guards and the bourgeois with five pieces of cannon and attacked the Bas- tille. After the surrender he failed in his attempt to escort De Launey to the Hotel de Ville. L. S.. Paris, May 21, 1815. 162. ELIE (Jacques-Job). Soldier, and the leading figure in the taking of the Bastille. Finding himself in the crowd before the Hotel de Ville on the morning of July 14, and seeing the mob without a leader, he hastened home and put on his uniform. He then put himself at the head of the assailants of the Bastille, and it was to him that the Governor surrendered. He was the first of the beseigers to enter the Bastille. He himself bore to the Hotel de Ville the key of the Bastille. A. D. S., Jan. 1, 1797. I. 163. PALLOY (Pierre-Francois). Architect; one of the conquerors of the Bastille; obtained the contract for demolishing the building, and encouraging the patri- otic sentiment for souvenirs, he made a fortune in selling orna- ments cut from the stones of the Bastille. He sent a complete model to each of the eighty-three . He assumed the soubriquet of the Patriot. A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 2, 1792.

164. FLESSELLES (Jacques de). Massacred at Paris, July 14, 1789. Provost of Merchants. Early on the day when the Bastille fell he was accused of influencing the Governor to prolong his resistance. When, on the late afternoon of July 14, after De Launey, Governor of the Bastille, was killed, it was alleged that a letter was found on his person, written by Flesselles, urging him to hold the Bastille and the Royal troops would soon relieve him. This letter was 23

never produced. Flesselles was on his way from the Hotel de Ville to the Palais Royal to justify himself, when some one in the crowd shot him; his head was then cut off and carried on a pike about the streets. L. S., Oct. 18, 1781. I.

1C5. DUSAULX (Jean-Joseph). One of the committee named by the Electors of Paris, July 14, 1789, to preserve order and to protect the citizens in the con- fusion and disorder of that eventful day. A. L. S., Paris, June 23, 1780. P.

166. FOULLON (Joseph-Francois). Massacred at Paris, July 22, 1789. Comptroller General of Finances when he was appointed, on July 12, 1789, Intendant of Marine. Always bitter against the people, he was accused of having said that if the people were hungry, they might eat grass; and again, he would like to mow Paris as one would mow a meadow. The mob took him from the Hotel de Ville and hung him from a lantern in the Place de Greve, and then cut off his head. A. L. S., Versailles, Nov. 26, 1759. P. I.

167. BERTIER DE SAUVIGNY ( Louis-Benigne-Francois de). Massacred at Paris, July 23, 1789. Intendant of Finance and son-in-law of Foullon, with whom he speculated in grain. He was arrested at Compeigne and taken to Paris; the crowd made him kiss the head of Foullon and then massacred him. D. S., Paris, Feb. 3, 1789. I.

168. GORSAS (Antoine-Joseph). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 7, 1793. On Oct. 4, 1789, at the Palais Royal, he publicly read that day's number of his Courier de Versailles, describing the famous banquet of the Royal body-guard, and declaring that those pres- ent had trampled under foot the national cocarde. The crowd began to cry, " On to Versailles," " Give us bread," and thus was started the movement of the " March of the Women " the following day, and the King's entry to Paris the second day. Proscribed, June 2, 1793, Gorsas fled; but, returning to Paris, he was arrested and executed the same day, Oct. 7, 1793. A. D. S. P.

169. THEROIGNE DE MERICOURT (Anne-Josephe Terwagne). Famous female Revolutionist. On Oct. 5, 1789, in the garb of an Amazon, she led the mob of women from Paris to Versailles, and the following day escorted the King to Paris. Her salon — she was a woman of convent education — was attended by many of the leading spirits of the National Assembly. She herself attended and addressed the Olub of the . She was prominent in the attack on the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792. Allied herself with the Girondins. On May 31, 1793, defending Brissot before a mob of women, they fell upon and beat her. Became insane and died in an asylum. A. L. S. P. I. 24

170. SAINT-PRIEST (Francois-Emmanuel Guignard) Comte. Secretary of the King's house at Versailles at the time of the Etats Generaux. He was accused of saying to the women who had marched to Versailles on Oct. 5, 1789: When you had only one King you had bread; now you have 1,200 go and ash it of them. L. S., Paris, Dec. 14, 1790, to Bailly. 171. MULOT (Franeois-Valentin) l'Abbfi. As an Elector of Paris, he bore an important part on the day of July 14, 1789. Elected Deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1791. This present letter is of great interest, as it describes the National Assembly in session at Versailles, and a meeting of the committee with Bailly at the Hotel de Ville. On the arrival of the at Paris, Mulot was appointed to wait upon that body and welcome it in the name of the City of Paris. A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 18, 1789. P. 171.* BUREAUX DE PUSY (Jean-Xavier). Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux. He was elected President of the National Assembly Feb. 2, 1790, and presided over the remarkable seance two days later, when the King entered the hall and declared his purpose to maintain constitutional liberty. On the King's dethronement, Bureaux de Pusy went to America, and the present letter is written from New York. He returned to France a few years later. A. L. S., New York, Nov. 23, 1799. I. 172. FAVRAS (Thomas Mahi) Marquis de. Hung on the Place de Greve, at Paris, Feb. 19, 1790. Mousque- taire and lieutenant in the Swiss Guards of the Count of Provence. Accused, Dec, 1789, of "having plotted against the Revolution; having tried at night to introduce armed men into Paris, to assas- sinate Bailly, Lafayette and Necker; to remove the Seal of the State, and to carry away the Royal family to Peronne." Con- demned and hung. A. L. S., Prison of the Abbaye, Jan. 3, 1790. P. I.

173. LAFAYETTE ( Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert Du Motier). On July 14, 1790, the anniversary of the capture of the Bastille, and on the occasion of the grand civic federation at the Champ de Mars, he served as the Grand Master of Ceremonies in the presence of 400,000 persons. A. L. S., June 11, 1816. P.I. 174. TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD (Charles-Maurice de). Bisop of Autun; Deputy to the Etats Generaux; Secretary and President of the Asembly. On July 14, 1790, at the great f§te of the federation on the Champ de Mars, the first anniversary of the taking of the Bastille, he served as Grand High Priest, blessing the flags. On Jan. 25, 1791, without the authority of the Pope, he consecrated the first two Constitutional bishops, for which he was suspended by Rome. In 1791 he went to London and was there when, in December, the King's secret papers were discov- ered, showing the relationship between him and the Intendant Laporte. From England, Talleyrand escaped to America, landing at Philadelphia, where he engaged in business. He returned to Paris in 1796, under the Directory. A. L. S., 1828. P. I. 175. TARGET ( Guy-Jean Baptisie). Celebrated advocate and member of French Academy. Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Gengraux; served on the Committee on the Constitution, and his reports were everywhere alluded to as Couches de Papa Target, the pleasantry making him finally

withdraw from active work ; declined to defend Louis XVI ; pre- sided over the f6te in the Champs de Mars, July 14, 1790. A. L. S., Feb. 26, 1790. I. 176. COCHON (Charles de Lapparent). Alternate Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Genfiraux; he obtained a seat in Nov., 1790; in 1791 was made Secretary to the Assembly; elected to the Convention where he acted with the party of the Mountain; regicide. On the night of June 20, 1791, when the Royal family set out for Varennes, Cochon warned Lafayette that the Royal family, at least the Queen and Madame Royal, were contemplating flight. He accompanied Lafayette to the Tuileries and they remained in and about the Chateau until nearly midnight, finally departing satisfied that the rumour was unfounded. It was only after their withdrawal that the King, and then the Queen, managed to escape. This lost hour cost Louis his kingdom. D. 8., Sept. 17, 1794. 177. BOUILLE (Fransois-Claude-Amour) Marquis de. Fought in America under Lafayette. In the early summer of 1791 the King and he devised the famous escape from Paris to Montmedy, which resulted so disastrously at Varennes; while but three were to be in the secret the attempt was generally ex- pected; it was Bouillg's duty to station guards at certain points along the route, and the failure of one detachment, under Choiseul, to remain at Pont-Sommevesle — the Queen's tardiness in starting having delayed the party all the way along — caused the entire plan to miscarry, and left the Royal party without protection. A. L. S., Fontainbleau, Oct. 26, 1771.

178. MONTMORIN-SAINT-HEREM (Armand-Marc) Comte de. Massacred at Paris, Sept. 2, 1792. Minister of Foreign Affairs under Louis XVI; on June 5, 1791, he issued the Passport under which the Royal family sought to escape, and which was found upon the King at Varennes; he was accused June 24, and after- wards imprisoned in the Abbaye, where he was massacred. A. L. S., Versailles, Sept. 18, 1788.

179. TODEZEL (Louise-Marie-A. J. de Croy) Madame de. Governess to the Royal children. On the flight to Varennes she accompanied the Royal family; she personated the Baroness de Korff; on Aug. 13, 1792, she followed the Royal family to the Temple; on Aug. 19 she was imprisoned in La Force, but was taken out through the bribery of her guards by the Due de Pen- thi&vre the night before the massacre of Sept. 2, 1792. A. L. S., St. Cloud, July 11, 1790. P. I. 180. Facsimile of the Passport issued in the name of the Baronne De Korff (Madame de Tourzel), going to Frankfort with two children (the Dauphin and Maria-Th6r6se), one femme de chambre (the Queen), one valet de chambre (the King). The Passport is dated June 5, 1791, and was good for one month. 181. FERSEN (Axel) Comte. Massacred at Stockholm in 1810. With Lafayette in America; intimate as well as devoted friend of Marie Antoinette; disguised 20

as a coachman he drove the Berlin coach containing the Royal family on their flight; the exact location where the carriage waited is said to be the corner of and the Rue de l'Echelle. A. D. S., April 12, 1790. P. I. 182. CHOISEUL (Cl-Ant-G due de). Officer of Hussars; whose abandonment of his post at Pont-de- Sommevesle caused the plans for the escape of the_ Royal family to go astray; had he, with his detachment, remained until the Royal coach arrived, some three hours later, the might have been differently written. A. L. S., Nancy, June 4, 1789. 183. DROUET (Jean-Baptiste). Maitre de Poste at Sainte-Menehould when the Royal family passed through — about seven o'clock in the evening of June 21, 1791; discovered the identity of the King and roused the people, following the Royal carriage to Varennes, where he caused the arrest; elected member of the Convention; joined the Mountain or radical faction; regicide; sent on a mission to the Army of the North; captured by the Austrians and exchanged for the young Princesse Royale. A. L. S., Aug. 29, 1793. P. I. 184. LATOUR-MAUBOURG (Marie-Charles-Cesar de Fay). Deputy from the Nobility to Etats GenSraux. When news came of the King's capture at Varennes June 22, 1791, a few minutes after ten o'clock in the evening, great excitement prevailed in the Assembly and a recess was taken; at ten-thirty it met again, and at one o'clock in the morning of June 23, he, with Barnave and P6tion, were named a Committee to go to Varennes and escort the

King back to Paris ; after Aug. 10, 1792, he fled with Lafayette. A. D. 8. 185. BARNAVE (Antoine-Joseph-Marie-Pierre). Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 28, 1793. Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Gengraux; President of the Jacobins; entered the Na- tional Assembly with most pronounced Republican views, antago- nizing Mirabeau; named on the Committee of three to go to Varennes and escort the captured King back to Paris; he and Pfition occupied the Royal coach, and Barnave showed the King great respect; when the King's papers were discovered after the capture of the Tuileries he was incriminated, arrested and im- prisoned at Grenoble for thirteen months; later he was condemned and guillotined. A. D., June 7, 1792. P. I. 186. PETION DE VILLENEUVE (Jerome). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats G6n6raux; President of the National Assembly; one of the Committee to escort the King from Varennes to Paris; occupying the same carriage with the Royal family he was accused of rudeness; elected Mayor of Paris, suc- ceeding Bailly; on the assembling of the National Convention Sept. 20, 1792, he was elected its first President; voted for the death of the King, but with reprieve; united with the friends of the Girondins; accused as the confident of Dumouriez; he was proscribed and fled to Calvados; his body and that of Buzot were found partly eaten by wolves. A. L. S. P. I. 27

187. DUMAS (Mathieu) Comte. With Rochambeau in America; he was appointed July 23, 1791, as a military representative, to escort the Committee and Royal family to Paris from Varennes. A. L. S. 188. LOUIS (Antoine) Dr. Perpetual Secretary to the Academic de Chirurgie; contributed articles on surgery to the Encyolope'die ; although Dr. Guillotine cm Oct. 10, 1789, proposed decapitation as a means of execution, it was not until March 7, 1792, that Dr. Louis devised the instru- ment which was adopted by the Asembly; it was at first called La Louisette, or La Petite Louison, after its inventor. A. L. S. P.

189. DESPERRIERES ( Gabriel-Adrien-Marie Poissonier). Soldier and Colonel. On June 20, 1792, he covered the King with His own body to protect him from the mob, and carried the Dauphin in his arms when the troops, under Lanterne, were passing the Tuileries. A. L. S., Jan. 28, 1830. In this present letter he declares that on the 13 vendemiare (Oct. 4, 1795), he was ordered to fire on the citizens of Paris and refused — a work which was taken up by Bonaparte, leading the latter to an Empire.

190. LAMOURETTE ( AntoineAdrien). Guillotined at Paris, Jan. 11, 1794. Priest and Legislator; his fame rests mostly on a speech made by him in the Assembly July 7, 1792, when by sounding the right note he brought harmony, for the time at least, out of the discord into which the Assembly had fallen; he pictured the torn condition of France, the jealousy of one faction of another, the gloating of the common enemy over their internal dissensions; he called upon them to stand united for the Constitution; the scene which followed was one of the great events of that Assembly; the members of the left fell upon the necks of those on the right, and everywhere all divisions were obliterated. A. L. S., Sept. 9, 1789. 191. ROGET DE LISLE (Claude-Joseph). Young artillery officer; in April, 1792, he composed the words and music of the hymn, since become famous as ; it was composed, as if by inspiration, in a single night at the request of his host, M. Dietrich, Mayor of Strasburg, and was entitled Chant de Guerre de VArme'e du Bhi-n; it became known under its present name when the volunteers, marching from Mar- seilles, arrived at Paris, July 30, 1792, singing it en route; Lamar- tine called it the " Fire-water of the Revolution." A. L. S., March 3, 1827. P. I. 192. DIETRICH (Philippe-Frederic). Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 30, 1794. Mayor of Strasburg, in whose house and at whose suggestion Roget de Lisle composed his famous Marseillaise; revolutionist, he opposed the Mountain faction; after Aug. 10, 1792, he declared his opposition; was en- rolled among the emigres; returned and was captured. A. L. S., Toulouse, July 18, 1785. P. I. 193. BARBAROUX (Charles-Jean-Marie). Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. At the instigation of he summoned the volunteers from Marseilles and .

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himself carried to Paris the resolutions calling for the dethrone- ment of the King; the object of Barbaroux, and the people back of him, was to inflame the people, intimidate the National Guard of Paris, and to help consummate the plans of the Girondins; took a leading part in the attack on the Tuileries Aug. 10, 1792; became one of the leaders of the Girondins; regicide. On the fall of his faction he escaped to Bordeaux, but was recognized and executed. A. L. S. P. 194. LASNIER (Jacques). Guillotined at Paris, July 29, 1794. Member of the Commune; one of the chief promoters of the affair of Aug. 10, 1792, when

occurred the attack on the Tuileries ; he organized the different sec- tions of Paris, assigning new judicial functions to its officers. The present item is his official report to the Assembly. A. L. S., Aug. 14, 1792. 195. MANDAT (Antoine-Jean-Galliot) Marquis de. Massacred at Paris, Aug. 10, 1792. Commander of the National Guard; ordered by Pfition, Mayor of Paris, to hold the Tuileries and combat force with force; early on the morning of Aug. 10 he was summoned to the Hotel de Ville to find a new municipal party in control; arrested by Danton, and while setting out for the Abbaye was shot and killed on the steps of the Hotel de Ville. A. D. S., Paris, Aug. 1, 1792, nine days before the massacre. 196. MAILLY D'HARCOURT (Augustin-Joseph de). Guillotined at Paris, March 25, 1794. Marshal of France; com- manded in 1790 one of the four armies; defended the Tuileries on Aug. 10, 1792, escaping the tragic results of that day; he was soon after arrested, taken to Arras, and there decapitated; he died cry- ing: Vive le roi, I die faithful to my King Uke all my ancestors. A. L. S., Paris, July 21, 1792. 197. CARLE (Raphael). Massacred by the Mob, Aug. 10, 1792. Jeweler by trade; he was chosen to command the Batallion d'Henri IV; on Aug. 10, 1792, Carle, like Mandat, was defending the Tuileries, when the people, enraged at the attitude of defense and wild at the firing on the crowd by the Swiss Guard, fell upon him and nearly killed him, when Palloy, the Patriot, so the story goes, gave him the finishing stroke. The present letter was written by Carle to this same Palloy. A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 30, 1791. 198. ROBDERER (Pierre-Louis) Comte. Deputy from the Third. Estate to Etats GSneraux; in the Na- tional Assembly on April 7, 1790, he urged the institution of trial by jury, not only as to fact but as to law; April 12, 1790, was elected Secretary of the Assembly; on Aug. 10, 1792, he attended at the Tuileries, and it was on his advice that the King and court placed themselves in the hands of the Assembly at the Manege — for which action he earned the enmity of the Commune. A. L. S., Nov. 1, 1805. P. 199. MERLIN DE THIONVILLE (Antoine-Christophe). Member of the National Assembly; one of the chief figures in the events of Aug. 10, 1792; Aug. 18, 1794, he was elected President of the Convention. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 26, 1796.

200. THEVENARD ( Antoine-Jean-Marie) Sailor and minister; long in public service in the marine and . .

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under the King; when the decree of dethronement wa3 announced in Lorient, Thevenard, who was stationed there as Commandant of the Marine, hastened to report to the National Assembly the joy with which the news was received. A. L. S., Lorient, Jan. 4, 1786. 201. SERVAN DE GERBEY (Joseph). Minister of War, May 9, 1792, holding that office on the memora- ble 10th of Aug., 1792. One of his last official acts was to direct the substitution of the Marseillaise for the Te Deum throughout France, on the occasion of military victories. A. L. S., To Bernadotte, Aug. 24, 1799. P.

202. LAPORTE ( Arnaud de) Guillotined at Paris, Aug. 24, 1792. Intendant of the Civil list in 1790; his office was to arrange for paying the expenses and pensions of the court and government, and he was held responsible by the new regime for much that was simply clerical; when the King fled to Varennes he entrusted him with the letters to the Assembly; he was the repository of the State secrets and particu- larly of the King's. After Aug. 10, 1792, letters were found of his in the secret iron Armoire at the Tuileries showing preparations for the accommodation of a military force in the Tuileries. He was the second person tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal as finally constituted. A. L. S., Brest, July 17, 1778. 203. JOURGNIAC SAINT MEARD (Francois) One of the few prisoners who escaped the Massacres of Sept. 2 and 3, 1792; he wrote Mon agowie de trente huit heures, describing his experience in the prison of the Abbaye during the two days and the report of his examination. A. L. S., May 5, 1793. P. I. 204. JOURGNIAC DE SAINT MEARD, Document on. The original order for his imprisonment in lAbbaye by the Municipality of Paris, dated Aug. 23, 1792. The document is signed by the infamous Municipal officer, Daujon, who prepared the report incriminating the Queen and signed by the Dauphin. 205. BOSQUILLON (Charles). Massacred at 1'Abbaye, Sept. 2, 1792. Judge de paix; prisoner in l'Abbaye when the massacre took place and is said to have been massacred by his frotteur. A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 12, 1788. 206. THIERRY VILLE DAVRAY (Marc-Antoine). Massacred at Paris, Sept. 2, 1792. Valet de Chambre of the King, with whom he had great influence. He is said once to have been intermediary between Louis XVI and the Girondins. It is related of him that when the King asked him what he thought of " the Royal occupation, carpentry and machinery, he replied ; Sire, when Kings amuse themselves with the occupations of the people the people are liable to amuse themselves with the business of Kings." He was massacred in the Abbaye, where he was placed after the days of Aug. 10. A. L. S., Versailles, March 23, 1787. I. 207. SOMBREUIL (Frangois-Charles-Virau de). Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1794. Governor of Hotel des Invalides; accused of having defended the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792; he was arrested and confined in the Abbaye; the legend is that his ;

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daughter saved his life after he was wounded on Sept. 2, 1792, by complying with the alternative offered by the mob of drinking the blood of her father; this is denied by Sergent-Marceau, who at the time was at the head of all the Paris prisons; he escaped at that time but was finally executed. A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 8, 1788. I.

208. SOMBREUIL ( Marie-Maurille Virau) de, Comtese Villelume. Daughter of the Marshal, of whom the above doubtful incident was related. A. L. S., Paris, July 11. P. I. 209. SERGENT-MARCEAU (Antoine-Frangois). Member of the National Convention; Secretary of the Society of the Jacobins; at the head of the prisons in 1792; regicide; nick- named Sergent-Agate, from his having been accused of pilfering an agate ring; hence he joined, to his own name the name of his brother-in-law, Gen. Marceau. A. L. S., Milan, May 1, 1821. P. 210. FOURNIER (Claude, dit l'Americain). Prominent at the taking of the Bastille; in the affair of the Champ de Mars, July 17, 1792, he held a pistol at Lafayette's breast; he was one of the leaders at the attack on the Tuileries,

Aug. 10, 1792 ; it was he who was in charge of the Paris volunteers who were to bring back from Orleans to Versailles the 53 political prisoners; arriving in Versailles Sunday, Sept. 9, 1792, as they were nearing the Orangerie they were massacred in the most blood- thirsty manner — only three escaping; Fournier at the time, and even as late as when Boissy d'Anglas accused him, July 20, 1797, was held responsible for this atrocious act. D. S., June 24, 1797. 211. MALESHERBES (Guillaume-Chretien de Lamoignon de). Guillotined at Paris, April 22, 1794. Distinguished advocate and magistrate; as early as 1774 he urged the calling of the Etats Gengraux; when, at the end of the year 1792, the King was put on trial he defended him; like his Royal Master, and because of de- fending him, he lost his head upon the scaffold. A. L. S., Jan. 11, 1772. P. I. 212. SEZE (Raymond-Romain) Comte de. Advocate and member of the French Academy. He showed much enthusiasm for the Revolution, but was not prominent until Malesherbes requested that he be associated with him in the trial of the King. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1790. 213. PAINE (Thomas). Secretary of Foreign Affairs Committee of the American Con- gress; on Aug. 26, 1792, the Legislative Assembly of France con- ferred the title of French Citizen on Paine as well as on Washing- ton, Hamilton, and Madison; elected to the Convention his was, except that of Brissot, the last voice raised on the night of Jan. 19-20, 1793, to save the King. In creating the Constitution of the Year HI he was one of the three members who declared for uni- versal suffrage. A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 18, 1797. 213*. KERSAINT (Armand-Guy-Simon). Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 4, 1793. Sailor and Conventionnel 31

he is famous for the bold attitude taken by him in the trial of the King. Openly avowing his loyalty to Louis he voted for his acquittal, and when, on Jan. 18, 1793, the vote for the death of the King was announced, he mounted the tribunal and exclaimed: / wish to relieve myself m placing the responsibility for this crime where it belongs, on assassins. I herewith resign and I lay my reasons for this in writing m the hands of the President. Kersaint retired to the country but was arrested, Sept. 25, 1793, tried and condemned. This piece is the original of his " reasons,'' and is dated the very day of his speech. A. D. S., Jan. 18, 1793. 214. LEPELETIER, DE SAINT FARGEAU, (Louis-Michel). Assassinated at Paris, Jan. 20, 1793. Deputy from the No-

bility to the Etats G£neraux; Conventionnel ; regicide. Going out of the Convention, he dined at a table in the Cafe" Fevrier in the Palais Royal, and was settling his account when an ex-member of the King's body-guard, by the name of Paris, stabbed him so that he died almost directly. The following day the honours of the Pantheon were decreed him. A. L. S., 1790. P. I. 215. GARAT (Joseph-Dominique). Advocate, editor and legislator. Deputy from the Third Estate to Etats Genfiraux; one of the editors of the Journal de Paris and the Mercure Frangais; professor of history at the AthenSe. On Oct. 9, 1792, he became Minister of Justice, succeeding Danton. It was he who on Jan. 20, 1793, took to the King the decree of the Convention and solemnly announced to him his sentence. [The present piece is the original warrant for the arrest of Talleyrand (Bishop of Autun), growing out of the incriminating papers found in the King's secret armory at the Tuileries. Talleyrand was then in England, and this decree was the occasion of his flight to America.] D. S., Paris, Dec. 5, 1792. 216. CHAMBON DE MONTAUX (Nicolas). Physician and Mayor of Paris. The original order, Jan. 18, 1793, for the six battalions in the vicinity of the Temple to guard the same during the execution of Louis Capet — a rumour running that an attempt would be made to kill the Royal family during the excitement. The King was condemned Jan. 16-17, 1793, but the question of reprieve was settled only on the night of Jan. 19-20 by a vote of 380 against and 310 for. This order must have been issued immediately after the vote for conviction. D. S., Jan. 18, 1793. 217. SANTERRE (Antoine-Joseph). Master brewer of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. Soldier, and on Oct. 11, 1792, was made Marfichal de Camp. At the execu- tion of Louis XVI, Jan. 21, 1793, he escorted the King from the Temple to the scaffold, and when the King desired to say some dying words, he ordered the drums to beat, that he could not be heard. A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 18, 1806. P. I. 218. BERRUYER (Jean-Francois). Distinguished soldier; officer in charge of the troops around the guillotine at the execution of Louis XVI, Jan. 21, 1793. D. S., March 12, 1799. I. . . ;

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219. EDGEWORTH ( Henry-Allen-de Firmont) Abbe. The brave priest, confessor to Louis XVI, who accompanied him

to the guillotine, and, as the knife fell, cried : Son of Samt-Louia, ascend to Heaven. A. L., 1791. P. I. 220. SANSON (Charles-Henri). Public executioner during the Terror, and who decapitated ijouis XVI. A. L. S., Jan. 22, 1790. I. 221. MONTANSIER (Marguerite-Brunet, dite) Proprietor of the principal theatre in Paris at the Palais Royal, whose theatrical performances contributed to the spread of Revolutionary ideas. Accused of distributing medals witn Royalist designs, she was long under suspicion. A. L. S., April 26, 1798. P. 222. ROYALIST EFFEGIES. Representations of the Royalist vases used during the Revo- lution where the unequal lines produced the profiles of the King and the Royal family. 223. ETUIS, Les. Example of one" of the little needle boxes used by women of ( Royalist sympathies during the . The rims ap- pearing on the box are so carved that when the shadows are formed by the light falling on them they make a profile of King Louis XVI. The secret was kept well through that period, as the possession of one of these would lead to the guillotine. 224. BOUTONS, Les. A. Button worn by the Swiss Guards who were massacred at the Tuileries Aug. 10, 1792. B. Button with worn by the Municipal Guards. C. Buttons of the National Guard worn during the Reign of Terror. 225. FRECINE (Augustin-Lucie de). Regicide; Secretary of the Convention. It was he who reported and passed, Sept. 28, 1793, a measure to make and issue two thousand million in Assignats from 400 livres (francs) value down to 10 each. They were put into circulation only by order of the Convention. Assignats were first issued pursuant to a decree of the National Assembly upon the report of April 7, 1790, but this sort of paper money had been proposed as early as Nov. 21, 1789. A. L. S., Paris, March 16, 1794. ' P.

226. DELMAS ( Jean-Francois-Bertrand ) Soldier and legislator. Elected to the Legislative Assembly Sept. 6, 1791; chosen Secretary Jan. 25, 1792. On his motion, July 16, the National Gendarmerie was created. Conventionnel regicide. Elected President of the Convention April 5, 1793, and two days after, while still President, he was named on the Committee of Public Safety. One of the most tumultuous sessions occurred during his Presidency, April 11, 1793, when Marat and the Girondins violently quarrelled. Thuriot was in the chair, could not but quell the tumult. It was then that Delmas re- sumed the chair and the disturbance ceased. A. L. S., Paris, Sept. 11, 1797. 227. CAMBON (Pierre-Joseph). Deputy from Third Estate to Etats Generaux; elected to the Legislative Assembly Sept. 3, 1791, where he occupied himself particularly with finances. He provided that the Assignats should be issued only as necessity demanded. It was on his motion that the metal statues were ordered to be melted into cannon; advocated the sale of the crown jewels. On Sept. 3, 1792, he was elected to the Convention; regicide, but pronounced himself against the party of Robespierre. On April 7, 1793, he was placed on the Committee of Public Safety, having been chosen Secretary three days before, and on Sept. 19, 1793, was elected President. He was among those who vigorously fought Rodespierre on the 8 thermidor, but it was more to repel the latter's charge against Cambon's financial conduct. He was implicated in the affair of April 1, 1795, and on May 20 was named Mayor of Paris by a mob. Before he could officially act he was obliged to flee; retired to Montpelier, where he lived until the end of the Empire. While on the Committee of Public Safety, on Aug. 14, 1793, he reported his famous financial plan, the principal feature of which was the opening of the Grand Livre de la Dette Publique, in which should be inscribed the name of each creditor. The plan was peculiarly Republican, and appealed to the patriot- ism of the citizens. The absence of a man's name, assuming that he had property, was prima facie evidence of Royalist leanings. D. S. 228. GAUDIN (Martin-Michel-Charles) Due de Gagte. r Manager of the Treasury in 1791, he held the position until the Year III. Became Minister of Pinanoe Nov. 5, 1795. Except Cambon, no financier did more for the Republic. It was he who created the Bank of France. made him a Comte in April, 1808, and on Aug. 15, 1809, the Emperor made him Due de Gaete. Under Louis XVIII he was named Governor of the Bank of France. A. L. S., Paris, June 20, 1801. P. 229. ASSIGNATS. 230. GRAND LIVRE DE LA DETTE PUBLIQUE. Example showing on the face side the amount entered in the Book and on the reverse the entries of interest. 231. MUSSET (Joseph-Mathurin).

1 When the Revolution came he was cure in Falleron in the Vendue. Elected to the Legislative Assembly, he joined the left side, and afterwards the Mountain when in the Convention to which he was elected, Sept., 1792. Member of the Committee of General Surety. D. S. The present piece, with the seal of the committee,' relates to the falsifying or counterfeiting of Assignats. 232. ELIZABETH (Philippine-Marie-Helene) Madame. Guillotined at Paris, May 10, 1794. Sister of Louis XVI; im- prisoned with the Royal family in the Temple. A. L. S., April 8, 1790. P. 233. DAUPHIN (Louis-Charles) Le. Alleged to have died at Paris, June 8, 1795. Second son of Louis; Dauphin on the death of his brother; imprisoned in the Temple, Aug. 13, 1792. The original of this piece is among the archives preserved in the Hotel Soubise, Paris, and constitutes the horrible accusation against Marie Antoinette. P. I. 34

234. ANGOULEME (Marie-Therese-Charlotte, Princesse Royale) Duch- esse d'. Called Madame Royale; the only member of the family to sur- vive the scenes in the Temple; exchanged Dec. 25, 1795, near Bale, for certain French citizens, prisoners in Austria. A. L. S., Goritz, Oct. 12, 1840. P. I.

235. ANGOULEME ( Louis-Antoine) Due d'. Son of Charles X and husband of Madame Royale; became the Dauphin of France on his father's accession to the throne; being childless, his brother's children (Due de Berry) became the heirs of the house. A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 6, 1826. 236. TOURZEL, Madame. Holograph manuscript of Madame Tourzel, inscribed from the Journal kept by the Princesse Royale while in the Temple. 237. OHAUMETTE (Pierre-Gaspard). Guillotined at Paris, April 13, 1794. Wrote for BSvolutions de Paris in 1790; member of the insurrection Commune of Aug. 10, 1792; Dec. 5 of that year he was made Procureur General; he did much for the hygienic and educational care of the city; leading examiner of the Royal children at the Temple, Oct. 4, 1793, in the ease against Marie Antoinette. L. S., Paris, June 7, 1793. P. 238. HUE (Francois). Valet de Chambre to the Dauphin; escaped from the Tuileries Aug. 10, 1792, by leaping from a window, but on the following day joined the King at the Feuillants, whither the Royal family had gone on that eventful day; on Aug. 13, at seven o'clock in the evening, he entered the Temple with the Royal family. A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 14, 1814.

239. OLERY ( Jean-Baptiste Cant Hanet). Valet de Chambre to the Dauphin, until, in the Temple, he served the King in that capacity; he was with the King until the latter left for the guillotine; on his monument one reads: Oi-git le fiddle

A. D., Receipt for articles used by the King in the Temple. 240. MERCIER (Lafemme). Holograph receipt for books furnished Louis XVI at the Temple on the order of Cllry, the Valet de Chambre. A. D. S., Paris, Nov. 20, 1792. 241. Books used in the Temple by the King, Louis XVI, in teaching geography and history to the Dauphin. These books were given by the Princesse Royale — the Duchesse d'Angoulfime — to Madame de Chanterenne, from whose descendants they came into the present collection. 242. GAUTHIER, DES ORCIERES (Antoine-Francois). Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; member of the Convention; regicide; member of the Committee of Public Surety. This very remarkable document, certifying to the zeal and probity of Gomin, guard in the Temple over the Royal children, is worthy of special study. It marks the transition period in the Revolution. The word Fraternity has disappeared. On the one side, war is declared against the partisans of the Terror, on the other, against the Emigres and Royalty. D. S., Oct. 22, 1795. ;

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243. LOUIS XVI, Document on. Report as to the health of the King while in the Temple. D. S., Le Temple, Nov. 18, 1792 — signed by Roche. 244. WILLIAMS (Eleazer).

Believed by many to ; atten- _ have been Louis XVII first attracted tion in Albany, N. Y., in 1795, where he appeared with three French refugees, a man and a woman and a little girl, all showing him marked reverence; the woman called herself de Jardin, or Jourdain, and claimed to have been employed once in the Royal household of France; the lad was then taken to the Indians near Lake George, where he grew to manhood; he was adopted by a half-breed Indian called Thomas Williams; while still with the Indians two Frenchmen, of distinguished bearing, visited him, doing him great honour; an Albany banker had from France regular remittances of money which were paid over to the Indian, Williams the lad became a missionary and was of service to the Government in the War of 1812. The personal resemblance of Williams to the members of the Royal family is remarkable. A. L. S., Lenox, Jan. 5, 1826. P. 245. RICHEMONT (Claude-Perrein) Baron de. One of the pretenders to the title of Louis XVII; he lived for a time at Rouen under the name of Louis Hefert; in 1833 he claimed the throne of France, and the present autograph manuscript is his defense; also, a proclamation of his claims, dated from the Luxem- bourg and signed by bim as the Due de , the first title of the Dauphin. A. D. S., 1833. 246. LE VASSEUR (Antoine-Louis De La Meurthe). Conventionnel and regicide; it was on his motion, amending Carrier's initiatory proposition, that the Convention on March 9, 1793, decree the establishment of a Revolutionary Tribunal from which there should be no appeal. D. S., Paris, Nov. 29, 1794. 247. VOULLAND (Jean-Henri). Deputy to Etats GenSraux; Conventionnel and regicide; on Sept. 14, 1793, he was placed on the Committee of General Surety, and two weeks later he reported the complete organization of that dreadful machine, the Revolutionary Tribunal; it was he, who on the 9th themidor, proposed Barras for Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard, and at the same session he proposed the decree of arrest against Robespierre and his followers. D. S., see 213*. 248. REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL. Order signed by Fouquier-Tinville as Public Accuser for the transfer of certain prisoners, named therein, from the prison of the Conciergerie to the prison of EgalitS in the Rue Jacques. On this list is Beausire, a spy of the Tribunal, who was included in order to acquire information, and who sent to the guillotine the others named therein. D. S., Paris, April 4, 1794. 249. MONTANE (Jacques-Bernard-Marie). First President of Revolutionary Tribunal; presided at the trial of . D. S., Paris, May 10, 1793.

250. HERMAN (Martial-Joseph-Armand). Guillotined at Paris, May 7, 1795. Associate of Robespierre; Judge of the Tribunal at Arras; he was brought to Paris by Robespierre and made President of the Revolutionary Tribunal; ;

36

he presided over and guided the trials of Marie Antoinette, the Girondins, the H<5bertistes and the Dantonistes; he was tried and condemned May 6, 1795, for "having caused to perish under the false form of judgment an innumerable multitude of the French people of every age and sex." A. L. S., Arras, July 11, 1784. P. I. 251. MATHIEU-MIRAMPAL (Jean-Baptiste-Charles). First President (second section) of the Revolutionary Tribunal. D. S., Sept. 26, 1794. 252. DUMAS (Rene-Francois). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. The triumvirate, Robe- spierre, St. Just and Couthon, after Danton's death, controlled absolutely the Committee of Public Safety; to control the Revo- lutionary Tribunal Robespierre put Dumas in the position of President; on the 9th thermidor he was arrested in his place on the bench of the Tribunal. L. S., Paris, Oct. 12, 1793. I. 253. REAL (Pierre Francois). First Public Accuser of the Revolutionary Tribunal; one of the witnesses against Brissot; imprisoned in the Luxembourg until after Robespierre's fall. A. L. S., To Philip Hone of New York. Havre, May 24, 1827. 254. FAURE (Balthazar). Oonventionnel and regicide; named Public Accuser, but declined to serve. A. L. S., Paris, March 18, 1798. 255. FOUQUIER-TINVILLE (Antoine-Quentin). Guillotined at Paris, May 2, 1795. Public Accuser of the Revo- lutionary Tribunal throughout the Reign of Terror; the sessions were held in the Palais de Justice in the Salle de Louis-grand. It is known to-day as the Premidre Chambre Civile. Here were tried Marie Antoinette, the Girondins and Madame Roland. Char- lotte Corday was tried in the Salle de 1'EgalitS. A. L. S., Paris, May 31, 1780. P. I. 256. FOUQtnER-TINVILLE. In this present letter Fouquier speaks of " the multiplicity of affairs and my occupation at the trials." L. S., Paris, March 3, 1794. 257. LESCOT-FLEURIOT (Jean-Baptiste-Edmond). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Elected substitute Public Accuser to the Revolutionary Tribunal; conducted, Nov. 1, 1793,

the trial of Madame Roland ; elected Mayor of Paris May 10, 1794 identified himself with Robespierre and seconded him in all his efforts in the Commune and in the Jacobin Club. A. L. S., Paris, July 24, 1794. 258. DOBSENT (Claude-Emmanuel). Alternate Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; on Dec. 28, 1793, he was elected by the Convention as Judge of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and presided over many important trials. A. L. S., Aug. 9, 1794. 259. SOUBERBIELLE (Jacques). Surgeon and Revolutionist; on Sept. 28, 1793, he was made a member of the jury of the Revolutionary Tribunal, and as such condemned Marie Antoinette to death. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 25, 1834. 37

260. ANTONELLE ( Pierre-Antoine) Marquis d\ Deputy to the Legislative Assembly; on Sept. 28, 1793, he was placed at the head of the jury in the Revolutionary Tribunal, and as such he voted for the death of the Queen and the Girondins; in the case of the latter it was he who precluded an adequate defense by declaring that the jury were already sufficiently en- lightened. A. i). S., Dec. 4, 1795. Repeats Rousseau's famous text on Equality. 261. LEROY DE MONTFLOBERT (Antoine-Nicolas-Louis) Marquis. Guillotined at Paris, May 7, 1795. Famous for his efforts in promoting the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792; from this he took the family name of Dix-Aout that his own name, Leroy, might not be again known; on Sept. 28, 1793, he became a member of the jury of the Revolutionary Tribunal that condemned the Queen and the Girondins to death. D. S., Jan. 12, 1791. 262. LE BOIS (Michel-Joseph). Public Accuser before the Criminal Tribunal during the Revo- lution. A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 25, 1794. 263. PARIS (Fabricius). Notary to the Revolutionary Tribunal; at the trial of Fouquier- Tinville it was he who revealed so much of the working of the machine known as the Revolutionary Tribunal. The present piece is the original order of execution on June 27, 1794, of Claude- Guillaume Lambert, the ex-Comptroller of the Finances under Louis XVI. He was guillotined with 21 others that same day. D. S., 9th messidor (June 27), 1794. 264. BOUDIN (Jacques-Antoine). Conventionnel and regicide; it was he who, on May 7, 1795, de- clared the time had come to suppress the Tribunal Revolutionaire. A. L. S., Feb. 6, 1795. 265. DUMOURIEZ (Charles-Francois). Famous General and Minister; the Girondins named him Minister

of Foreign Relations, March 17, 1792 ; appointed Commander of the Armies of the North; defeated the Austrians at Jemmapes Nov. 9, 1792; called by his enemies among the Jacobins Caesar Dumouriez; he openly declared his object was to restore the Constitution of 1791; he conceived the idea of marching on Paris, and on March 30, 1793, he actually came across the frontiers. The Convention sent against him Beurnonville, Minister of War, and the Repre- sentatives Carnot, Camus, Lamarque, Bancal and Quinette, with orders to bring him as a traitor to the Convention. Dumouriez arrested the representatives, except Carnot, who was absent, and gave them as prisoners to the Austrians. This ended his career and he fled from France. A. D. S., Paris, May 1, 1792. P. I. 266. MIACZINSKI (Joseph). Guillotined at Paris, May 22, 1793. Soldier and subordinate officer to Dumouriez, in whose defection he shared; he was arrested, tried and condemned; the charge was having obeyed an order of Dumouriez, handed him by Devaux, to return from the walls of Lille with his 5,000 men. It is said that when the executioner lifted the severed head to show it to the people the eyes, closed till then, opened wide and seemed to survey the multitude. A. L. S., Paris, March 18, 1792, to Dumouriez. 38

267. BEURN0NV1LLE (Pierre de Riel). General and Minister; elected Minister of War on March 13, 1793; on March 31, 1793, Duniouriez informed him of the inter- ference of the Commissioners from the Convention in arresting d'Harville, who was about to execute an important movement; the same day, when he attempted to arrest Dumouriez, the latter put in arrest both him and the Representatives of the Convention at a place near Peronne; he was imprisoned at Olmutz until Nov. 12, 1795. A. L. S., Jan. 19, 1797. P. I. 268. QUINETTE (Nicolas-Marie) Baron de Rochemont. Conventionnel and regicide; sent by the Convention with Beurnon- ville to arrest Dumouriez, when the latter arrested him and gave him to the Austrians. He was exchanged, near Bale, Dec. 25, 1795, for the daughter of Louis XVI. A. L. S., Dec. 8, 1801. 269. LAMARQUE (Francois). Conventionnel and regicide; he was sent as Commissioner to arrest Dumouriez, and was himself arrested March 31, 1793, and imprisoned at Spielburg until he was exchanged in 1795. D. S., Jan. 27, 1792. See 312.

270. HARVILLE ( Louis-Auguste-Jouvenel des Ursins d'). Soldier under Dumouriez; he had an important part in the battle of Jemmapes, and was himself suspected after Dumouriez's flight; tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal at Paris; acquitted

1 at his trial. [Under item Montane (Revolutionary Tribunal), is the original order for his confinement in the Conciergerie.] A. L. S., Paris, March 5, 1795. 271. MARAT (Jean-Paul) l'Ami du Peuple. Assassinated at Paris, July 13, 1793. The family, of Spanish origin, spelled the name Mara; the final letter was added by Jean- Paul himself; follower of Rousseau; physician to the Body-Guard of the Count d'Artois; author of many political tracts between 1775 and 1789; Sept. 12, 1789, he began to publish Le Publiciste Parisien, which, after six numbers, became L'Ami du Peuple; Conventionnel and regicide; denounced the Girondins by pen and

from the Tribune ; victim of skin disease, he was in his evening bath at seven o'clock July 13, 1793, when Charlotte Corday obtained ad- mission and stabbed him to death; his house was 20 rue de Cor- deliers, near the rue de Paon, now — like Danton's house — demolished for the Boulevard St. Germain. The greatest honours were bestowed on his memory, and his heart was preserved in the Church of the Cordeliers, awaiting the almost divine honours at the

Pantheon, Sept. 21, 1794. . A. D. S., Paris, Sept. 14, 1792. 272. JULIEN DE TOULOUSE (Jean). Protestant Minister at Toulouse when the Revolution began; Conventionnel and regicide. The present piece is of great interest. Jean Paul Marat was assassinated on July 13, 1793. The Com- mittee of General Surety on July 23 of the same month ordered that the papers of Marat, which had been under seal, should be brought to it, and that those relating to la Citoyenne Evrard, the woman with whom Marat had his home, should be given back to her. French law, then as now, placed seals on the effects of those dying by violence, but we read from this document a special desire on the part of some individuals to get possession of Marat's papers. The Englishman, Thomas Ward, declared that Marat had said to . .

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him before his murder— There are 300 brigands in the Convention, their heads shall fly off. Marat had enemies on this Committee. B. S., July 23, 1793, as member of the above Committee. Signed also by Laignelot, Chabot and Drouet. 273. ROMME (Charles Gilbert). Original minutes in his hand concerning the honours of the Panthfion decreed by the Convention, and the proposition to install there the pictures of Marat and Lepeletier painted by David. The bust of Marat was placed in every public place, and in the Con- vention Hall itself. There was an end to the popularity of this Republican chieftain and, on Jan. 31, 1795, his busts were taken from the theatres and temples and thrown into the sewers. 274. CORDAY DARMANS (Marie-Anne-Charlotte) Guillotined at Paris, July 17, 1793. Living in the Calvados district (at ) she became inflamed with the public utter- ances of the Girondins who fled there after the events of May 31, 1793. She formed the purpose of going to Paris and killing Marat, whom she regarded as the cause of her country's troubles. Reach- ing Paris, July 11, 1793, she sought, the following day, a deputy, De Perret. to whom she had a letter from Barbaroux. July 13, 1793, in the Palais Royal, she bought a large knife, and at seven o'clock in the evening she went to the house of Marat and assassi- nated him. A. L. S., L'Abbaye de la Trinity June 28, 1789. P. I. 275. AMAR (Jean-Baptiste-Andre). Conventionnel; regicide; one of the most bitter adversaries of the Girondins and the author of the decree against those who had fled. The present document is the original order of arrest, by the Committee of Public Safety, of Duperret, charged with being the accomplice of Charlotte Corday. D. S., July 14, 1793. 276. DOULCET DE PONTECOULANT (Louis-Gustave). Conventionnel and Girondin, but voted against the King's death; opposed to the Commune of Paris. Charlotte Corday selected her fellow-townsman to defend her, but he refused, and. in the last letter she ever wrote — while the executioner was awaiting her — she addressed Doucet de Pontecoulant and declared him a coward. He was proscribed Oct. 3, 1793, but escaped. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 1, 1790.

277. CHAUVEAU-LAGARDE ( Claude-Frangois ) Distinguished advocate; defended both Charlotte Corday and Marie Antoinette. A. L. S., Paris, Oct. 29, 1824. 278. CALENDAR. The Public Instruction Committee of the Convention was charged with the work of presenting an entirely new calendar. Accord- ingly on the evening of Sept. 19, 1793, G. Romme, of the Com- mittee, made his report. The vulgar era was abolished and the year began with the autumnal equinox — Sept. 22. Each year was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, and each month into three weeks of 10 days each, or decadi. This left, between the ending of the year and the falling of the next equinox, five days and over. There were then added five days, called Complementary, or Sans- Coulottides, with a sixth at the end of the third year, as the old month February was accustomed to accommodate leap year. Fabre d'Eglantine, the poet, contributed the really beautiful nomen- clature of the months. The Convention declined, however, to 40

accept his further suggestion that the names of the days should be designated, one decadi by plants, another by vegetables, and the third by animals. After the fall of Robespierre an attempt was made to return to the old calendar, but it remained in official use until the Year XIV of the Republic, or 1806 of the old era. In many parts of France it was really never observed.

YEAR ONE.

[Years IV and VIII began on Sept. 23.]

1 Vendemaire, Sept. 22, 1792. 1 Germinal, March 21, 1793. 1 Brumaire, Oct. 22, 1792. 1 Floreal, April 20, 1793. 1 Frimaire, Nov. 21, 1792. 1 Prairial, May 20, 1793. 1 Nivose, Dec. 21, 1792. 1 Messidor, June 19, 1793. 1 Pluviose, Jan. 20, 1793. 1 Thermidor, July 19, 1793. 1 Ventose, Feb. 19, 1793. 1 Fructidor, Aug. 18, 1793. Complementary days, or Sansculottides, Sept. 17 to 21, 1793. 279. IAKANAL (Joseph). Conventionnel and regicide; on May 31, 1793, he proposed that Communes having names suggestive of the old regime should be changed as, for instance, the City of Mont-Louis should become Mont-Libre, and to this the Convention agreed. On , 1793, he reported in favor of the Chappe system of aerial telegraphy, hav- ing tested a line of signals from Menil-Montant to Saint-Martin-de- Tertre, eight and a half leagues, a message being transported in eleven minutes and returned in eight minutes. On Aug. 20, 1794, he proposed a jury to pass upon the best plan for marking time in the new decimal divisions — a day having ten hours, each hour a hundred minutes, each minute a hundred seconds. A. L. S., Aug. 30, 1841. 280. DANTON (Georges-Jacques). This piece is a letter written by Danton to Marie Antoinette at the Conciergerie. It came into the present collection from » Ducal house in France, the first Duke receiving it from the hands of Louis XVIII in 1816. Louis XVIII received it — his police taking it by force — from Bonaventure Courtois, member of the Con- vention, who was appointed on the 10th thermidor, Year II (July 28, 1794), to inventory and seal the effects of Maximilien Robe- spierre. Courtois found ten items of such extraordinary interest that he retained them himself as souvenirs, intending, as he says, to restore them to the Royal family if an opportunity ever occurred. These ten items are as follows: o. An unsigned letter from Marie Antoinette (the Queen seldom

signed her personal letters ) to Madame Elizabeth, written early on the morning of her execution (Oct. 16, 1793), and which is re- garded as her last will and testament. The letter has the same certifying signatures as our present piece. It is to-day preserved in the National Archives at the Hotel Soubise. 6. A short note addressed to the Princesse Royale. It also is. countersigned by the five Commissioners. o. A letter addressed to the President of the Convention asking a delay of three days. This letter was signed by the Queen, and likewise is countersigned by the Commissioners Fouquier, Lecointre, Massieu, Gufl'roy and Legot. d. Letter of a young lawyer, Marc-Antoine Martin, asking per- mission to defend the Queen. e. A letter addressed to Fouquier threatening and in bad style. 41

f. A manuscript report of the Queen's examination after the flight to Varennes. g. A kid glove having been worn by the Dauphin. h. A lock of the Queen's hair. i. A package of needles, threads, etc., used by the Queen in her embroidery. j. This present piece. This letter, in English, reads thus: (Address) To Marie Antoinette, the former Queen of France, at the Conciergerie. Citizeness, you will place over your door these words — Unity, Indivisibility of the Republic — Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death. Signed Danton. There are two views to be taken of this interesting piece, the one is that Danton was endeavoring to aid the Queen in escaping either from her prison or from the extreme penalty contemplated by her enemies. If this letter was written — as a certain sign indicates — on Aug. 4, 1793, it was two days after her transfer from the Temple to the Conciergerie, and, at that time, Danton was President of the Convention. The second view is that Danton was trying to humiliate the Queen, as afterwards her enemies did, when they built the half-door in her cell that the proud Austrian neck should bend as it passed under the closed upper half. A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 4, 1793. P.I.

281. LECOINTRE (Laurent) de Versailles. Conventionnel and regicide; the first witness called in the trial of the Queen, Oct. 14, 1792, testifying to the fact that he knew her, and to the orgies and feasts at Versailles from 1779 to 1789; he spoke particularly of the banquet to the Swiss Guards, Oct. 1, 1789; while Robespierre was presiding at the feast of the Supreme Being at the Tuileries Lecointre was overheard to repeatedly call him tyrant j member of the Committee of General Surety on the 9th thermidor; he went to a meeting between eight and nine o'clock in the evening to concert with Lavicomterie the arrest of Robe- spierre. It is his connection with this Committee which gives significance to his signature on the Danton letter to Marie An- toinette. On Aug. 29 Lecointre accused seven of the old mem- bers of the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of Gen- eral Surety, but without avail, and, on April 5, 1795, he himself was decreed in arrest. See No. 280. D. S.

282. MASSIEU (Jean-Baptiste). Conventionnel and regicide. In explaining his vote in favor of the execution of the King, he said: I fear also not only the English guineas, out also the florins of Germam/y and the piastres of Spain. He was a Jacobin and supporter of Robespierre. Ap- pointed on the Committee of General Surety, he was one of its active members. In the summer of 1793, he was sent on a mission to Ardennes and the Army of the North. Here he so conducted himself that he was accused in the Convention, Aug. 9, 1795, of having carried the Terror and desolation into that region, and of having sent the Mayor of Sedan and many other public and private citizens to the guillotine. That same day he was arrested and confined until liberated by the amnesty of 4 Brumaire, Year IV (Oct. 26, 1795). See No. 280. D. S. 42

283. LEGOT (Alexandre). Advocate and legislator; eonventionnel ; voted for the impris- onment of the King and not his death, thereby enrolling himself among his sixteen fellow-members from Calvados, who took the view that, guilty or not guilty, the King's execution would be a political mistake. Only four of the Calvados delegation voted for death without condition. Legot was appointed, on May 27, 1793, to go on the mission to the Army of the North. Elected to the Council of 500 and opposed the coup d'Etat of Nov. 9, 1799. See No. 280. D. S.

284. GUFFROY (Armand-BenSit-Joseph). Conventionnel and regicide. Guffroy becomes of importance in considering (No. 280) the letter of Danton to Marie Antoin- ette at the Conciergerie. On Aug. 24, 1794, he reported to the Convention that there had been found at the house of Robespierre many gifts presented to him. Without doubt Guffroy acted with Lecointre, Legot and Massieu in certifying to this letter of Danton. D. S. 285. COURTOIS (Edmonde-Bonaventure). Conventionnel and regicide. He played a most important part on the 9th thermidor when he was directed to go to Robespierre's house, inventory and seal his papers. It was on this occasion that he found our piece No. 280, which he secretly retained for himself, and which he had taken from him in January, 1816, by the police of Louis XVIII. On Jan. 15, 1795, Courtois reported to the Convention the papers found by him — omitting the ten pieces privately retained by him, one of which is our No. 280. Courtois served in the Council of Ancients, to which he was elected Oct. 15, 1795. On the 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) he aided Bonaparte in his coup d'Etat. A. L. S.

286. MANUEL (Louis-Pierre). Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 17, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- cide. Testified, reluctantly, at the Queen's trial that he heard the Royal order transmitted to fire on the people at the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792. A. L. S., Nov. 9, 1792. 287. PACHE (Jean-Nicolas). Elected Mayor of Paris by an overwhelming majority. It was he who separated Marie Antoinette and her son by order of the Convention. Joined with Hubert in presenting the infamous declaration against Marie Antoinette. In the trial of the Giron- dins he was the first and leading witness and gave the key to the spirit of the prosecution. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 24, 1793. P. 288. DUPORT-DUTERTRE (Marguerite-Louis-Francois). Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 28, 1793. Advocate and legislator. Early in the Revolution he was made substitute Procureur Syndic of the Paris Commune, and while Bailly was Mayor he served him as Lieutenant. On Nov. 21, 1790, at the suggestion of Lafayette, he was appointed Minister of Justice. This office, in which he managed to make for himself many enemies, he relin- quished in March, 1792. On April 10, 1792, on Robespierre leaving the office, he was made Public Accuser of the Criminal Tribunal at Paris. He was accused, with Barnave, of having maintained ;

43

an alliance with Royalty. They were condemned and executed the same day. As Duport-Dutertre mounted the scaffold he exclaimed: Revolutions kill men; posterity judges them.

P.'

289. MARIBON DE MONTAUT (Louis). Conventionnel and regicide. He opposed the Girondins, and it was on his motion that the accused were arrested and put into prison. It was he who decreed on Nov. 5, 1793, that the bust of Marat should be placed on the new decimal pedestal just presented. It was on this bust Armonville afterwards hung the bonnet rouge. On April 5, 1795, Legendre denounced him as a chief of the Jacobins, and declared that the Society was again raising its head. He was arrested May 21, 1795, but the amnesty released him. In the Restoration he was expatriated as a regicide. L. S., Paris, Dec. 22, 1792, as a member of the Committee of General Surety. 290. BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (Jean-Pierre). Conventionnel; voted for the death of the King, but with suspension of execution. This vote earned for Brissot, from the Mountain party, the title of Royalist. Proscribed June 2, 1793, and escaped, but was arrested at Moulins, June 11, and tried with twenty others Oct. 29, 1793, and guillotined two days later. A. L. S., Paris, May 22, 1789. P. I. 291. VERGNIAUD (Pierre-Victurnien). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. The great orator of the Girondins; Conventionnel. With Gensonne" and Guadet, he was accused of writing to the King that he would be spared if he would rename Roland, Claviere and Servan as Ministers. His eloquence often prevailed over the judgment of the Convention. He was President of the National Assembly Oct. 30, 1791. Jan. 10, 1793, he was elected President of the Convention, and it was his duty formally to pronounce the sentence of death against the King. Vergniaud lived at No. 7 Place Vendome. D. S., Nov. 9, 1791. 292. GENSONNE (Armand). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- cide; famous Girondin. Besides being suspected of intriguing with the King's party, he was accused of correspondence with Dumouriez. On Oct. 3, 1793, he was accused by Amar. A. D. S., March 10, 1793. P. 293. LAUZE DE PERRET (Claude-Romain). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Mayor of Saint-Etienne Deputy to the Legislative Assembly, Sept. 4, 1791. Conventionnel; voted for the King's imprisonment until Peace, and then his exile. Violent in disposition, at the session of April 11, 1793, he drew his sword on his colleagues of the Left. He acted with the Girondins. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 12, 1792. I. 294. CARRA (Jean-Louis). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Employed in the Biblio- thSque Nationale prior to and during the Revolution; he became, in 1789, editor of the Mercure National, and shortly after worked 44

with Mercier on the journal Annates Patriotiques. One of the of chiefs in the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792. He was accused trying to put the Duke of York (of England) on the throne of he became a France; Conventionnel ; regicide. Friend of Roland, strong Girondin, and was involved in intrigues with the national enemy, Brunswick, and the traitor, Dumouriez. Named by Amar among the 46 accused Deputies, Oct. 3, 1793. D. S., Feb. 15, 1791.

295. GARDIEN (Jean-Francois-Martin). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel. Voted in the trial of the King for imprisonment. He became, May 21, 1793, a member of the famous Commission des Douze, which was formed to " discover plots and to examine the decrees of the municipality of Paris." On Nov. 23, 1792, he reported that in the iron receptacle in the Tuileries — discovered by Roland — was a letter from the King to Bouille, approving of the massacre at Nancy. He was decreed under arrest with the other Girondins, the principal count against him being his service on the Com- mission des Douze. D. S., Paris, Nov. 22, 1792, as member of the Committee des Douze.

296. DUFRICHE-VALAZE (Charles-Eleanor). Committed suicide at Paris, Oct. 30, 1793. Conventionnel. On Dec. 11, 1792, he reported the questions to be propounded to the King at his trial. Voted for the death of the King with reprieve. Tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal and condemned. Shortly before 11 o'clock on the night of Oct. 30, 1793, he killed himself with a poignard. The Tribunal decreed that his corpse should be carried in a cart to be interred with the other condemned Girondins. In the pictures of the Last Supper and the Procession his body lies on a bier. A. D. S., Jan. 3, 1793. P. I.

297. DUPRAT (Jean). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- cide. Declared himself for the Girondins and denounced the Mountain. He sang the Marseillaise as the charrettes (guillo- tine carts) passed through the streets to the scaffold. L. S., Paris, Nov. 14, 1792.

298. SILLERY ( Charles-Alexis Brulart de Genlis). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; joined the Assembly; was elected Secre- tary Feb. 14, 1791. Married to the daughter of Ducrest de Saint Aubin, he was known as the Comte de Genlis, but when he inherited the rich champagne vineyards of Sillery, he assumed the title of Marquis de Sillery — the brand of Sillery Champagne comes from his estates. Conventionnel, he became identified with the Girondins. Of the twenty-one condemned men, he was the oldest — fifty-six years of age, and the first to mount the scaffold. A. L. S., Paris, April 3, 1792. P.

299. FAUCHET (Claude) Abbe. Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Entered the church and became Preacher to the King. At the beginning of the Revolution, he accepted and followed the new ideas. At the taking of the Bastille he led the assault with his sword. On the discovery of the ancient vaults and some bones, he declared it the " Day of 45

Revelation." Acted with the Girondins. Suspected of complicity with Charlotte Corday. Before their execution he confessed and absolved Sillery and some of the others. A. L. S., June 14, 1793. P. 300. DUCOS (Jean-Francois). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regicide. Made Secretary of the Convention May 30, 1793 — the very day the tumult began between the Girondins and the Mountain. He became a supporter of Vergniaud and his party. Tried and con- demned — he was guillotined with the twenty others. In the pictures of the Last Supper of the Girondins and of the scenes at the scaffold, he is represented as embracing his brother-in-law, Fonfrfede. D. S., Paris, Aug. 28, 1792. 301. BOYER-FONFREDE (Jean-Baptiste). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel and regi- cide. Active in the party of the Girondins and against the Mountain. He caused Marat to be tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal, April 23, 1793, but the latter was acquitted. He was accused of instigating the insurrection at Bordeaux, and was condemned with his brother-in-law, Ducos, and the other Giron- dins. He was one of the two youngest members of the immortal twenty-one. D. S. 302. IASOURCE (Marie-David, Alba). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. On Aug. 31, 1791, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly, and in 1792 to the Conven- tion. On his motion, Jan. 16, 1792, Louis Stanislas-Xavier was debarred from the right of regency. It was also on his motion that Lafayette was accused, July 21, 1792. Regicide; member of the Committee of General Safety. Opposed to Robespierre, and was credited with sympathy with the Girondins. L. S., Paris, Jan. 28, 1793. P. I. 303. LESTERPT-BEAUVAIS (Benoit). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats GenSraux. Conventionnel. Voted for the death of the King, but on the condition that sentence be suspended until such time as the enemies of France, excited by the King, should enter French territory. His moderation made him ob- noxious to the Mountain, and gradually he acted with the Girondins. A. L. S., Paris Sept. 8, 1793. P. 304. LECAZE (Jacques). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel. He voted for the imprisonment of the King instead of death. Marat demanded his arrest May 22, 1793, because there had been found a letter written him by Dufriche-Valazg asking him to bring their friends to his house — a conspiracy to control the Convention being inferred. Perhaps this may be regarded as the beginning of the fall of the Girondins. D. S. 305. LEHARDY (Pierre). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. He justified his name in speaking his mind fearlessly. Conventionnel. He declared, in explaining his position as to the King's punishment, that the 46

Convention could not act at one and the same time as accusers, the judges and legislators. He then added: "If I considered at Convention in its capacity as judge, I should ask it to exclude as the least sixty of its members." At the execution, Lehardy, knife was about to fall, cried Vive la Bepublique. D. S., Paris, Oct. 15, 1792.

306. ANTIBOUL (Charles-Louis). Guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. Conventionnel. In the trial of the King he voted for detention, but he so expressed his sentiments, or, rather, failed to express himself by his conditional vote, that it was declared void — the only member to have that distinction. Became implicated with the Girondins. L. S., Toulon, Aug. 27, 1792.

307. ROLAND (Jean-Marie) de la Platiere. Killed himself at Bourg-Boudouin, Nov. 15, 1793. He affiliated with the Jacobin Club, and at the beginning of 1792 both he and Bosc were Secretaries of the Club. He was made Minister of the Interior on March 23, 1792. After the 10th of Aug., 1792, he drew further away from the Mountain party, and proposed moving the seat of government to Blois. He became a member of the Convention, resigning the Ministry Jan. 23, 1793. Accused, March 31, he escaped to Rouen. On hearing of his wife's death, he stabbed himself with a sword-cane. A. L. S., to Bosc. P. I.

308. ROLAND (Manon-Jeanne-Phlipon) Madame. Born at Paris, March 17,1754; guillotined at Paris, Nov. 8, 1793. When she was 26 she married Roland, then 48 years of age. In 1791, coming to Paris, she opened her salon, where congregated some of the most influential members of the Assembly and after^ ward of the Convention, forming the party of the Girondins. She was called the " soul " of that party in its contest against the Mountain and the Paris Commune; she was arrested May 13, 1793, and imprisoned in the Abbaye; on June 24 she was placed in Saint Pelagie, and on Oct. 31 she was taken to the

Conciergerie ; she was tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal on Nov. 8, 1793, and condemned; executed the same day; in passing the statue of Liberty, on the site where once stood that of Louis XV, she exclaimed: Liberie, comme on t'a jouie! A. L. S. P. I.

309. BIROTTEAU (Jean-Bonaventure-Blaise-Hilarion). Guillotined at Bordeaux, Oct. 24, 1793. Conventionnel; on March 9, 1793, he opposed the instituting of the Revolutionary Tribunal; compromised with the Girondins; he fled on June 2, 1793, first to Lyons and then to Bordeaux, where he was arrested and tried. D. S., Oct. 15, 1792. See 305.

310. BUZOT (Francois-Nicolas-Leonard). Conventionnel and regicide. Joined himself to the Girondin party, perhaps from his intimacy with the Rolands. The rela- tions between him and Madame Roland have been much discussed, and their correspondence indicates a closer alliance than mere Platonic friendship. He was proscribed and escaped. His body, in a mangled condition, was found in the woods near Magre. A. L. S. 47

311. BOSC ( Louis-Augustin-Guillaume). Famous botanist and friend of Madame Roland. He was pro- scribed with the Girondins. When Madame Roland was arrested, he took faithful charge of her only child. He fled to the forests of Montmorency, and was able not only to conceal himself, but others of the hunted Conventionnels, among them Revelliere- Lepeaux. When the latter entered the Directory, he remembered his old friend, and sent him as Consul to the United States, first to Wilmington and then to New York. A. L. S. P. 312. GUADET (Marguerite-Elie).

Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 15, 1794. Conventionnel ; voted for the death of the King with reprieve. Guadet identified himself with the Girondins and attacked Danton. When defeated, he fled to the Calvados. D. S., Paris, Jan. 27, 1792. 313. BARBAROUX (Charles-Jean-Marie). Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. Conventionnel; he attacked the Mountain, but united with that party in voting for the death of the King. After May 31, 1793, he fled to Nor- mandy and to the Calvados, where he concealed himself with Buzot and PGtion.. He first wounded himself by » pistol shot, but was captured and carried to Bordeaux. He was the youngest of the Girondins. A. D. S. See 193. 314. LOUVET DE COUVRAI (Jean Baptiste). Conventionnel; he attacked in turn, Marat, Danton and Robes- pierre; he voted for the death of the King on the condition that the execution should be postponed until the French people should have accepted the Constitution; he fled to Caen, but survived the Terror. A. L. S., Paris, June 27, 1797. See 47. P. 315. CLAVIERE (Etienne). Committed suicide at Paris, Dec. 8, 1793. Conventionnel; he joined the Girondin party, and on March 23, 1792, was made Minister fo'r Public Contributions under Roland; after Aug. 10, 1792, he took the portfolio of Finance; after the fall of his friends, the Girondins, he was arrested, and for six months was

in the Conciergerie ; when about to be tried he killed himself with a knife. L. S., Paris, Oct. 8, 1792. 316. CONDORCET (Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat). Killed himself at Bourg-la-Reine, March 29, 1794. On Feb. 21, 1782, he was admitted member of the French Academy; in 1788 he formed, with Brissot, Mhabeau, Claviere and others, the Society of Amis des Noirs; Conventionnel; on May 4, 1791, he read before the Academy of Sciences his paper on adopting the metre as a unit of measure; oj March 26, 1793, he was placed on the newly formed Commission of Public Safety; he was denounced by Chabot, July 8, 1793; he escaped and concealed himself for nine months at the home of the widow of the Sculptor Vernet; to relieve her of embarrassment, he left on the morning of March 24, 1794, and wandered in the country until he was arrested at Bourg-la-Reine, and on March 29 he was found dead in his cell from poison. 1792. A. L. S., ! | P. I. 48

317. KERVELEGAN (Augustin-Bernard-Francois Legoazre de). Conventionnel; voted for the imprisonment of the King; he joined the Girondins; he was on the Commission Extraordinaire des Douze to examine the decrees of the Paris Commune; arrested June 2, 1793, he was permitted to remain in his own home under guard, in the Rue des Saints-Peres; he escaped to Finistere and remained in hiding until after the 9 thermidor; he subsequently was elected first to the Council of the Ancients on Oct. 14, 1795 — where he became Secretary — and on April 16, 1799, to the Council of 500. A. L. S., 318. JARY (Francois-Joseph). Conventionnel; member of the Committee of General Surety; at the trial of the King he voted for his imprisonment; on Oct. 4, 1793, he was proscribed among the 73 Conventionnels who had signed the protest in favor of the Girondins; he was imprisoned in La Force and then at Madclornettes, being released only after 9th thermidor; he was elected on Oct. 12, 1795, to the Council of 500. D. S., Nort, April 30, 1795. 319. SALLE (Jean Baptiste). Guillotined at Bordeaux, June 20, 1794. Conventionnel; he first suggested in the trial of the King the idea of an appeal to the people; he became compromised with the Girondins and fled; he was arrested at Bordeaux June 19, 1794. A. L. S. 320. MACHENA, J. A Spanish sympathizer with the Revolution and friend of Brissot; proscribed with the Girondins; he was arrested Oct. 8, 1793, at Bordeaux, whither he had fled from Calvados. A. L. S. He survived the Terror.

321. GRANGENEUVE ( Jean-Antoine-Lafargue de). Conventionnel; he made an excellent argument on Jan. 16, 1793, in the trial of the King against the right of the Convention to judge and condemn an individual who had been formally dethroned five months before; he added that many of the members were ren- dered incapacitated as jurors and judges from having repeatedly expressed themselves in a manner and of sentiments incompatible with impartiality; he voted for the detention of the King; shortly before the 10th August, 1792, he had expressed himself bitterly against royalty and said he would kill himself willingly if that act would arouse the people against the Court; he was proscribed with

the Girondins, but escaped ; discovered at Bordeaux, he was tried by a Military Tribunal Dec. 21, 1793, and guillotined. D. S., Aug. 28, 1792. See 300. 322. PARE (Jules-Francois). Chief clerk to Danton when the latter was advocate to the King's Council. He was himself Minister of the Interior, suc- ceeding Garat. H§bert denounced him as a new Roland, and the Robespierre party denounced him as a, Dantoniste. L. S. 323. HEBERT (Jacques-Rene). Guillotined March 24, 1794. In 1790 began to appear his jour- nal known as Pdre Duchesne. In July, 1791, with others of the Cordeliers, he signed the public petition for the dethronement of the King. He was active on Aug. 10, 1792, and on Dec. 22, 1792, he was elected one of the substitutes of the Mayor. Bitter against the Girondins, there was organized a party called the Hfibertistes, after their chief. It was composed of the active figures of the 49

Paris Commune, such as Chaumette, Pache, Momoro, Bourchotte and others. He had a miserable part in the trial of Marie Antoinette in concerting with Simon the charge against her. Hfibert and eighteen others were condemned on March 24, 1794, for conspiring against liberty. L. S., Paris, June 25, 1793. See No. 42. P. I. 324. CLOOTS (Jean-Baptiste de) Baron. Guillotined at Paris, March 24, 1794. Cloots and are often associated as foreigners, both anxious to promote Re- publican ideas, but both were misunderstood by the French. Cloots had the advantage over Paine as he spoke and wrote the . Arrived in Paris about 1776, Cloots soon met Voltaire, Rousseau, Franklin and Diderot. Their influence aroused in him a desire for liberty. On June 19, 1790, he appeared before the bar of the Assembly, having a delegation of foreign sympathizers called the Embassy of the Human Race. At this time he assumed the name of Anacharsis. With Priestly, Wilberforce and Clarkson from England, Washington, Hamilton, Paine and Madison from America, on Aug. 26, 1792, he received the title of French citizen. He is said to have persuaded Gobel to abjure his religion, and this act gave strength to the charge Robespierre brought against him of atheism. D. S. 325. LAVOISIER (Antoine-Laurent). Guillotined at Paris, May 8, 1794. Celebrated chemist. When twenty-six years of age he was elected to the Academy of Sciences for his successes in chemistry. During the twenty-five years of his connection with that body he published no less than ninety pamphlets, nearly all announcing some great discovery. In June, 1768 — it is claimed, to have more independence and time for his studies — he obtained a position in the fermier ge'ne'ral, which had become at the time of the Revolution the most hated institu- tion in the kingdom. He had particularly to do with the items of tobacco, powder, etc.. It is said to have been at his suggestion that Colonne built the wall and octrois around the city, remnants of which may yet be seen at Pare Monceaux and in the . It was his connection with the fermier gintral — abolished by the Legislative Assembly in March 20, 1791 — that made him unpopular. He gave every sign of accepting Revolutionary ideas, serving in the National Guards, and on May 31, 1793, he was in command of the Batallion of Piques at the Place de la Revolution — on the very spot where a year later he was to lose his head. He was included in the list of twenty-eight fermiers g6n4rauas May 4, 1794, and condemned on May 8 — all being executed on the same day. He asked an interval of fifteen days in which to com- plete some important experiments, but those are believed to relate to a uniform system of weights and measures he had been con- sidering rather than some chemical discovery vital to humanity. The legendary reply of Coffinhall may or may not have been made — " The Republic has no need of savants." A. L. S., Paris, March 4, 1783. P. 326. SCHNEIDER (Eulogy). Guillotined at Paris, April 1, 1794. German priest; at the beginning of the Revolution he was a Professor of Belles-lettres at the University of Bonn; he fled to Strasburg and became a Con- stitutional Bishop; soon after he renounced the functions of his office to act as Public Accuser before the Revolutionary Tribunal at Strasburg. When the Representatives of the Convention, Saint- .

50

Just and Lebas, reached the scenes of his revolting cruelty they arrested him and made him stand in a pillory on the scaffold for four hours. So great were the excesses of this man in sending people to the guillotine that it revolted even the Paris populace and he was condemned and executed the 12 germinal, Year II. A. L. S., Bonn, April 18, 1790. 327. DANTON (George-Jacques). Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. In 1785 he established him- self at Paris in the law; he was active in the events of July 14 and Oct. 5, 1789. Chosen elector from the Department of Paris, in 1790, he became active in municipal matters and one of the leaders in the Club of the Cordeliers. He largely organized the movement of Aug. 10, 1792, and in company with Rossignol he arrested, with his own hand, Mandat, who had succeeded Lafayette as Commander of the National Guard. After the taking of the Tuileries he was named Minister of Justice. His whole influence was directed toward building up the Communal strength of Paris — which was afterward to destroy him and his party and to inaugurate the Terror. The popular enrolment of Volunteers at the Champ de Mars was due to his influence. His responsibility for the Massacre of Sept. 2, 1792, cannot be ignored, notwithstanding that the French Republicans of to-day have exalted him beyond any other character of the Revolution. In April, 1793, he was named on the first Committee of Public Safety. He displayed remarkable energy and skill in raising and equipping an army of 400,000 men which subdued internal difficulties and drove hostile forces from the frontiers. In May, 1793, he began to realize the danger to the country in the Commune of Paris, in the power of Marat, Hebert, and the like, and urged the National Convention to subordinate the City to the State. After the fall of the Girondins the contest was between him and Robespierre. Secret intrigues were organized against him, but when he spoke at the Jacobin Club, early in 1794, the struggle became public. Danton was arrested on the night of March 30, 1794, and the following day St. Just presented his re- markable arraignment accusing Danton of having conspired, first with Mirabeau, then with d'Orleans, then with Dumouriez, and finally with the Girondins, against liberty. Tried by the Revolu- " tionary Tribunal ; in response to the question : Your name and residence?" Danton said: "My residence will soon be nowhere; my name you will find in the Panthgon of History." D. S., Paris, Sept. 7, 1792. See also 280 and 334. P. I. 328. DESMOTILINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoit) Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. Schoolmate of Robespierre's in the College of Louis-le-Grand, at Paris; in 1781 he entered the law. On July 14, 1789, he was in the crowd attacking the Bastille. Engaged in Journalistic work he identified himself with the Club of the Cordeliers. When Danton entered the Ministry he became one of the Secretaries. He was chosen with Danton to represent Paris in the Convention, Sept., 1792. On March 10, 1793, he was named on the Commission of Public Safety. Perhaps more than Danton, Desmoulins led the attack on the Paris Commune. On April 1, 1794, he was tried as an accomplice. At the foot of the scaffold he tried to embrace Danton who, when the executioners sought to prevent, exclaimed: Fools, you cannot prevent our heads meeting in the basket. See Nos. 39 and 147. A. L. S. P.I. 51

329.. DESM0UL1NS ( Anne-Lucile-Philippe Laridon Duplessis). Guillotined at Paris, April 13, 1794. Wife of Camille Des- moulins. They were married on Dec. 29 ,1790, and among the wit- nesses were Robespierre, Petion, Mercier and Brissot. Part of their married life was spent at No. 1 Place de 1'Odeon. On April 4, 1794, Lucile was arrested by order of the Committee of Public Safety, to which order was appended the name of Robespierre. She was placed in the prison of Saint Pelagie and condemned and executed nine days after. A. D. P.

330. DUPLESSIS (Anne-Frangoise-Marie Boisdeveix, Laridon). The mother of and with whom Camille was said to have been in love when first he came to Paris. When Lucile was in the prison awaiting her execution Madame Duplessis wrote an urgent note to Robespierre, to which no answer ever came. A. D. 331. FABRE D'EGLANTINE (Philippe-Francois-Nazaire). Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. Poet and member of the Convention. Competing in the Floral Games at the Academy of Toulouse he won the prize of the Eglantine d'Or, adding the flower henceforth to his surname. Dwelling in the quarter of the Cor- deliers in Paris he identified himself with the Club of Cordeliers and with Danton. His most important work in the Convention was in relation to the Revolutionary Calendar. He composed the sonorous and descriptive names of the months and divisions of time. (See No. 278.) He was condemned and executed with Danton. A. L. S., Geneva, March 20, 1783. P. 332. BASIRE (Claude). Guillotined with Danton at Paris, April 5, 1794. Conventionnel. He voted for the abolishment of Royalty and for death to any one who attempted to re-establish it. Opposed to the Girondins he tried to save them and thus earned the enmity of the Jacobins. A. L. S., Paris, Aug. 2, 1792. 333. HERAULT DE SECHELLES (Marie-Jean). Guillotined with Danton at Paris, April 5, 1794. Influenced by the writings of Diderot and the Encyclopedists he threw himself into the Revolution with enthusiasm. Conventionnel and regicide. It was he who presented, July 11, 1792, the famous report la patrie en danger. He aided the insurrection of Aug. 10, 1792, and sup- ported Danton in all his plans. He had an important part in forming the Constitution of 1793, having been a member of the Committee of Public Safety. The present letter is a pathetic appeal to his old fellow members of the Convention to give him a hearing. A. L. S., Luxembourg Prison, March 20, 1794.

334. DELACROIX ( Jean-Francois). Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. Advocate and Procureur General. Aug. 28, 1791, elected deputy to the Legislative Assem- bly. In the events of Aug. 10, 1792, he was one of Danton's chief aids. On Sept. 4, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. He was on a mission to Dumouriez when the trial of the King began, but returning to Paris he voted for the King's death. Member of the Committee of Public Safety; he opposed the Girondins; and after their fall he was an object of enmity to the Jacobins. D. S., 1793. 52

335. ESPAGNAC (Marc-Rene Sahuguet) Abbe d'. Guillotined at Paris with Danton, April 5, 1794. Friend and agent of Calonne. Contractor for the Armies of the Alps and of Belgium. He was an active member of the Jacobins, being elected Secretary June 3, 1790. The members of the Club continually put him upon the defensive in the matter of his army contracts. On Jan. 21, 1793, a member accused him of corresponding with the Emigres and with an agent of the Comte d'Artois. He was charged, when tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal April 1, 1794, with shameless speculations. A. L. S., Versailles, May 24, 1777.

336. GUZMAN (Andre-Marie) Comte de. Guillotined with Danton at Paris, April 5, 1794. A Spaniard and a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the Commune of Paris. Accused before, the Revolutionary Tribunal of fraud in connection with the affairs of the Company of the Indies, a witness said he had passed himself for a German Baron under the name of Defrey. A. L. S., Brussels, Oct. 17. 1783.

337. WESTERMANN (Francois-Joseph). Guillotined at Paris, April 5, 1794. He went to Paris in May, 1792, and identified himself with Danton. On the famous Aug. 10, 1792, he was at the head of the Revolutionary sections; he served under Dumouriez and had a command in the Vendee; going to Paris in April, 1793, he was arrested, tried and released; he was not at first proscribed with the Dantonistes, but on April 4 was tried and condemned, being executed with Danton at 5:30 P. M., April 5, 1794, on the Place de la Revolution. A. L. S., to Gen. Marceau, Dec. 16, 1793. D. S. Communication of Camus, Archivist, July 5, 1799, copying the minutes of the National Convention, showing that Westermann had not been convicted in May, 1793. P. 338. CHABOT (Francois). Guillotined April 5, 1794. Conventionnel and regicide; Capucin priest before the Revolution. In a speech at the session of Sept. 7, 1792, he said: "Le Citoyen Jesus-Christ fitait le premier sans- culotte du monde entiere." He was on the secret Revolutionary Committee which brought about the events of Aug. 10, 1792; at the trial of the Girondins he was one of the chief accusers; he was guillotined with Danton. A. L. S., Rodez, Oct. 8, 1788.

339. MARCEAU (Francois-Severin). Killed at Altenkerchen, Sept. 20, 1796; illustrious soldier; he took part in the attack on the Bastille; made Commander of a battalion of volunteers July 12, 1792, he was sent to Lafayette just as that General was deserting his army. Marceau cried out to the soldiers, who were in a panic and uncertain as to their duty, Our country before our Generals. In the prolonged Ven- deen war no general officer attracted more attention by his daring and courage than the youthful Marceau; he stopped another military panic at Saumur, and at the battle of Dol saved the life of Westermann. Kleber then said of him that for coolness and quickness and courage there was no other General like him, and he surnamed him "the Lion." He was shot in the enemies' country while reconnoitering on the third complementary day of the Year IV— Sept. 19, 1796 — dying the following day; he was 53

buried near Coblentz, where one year after, to a day, his friend Hoche was interred in the same grave. A. L. S., July 2, 1796. P. I.

340. KLEBER ( Jean-Baptiste). Assassinated at Cairo (Egypt), June 14, 1800. Famous sol- dier; after studying in a military school in Munich, he served in the Austrian army from 1776 to 1783; entering the French army, he became, Jan. 8, 1792, Adjutant Major, and having distinguished himself at the siege of Mayence, he was named Chief of Brigade Aug. 17, 1793, and soon after General; it was in this position he made his campaign of the Vendee; he had endeared himself to the Republicans in the National Convention, Saint- Just praising his military talents; Kleber followed Bonaparte to Egypt, where he met his death. A. L. S., April 21, 1790. P. I.

341. DAMPIERRE (Auguste-Marie-Henri-Picot) Comte de. Entered the army as ensign at the age of seventeen years; on Sept. 7, 1792, he was promoted to be Marechal de Camp, and after- ward rose to be Lieutenant General. And on April 4, 1793, he was made Commander in Chief of the Armies of the North. His death occurred through his defense of the region near where this document was written, on May 9, 1793. D. S., Valenciennes, April 5, 1793. P. 342. VALENCE (Jean-Baptiste-Cyrus-Marie-Adelaide de Thimbrune) Comte de. Soldier and legislator; Deputy-alternate from the NoliUty to the Etats Generaux. It was he who, in the name of the French army, arranged with Gen. de Courbi&re, in the name of the King of Prussia, for the capitulation of Verdun by the Russians to the French, and for the entrance therein of Gen. Kellermann. The present piece is the last article of this capitulation, and is signed by both parties. On Sept. 27, 1792, Verdun had been taken by the Prussians and even now the French were to hold it only to Oct. 13 — so uncertain is border warfare. On the evening of April 5, 1793, he fled with Dumouriez and the unfortu- nate Dampierre was installed in the latter's place. Valence, with Dumouriez, went to England, whence, at the suggestion of Pitt, they departed soon after, Valence going to America. D. S., Oct. 12, 1792.

343. CUSTINE (Adam-Philippe) Comte de. Guillotined at Paris, Aug. 28, 1793. Soldier and legislator; he fought in the American army with Rochambeau; Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux, where he advocated Revolu- tionary reforms; on Oct. 6, 1791, he was promoted to be Lieutenant

General, and sent to the Army of the Rhine ; he wrote a letter in which he suggested a military dictator; for this he earned the enmity of the Mountain; he was named, however, General in Chief of the Army of the North, to replace Dampierre, but was called back to Paris and tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal. L. S., Strasburg, May 28, 1792, to Gen. Dumouriez. P. 344. PICHEGRU (Jean-Charles) General. Soldier and legislator; destined for the church, he entered the artillery branch of the army when twenty-one years of age; he adopted Republican ideas and was sent to the Army of the 54

Rhine; under hirn the French forces were universally successful, sweeping through the Low Countries and entering Amsterdam the Aus- Jan. 19, 1795; his enemies accused him of permitting in triaDs some small successes, and he was replaced by Moreau 1796; he was elected to the Council of 500 in 1796, and became President on May 20, 1797; in his legislative capacity he sided with the counter-revolutionists; involved in intrigue, he was he arrested Sept. 4, 1797, and deported to Sinnamari, whence escaped to London, and while there and in Germany conspired Cadoudal against the Republic ; he was accused of conspiring with to assassinate the First Consul, and when he secretly entered Paris he was arrested and taken to the Temple. On April 6, 1804, he was found dead, having been strangled the night before in such a manner as to indicate murder. Barras declared that Bonaparte caused his death. A. L. S., from Headquarters, Army of the Rhine, to Gen. Hoche, Nov. 8, 1793. P. I. 345. LAJOLAIS (Frederic-Michel-Francois-Joseph). Entered upon a military career in 1778; he was made aide de camp to Gen. Kellermann Sept. 20, 1791, and sent to the Army of the Rhine, where he identified himself with Gen. Pichegru and was compromised with him; he was arrested, tried and acquitted, but refused reinstatement; passing over to England, he was involved in the schemes of Pichegru; he was condemned to death May 31, 1804; Napoleon commuted the sentence, and imprisoned him first in the Chateau de Joux and then in the Chateau d'If. A. L. S., Strasburg, Nov. 28, 1798. 346. HOUCHARD (Jean-Nicolas). Guillotined at Paris, Nov. 17, 1793. Entered the army in 1755, and Oct. 15, 1791, he was appointed aide de camp to Custine; On Dec. 1, 1792, he was promoted to be marechal de camp; on Dec. 9, 1792, Gen. Custine, from the camp by Mayence, wrote home to the Convention Houchard has stopped 12,000 of the enemy with only 2,000. On May 13, 1793, his appointment as Com- mander of the Army of the Rhine was announced; he was pro- moted one more step on Aug. 1, 1793, and the Army of the Ardennes, as well as that of the North, was given to him. The Representative Levasseur wrote home from Lille, Aug. 25, 1793, that he was satisfied Houchard would protect the French territory from the English descent at Dunkerque. He announced, under date of Sept. 10, 1793, the victory of Hondschoote and the raising

of the siege of Dunkerque ; exactly two weeks more, and Houchard was deprived of his command, arrested, charged by Billaud- Varenncs and others with betraying his country and with encour- aging the enemy; it was charged that he had been in correspond- ence with the Duke of York; he was placed in the Conciergerie, " and Beugnot, who saw him there, thus describes him : He was six feet high, with the step of a savage, a ferocious look from his eyes; a piece of shell had displaced his mouth, drawing up one corner of his left ear; his upper lip had been cut in twain by a sabre blow; his nose had been injured, and two other sword- wounds had left two parallel lines of cuts upon his right cheek." But the Revolutionary Tribunal, with absolutely no proof and only very distant suspicions, condemned this hero of France to die on the scaffold, and he was guillotined on the Place de la Revolution. A. L. S., Jan. 7, 1793. P. 347. KELLERMANN (Frangois-Christophe) Due de Valmy. Soldier and Marshal of Prance; on Sept. 20, 1792, he fought and won the , which history records as one of the decisive battles of the world, and which drove the foreign enemy from France. The victory was of the greatest importance to the Republicans of France. He was accused before the Con- vention of not having followed up his successes by going over into German territory; he was acquitted; then, going into the south, he was employed against Lyons; shortly after being accused before the Convention, he was imprisoned in the Abbaye for thirteen months; when released, he was given command of 47,000 men, and stopped, at Provence, the advance of 150,000 Austrians; Napoleon made him Marechal in 1804; in his last will he devised that his heart might be buried on the field of Valmy. A. L. S., Strasburg, Sept. 11, 1788. P. I. 348. HOCHE (Lazare). Son of a hostler, he entered the army in 1784; an indefatigable worker, he received rapid promotion, and in Dec, 1793, he was named Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Moselle; he fought vigorously and successfully against the Austrians, but his fame has always been affected by his treatment of the Vendeens, and his execution of Chaumette, their leader. The proposed invasion of Ireland was to have been conducted by Hoche, but the expedition

failed in Bantry Bay to make a. landing. He is believed to have died from a cold, but there were rumours of poison, Sept. 19, 1797. A. L. S., March 17, 1796. P. I. 349. DUGOMM1ER (Jacques-Coquille, dit). Killed on Montagne Noire, Nov. 17, 1794. Heroic soldier; entered the military service in Guadaloupe, and when the Revo- lution began became its strong advocate; he declined to go to the Convention, to which he was elected Sept. 1792, and pursued his military career in France; he was one of the defenders of Toulon. It was he who drove from the last piece of French territory the defeated Spaniards; he was killed at the fight of Saint-Sgbastien. L. S., April 28, 1794. P. 350. AUDOUIN (Frangois-Xavier). Conventionnel and regicide; he was appointed to go to the Departments of Deux-Sevres and the Vendee as the Commissioner of the Executive power, and it was his report on the beginning of this insurrection in the Vendee, Oct. 13, 1792, which irritated the Convention, and largely led to its attitude of vengeance. The Vendee had been created a Department Jan. 15, 1790, but the term, in the insurrection and war which followed, covers the territory south of the river Loire, from the Atlantic well to the eastward. It was almost the one region in France where the feudal system seemed bearable, the seigneurs being kind and decent and the peasants and small farmers being happy. D. S., Paris, Sept. 19, 1793.

351. LEFEBVRE, DE LA CHALVIERE (Julien).

Born in 1757 ; died in 1816. Elected to the Convention Sept. 5, 1792, he voted with the moderates in the trial of the King, expressing the opinion that he should be deported; on March 17, 1793, he called the attention of the Convention to the condition of public affairs at Nantes and along the Loire, where the priests .

56

and emigres were creating insurrections; he proposed that all who abetted or hindered recruiting for the Republican army should be sent to the Revolutionary Tribunal; he thus announced the beginning of those troubles which ended only with the submission of the Vendee. L. S., July 11, 1795. 352. LAIGNELOT (Joseph-Francois). Conventionnel and regicide; on Nov. 8, 1793, he was sent on a mission to the Vendee; he declared to the Convention on Sept. 29, 1794, the existence of a sentiment that the inhabitants of the Vendue should be transplanted and their lands bestowed on

. patriots ; he criticises Carrier, who is sitting in the Convention with him at the time, and recommends sending representatives to the Vendee who will not " always kill," but be just and humane while also severe; he says while there, orders were received to burn 60 Communes in that region — and he intimates that it was not the Convention which issued this order. D. S., See July 14, 1793. See 275. 353. AUBERT DU BAYET (Jean-Baptiste-Annibal). Soldier and legislator; he served under Lafayette in America; he was elected President of the Assembly on July 8, 1792, having served as Vice President the preceding term; he returned to his regiment and fought under Kellermann at Valmy. During the Presidency of Danton, Aug. 1, 1793, Aubert du Bayet appeared accompanied by four officers and reported the condition of the armies of the North, then in Germany, and asked permission to go to attack the Vendeens. The President gave him the accolade — the fraternal kiss. A. L. b., Paris, April 15, 1795. P. 354. MOURAIN (Pierre). Killed at Bourgneufen-Retz, March 24, 1793. Deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1791; he had been Mayor and Adminis- trator in his native town. In the early days of the Vendee struggle, in a fight between the Revolutionists and the Royalists, he was killed by the latter. A. L. S., Paris, March 31, 1792. 355. CHALIER (Marie-Joseph). Guillotined at Lyons, July 16, 1793. Merchant in Lyons in 1789, he took an active part in promulgating Republican ideas; he greatly admired Marat, whom he took for his model; he became the President of the Revolutionary Tribunal. The reac- tionary party in Lyons took up arms against the Revolutionary party, against the Convention and its representatives. Almost their first act was to arrest Chalier, set up a popular Tribunal and, after a short trial, condemn him to death. On the Place des Terreau®, where the scaffold was erected, he addressed the multi- tude, and shortly after four o'clock, on Tuesday, July 16, 1793, the axe fell, it requiring three strokes of the unskilled executioner to sever the head. His death created a great sensation in Paris, and the Convention decreed him the honours of the Pantheon. His bust and mutilated head were sent to Paris, Dec. 1, 1793, by Collot d'Herbois and Fouche, members of the Convention. A. L. S., Lyons, April 8, 1791. P. I. 356. COLLOT d'HERBOIS { Jean-Marie) Dramatic artist and author before the Revolution; he was active in the Commune during Aug. 10, 1792, and on Sept. 6, of the same 57

year, he was elected member of the Convention; he opposed the Girondins and was allied to the HSbertistes; on June 13, 1793, he was made President of the Convention; he accepted a mission to execute the decree of the Convention on Barere's motion — the City of Lyons shall be destroyed. Accordingly he inaugurated a reign of terror in that district; there and in the Convention he eulogized the memory of Chalier; accused of complicity with Eobespierre, he escaped death, and was deported to Cayenne. A. D. S., Paris, April 16, 1791. P. I. 357. CAVAIGNAC (Jean-Baptiste). Conventionnel and regicide; on Jan. 9, 1793, he proposed that the inhabitants and municipality of Verdun should be punished; he was placed on the Committee of General Surety April 9, 1793; sent on a. mission to the Armies of the Pyrenees Occidentals, he instituted tribunals, set up , and wrote back to the Convention that "daily the heads of the Aristocrats roll into the basket." D. S. See 452. 358. CARRIER (Jean-Baptiste). Guillotined at Paris, Dec. 16, 1794. Conventionnel and regi- cide; in Sept., 1793, he was sent upon a mission to the C6tes-du Nord, and subsequently to the south, where he showed himself a monster of cruelty; on Nov. 7, 1793, he wrote his first bulletin to the Convention, in which he closed with the following: An event of another kind tends to lessen the number of priests; ninety of them, whom we call refractory, were fastened up in a boat on the Loire. I have just learned, and the news may be depended upon, that they all perished in the river. This was the beginning of the horrible drownings which made the Loire and the rivers of the south red with blood. He inaugurated the Republican marriages, where men and women were tied together and then thrown into the river to drown. In twenty-one days 4,000 were destroyed at Nantes alone. D. S., May 24, 1793. P. I. 359. FRANCASTEL (Marie-Pierre-Adrien). Conventionnel; he was sent on a mission to the west. On Dec. 26, 1793, Carrier, with whom Francastel was then asso- ciated, wrote to the Convention that so many rebels and Royalists were being brought into Nantes that the guillotine did not suf- fice, and that they had to be killed by the hundreds. He urged his colleague not to discontinue this expeditious method. During the Consulate Francastel managed the gardens of Madame Bonaparte. A. L. S., Versailles, June 24, 1804. 360. BAYLE (Moyse-Antoine-Pierre-Jean). Conventionnel and regicide; was accused of fomenting the counter-revolution (Royalist movement) in the south. D. S., Aug. 10, 1794. 361. PHELIPPES DE TRONJOLLY (Anne-Louis). President of the Revolutionary Tribunal at Nantes. While he is included among the denunciators of Carrier, one of the first counts in the charges against the latter was the giving Phelippes-Tron- jolly peremptory orders to execute immediately men, women, children and infants. A. L. S., Rennes, Sept. 15, 1782. 58

362. LE BON (Joseph-Ghislain-Francois). professor Guillotined Oct. 16, 1795. Educator and legislator; Constitutional in the College of Beaune in 1784, he was made Conven- Cur6 June 8, 1791, but he renounced the priesthood; tionnel; he was sent on a mission to the Pas-de-Calais Oct. 29, 1793, but was so moderate in his conduct that Guffroy accused him of too much moderation; on March 6, 1794, he returned to that region, and when he had again entered the Convention he had earned the title of he Bon, the Butcher. Carrier, in the south, had his rival in this man in the north. He moved his guillotine with him from place to place, slaughtering by day and by night, with trial and without trial. Most of his atrocities were committed in and around Arras and Amiens. One of the charges against him was that he let his wife arrest people and con- demn them to death. He was the mouthpiece and the whip of Robespierre and St. Just. Le Bon was tried by the Tribunal of the Somme — it having been decided that crimes should be judged where committed, and condemned on Oct. 8, 1795. A. D. S., Paris, April 20, 1794. P. 363. TURREAU-DE-LIGNIERES (Louis). Conventionnel and regicide. He was sent on a mission in June, 1793, to the Vendee and Saumur. Cousin to Gen. Turreau, he was made to share with his relative the odium of the other's order to Gen. Moulin, couched in these words — Oen. Moulin trill launch himself with the left wing upon Montague, will disarm and butcher, without regard to age and sex, all who may be in his way. When this message was read in the Convention, Sept. 29, 1794, the worst of the Terror at Paris having passed, the members ex- pressed great sorrow and ordered Gen. Turreau's arrest. This Turreau was afterwards, in 1809, an Ambassador from the Emperor to the United States. L. S. 364. REVERCHON (Jacques). Born in 1746, died in 1828. Conventionnel and regicide. He was sent on a mission to Lyons, where he manifested firmness and ability, arresting many of the counter-revolutionists. Nov. 21, 1793, he was elected Secretary, and on Jan. 18, 1794, he was made President of the Jacobin Club. He was elected first to the Council of 500 and later to the Council of the Ancients, of which latter body he was Secretary. A. L. S., Nov. 29, 1794. 365. DUBOUCHET (Pierre). Conventionnel. In the trial of the King he recorded his vote in favor of the death of the tyrant. On Feb. 12, 1794, he made a speech in which he upheld the Revolutionary Tribunal of Lyons and seemed to excuse the atrocities committed in that city. He was exiled as a regicide in 1816. A. L. S., Meaux, Oct. 23, 1793. 366. RIVIERE (Charles-Francois de Riffardeau) Due de. Soldier and a commander of a company of the French Guards in 1789. He was devoted to the house of the Bourbons, and following the Comte d'Artois he is said to have secretly entered France dur- ing the Revolution no less than seven times. He was with the Comte d'Artois on his unfortunate expedition to the Vendee Sept. 28, 1795. During this year he was in prison in the Chateau de Nantes, but he escaped and continued his secret missions. He followed his Prince to Edinburgh, where he lived many years. When the time came for the Royalists to make a last desperate 59

effort in 1804, landing on the coast of Normandy, Riviere made his way to Paris and fell into the hands of the police. He openly declared his fealty to the Bourbons, and is said to have been saved by Madame Bonaparte. Under Louis XVIII he was Ambassador to Constantinople. He was created Peer of France Aug. 17, 1815. It is to him that the Art World owes the possession by France of the Venus de Milo, which he acquired while at Constantinople. A. D. S., Paris, Jan. 9, 1811.

367. PUISAYE (Joseph-Genevieve) Comte de.

Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux. July 1, 1789, entered National Assembly. Chief Vendeen, who organized the un- fortunate expedition of Quiberon. D. S.

368. JAGUALT (1'Abbe Pierre). Celebrated chief of the Vendeens. A native of Thouars, in the Deux-Sevres, in an adjoining county to the Vendee,. He was influenced by the prevailing Royalist sentiment and, as the Church seemed to favor the same cause, he naturally sided with the anti-revolutionists. He survived the Revolution and retained at least his religious beliefs as the present letter shows. A. L. S., Thouars, Oct. 24, 1824. 369. BACO DE LA CHAPELLE (Rene-Gaston). Mayor of Nantes and forever famous for his valiant defense of that city against the Vendeens on June 29, 1793. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 10, 1793. P.

370. ELBEE (Maurice-Louis Gigot d'). Executed at Noirmoutiers, Jan. 9, 1794. Vendeen soldier. He took part in the uprising in the Vendee, joining the forces of the Royalist rebels. On March 4, 1793, he found himself at the head of 30,000 insurgents, and on several occasions defeated Generals like Santerre and Menou and beseiged the city of Nantes, but he was not supported and so retired to Montaigne. The Republican forces marched upon the Vendeens at Chollet and wounded Elb6e, who was taken to Noirmoutiers, tried, condemned and shot. D. S., Sept. 8, 1779. 371. RUELLE (Albert). Elected to the Convention Sept. 6, 1792, when he voted for the death of the King.. On April 5, 1794, he was chosen Secretary. His chief service to the Republic was after Robespierre's fall. Having allied himself to the Thermidoreans, he received the ap- pointment of Commissioner to the Vendee region, making frequent reports to the Convention. Charette and the rebel leaders reposed great confidence in the word of Ruelle, and the signing of the peace articles was largely due to his negotiations. D. S., May 2, 1795. 371*. TURREAU DE GARAMBONVILLE (Louis Marie). Famous General whose cruelties are charged to the orders of the Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. He applied the torch to the Vendee. In Jan., 1794, he issued his order: Put all Royalists to the bayonet: deliver all villages to the flames. The present letter is addressed to Rossignol and announces his orders to join him in the Vendee. A. L. S., Chinon, Aug. 7, 1793. See also 363.

372. DORNIER (Claude-Pierre). Iron Master and Legislator. Elected to the Convention Sept. 5 1792, he sat with the Mountain and voted against a reprieve for . 60

' the King after his condemnation. The Convention sent him to the Armies of the West and to the country of the Vendee, where he did much to bring peace. Elected to the Council of 500, he became its Secretary Nov. 21, 1798. D. S., May 2, 1795. See 371. 373. CHAILLON (Etienne). Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux. In this body he represented Nantes, and the same constituency elected him, Sept. 6, 1792, to the Convention. In the trial of the King he voted for the imprisonment of Louis until the declaration of peace. He was sent with Bollet and others to the Vendee to hasten the peace with the chief of the rebels, Stofflet. He was elected to the Council of the Ancients, and died suddenly while still a member. L. S. See 371.

374. MARIETTE ( Jacques-Christophe-Luc). Conventionnel. He voted for the imprisonment of the King. On Jan. 26, 1795, he was sent on » mission to Marseilles and the Mediterranean ports, the former having been ordered in a state of siege. He must have been in the south at the time, as we find a letter from him dated the following day from Marseilles, in which he describes the reign of Terror still in that city, with the mobs cheering for the Jacobins and the Mountain and denouncing the Convention. He intimates in this letter that Salicetti is at the bottom of all the trouble. On the 3d Feb., 1795, he sends a despatch to the Convention announcing that the Terror is ended. June 19, 1795, he was elected Secretary, and on July 3 he was placed on the Committee of General Surety. He was elected to the Council of 500. D. S., March 27, 1795. 375. BOLLET (Philippe-Albert). Agriculturist and Mayor of Cuincy, when he was elected Sept. 8, 1792, to the Convention. He sat with the moderates in the group called la Plaine. He voted for the death of the King. On May 30, 1793, he was sent on a mission to the North. He united with Barras in his attack on Robespierre, and when the former, on the 9th thermidor (July 27, 1794), was named Chief of the National Guard of Paris, Bollet was named as one of his six assistants. On Sept. 12, 1794, he was sent on a mission to the coast of Brest. Here he greatly helped Hoche in quieting the Vendee. Feb. 27, 1795, he thus reported to the Convention the closing of the conflict: The Vendue is restored to the bosom of the Republic. However it was not an undisturbed rest as the history of that region records. On the 13 floreal, Year III (May 2, 1795), he finally announced at Saint-Florent-le-Viele, half a league from Montglone, the submission of the VendSeen Chief. This present document is the original and first announcement, made the same day, and before that made to the Convention, to the Adjutant- General Savary of the signing of this peace and ordering the dis- tribution among the soldiers of a ration of liquor to celebrate this happy event. L. S., Montglone, May 2, 1795. 376. JEANBON SAINT-ANDRE (Andr§). Protestant clergyman and legislator. He had first served in the navy, risen to the rank of Captain when he resigned and studied theology. He had become so interested in Republican reforms that on Sept. 5, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. It is claimed for him that what Carnot was to the army and Cambon to the finances, Jeanbon Saint Andrg was to the marine. Nevertheless his counsel on the occasion of the naval battle of June 1, 1794, was 01

not such as to aid in a victory. He was on board the Vice- Admiral's vessel during the combat. He was denounced in the Convention by Hardy for his connection with the insurrection of May 20, 1795, and the accuser referred to his incapacity in marine management. He was arrested May 23, but left on guard in his own home. He was released by the amnesty. Under the Directory he was Consul in Algiers, and for three years a prisoner with the Turks. A. L. S., Paris, June 25, 1793. 377. LATOUCHE-TREVILLE (Louis-Rene-Madeleine Le Vassor) Comte de. Sailor and legislator. Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats GenSraux; he early joined the Third Estate, or National Assem- bly. He was made Vice-Admiral in 1792, and on Dec. 18, 1792, he anchored in the Bay of Naples and demanded of the King a dis- avowal of the insult to the French Ambassador Semonville, and this action obtained the recognition of the French Republic by the King. He commanded the fleet at Boulogne in its pretended preparations for an attack on England. See Napoleon. D. S., on board the Foudroyant, July 13, 1801. 378. VILLARET-JOYEUSE (Louis-Thomas) Comte. Soldier and sailor. Having been involved in a duel while in the King's Guard he enrolled himself in the navy. Lieutenant in 1774 he received the command of the Frigate La Naiade. He became Vice-Admiral in 1793 and placed his flag on the ship La Montagne. In the early summer of 1794 with a fleet of war vessels he went out to meet a convoy of grain ships coming from America, but they were intercepted by an English fleet commanded by Lord Howe. Then occured the battle of Brest, June 1, 1794, in which the Eng- lish were victorious, but in which the French showed such gallantry and courage that it made the day forever memorable in the annals of naval fights. Villaret-Joyeuse was criticised for bad judgment in making manoeuvres. A. L. S., April 21, 1797. 379. RENAUDIN (Jean-Francois). Celebrated sailor. He was the commander of the vessel Le Vengeur; when in the battle off Brest June 1, 1794, the English cannon placed her in a sinking condition, the French sailors, ac- cording to the legend, nailed the tri-color to the mast and then, as they sank lower, they cried Vive la Republique, and went down with her. It is certain her officers survived. A. L. S., Toulon, Sept. 7, 1795.

380. OHENIER ( Marie-AndrS de). Guillotined at Paris, July 25, 1794.. Poet and diplomat. Under M.. de la Luzerne, in 1788, he served as attache at the English

Court and remained in London until 1790. In Aug , 1790, he pub- lished his Avis au peuple Frangais sur ses v4ritables ennemis, and this present letter is in reference to this production. The Revo- lutionary party regarded him as an enemy. He hid himself long in Versailles. He was, finally, March 8, 1794, arrested and carried to Saint Lazare. Here he wrote that poem immortalizing a fellow prisoner, Aimfie de Coigny as la Jeune Captive, borrowing poetic license, since the object of his devotion had been married ten years before to the Comte de Rossay-Fleury. He was tried and con- demned, going to the scaffold two days before Robespierre's fall. On his road to the guillotine, in a half bewildered way, he struck his forehead as if he had been reviewing the things accomplished, exclaiming: And yet there was something there! A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 18, 1790, to the King of Poland. P. I. 62

381. TRENCK (Friedrich) Baron de. Guillotined at Paris, July 25, 1794. At 13 he won a reputation at the University, and at 14 he won a fencing bout from a master. He entered Court life at 18 and met around Frederick the Great such men as Voltaire, Maupertius and Lametterie.. His evil star arose when the Princess Amfilie fell in love with him. The King imprisoned him; and it is said at times he had 68 pounds of irons upon his person. His life was made up of arrests and escapes. He went into France during the Revolution and posed as a Jacobin. At the scaffold he made a scene and the executioner was obliged to hold down his head by force. A. L. S.,. Paris, to the Convention, Aug. 3, 1793. P. I.

382. BARERE DE VIEUZAC (Bertrand). Conventionnel and regicide. It was Barere who, as a member of the Committee of Public Safety, had general supervision over the FSte of the Supreme Being, celebrated on June 8, 1794; he was with Robespierre up to the 9th thermidor, when he suddenly turned, attacking him in the Convention and calling him a monster whom they should punish. D. S., May, 1793.

383. DAVID (Jacques-Louis). Artist and legislator; Conventionnel and regicide; he put upon canvas several scenes of the Revolution, such as the Servient du Jeu de Paume, Derniers Moments de Michel Le Pelletier, Marat Expirant, &c, &c. A strong supporter of Robespierre, he turned upon him when he fell. Bonaparte made him first Court painter. He was obliged to leave France under Louis XVIII. On May 7, 1794, Robespierre proposed his plan for disproving the charge of atheism and materialism brought against France by intro- ducing a FSte to the Supreme Being. While the Committee of Public Safety had general direction, David was charged with devising tableaux and costumes. The fgte was to be observed on 2 prairial (May 21, 1794) but the time for preparation was too brief, and it was postponed to June 8. The people first gathered in the Jardin National — Tuileries — where Robespierre, Presi- dent for that day, made his speech. Inflammable statues of Atheism, Ambition, Egoism, Discord and False Simplicity were then burned. An imitation mountain was erected on the Champ- de-Mars to represent an altar, and from its summit arose a tree of liberty. The people, having proceeded thither, old men and their sons, women and their daughters, sang alternate strophes of a Hymn, the entire people joining in the final verse. Flowers innumerable were distributed about the altar by maidens with their eyes raised to heaven, and salvos of artillery — interpreting national vengeance on the enemies of France — were repeatedly fired. The entertainment ended with a warlike song, indicating coming victory. A. L. S.,

384. DAVID (Alexandre-Edmonde-Delisle, dit David de l'Aude). Elected to the Convention Sept. 7, 1792, as an alternate member, he only obtained a seat on Dec. 12, 1793. To distinguish himself from his talented namesake, he habitually signed himself as from L'Aude. D. S., Dec. 31, 1794. See Eschasseriaux le jeune. 385. SARRETTE (Bernard). Born at Bordeaux Nov. 27, 1765 — died at Paris April 12, 1858. Musical composer; commander of the music of the Paris C3

National Guards; first director and founder of the Conservatory of Music. It was Sarrette to whom Robespierre confided a few days before the Fete of the Supreme Being (June 8, 1794) the music, ordering, first, that Chenier's hymn should not be sung, but other words written for it; and, second, that the people should be taught to sing whatever hymn was provided. A. L. S., April 15, 1802.

386. CHENIER (Joseph-Marie-Blaise de). Conventionnel and regicide; he has been and always will be criticised for not putting forth more effort to save his brother Andre's life; this charge he himself tried to refute in his Epitre sur la Calomnie. Shortly before his brother's death he composed his famous Chant da Depart. He was the author of that still more remarkable Hymne a I'Etre Suprime, composed for the FSte de I'Etre Supreme to be held 20 prairial Year II (June 8, 1794). Barere had engaged Gossec to set this Hymn to music, that it might be performed on that occasion, but when Robespierre understood this part of the programme he positively forbade the use of the Hymn. A. L. S,, P. 387. DESORGUES (Joseph-Theodore). Poet and dramatist; he was deformed and not of a pleasing personality; his verses of the Hymne a I'Etre Su/prSme were composed, hurriedly, for the fete June 8, 1794. The Hymne was composed by order of Robespierre. Gossec wrote the music for the verses and they were sung by the people at the Jardin INational, or Tuileries. This Hymn begins Pere de I'Universe, Suprime Intelligence. It is known as the Petit Ghaeur. Some say this Hymn was sung at the Champ-de Mars. A. L. S.,

388. GOSSEC (Francois-Joseph). Musical composer and author of the music accompanying the Hymn to the Supreme Being, by Desorgues The music for the Hymn written by M. J. Chenier was also composed by Gossec; he published his Symphonies in 1754, and was the composer of much church music; the efforts put forth by him on June 7, 1794, to provide music for the fete of the following day showed remarkable readiness of composition. A. D. S., Paris, Oct. 29, 1807, in which he swears loyalty to the Empire and the Emperor. P.

389. CHERUBINI ( Luigi-Maria-Carlo-Zenoti Salvatore). Eminent musical composer; settled in Paris, he became an active Republican during the Revolution. When Robespierre rejected the Hymn to the Supreme Being composed by Chenier, Desorgues' words were hastily set to music by Gossec for the Fete of June 8, 1794. It was Cheburini who went about the streets singing to the crowd from balconies and teaching them the air to be sung the following day. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 26, 1831. P.

390. MEHUL (Etienne-Henri). Musical composer and Director of the Conservatoire de Musique; he composed the music for M. J. Chenier's Chant du depart. On the day before the grand Fete to the Supreme Being, 20th prairial, June 8, 1794, he assisted Gossec in teaching the people C4

the music for the Hymn to be sung, going through certain streets and squares with his violin. A. L. S., P. 391. CATEL, (Charles-Simon). He shares with Gossec and Mehul the honours of writing the best pieces music for the Revolutionary fetes ; one of his known is the Ode sur le vaisseau le Vengeur. When the Revolution be- gan he lived in the Hotel du Desir, Faubourg St. Denis, and he immediately enrolled himself in the National Guard. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 21, 1825.

392. BERTON (Henri-Montan). Musical composer and son of Gluck's friend and co-laborateur, Pierre Montan; during the Revolution he composed many hymns and songs for the public fgtes. D. S., Paris, Oct. 21, 1794.

393. GAVEAUX (Pierre). Comedian and musical composer; after the fall of Robespierre he turned violent Royalist, leading the Troupe dor4e, the reac- tionists in Paris, and whose representatives in other parts of Prance introduced that dreadful reactionary expression, the White Terror, where the ancient regime revenged the aristocrats on the Revolutionists. In 1812 his mind became affected, and, although making a momentary recovery, he finally died in an asylum. Gaveaux composed the celebrated hymn, the Re'veil du Peuple, which excited the enthusiasm of the Royalists. A. L. S., (Private Asylum) Paris, Sept. 23, 1812. P. 394. ROBESPIERRE (family) DE. Original notarial document relating to the family. The family is supposed to have had an Irish origin and to have settled in France on account of the religious persecutions under Henry VIII. The name may have been a union of Robert and Peter, or it may have been originally Robert Spierre. As this document shows, the family had long been living at Carvin and at Arras in Artois, and had long been using the aristocratic prefix de before their name. They had numbered advocates, notaries and procureurs of consequence for generations. The present document relates to the marriage of a Maximilian de Robespierre, Advocate to the Provincial Council of Artois, to a Marie-Margerite- Francois Poitau, daughter of a bourgeois of Artois. D. S., Arras, Jan. 14, 1734, by the Royal Notary Manessier. 395. ROBESPIERRE (Maximilien see below) DE. This is one of the three or four examples known of the great Revolutionist in which he thus employed the aristocratic prefix. He signed the oath in the Jeu de Paume in this way, and in the Musee de Carnavalet at Paris there is a card of admission to the National Assembly, dated June 21, 1790. The present document is mutilated, but the date can be fixed as between Aug. 30 and Sept. 11, 1790, at which time Henri-Joseph de Jessfi was President, in which capacity he here signs himself. Thus the present is believed to be the latest example of this form of the signature. D. S., de Robespierre and many other members of the Assembly. 396. ROBESPIERRE (Maximilien-Marie-Isidore). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. The most conspicuous figure connected with the Revolution; in his school days he is said to have been inconsolable over the death of a pigeon; 65

passing from Arras to Paris, he entered the College of Louis-le Grand, where he had for fellow-pupils Desmoulins and Freron; returning to Arras, he entered the law and gave more time to literature; the Academy of Arras chose him for President in 1789; elected, April 26, 1789, to the Etats Generaux from the Third Estate, he soon attracted attention, Mirabeau saying of him: Ee will go far. Both Maximilien and his brother were members of the Jacobin Club when its list was printed Dec. 21, 1790; in the Assembly he had a small party of about thirty sitting on the left; his first great triumph was when, May 27, 1791, Rabaut-Saint-Etienne proposed in reorganizing the army to exclude citizens not active ; he forced his principle that each citizen should have the right to serve on the National Guard, a vital principle to prevent military caste; after the failure of the flight to Varennes, he insisted that the Royal family should be interrogated as if they were private citizens — another long step toward democracy; on Aug. 17, 1792, he appeared before the National Assembly representing the Commune, demanding the creation of the Criminal (afterwards Revolutionary) Tribunal, the cry being vengeance for the affair of Aug. 10. The Tribunal was Robespierre's. This machine, the soul of the Reign of Terror, as the Guillotine was its right arm, while working the will of its creator, in time got beyond his control. As the chief of the Mountain party — the old Left of the early Assembly — Robe- spierre fought and defeated the Girondins, the Hfibertistes, the Dantonistes. In the fall of 1793 he began to evolve his new form of worship, the two principal tenets of which were the recog- nition of the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul. As he devoted more and more time to the Commune and the -Jacobin Club, his influence weakened in the Convention and in the two great executive committees of Public Surety and Public Safety. The Pete of the Supreme Being, celebrated on June 8, 1794, marked the height of his career, from which his fall on 9th thermidor (July 27, 1794) was swift and terrible. His effort to regain the sceptre knocked from his hands by Tallien and Billaud Varennes was dramatic but futile. Arrested and taken to the Luxembourg prison, he escaped at the entrance and fled to the Hotel de Ville. The fight between the Convention and the Commune ended in victory for the former. Robespierre either shot himself or was shot in the head by a gendarme named Mfida (probably the latter), but the following day expiated his crimes, faults and misfortunes on the scaffold. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 6, 1793. This letter is also signed by the man who eight months later sent him to the guillotine. P. I.

397. ROBESPIERRE (Auguste Bon-Joseph). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Conventionnel and regi- cide; he made several missions to the armies; at the he met Bonaparte and favoured his promotion. The present letter was written at this time. On 9th thermidor he demanded to share his brother's fate. Maximilien tried to speak on this exhibition of devotion, but Tallien and his followers would not let him be heard; he was taken to the prison of Saint- Lazare, but the officers would not receive him, and thence he was marched to the prison of La Force; here again the authorities would not admit him, as he was a Deputy, and at 9:30 in the evening of July 27, 1794, he joined his brother at the Hotel de Ville; when the forces of the Convention entered, he jumped from a window on to the cornice, where he leaped into the court below; 66

he was taken to the Coneiergerie, and went to the scaffold on July 28, 1794, with his brother. A. L. S., Grasse, Sept. 1, 1793. P. I.

398. ROBESPIERRE (Marie-Marguerite-Charlotte). When Maximilien became a Deputy to the Convention, she joined him at the Duplay house in Rue Saint Honors — at present No. 398; she quarrelled with her brother, but was arrested after the 9th of thermidor; she so convinced the enemies of Maxi- milien of her want of sympathy with him, that they not only released her, but gave her a pension of 6,000 francs, reduced gradually to 1,500, but always continued until her death; she died at No. 3 Rue de la Fontaine, now Rue de la Pitie. A. L. S., Arras, 1790, to his brother, Maximilien. P.

399. SAINT-JUST (Antoine-Louis-Leon de). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. He had just finished his studies at Soissons as the Revolution began; at first he served in the National Guard; he was elected member of the Convention in Sept., 1792, and voted for the death of the King without reprieve; on July 11, 1793, he entered the Committee of Public Safety, where he consistently represented Robespierre; he was particularly serviceable in military affairs and made a mission to the Bas-Rhin, and later to the Army of the North; he in vain supported Robespierre in the Convention on 9th thermidor; arrested, he asked Lebas to shoot him, but the latter turned the pistol on himself; arrived at the Coneiergerie and seeing the great picture of the Droits de I' Homme, he exclaimed: / am he who made that document. A. L. S., Feb. 1, 1794. P. I.

•400. COUTHON ( Georges-Auguste). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Advocate, and forming with Robespierre and St. Just the great Revolutionary Triumvirate. On Sept. 9, 1791, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly. Even at this time he was affected with paralysis of the legs. The chair in which he was rolled is now in the Musee Carnavalet. Sept. 6, 1792, he was elected member of the Convention. He voted for the death of the King. He was named on the Committee of Public Safety in 1793 and went on the mission to the South when Lyons was to be destroyed. On May 7, 1794, he moved that Robespierre's address on the Supreme Being should be printed in every tongue and disseminated throughout the world. Arrested with Robe- spierre, he wounded himself with a. poignard as the troops of the Convention entered the Hotel de Ville. A. L. S., Paris, 366 Rue St. Honore (the old number of the Duplay house), March 12, 1792. P. I.

401. LACOSTE (Elie). Conventionnel and regicide. On June 14, 1794, he made his report attacking the surviving influence of Danton and Delacroix. Lacoste first gave to Couthon, St. Just and Robespierre the title of Triumvirate. As a member of the Committee of Public Surety he was most energetic. The present document, signed by Amar, Lavicomterie and Voulland, is the original order of arrest for three suspects. L. S., Paris, May 15, 1794. 67

402. PAYAN (Claude-Francois). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. Agent for the Commune ans ' Devoted to Robespierre he urged his * S noticing the affair of Catherine Theot, the religious fanatic, whose claim of divinity for Robespierre was injuring him — see Gerle. He called together the Executive Committee of the Commune on the night of 9th and 10th thermidor, but their efforts came too late. L. S., Paris, May 17, 1794. 403. LE BAS (Philippe-Francois-Joseph). Killed himself at Paris, July 28, 1794. Conventionnel and regicide. The most useful of Robespierre's agents. The latter presented him to the Duplay family, with whom he resided, and as a result, Le Bas married, in Aug., 1793, Elizabeth, the youngest of the four daughters. On Sept. 14, 1793, he was named on the Committee of General Surety and then went on a mission with St. Just to the Army of the Rhine. The present letter was written while on this mission and refers to St. Just and Gen. Pichegru. He defended Robespierre on 9th thermidor and then demanded to be arrested with his leader. He had long been known as l'Ecouteur de Robespierre. At the Hotel de Ville he tried, with Hanriot, to call to arms the sections but failed. He then killed himself with a pistol. A. L. S., Strasburg, Oct. 11, 1793. 404. LEQUINIO DE KERBLAY (Joseph-Marie). Conventionnel and regicide. He proposed the honours of the Pantheon for Rousseau. After the 9th thermidor he was decreed in arrest on account of the complaints from the various localities in which he had been on missions during the Terror, but he escaped. He was elected, April 14, 1798, to the Council of 500. He served as a sort of Consul in the United States under Bonaparte. It was Lequinio who originated the designation la Montague in a speech before the Legislative Assembly, Oct. 27, 1791. He said: " French citizens, you have honoured us with your confidence, your esteem has lifted us to the height of the Mountain whence we over- look the rest of the realm." This term intended to describe, figuratively, the location on elevated benches of Lequinio and Robespierre's party, fastened itself permanently both in the Assem- bly and in the Convention. Very early in the National Assembly the delegates signified their political affiliations accordingly as they sat at the left or right of the President's platform. In this first legislative body the left represented the Jacobin or radical view, and the right the moderate party. When, however, the members complained of the acoustic qualities of the Man&ge, the President's chair was moved to the Tribune side, and that was transferred to the President's platform. The members then rearranged their seats, the right becoming the radicals and the left the moderates. On May 10, 1793, the Convention left the Manege and held its sessions at the Tuileries in the Salle des Machines. A. L. S., Paris, May 3. 405. JULLIEN DE PARIS (Marc-Antoine). Educator and publiciste. He was a son of Jullien, Deputy from the Dr6me. During the Terror, young as he was, he was a mem- ber of the Executive Commission of Public Instruction, and in this capacity was employed to visit the different Departments of France. He was an ardent Jacobin, and when he returned from one of his visits he harrangued the Club (May 15, 1794), representing its friends as mourning the lassitude of the Society, and urging it to renewed activity. This young man was doubtless the tool of the Committee of Public Safety, and was probably sent through the different Departments to keep surveillance over the Commis- sioners appointed by the Convention and to report concerning them to the Committee composed at that moment of Jacobins. A. L. S., Paris, March 19, 1833.

406. LOUCHET (Louis). Conventionnel and regicide; Professor and Legislator. After- wards he became an adversary of Robespierre, whose arrest he demanded on July 27, 1794, and as a matter of record it was on his motion that Robespierre was declared in arrest. Made member of the Committee of Public Surety, he became one of its most active members. The present piece is his original order of transfer from the prison of Plessis to that of the Luxembourg, of the two prisoners, Maurice Duplay, the carpenter with whom Robespierre lived at the present No. 398 Rue St. HonorG, and Jacques-Maurice Duplay, his son. They had been in Plessis since July 28, 1794. D. S., Paris, Jan. 7, 1795.

407. VADIER (Marc-Guillaume-Albert). Conventionnel and regicide. Through ridicule he greatly weakened Robespierre by accusations (July 26-27, 1794), of re- lationship with Catherine Theot and her religious cult. This aged woman -— supported or employed by an unfrocked priest, Gerle — pretended to have reincarnated the Son of God, and the claim was advanced that Robespierre was this person. The enemies of the

1 latter effected her arrest and trial, and Vadier read the expose to the Convention. D. S., Aug. 10, 1794.

408. GERLE ( Christophe-Antoine, dom) Chalini. Deputy from the Clergy to the Etats Generaux. He became the High Priest and Master of Ceremonies to Catherine Theot in the mummeries practiced in her house, situated in the Rue Contrescarpe in the Section de I'Observatoire. The Committee of Public Safety, hostile to Robespierre, employed a spy to join the sect, and his revelations — connecting Robespierre with this society — were repeated by Vadier to the Convention. In after years, surviving the Terror, he was ashamed of his work and assumed, as the present letter shows, his mother's name. A. L. S., to Reubell.

409. DURAND DE MAILLANE (Pierre-Toussaint). Conventionnel. He voted for the imprisonment of the King until

• the Peace. He became an enemy to the Jacobins, and pronounced himself against Robespierre on 9th thermidor. He represented the party of the Moderates, or of the Marais, in distinction from the Mountain. A. L. 8., Versailles, Sept. 6, 1789. 410. BENTABOLE (Pierre-Louis). Advocate and legislator. Elected Sept. 4, 1792, to the Con- vention, he joined the Mountain party. He voted for the death of the King, saying: As a judge I inquire if Justice is to be weighed and measured by two different standards; as a legislator I open the book of the law and there I find written death, and so I pro- nounce death. He was a friend of Danton and ever after his execution entertained the most violent hatred against Robespierre. On the 8th thermidor he precipitated the conflict by his opposition to the distribution of Robespierre's speech. The friends of the latter had succeeded in decreeing that the speech should be printed. The Convention appeared to be yielding, when Bentabole turned 69

the wing of the Robespierre army and opened the way for his defeat. This parliamentary service has never been sufficiently appreciated. He served in the Council of 500. D. S., Paris, Nov. 29, 1794.

411. TALLIEN (Jean-Lambert). Conventionnel and regicide. At the beginning of the Revolution he became overseer of the Moniteur; joining the Jacobins he was made notary to the Commune of Paris. Sent to Bordeaux, he at first showed great violence; then, under the influence of Mile. Cabarrus — see Madame Tallien — he moderated his severity, and this earned him the distrust of Robespierre. He was at the head of what concerted effort there was against Robespierre, and on the 9th thermidor he made the accusation, and drew his dagger in the Tribune, asserting that if the Convention did not dare act he would kill him himself. A. L. S., Paris, June 13, 1794. P. I.

412. TALLIEN (Jeanne-Marie-Therezia de Fontenai, n6e Cabarrus) Madame.

Remarkable woman, to whom France in a, large measure owed her release from the Terror. Married to the Marquis de Fontenai at 16 years of age, she had, in 1791, a salon in Paris to which Lafayette, the Lameths and others came. She found herself at Bordeaux in Jan., 1794, when, as Tallien wrote home on Jan. 9 to the Convention, The Military Commissioners are making the heads to fall. She so influenced him that he became moderated in his course, and from that hour found himself suspected by Robespierre. When Tallien was recalled to Paris she followed him, and was imprisoned in La Force by Robespierre. On July 26, 1794, she wrote to Tallien that the Superintendent of Police had told her she was to go to the Tribunal and the scaffold on the following day, and urging Tallien to strike at once. This letter nerved the conspirator's hand and on the next day, 9th thermidor, it struck at the tyrant. The following December she married Tallien, and it was in her salon that Bonaparte and Barras met, although already known to each other. It was also there that she presented Bonaparte to Madame de Beauharnais. Her daughter by Tallien was christened Thermidor, and she herself was called Our Lady of Victory and Our Lady of Mercy. A. L. S., as Princesse de Chimay. P.

413. BILLAUD-VARENNE (Jacques-Nicolas). Conventionnel and regicide. Musician and Professor. Wrote an opera, Morgan, which being rejected, led to his going to Paris. He fought against the Girondins. Sept. 29, 1793, he caused the Criminal Court to be called the Revolutionary Tribunal. On the 9th thermidor he played a part only second to Tallien, and Barere, at the session of July 29, 1794, gives him the credit of "tearing away the patriotic mask with which Robespierre had covered him- self." That the credit really belonged to Tallien is plain from the universal acclaim then made: /* was Tallien. When the re- actionary movement came, Nov. 4, 1794, he denounced those who were trying to halt the Revolution and lose the Republic. On April 1, 1795, with Collot d' Herbois, Barere and others he was accused and condemned to deportation. He was in Guyanne for twenty years. D. S., June 24, 1794. P. . .

70

414. BOURDON DE L'OISE (Francois-Louis). Conventionnel and regicide. He was one of the most violent against Robespierre on July 27, 1794, and he continued to oppose to the last the Mountain. D. S., Paris, Sept. 26, 1794.

415. BARRAS ( Paul-Francois-Jean-Nicolas ) He adopted a soldier's career, and at the seige of Pondichfiry he was Captain of a regiment. Finding himself in Paris he was active at the taking of the Bastille. He affiliated with the Jacobins — see Barnave. On Sept. 7, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. He voted for the death of the King and seated him- self on the Mountain. When Tallien and others were preparing their plans to defeat Robespierre on 9th thermidor, the charge of defending the Convention against Hanriot was given to him and he quickly took the offensive. He was elected Secretary of the Con- vention on Aug. 3, 1794, and President on Feb. 4, 1795. He was again a central figure on Oct. 4, 1795. A. L. S. P. I. 416. BOURDON DE LA CRONIERE (Louis-Jean-Joseph-Leonard). Conventionnel and regicide. On the 9th thermidor it was he who headed the troops of the Convention first reaching the Hotel de Ville, marching by way of the Quais while Barras marched through the Rue Saint Honorfi. Implicated in the insurrection of March 28, 1795, he was arrested and imprisoned at Ham. A. L. S., as President.

417. MERLIN DE THIONVILLE ( Antoine-Christophe) He was active on Aug. 10, 1792. Conventionnel and regicide. He defended Danton and opposed Robespierre. On July 27, 1794, he was among the first to enter the Hotel de Ville with troops of the Convention, having already with his own hand put under arrest Gen. Hanriot — who was released by some drunken soldiers. He became a member of the Council of 500 and retired during the Consulate. See No. 199. A. L. S., Paris, Nov. 14, 1793.

418. THERMIDOR 9. Original report made to Barras by the Commander Vmcenot of the Second Battalion detailing, moment by moment, the events of July 27-28, 1794. It was he who announced to the people the decrees issued by the Convention against Hanriot and Robespierre. 419. THERMIDOR 9. Original order of the Convention for the arrest of Hanriot* Robe- spierre and their friends. It was written during the night of July 27-28, 1794, and is signed by Monnel, Bezard and A. Dumont, Secretaries.

420. THERMIDOR 9. Original order of the Tuileries Section of the Committe of Sur- veillance for placing seals on the effects of Couthon, signed by the Committee and written during the night of July 27-28, 1794. 421. HANRIOT (Frangois). Guillotined at Paris, July 28, 1794. General of the National Guard. He was devoted to Robespierre, and had it in his power on 9th thermidor to have saved him and his cause. He completely lost his head, and while Barras was active, Hanriot made error after error, hesitating, countermanding, permitting a rain-storm to interfere with his work, and finally yielding, without a struggle, to the forces of the Convention. It was he who, on July 27, 1794, 71

when 45 condemned were in the Charettes on the way to the scaffold and the people wearied of blood desired to stop the cortage,

1 i drew his sabre and compelled the carts to go on their way. This scene is represented in a famous picture called The Last Chariot. D. S., Paris, Oct. 5, 1793. P. I. 422. SIJAS (Prosper). Guillotined at Paris, July 29, 1794. Strong Jacobin and mem- ber of the Commune. When Le Peletier was President, Nov. 17, 1792, he was Secretary. When early in the year 1794 the Jacobins were concerned with a possible English revolution, during which the French should cross over and help their brethren, Sijas was full of suggestions. He complained that his associate, Pile, Com- missioner to the Army, kept secrets from him, so that he could not carry information to the Committee of Public Safety. On the 9th thermidor he was one of the most active in stirring the Com- mune to an insurrectionary attitude toward the Convention, and two days later he went to the guillotine. L. S., Paris, Aug. 1, 1793.

423. PAYAN ( Joseph-Francois). He was named the Commissioner of Public Instruction in 1794. He was a friend of Robespierre, and after the latter^ fall, Barere, at the session of July 29, attacked him for his complicity with the triumvirate. His particular part in the plot was to compose and publish tracts in the interest of Robespierre. On the night of 9th thermidor, at the Hotel de Ville, a proclamation was issued by the Revolutionary Committee, to which Payan signed his name and on which Robespierre had already signed the first two letters of his name, Bo, when the forces of the Convention entered the hall and, either by his own hand or that of a member of the attacking party, he was shot, the drops of blood spattering on the paper. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 2, 1796. 424. BARERB DE VIEUZAC (Bertrand). Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; he repre- sented the liberal element both in his journal, Le Point-du-Jour, and in the Convention; he was elected to the Convention Sept. 4, 1792, where he is numbered among the regicides; he was known to have been with Robespierre the night before 9th thermidor, yet on the day following that event we find him denouncing him as a monster. D. S., May, 1793. P. I. 425. LEGENDRE (Louis). Master butcher and legislator. It was he who, on July 12, 1789, led a procession carrying the busts of Necker and the Due d'Or- leans; both at the taking of the Bastille and at Versailles on Oct. 5, 1789, he had an active part; he was one of the principal movers in the petition of the people for the dethronement of the King; he was a member of the Committee of General Surety; enemy of the Girondins, he lent himself to their downfall on May 31 and June 2, 1793; on the 9th thermidor, he attacked Robes- pierre, and some time that night he came into the Convention, amid the plaudits of the members, exclaiming: "I have closed the doors of the Jacobins, and here are the keys." He pursued the Mountain party to the end, and it was he who pressed the arrest of the Last of the Mountain. At his death he left his body to the medical faculty. D. S., Paris, Aug. 7, 1794. P. I. 72

426. RUHL (Philippe-Jacques). Committed suicide at Paris, May 29, 1795. Son of a Lutheran pastor, he was educated in theology, and became rector of a church in Durkheim; he entered into the spirit of the Revolution, and was appointed administrator for the Bas-Rhin, from which district he was elected in 1791 to the Legislative Assembly, denouncing Convention, he the Cardinal Rohan Nov. 25, 1791; elected to the _ was sent on several important missions; he was absent during all the questions voted on at the King's trial save the amendment to submit the matter to the people, on which he voted in the negative; he was one of the nine to submit, in writing, his vote for the King's death, but it was not counted; it was he who, in Aug., 1792, prosecuted Dietrich, Mayor of Strasburg; he served on the Committee of Public Safety, March 25, 1793, and on the Com- mittee of General Surety Sept. 14, 1793; he was President of the Convention March 6, 1794. Robespierre had no warmer supporter, and his identification with the Mountain party was never con- cealed by him; arrested on the morning of May 20, 1795, he com- mitted suicide, while still in his house, with his dagger. 427. ESCHASSERIAUX (Joseph). Conventionnel and regicide; it was as a member of the Com- mittee of Public Safety that he reported, Aug. 14, 1794, the proper method of receiving James Monroe, Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States to the government of what Monroe himself called their R4publique 8wur. It was a question of some moment as to the form and ceremony to obtain on that occasion. On the following day Monroe appeared in the Convention, being placed in the centre of the Salle opposite President Merlin de Douai, who announced that as the Minister did not speak French, his address in that language would be read. His credentials were signed by President Washington and Edmond Randolph, Secretary of State, and dated at Philadelphia, May 28, 1794. President Merlin then gave the Minister the accolade, or fraternal kiss. It was then decreed, on the motion of Moi'se Bayle, that the French flag and the flag of the United States should be intertwined to indicate the friendship and eternal alliance. Eschasseriaux was elected to the Council of 500, becoming its secretary in May, 1796. D. S., Paris, Sept. 17, 1794. 428. ARMONV1LLE (Jean-Baptiste). Workman and legislator; he was one of the only two members of the Convention representing the labouring classes when he was elected, Sept. 3, 1792; he greatly admired Marat, and sat beside him on the Mountain; regicide; on Dec. 29, 17*94, he appeared at the Tribune before the Convention with the bonnet rouge upon his head. Charlier called attention to the parliamentary rule that one should speak with uncovered head. A scene ensued. Duroy suggested putting the bonnet on the bust of Marat orna- menting the Tribune. Armonville complied, and then proceeded to explain his part, calling lea coquins all those who had tried to close the Jacobin Club. At the session of March 7, 1795, the seance was interrupted, and a scene was caused in a cafe nearby when it was_ announced that Armonville was intoxicated and was insulting citizens; when his mandat expired he returned to Reims and resumed his trade. D. S., Paris, March 21, 1794. 429. HUGUET (Marc-Antoine). Executed in Paris, Oct. 9, 1796. Conventionnel and regicide; priest and legislator ; the Mountain had in him a strong supporter and on the 12 Germinal Year III (April 1, 1795) he encouraged 73

the mob which had forced its way into the Convention crying for bread by shouting: "People, do not abandon your rights;" he was arrested, but was released in the amnesty of Nov. 24, 1795; he had already been compromised in the terrible powder explosion of 14th fructidor (Aug. 31, 1794) at Grenelle, supposed to have been the work of the Jacobins; he was tried by a military com- mission and shot. D. S., Paris, March 21, 1794. See Armonville. 430. FERAUD (Jean). Assassinated May 20, 1795. Conventionnel and regicide; he, however, was inclined toward the Girondin party, and did what he could to save them; he boldly attacked Robespierre on 9th thermi- dor; on the fatal day of the 1st prairial (May 20, 1795) he endeav- oured to keep the crowd from entering the Convention, but in vain, the mob passing over his body; half fainting, he made his way to the President's chair, and as the mob struck at the pre- siding officer, Boissy d'Anglas, he interposed his own body. A crazy woman by the name of Aspasia Carlemigelli killed him with a pistol, some say mistaking him for Freron, who led the young monarchial party or Jexmesse dor4e. His head was then cut off and carried on a pike; on June 2, 1795, solemn funeral rites in his memory were observed, and Louvet pronounced an oration. A. D. S., March 31, 1793. The body of this letter is in the hand of Lebois, and relates to the first victim of the Revolutionary Tribunal. P. I. 431. MAURE (Nicolas-Sylvestre). Committed suicide at Paris, June 3, 1795. Conventionnel; he seated himself with the Jacobins and upon the Mountain. At the trial of the King he said: Louis is guilty; had he a thousand lives, they toould not suffice to expiate his crimes. He declared himself an Apostle of the new religion of Reason; he was one of the accusers of Carrier; he was implicated in the. affair of 1st prairial, Year III (May 20, 1795), and the principal charge against him was that a fellow-member, Gibergues, said he had heard him applaud the propositions of Romme. Fearing arrest, Maure, the morning of June 3, 1795, shot himself at his own house. D. S., Paris, April 25, 1795. 432. ALBITTE (Antoine-Louis). On Sept. 6, 1792, he was elected to the Convention, voting for the death of the King and prosecuting the Girondins; he was a strong Jacobin, and is numbered among the last of the Mountain; he was accused by Tallien and Vernier of having taken part in the insurrection of 1st prairial, May 20, 1795, but he succeeded in escaping. A. L. S., Mayence, Dec. 26, 1806.

433. PRIEUR (Pierre-Louis). Member of the Convention from Sept., 1792, he took a most active part; on Dec. 3, 1792, he, with five others, was designated to transport the documents found in the Armourie de Fer at the Tuilerics to the Criminal Tribunal. These pieces were expected to prove the charges that day made against the King. He voted for the King's death; on Oct. 6, 1794, he was made a member of the Committee of Public Safety; he was elected President Oct. 22, 1794. In the trial of Carrier, Prieur declared that being for a single day at Nantes, he had urged Carrier to permit Commis- sions to try prisoners and to await formal trials. Three days 74

after the scenes of the 12 germinal (April 1, 1795) he was accused of pandering to the people, who had entered the Convention crying for bread. With the mob at his back, Prieur demanded that the Convention should grant the people bread before they retired from the hall; he was ordered in arrest May 20, 1795; he escaped and died in exile; he is to be numbered among the last of the Mountain, and among the last of those who still hoped for a Republican form of government in France. A. D. S., Rennes, Nov. 17, 1793. P.

434. GOUJON (Jean-Marie-Claude-Alexandre).

Killed himself at Paris, June 17, 1795 ; he entered the navy as a lad, and was only 12 when he took part in the battle of Ouessant,

off Finistere; Conventionnel ; he showed great bravery when with the army of the Moselle on a mission from the Convention; he op-

posed the return of the surviving Girondins ; after Robespierre's fall he referred to him as the Tyrant, although a pronounced Mountain member himself; he had a premonition of his death, and inquired of his physician the exact road to the heart; when condemned, on June 17, 1795, he was the first to stab himself, passing the knife to Romme. Goujon lived at No. 167 Rue Dominique. D. S., Oct. 12, 1793. P.I.

435. ROMME (Charles-Gilbert) Committed suicide at Paris, June 17, 1795; scientist and Conventionnel; student of mathematics, he made many important reports to that branch of knowledge; his investigations on the aerial telegraph were of service to the army; he voted for the death of the King, and asserted that only death could expiate his crimes; he was arrested by the partisans of the Girondins and confined in the prison at Caen for several months; member of the Committee of Public Instruction, he made an elaborate report on Sept. 19, 1793, on the new Republican Calendar to replace the Gregorian — see Calendar; on Nov. 23, 1794, he finally accused Carrier of his crimes at Nantes; although taking no part in the insurrection of 1st prairial, May 20, 1795, he urged that all those arrested on that occasion should be set at liberty; the following day he was placed in arrest and tried by the Military Commis-

sion ; he was condemned on June 17, 1795, and as he and his com- panions were descending the steps from the court room he repeat- edly stabbed himself with a knife, which, having been received from Goujon, was in turn passed to Duquesnoy — all three were killed by their own hands. The other three, Duroy, Soubrany and Bourbotte, wounded, were carried to the Place de la Revolution and executed. Romme lived in the Vend6me quarter, Rue Neuve- du-Luxembourg No. 21. A. L. S., July 30, 1783. P. I.

436. DUQUESNOY (Ernest-Dominique-Francois-Joseph). Killed himself at Paris, June 17, 1795; Conventionnel and regi- cide; he sat with the Left in the Assembly and voted for the death of the King; he sat with the Mountain in the Convention. The Girondins had no more bitter enemy. The Convention sent him on a mission to the Army of the North, and on Nov. 20, 1793, he wrote " I will set : out to-morrow to give an emetique revolution- naire to the aristocrats of Douai!" After Robespierre's fall he retained his principles and was arrested with the other extreme Republicans, known as the Last of the Mountain ; he, like Romme 75

and Goujon, killed himself with a knife as judgment was pro- nounced against him ; he lived at No. 479 Rue Nicaise. A. L. S., Guise, Oct. 11, 1793. 437. DUROY (Jean-Michel). Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1795. Conventionnel and regi- cide; he joined the Mountain faction, and although not active on the downfall of Robespierre, he was arrested and condemned; with some of his fellows, he tried to kill himself with the same knife which stabbed Romrac and Goujon, but failed, and he went to the scaffold with Bourbotte and Soubrany; he lived at No. 22 Rue Neuve-de-la-Convention. A. D. S., June 22, 1790. 438. SOUBRANY (Pierre-Amable). Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1795. Conventionnel and regi- cide; allied himself to the Mountain. In the insurrection of the 1st prairial — May 20, 1795 — one of the most terrible days in the history of the Revolution, Soubrany was named by the Paris rebels as Commander. The Mountain was made to appear respon- sible for the insurrection, and he and his fellow-members were arrested and condemned; he struck himself with the same knife which had killed Romme, Goujon and Duquesnoy, and so badly wounded himself that he had to be supported all the way to the scaffold, which was erected in the Place de la Revolution; he lived at No. 343 Rue St. Honorfi in Paris. D. S., March 26, 1794. 439. BOURBOTTE (Pierre). Guillotined at Paris, June 17, 1795. Conventionnel and regi- cide; he united with the Mountain; he was a man of great physical courage, and this characteristic was displayed on the scaffold; after witnessing the death, by self-inflicted wounds, of three of his companions, he placidly mounted the steps to the guillotine and began to address the people; he was stopped and made to bend his head to be strapped upon the block. It was then discovered that the knifa had not been raised since it fell upon the last victim, and thus it became necessary to release Bourbotte until the dreadful blade could be lifted on high. This time he employed in resuming his talk to those about the scaffold; he was the last of the Mountain; he lived at No. 10 Rue Neuve-des-Bons- Enfants. L. S., April 25, 1795. 440. MENOU (Jean-Francois-Abdallah). Deputy from the Nobility to the Etats Generaux; he became a strong Revolutionist, and, having studied the methods of war, he advanced rapidly until he was General of Division; after the 1st of prairial (May 20, 1795) he had been substituted for Pichegru as the General-in-Chief of Paris; he failed the National Conven- tion, when Barras was appointed to guard the Convention, and begged to resign. This resignation opened the way to Bonaparte. A. L. S., Turin, Julv 15, 1806. P. 441. BONAPARTE (Napoleon). Born at Corte (Corsica) Jan. 7, 1768; died at Longwood on

Saint Helene, May 5, 1821 ; admitted to the military school of Brienne, April 23, 1779, he passed from there Oct. 17, 1784, to the Ecole Militaire of Paris; after graduating, he became captain in the 4th regiment, Feb. 6, 1792; he fought at Avignon against the Federalists of the South; and, on Oct. 19, 1792, he was made chief of the 2nd battalion of artillery; at the siege of Toulon he 70

attracted the attention of Auguste Robespierre, who gave the young officer great credit for the triumph there, and secured his promotion to be General of Artillery; he certainly had relations with both Robespierres, and, according to the sister, Charlotte, Bona- parte was their friend and sympathizer; accused by the members of the Convention, he was suspended from his functions and im- prisoned at Antibes — (where he afterwards made his landing from Elba) Aug. 9, 1794. He was released Aug. 20, on his protesting that he had been deceived by the younger Robespierre; he was in Paris, unemployed, when Barras, on Oct. 3, 1795, made him Commander (under himself) of the troops selected to defend the Convention against the mob and old revolutionists who were crying for bread and the Constitution of 1793. Shortly after mid- night, on Oct. 4, 1795, Barras, who had learned the true situation from Menou, and that the Convention was unprotected by cannon, and further that the only available guns were at the Camp Sablons, ordered Bonaparte to secure them and bring them to the Tuileries. Bonaparte immediately ordered Murat, Major of the 21st Chas- seurs, to ride swiftly to the Camp Sablons, reaching there at 2 o'clock, and fighting his way with a column of the Commune or Sectionists bent on the same errand; he brought the guns to Bonaparte at 6 o'clock in the morning. The insurrectionists had occupied the .Church of St. Roch in the Rue St. Honorfi, and on this edifice Bonaparte fired. Bonaparte and his cannon ended the French Revolution. D. S., Oct. 2, 1793, as Buonaparte, a form which he at first used indifferently with that more common form, afterward used exclusively. 442. MURAT (Joachim). Killed at Pizzo, Oct. 13, 1815; student of theology, he was dismissed and, on May 30, 1791, obtained a position in the guard of Louis XVI; he was promoted to a cavalry regiment and made campaigns of Champagne and the Pyrenees; when Marat was assassinated, he is said to have written to the Jacobins that he desired to change his name from Murat to Marat. Bonaparte gave him the important mission of bringing in the cannon from Sablons to the Tuileries on Oct. 4, 1795, thus preserving the Convention. A. L. S., Aug. 13, 1808. P.

443. BOISSY D'ANGLAS ( Francois-Antoine).

Conventionnel ; he voted for the imprisonment of the King until peace; he seemed by his votes to support the Girondin party; he was elected President of the Convention April 5, 1735. Although Vernier was the President of the Convention on May 20, 1795, when the insurrection took place, Boissy d'Anglas was tempo- rarily in the chair at the moment the mob entered the hall " crying for bread" and the " Constitution of '93." It was at this precise moment — three o'clock in the afternoon — when a fresh mob entered and killed Feraud, who was trying to protect the President. Boissy d'Anglas showed himself cool, brave and tact- ful; he was a member of the Commission, des Onze, charged with reporting the new Constitution, and it was because of his services on May 20 that the Convention, with one voice, declared that he should be the organ of the Commission des Onze to present to the Convention and to France the Constitution. France was finding the National Convention as a deliberative body, and its Committees as executive expressions, inadequate. A commission of eleven persons was appointed, and this committee reported a new form of government: a legislative body to consist of two cham- 77

bers, the one called The Council of 500 — two-thirds of which were to be selected from members of the then Convention — and a Council of Ancients, to consist of 250 members. The executive f power was to be exercised by a Directory of Five. France was not yet ready for another King, for a Dictator, or for a Consul, although all three were proposed in the discussions. The entire scheme was a backward step from a Republican form of government. Practically for universal suffrage, there was substituted the undemocratic qualification of property holding. The sentiment against universal suffrage was almost unanimous, only three supporting it — Thomas Paine, Lanthenas and Souhait. A. L. S., Paris, Julv 10, 1812. P. I. 444. GUIOT (Florent). Conventionnel and regicide. He was sent on a mission to the North. At Lille he found great disorders and operated the guillo- tine with great rigour, saying, in his official report to the Con- vention, The guillotine will be in repose only when the guilty heads are all fallen. On Oct. 22, 1795, he was named one of the inter- mediate governmental Council, called the Commission des Cinq. Its existence represents a phase of the Republic as it was passing from the one form of a National Convention to the new Corps Ltgislatif. Guiot himself was chosen to the Council of the Ancients. A. L. S., Lille, March 17, 1795.

445. PONS (Philippe-Laurent, dit Pons de Verdun). Conventionnel and regicide. When the time came for the change of government from the National Convention to the newly created Corps Legislatif, composed of the two Councils and the Directory, an intermediate Commission of Five was created Oct. 21, 1795, and Pons de Verdun, with Tallien, Dubois-Crance, Florent-Guyot and Roux constituted the Commission. He served France under the Directory and Empire. D. S., Paris, June 30, 1794.

446. DAUNOU (Pierre-Claude-Francois). Ecclesiastic, Professor, Statesman and Architect; Conventionnel. He voted for the King's imprisonment until peace. He .opposed the decrees against the Girondins, and was himself arrested and detained until after Robespierre's fall. When, under the Constitution of the Year III, the two legislative chambers became operative, Daunou was elected first President of the Council of 500, on Oct. 28, 1795. The Council of 500 held its sessions in the old Salle de la Convention in the Tuileries. There had, gradually, sprung up a reactionary and Royalist sentiment reflected in the Convention and opposed to the communistic views of Paris and the larger cities. To ensure at least a conservative majority-element in the Council of the 500 it was determined that two-thirds should be selected from the then members of the Con- vention. When Bonaparte became first Consul he appointed Camus to be Archivist of France, and when the latter died in 1804 the Emperor named Daunou to succeed him. It was under him that was con- ceived the vast project of a central repository on the Champs Elysees where, by a decree dated March 21, 1812, were to be lodged not only captured pictures, statues and books, but also the public documents, deeds and records of Italy, Austria, Spain and other countries, to consult which the world would be put under con- tribution for fees (enormous in the aggregate and productive of great revenues). While the idea was never entirely developed, 78

the stones for the building were raised above the pavement, and the road from Italy was blocked with wagons drawing rich material to Paris. A. L. S., Paris, March 12, 1807. P.

447. THIBAUDEAU (Antoine-Claire) Comte. Conventionnel and regicide. He devoted himself largely to educational and artistic work, yet he himself was the most notable of all the members in affecting the appearance of the Sansculottes, wearing his Phrygian cap, baring his neck and conducting himself as the commonest of the sectionists. He was elected to the Council of 500 and became its first Secretary with Eeubell, Ohenier and Cambaceres. With the exception of Sergent-Marceau he lived to a greater age than the other active spirits of the Revolution. He was a friend of Thomas Paine and obtained his readmission to the Convention. D. S., Oct. 13, 1795.

448. BODIN (Pierre-Joseph-Frangois). Surgeon and legislator. He was practicing at Limeray when on Sept. 6, 1792, he was elected to the Convention. He voted foi the imprisonment, rather than the death, of the King. He served on an important mission to the Army of the West. In Oct., 1795, he was chosen member of the Council of 500, serving afterward in the Gendarmerie as Captain. A. L. S., July 29, 1799.

449. GOURDAN (Charles-Claude-Christophe). Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; he sat with the left and was one of the founders of the Jacobin Club; Conventionnel and regicide. He acted with the Mountain, but he supported Tallien and Barere in attacking Robespierre on 9th thermidor. He was elected to the Council of 500 in Oct., 1795. D. S., Paris, Oct. 13, 1795.

450. GOSSUIN (Constant-Joseph-Eugene). Deputy to the Legislative Assembly and member of the Con- vention. In the former body he eulogized Rochambeau on May 7, .1792, when there developed a feeling of hostility against the Marfi- chal. At the trial of the King he was on a mission to Belgium and, therefore, did not vote, being one of the fifteen who were absent during the taking of the four votes affecting the King's fate. Member of the Council of 500. A. D. S., Paris, July 22, 1796.

451. PRIEUR-DUVERNOIS ( Claude-Antoine, dit Prieur de la Cote d' Or). In Aug., 1792, he was sent to the Army of the Rhine to announce the dethronement of Louis XVI; Conventionnel and regicide. He was hostile to the Girondins and was made prisoner by them and their partisans at Caen, whither he and Romme were sent to bring that region into sympathy with the radical party in the Conven- tion. After fifty days they were released on July 29, 1793. He devoted much study to a uniform system of weights and measures. His greatest service was in assisting Carnot in reorganizing the Army of the Republic. Prieur had the duty of providing the material and machinery of war, while Carnot attended to the per- sonnel and the movement of the armies. Prieur was elected to the Council of 500. D. S., Sept. 17, 1794. See No. 427. .

79

452. COUPPE (Gabriel-Hyacinthe, de Kervennon). Advocate and legislator; Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux, he was elected Secretary Aug. 13, 1791;

Conventionnel ; at first united with the Girondins, voting for the imprisonment of the King, and then signing the protest with the seventy-three and being proscribed with them; after May 31, 1793, he was arrested, placed at first in the Conciergerie and then at La Force; after 9 thermidor he was released; on Oct. 14, 1795, he was elected to the Council of 500; he sided with Bonaparte. D. S. See No. 231.

453. DUBOIS-CRANCE (Eduard-Louis-Alexis). Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Generaux; Conven- tionnel and regicide; on Jan. 3, 1793, he had been placed on the Committee of Public Safety; he allied himself with Danton; he was particularly useful in putting down the revolt at Lyons, being then on a mission to the South; he was chosen to the Council of 500, Oct. 14, 1795; he served under the Directory, and in the year 1799 he was Minister of War; he was not favorable to the Coup d'Etat, and retired; he was a writer, and the present letter refers to a brochure in which he attacked Robespierre. A. L. S., Aug. 13, 1794.

454. GARRAU ( Pierre-Anselme). Advocate and legislator; he was elected Sept. 5, 1791, to the Legislative Assembly as an Alternate, but obtained a seat April 7, 1792; Conventionnel and regicide; in the Department of the Pyrenees-Occidentales, to which he gave efficient aid, he was elected Secretary Sept. 2, 1795; he was elected to the Council of 500 April 14, 1798, and when the attempt to overthrow the Directory took place Garrau aided the movement to the utmost, and then opposed with equal vigor the Coup d'Etat. A. L. S., Milan, Jan. 13, 1797.

455. INGRAND (Francois-Pierre). On Sept. 3, 1791, he was elected Deputy to the Legislative As- sembly, and directly he arrived in Paris he had himself enrolled at the Jacobin Club; he was particularly active in the declara- tions against Lafayette; Conventionnel and regicide; the same day the King waa executed he was named on the Committee of General Surety; he took a leading part in the expulsion of the Girondins; elected Oct. 14, 1795, to the Council of 500, he soon after retired to accept the position of Inspector of Forests. D. S. See No. 231.

456. LESAGE-SENAULT ( Gaspard-Jean-Joseph ) Merchant and legislator; he was elected Sept. 3, 1791, to the Legislative Assembly; Conventionnel; he voted for the death of the King, adding: "I demand that he be executed within twenty-four hours." He was sent on a mission to the Army of the North in April, 1793, and sent to the Convention the proofs of General Dumouriez' defection; after the fall of Robespierre he was one of the most active members of the new Committee of General Surety; he was elected to the Council of 500, and on Dec. 8, 1796, he created a violent scene by declaring that royalism was everywhere and that the constituted authorities were no longer Republicans; he opposed the Coup d'Etat of Bonaparte, and went into srclusion. A L. S., Jan. 17, 1797. 80

457. ESCHASSERIAUX (RenS, le jeune). himself Physician and legislator; Conventionnel ; he devoted particularly to scientific and educational subjects as covered by the government; elected to the Council of 500, he pursued an enlightened and progressive course. L. S., Dec. 31, 1784. 458. POMME (Andre, dit l'Americain). He was elected member of the Convention from the French colony seated in time of Guyanc and hence his popular name ; he was not to vote on the King's trial, taking his place only on April 10, 1793; he rarely appeared at the Tribune; after the 9 thermidor he went upon a mission, during which the present letter was written; he was a member of the Council of 500. L. S., Dec. 4, 1794.

459. HENRY-LARIVIERE (Pierre-Francois-Joachim). Advocate and legislator; Conventionnel, voting for the King's

detention until the peace ; with such sentiments, it was not long be- fore he was in open hostility to the Jacobins ; he was named, May 21, 1793, on the Commission Extraordinaire des Dowse to examine the affairs of the Municipality of Paris; on June, 1793, he was decreed under arrest by the Convention, and escaped to the Calve- dos, where he devoted himself to the insurrectionary movement against the Convention; he was declared hors la loi by the Consti- tution, but after the 9 thermidor he obtained readmission; he was a violent reactionist; chosen to the Council of 500, he was elected

Secretary May 20, 1797 ; on Sept. 5, 1797, he was ordered deported, but he long survived the Revolution. A. L. S., Jan. 4, 1821. 460. LANTHENAS (Francois-Xavier). Physician and legislator; friend of Roland, he was induced to enter public life, and on Sept. 9, 1792, he was elected to the Con- vention; he voted against the punishment of death for the King, but for imprisonment until peace; he was proscribed with the Girondins, but Marat, a fellow-physician, saved him, through, however, the somewhat high price of an insult, saying: " All the world knows Lathenas is mean spirited." Lathenas voted for uni- versal suffrage in the Constitution of the Year III. He was elected Secretary, April 5, 1795; in the same year he was chosen to the Council of 500. A. L. S., Paris, Jan. 9, 1798, concerning a Captain Blackwell, introduced by Thomas Paine. 461. CHAZAL (Jean-Pierre). Advocate and legislator; Conventionnel; he seated himself with the Girondins, voting for death, but also for reprieve; on Jan. 4, 1795, he was made a member of the Committee of Public Safety; on March 5, 1795, he made a most energetic speech, in which he attributed all the evils under which France was then suffering to those who were overthrown on 9 thermidor; he was elected to the Council of 500, and on Sept. 20, 1797, he was chosen Secre- tary; on Sept. 26, 1799, he was elected President, being the last, except , to hold that office. D. S., March 29, 1795.

462. LAREVELLIER-LEPEAUX (Louis-Marie de). On Oct. 11, 1795, he was elected member of the Council of the Ancients, and on Oct. 25 he was elected first President of that body. This day the National Convention ceased its functions, and the new form of government under the Constitution of the Year 81

III began. The Council of the Ancients was composed of 250 members, at least 40 years of age, married or widowers. Its function was to approve or reject measures which originated in the Council of 500, but it could suggest modifications or amend- ments. This body held its sessions at first in the Manege (ancient convent of the religious order of the Feuillants, opening on the Eue St. Honorfi and Place Vend6me), and on Jan. 21, 1799, in the Palais Bourbon. 463. LANJUINAIS (Jean-Denis) Comte.

He was one of the founders of the Jacobin Club ; in the National Assembly he supported the motion for the suppression of the

Nobility; Conventionnel ; he voted for the imprisonment of the King until the peace; later he began a bitter war with the Mountain; in the affair of May 31, 1793, he found himself about to be arrested and fled, remaining hidden in a small grain-loft in Rennes, for 18 months; he re-entered the Convention March 8, 1795; he was elected to the Council of the Ancients and became its first Secretary, with Baudin and Breard. A. L. S., March 20, 1813. P. 464. BREARD (Jean-Jacques). Conventionnel and regicide; Feb. 7, 1793, he was chosen Presi- dent; March 26, 1793, he was named on the new Committee of Public Safety, serving with Robespierre, GensonnS, Danton — three different and irreconcilable elements; he went on a mission with Jeanbon Saint-Andre1 to Brest to reform the navy, but was not present at the battle of June 1, 1794; he opposed Robespierre 9 thermidor, and after the latter's fall he demanded funeral honours for the twenty-one Girondins who perished Oct. 31, 1793; he was elected member of the Council of Ancients, made its first Secretary Oct. 25, 1795, and on Nov. 21, 1796, its President. D. S., March 29, 1795.

465. BORDAS (Pardoux). Conventionnel, but voted for the imprisonment of the King; when the contest was waged against Robespierre, he acted with

the thermidoreans ; he was secretary during part of the struggle; on Oct. 14, 1795, he was elected to the Council of 500, and on April 12, 1797, he was elected to the Council of the Ancients. A. L. S., Dec. 27, 1798.

466. FOURCROY (Antoine-Francois). Distinguished chemist and physician. He became a member of the Convention on the assassination of Marat, replacing him July 23, 1793. It is to him that we owe the Jardin des Plantes. He devoted himself patiently to the cause of science and education, but he served as Secretary to the Convention and as an active member of the Committee of Public Safety. Elected member of the Council of the Ancients he made the reports his special study. D. S., Sept. 17 1794. See Cloots. See No. 324.

467. LOUIS DU BAS-RHIN ( Jean-Antoine). Conventionnel and regicide. At the King's trial he said: / have seen Louis constantly in revolt against the nation; the penal code pronounces death. I vote for death. Sept. 19, 1793, he was elected Secretary, and on July 5, 1794, he was made President. He was also chosen to the Committee of General Surety. Elected to the Council of the Ancients on Oct. 4, 1795. A. L. S., Jan. 7, 1792. 82

468. PBTIET (Claude-Louis). Soldier and legislator. Member first of the Council of the An- cients and subsequently of the Council of 500. While still a mem- ber of the former body he was called by the Directory to be Minister of War, and it is in this capacity that he writes the present letter to Gen. Bonaparte. On Feb. 19, 1797, he presented the flags cap- tured by the army in Italy. L. S., Feb. 27, 1797. 469. MAZADE PERCIN (Julien-Bernard-Dorothee de). Chosen to the Convention he voted for the imprisonment of the King rather than for death, saying, as so many others had said, that the Convention had no right to sit in judgment. In the formation of the new government he was elected to the Council of the Ancients. D. S., Paris, June 30, 1795. 470. BARBE DE MARBOIS (Frangois Marquis de). He was sent as Consul to the United States and afterward to Santo Domingo. He was elected, Oct. 16, 1795, to the Council of Ancients, and became Secretary of that body. Because he at- tempted to have changed the law excluding from public office nobles and relatives of nobles, he was suspected and later was sentenced to be deported to Guyane. A. L. S., April 20. The present piece acknowledges the news from Edward Livingston that the Academy of New York had elected him an honorary member. P.

471. REGNIER ( Claude-Ambroise) Due de Massa. Advocate at Nancy and Deputy from the Third Estate to the Etats Gene'raux. He interested himself in public questions during the life of the Constituent Assembly, and while his opinions were moderate, he on many occasions voted with the left or Jacobin party. During the Convention he retired from public view, but reappeared after 9th thermidor and became a member of the Coun- cil of the Ancients, of which body he was elected Secretary and then President. Regnier supported Bonaparte in his plans and in the establishment of the Consulate. He became the Minister of Justice and Director of the Police, in which capacity he moved against Pichegru. D. S., Paris, Oct. 8, 1813. P. 472. COLLOMBEL (Pierre). Conventionnel. He served on a, mission to the North and also on the Committee of General Surety. Elected to the Council of 500, he passed from that body to the Council of the Ancients, where he made a stout stand for the liberty of the press on July 25, 1799. It had been proposed to restore the privileges of the press and to place it under the censure of the Directory. He opposed the session at Saint-Cloud on the 9th November, 1799, and thus brought upon himself his exclusion the following day. D. S., Nov. 29, 1794. 473. VARDON (Louis-Alexandre-Jacques). Conventionnel. On Dec. 18, 1792, he made a report on the Bethel affair. Two Battalions of Paris were marching through this little village, hungry and cold, when they halted at a tavern for refresh- ment, and were denied this as the landlord declared four Russian Chasseurs had engaged all his resources. These turned out to be four emigres in disguise, and between the soldiers and the enraged townfolk the emigres were massacred. The original of this report is our No. 289. 83 Vardon was elected, Oct. 28, 1795, one of the State Messengers, the medium of communication between the two Councils, and be- tween them and the Directory A. D. S., Brest, July 15. 474. LAREVELLIERE-LEPEAUX (Louis-Marie). C nti0nnel and re icide e - He defended the Girondins on May J™ i^o 10, 1793. Accused himself, he fled and remained concealed in the forest of Montmorency an entire year, coming back to Paris after 9th thermidor. On Oct. 11, 1795, he was elected to the Council of the Ancients, and the 10th of brumaire, Oct. 31, 1795, he was chosen first from the list of 50 to make one of the Directory of Five receiving — 216 out of 218 votes. On Aug. 2, 1796, he became the President. He supported Bonaparte and was one of the pro- moters of the Coup d'Etat. He served in the Directory until June 18, 1799. He left interesting memoirs. Under the Constitution of the Year III the executive power was exercised by a body of Five, called the Directory. The Council of 500 selected 50 names from which the Council of Ancients elected five. Thus was constituted the famous Directory. A. L. S., Paris. Jan. 13, 1811. P. See No. 462. 475. LETOURNEUR (Charles-Louis-Francois) de la Manche. Conventionnel. He voted for the death of the King, after an explanation in which he said he had been opposed to the Con- vention's trying the King, but yielded his opinion to that of the majority. He greatly assisted Carnot in his war measures. On the 9th thermidor he showed himself bitter against Robespierre and the Jacobins. He became President of the Convention Jan. 6, 1795. On July 23, 1795, he was one of the three Commissioners (with Delmas and Laporte) to direct the armed force of Paris. On Oct. 31, 1795, his name was returned second on the list of 50 for membership on the Directory of Five — receiving 189 votes out of 218 votes. He was elected President of the Directory Jan. 30, 1796. A. L. S. P. 476. REUBELL (Jean-Francois).

Conventionnel. President of the Jacobins Feb. 4, 1791 ; when Robespierre fell he became the most violent enemy of that society. Named member of the first Directory Oct. 31, 1795, his name being third on the list of 50 with a vote of 176 out of 218. D. S., Paris, March 29, 1795. P. See No. 127.

477. BARRAS ( Paul-Frangois-Jean-Nicolas). Besides his services of 9th thermidor, when he organized the fight on behalf of the Convention against Robespierre and the Com- mune, it was he and his chief aid Bonaparte who put down the insurrection of Oct. 4, 1795. When the executive power was lodged in the Directory of Five, Barras was named fifth member, as, owing to his political activity, he obtained only 129 out of 218 votes. On Nov. 28, 1797, he was elected President of the Directory. With LareVelliSre and Reubell he made the majority which directed affairs and carried on internal conflicts with the legislative councils. Barras was accused of trying to make terms with Pitt in England, and afterward with Louis XVIII. The Coup d'Etat of brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), practically ended his public career. He was the one regicide exempted from the law of Jan. 12, 1816. A. L. S. .

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478. CARNOT (Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite). Student of the military art, he gave his attention particularly to strategy and fortifications. As early as 1783, when 20 years of age, he had already published a treatise on mathematics. On Aug. 31, 1791, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly. Con- ventionnel. In both legislative bodies he was charged with organ- izing armies and building defenses. Regicide. He was one of the five Commissioners sent, March 31, 1793, to Dumouriez, and was fortunate in not being arrested with his comrades, he being at Arras when he received notice of his appointment. On July 10, 1793, he was made a member of the Committee of Public Safety. Besides his military employment he gave much time to politics, and it was to him that France owed the union with Belgium. He was opposed to Robespierre, and yet, after the latter's fall, he was accused of having been in alliance with him. When it was pro- posed to arrest him some one cried: " Carnot is the organizer of victories," and this phrase has ever since been fastened to his name. When under the new Constitution of the Year III the Council of 500 submitted its list of 50 for the Ancients to select a Directory of Five, Carnot's name was not on the list. Sieyes name was fourth, and accordingly he was elected. But Sieyes immediately declined and a new list of 10 names was sent, from which Carnot's was selected with a vote of 181. When Barthelemy came into the Directory he formed a minority against Barras, Larevelliere and Reubell. After the 18th of fmctidor (Sept. 4, 1797), he was proscribed and fled to Switzerland. Bonaparte named him Minister of War, and he did fine service in reorganizing the armies. D. S., 1st of the sansculottides (Sept. 17, 1794). P. I. 479. BARTHELEMY (Francois) Marquis de. Entered the diplomatic service as attache to the Embassy to Switzerland; in 1791 he became the Minister Plenipotentiary to that country, and negotiated peace with Spain and Prussia; the party of Clichy made him a member of the Directory in place of Letourneur, May 24, 1796; he joined with Carnot in a minority of the Directory; when Bonaparte came into power, he gave him his support. A. L. S., Baden, July 20, 1792. P.

480. GOHIER ( Louis-Jerdme ) Advocate and legislator; he was Minister of Justice from March 20, 1793, until April 19, 1794, and almost his first official act was to declare, on March 29, 1793, that the Revolutionary Tribunal of the Municipality of Paris was duly formed and ready to operate; on June 17, 1799, he was elected member of the Directory to replace Treilhard; he remained in this body until its functions were seized by Bonaparte in the Coup d'Etat of 18 brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) ; Gohier was placed under arrest at the Luxembourg and then per- mitted to retire to his estates at Antony, near Sceaux; his last days were given to literature. D. S., April 8, 1793. P.

481. MOULIN ( Jean-Francois-Auguste). Soldier and Director of the Republic ; the sanguinary order given by General Turreau has already been given — see Turreau de Lig- nieres. On June 20, 1799, he was elected one of the Directory, taking the place of Lareveilliere-Lepeaux. Barras says he was elected because of his strong , and it was known 85

that he did not hesitate to call his sponsor an Aristocrat; he was called a scoundrel by Bonaparte, according to Barras, with whom and Gohier he united, leaving Bonaparte and Sieves in the minor- ity, but Bonaparte and his grenadiers, his brother-Generals and Fouche made the real majority. A. D. S., Rennes, Oct. 2, 1794. 482. BARBEUF (Francois-Noel) called Graccus. Guillotined at Vend6me, May 27, 1797. Publicist and editor; he published a journal, first at Amiens and afterward started at Paris, the Tribune du Peuple, signing himself Cai'us Graccus; he was the apostle of socialism, exploiting the doctrines of Equality; in the year 179G he became the head of a secret society, and he and his followers were tried before the high court of VendOme, accused of conspiracy to restore the Constitution of 1793; con- victed on May 26, 1797, he tried to poignard himself, failed and was executed the following day. A. L. S., to his wife from prison, Oct. 3, 1796. 483. ROSSIGNOL \, Jean-Antoine). Jeweller before the Revolution; one of the heroes of the Bas- tille; edited, with Gaultier and others, the Journal des hommes du July lit, et du Faubourg Sadnt-Antoine, the rarest of the Revolu- tionary journals; one of the leaders in the attack on the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792; General in the Vendee; conscious of his military limitations, he wrote out his resignation; identified with the

Hfibertistes ; involved in the Barbeuf conspiracy, but acquitted — Real, the Public Accuser, invoking the General's poverty as excusing him. A. D. S., Nantes, Oct. 10, 1793. 483*. CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE (Francois Athanase). Chief of the Vendeens and one of the most brilliant of the counter-revolutionists. He prolonged resistance beyond- the other leaders of his party, but was finally captured and shot at Nantes March 29, 1796. A. L. S., Lege, May 20, 1793. 484. BONNIER (Ange-Elizabeth-Louis-Antoine d'Alco).

Assassinated en route from Rastadt, April 28, 1799 ; Conven- tional and regicide; he was elected member of the Council of Ancients on April 13, 1798; he had been nominated Oct. 31, 1797, as Minister of the Republic to Rastadt to serve with Treilhard. A congress of the Powers had been called to bring about peace between France and Austria and to consider the affairs of the smaller created by the triumphs of the French arms. In the meantime he had been joined by De Bry and Roberjot, as co-ministers. Finding that communication on the part of the Ministers with the Convention was interrupted by the Austrians, they decided, April, 1799, to go to Strasburg and await further negotiations. Accordingly, at between eight and nine o'clock on the night of April 28, in their coaches with their families, they departed from Rastadt and were scarcely beyond the gates when a detachment of Austrian soldiers, known as Szecklers' Hus- sars, fell upon them and murdered Bonnier and Roberjot, leaving De Bry for dead by the roadside. No other such outrage is recorded in the modern history of diplomacy. The Duchess d'Abrantes imputes the massacre to the influence of the Queen of Naples, the sister of Marie-Antoinette. D. S., Rastadt, Dec. 7, 1798, also signed by the two other ministers. P. T. 86

485. DE BRY ( Jean-Antoine-Joseph). In the Legislative Assembly he proposed the formation of a corps of 1,200 volunteers dedicated to the destruction of tyrants and of " Generals who try to destroy liberty in France." Chabot and Merlin declared that they would enroll themselves in this corps, which they desired might be called Vengeur de I'humamitg. Elected to the Convention Sept. 4, 1792, he voted for the death of the King; the Convention selected him as President March 21, 1793; he protested against the arrest of the Girondins, but escaped proscription, and prudently remained quiet until the 9th thermi- dor; on Oct. 14, 1795, he was chosen to the Council of 500, and was twice selected to be its President; on May 22, 1798, he was named Minister Plenipotentiaire to Rastadt, in association with the preceding, Bonnier. Afterward these two had joined to them Roberjot. De Bry was the only one of the three who survived the " Massacre of the Plenipotentiaires," April 28, 1799 ; he was in the first carriage in going out of the gates of Rastadt with his wife and children at about 8 o'clock in the evening, and receiving two blows he was left for dead by the roadside; he feigned death, managed to roll into the ditch, and the following morning made his way back to Rastadt, where the Prussian minister, Comte de Goertz, and the other members of the Congress received him with compassion. The crime was universally condemned. L. S., Rastadt, Dec. 7, 1798. See No. 484. 486. ROBERJOT (Claude). Assassinated near Rastadt, April 28, 1799. Priest of a Macon parish in 1799, when the Revolution began, he took the Consti- tutional oath and in Oct., 1793, he renounced his ecclesiastical functions, married, and obtained a seat in the Convention, re- placing Carra, guillotined with the Girondins; on Oct. 6, 1795, he was made a member of the Committee of General Surety; he was elected Oct. 12, 1795, to the Council of 500, and on Dec. 22, 1797, he was sent on a mission to the Hanseatic Cities. The Convention was informed, July 18, 1798, that Roberjot had reached Rastadt in his capacity of third French Minister at the Congress. The history of his assassination has already been related; his surviving confrere, De Bry, has left a record of details of this horrible treachery on the part of the Austrians; he says that Roberjot, the third to be attacked, had his throat cut while in the arms of his wife, the families of the ministers having accompanied them. That the crime was directed against France is evident, since the Ligurian Representatives, who sought to leave Ra9tadt at the same time, and who would not be separated from their French friends, were not molested. The Szecklers' Hussars were sixty in number. A. L. S., Paris, Dec. 19, 1795. D. S., Rastadt, Dec. 7, 1798. See No. 484. 487. TALLEYRAND Le Marquis. The original announcement of Talleyrand, Minister of Foreign Relations to Abriel, Commissioner to Naples, of the assassination of the French Plenipotentiaires at Rastadt. L. S., Paris, May 15, 1799. 488. JOUBERT (Barthglemy-Catherine). Killed at Novi, Aug. 15, 1799. Beginning life as an advocate, he entered, in 1789, upon a military career. One of the most brilliant and reliable of French Generals, of whom Bonaparte said to the Directory when he was setting out for Egypt: "I leave .

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you Joubert." He was killed while fighting against the Rus- sians, and his place was taken by Moreau. A. L. S., July 27, 1797, to General Berthier, by whose hand we find two lines and his signature. P. I. 489. HEDOUV1LLE (Gabriel-Marie-Theodore-Joseph) Oomte. Soldier and legislator. He took part in the battle of Valmy when he was named Adjutant-General. Suspected, because of his noble origin, he was arrested Sept. 24, 1793, and imprisoned until after the 9th thermidor, when he was sent as Chief of Staff to Hoche. In all his operations in the Vendee he employed modera- tion and justice and won the respect of his Royalist enemies. When the Coup d'Etat of 18th brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) was pre- paring, Barras proposed to Bonaparte the appointment of Hfidou- ville as President of the Republic with supreme power. This was on Oct. 30, and its revelation of Barras' sentiments influenced Bonaparte in his plans. L. S., April 20, 1796, announcing the taking of Caterreau, the chief of the Chouans. P. 490. RABAUT-DUPUIS (Pierre-Antoine). Brother to Rabaut Saint Etienne. He was elected to the Coun- cil of the Ancients and presided over the Corps Legislatif at the famous session where Bonaparte was declared elected Consul for life, Aug. 2, 1802.

A. L. S. ( 1807 ) , to Napoleon. 491. MOREAU (Jean-Victor). Soldier of the Republic and Empire. He was attached to the Girondins and was somewhat disturbed by the triumph of the Mountain. He became General of Division on April 14, 1794, and in the winter of 1795 he undertook the campaign in which France conquered the Low Countries. The following year he freed the Rhine of the enemy and opened Germany to his troops. He discovered the of Pichegru, and later, in a way to throw some doubt upon his own conduct, he revealed it to the Directory. His position for a time was subordinate, but after Joubert's death he took his command and kept it until made Commander in Chief of the Army of the Rhine. Moreau aided Bonaparte in his Coup d'Etat of Nov. 9, 1799, and at his side in the Orangerie of Saint- Cloud on that eventful day, although he had met him at the house of Directeur Gohier for the first time but a few days before. Moreau was imprisoned in 1804 for his connection with Pichegru, but was permitted to retire to America. A. L. H., April 13, 1797. P. I.

492. LEFEBVRE ( Francois-Joseph ) Entered the army Sept. 10, 1773, as a simple soldier. It was not until April 9, 1788, that he became Sergeant. From Jan. 1, 1792, when he obtained the Captaincy of a battalion, his rise was rapid. He supported Hoche in the German campaign. Wounded in a battel at Stockoch in 1797, he returned to Paris where the Directory honoured him. When Bonaparte was preparing the Coup d'Mat of 18 brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), he found Lefebvre in command of the Paris troops. Winning over this officer was the key to the situation, and this Bonaparte accomplished by present- ing him the sword worn by him in Egypt. The next day Lefebvre saved Bonaparte's life when the latter was attacked by Arena. A. L. S., Werden, Oct. 7, 1793. P. I. 88

493. BONAPARTE (Luoien). Born at Ajacoio March 21, 1775; died at Viterbe (Italy) June 29, 1840. At the insurrection raised in Corsica by Paoli he fled to Marseilles. He called himself in the Revolutionary days Brutus Bonaparte. The influence of his brother Napoleon found him employment before the armies, and on April 14, 1798, he was elected to the Council of 500, in which body he became first Secre- tary and then President. In this latter position he greatly aided his brother in his Coup d'Etai of Nov. 9, 1799. It was at the meet- ing of the Legislative Corps, composed of the two Councils and meeting at the Orangerie at Saint-Cloud, that Lucien directed the execution of his brother's plan. At eight o'clock that night he announced the attempted assassination of the General by Arena, and a little later declared: If Liberty was born in the Jeu de Paume it was placed on a sure foundation in the Orangerie of Saint-Cloud. His later life belongs to the history of the Empire. A. L. S., Paris, April 29, 1802. P. I.

494. FOUCHE (Joseph) Due d'Otrante. Priest, advocate, legislator, ambassador and minister. He was principal of the college at Nantes when the Revolution began, and it was then that he entered the law, Conventionnel and regicide. On Dec. 16, 1793, there was read a letter from Albitte and Pouche in which occurs the phrase, remarkable at that early date: The Terror, the salutary Terror, is truly here in full operation. On June 16, 1794, he was elected President of the Jacobins, and on July 14, 1794, after a violent speech against him by Robespierre, he was expelled from the Club. After the hitter's fall he was reinstated. He was installed Minister of Police July 31, 1799, in which posi- tion he protected and aided the Coup d'Etat of 18th brumaire in the interests of Bonaparte. A. L. S., announcing the peace of Schonbrunn, Nov. 14, 1809. P.

495. MARET (Bernard-Hugues) Due de Basano. Advocate and diplomatist. Under Panckoucke he edited the Moniteur, the celebrated journal of the Revolution. He was one of the leading members of the Jacobin Club. He was under Lebrun when the latter was Minister, and he lodged in the same house, Hotel d'TJnion, with Bonaparte. After the affair on the Champ de Mars he joined the Club of the Feuillants. Made Ambassador to Naples in July, 1793, he was captured by the Austrians and only released when the exchange was effected for Madame Royal in 1795. When the new Consulate began it was natural that Bonaparte and Lebrun should select him for Secretary. Napoleon made him Due de Basano Aug. 15, 1809. A. L. S., about a passport for Aaron Burr. P.

498. ARENA (Barthelemy). Advocate and legislator. On April 12, 1798, he was elected to the Council of 500, to the closing scenes of which body he lent much interest. On June 13, 1799, he argued brilliantly for the freedom of the press, and cited the attitude of the United States in its treatment of the public journals. At the famous session of the Orangerie at Saint-Cloud, Nov. 9, 1799, he is said to have made an attempt on the life of his fellow countryman Bonaparte. Bonaparte was escorted out of the hall by a few grenadiers in the midst of a wild tumult, when Arena struck at him with a poignard. In the MSlee the General was slightly wounded in the face, and the 89

grenadier accompanying him received the blow without injuring him. Arena was arrested at noon of the following day and im- prisoned in the Conciergerie. He was sentenced to deportation, but escaped. A. L. S., Calvi, Nov. 2, 1792. 497. DUCOS (Pierre-Roger). Conventionnel and regicide; elected to the Council of 500, he became its Secretary and its President. During the formative period of the new government, a joint commission from the Coun- cil of 500 and the Council of Ancients was provided temporarily. A Consulate, clothed with the same powers as the Directory, calling its three members Consuls de la Republique Franchise was created Nov. 11, 1799. The three were Sieyes, Bonaparte and Ducos. It is worthy of note that not only aid their titles per- petuate the Republic, but its principles were reannounced when they took the oath of fidelity to the Republic one and indivisible, to Liberty, Equality and to the representative system. A. L. 8. P. 498. SIEYES (Emmanuel-Joseph). Elected Consul with Bonaparte and Ducos, Nov. 11, 1799. D. S., March 29, 1795. See 127. 499. BONAPARTE (Napoleon). He was elected on the 20th brumaire (Nov. 11, 1799), with Ducos and Siey&s, one of the provisionary Consulate. The three Consuls were to preside in rotation, and it was perhaps from the alphabetical position of the initial of their names that Bonaparte presided over their first seance, Ducos over the next, succeeded in turn by Siey6s. Under the new Constitution (Year VIII) provision was made for a permanent Consulate, consisting of three members, whose order of precedence was distinctly designated, and on the 3rd nivose, Year VIII (Dec. 24, 1799), Bonaparte was named First Consul. On the 16th floreal, Year X (May 5, 1802), this executive body was abolished and Bonaparte received the title of Consul with a term of ten years. On the 14th thermidor, Year X (Aug. 1, 1802), this limited term was changed and Bonaparte became Consul for life. D. S., April, 1803. P.

500. CAMBACERES (Jean-Joseph-Regis) Due de Parme. Conventionnel; he voted to declare the King guilty of conspir- acy, but that the penalty should be imprisonment until peace, unless in the event of a foreign invasion, when the decree of guilt should be paid with execution. On May 31, 1793, he voted to proscribe the Girondins; elected to the Council of 500, he became President; on Dec. 24, 1799, he was elected to the Con- sulate as Second Consul, occupying as his official home the Hotel d'Elbeuf. L. S., Paris, Jan. 25, 1809. P.

501. LE BRUN (Charles-Francois). Advocate and legislator; he was elected to the Council of the Ancients, chosen Secretary Jan. 22, 1796, and President May 20, 1796; after the Coup d'Etat of 18 brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799), when it was decided to have an intermediary commission of the two Legislative Councils to provide a new constitution and a new form of government, he was made President of the Commission repre- 90

senting the Council of Ancients, as Lucien Bonaparte represented the Council of 500; on Dec. 24, 1799, he was named Third Consul. A. L. S., Paris, March 3, 1803. P.

602. NAPOLEON I. On the 28th floreal, Year XII (May 18, 1804), as Napoleon I, Bonaparte, was declared hereditary Emperor of the French.^ The present item is » holograph letter written to Josephine, his wife, from Boulogne-sur-Mer, at the Imperial Camp, where the Emperor was supposed to be preparing for an invasion of England. The letter refers to the health of Josephine — to whom he refers as Ma petite Josh — and to his projects. A. L. S., Imperial Camp, Aug. 9, (1805). 603. REVOLUTIONARY MAP OF PARIS. (I) Place de la Revolution (now ), where the King and Queen were guillotined.

(2) Cemetery of the Madeleine ( Chapel le Expiatoire), where the King and Queen were buried. (3) The Duplay house, Rue Saint-Honorfi, where Robespierre lived. (4) Le Manege, Hall of Legislative Assembly and National Convention. (5) Place Vendome, scene of the first disturbance in the Revolution. (6) The Jacobin Club, now the market of Saint-Honorfi. (7) Church of Saint Roch, on which Bonaparte fired his cannon. (8) The Tuileries, where the Mational Convention sat during the latter part of the Terror. (9) , where the guillotine had its second home. (10) Palais Royal, where was uttered the first call to arms July 12, 1789. (II) Prison of Saint-Lazare.

( 12 ) Place de Greve, where the guillotine was first erected. (13) Hotel de Ville, home of the Paris Commune. (14) The Temple. (15) Prison of La Force. (16) The Bastille. (17) Place du Tr6ne Renversfi, where the guillotine executed 1,307 persons between June 15 and July 28, 1794. (18) Cemetery of Picpus, where the above victims were buried. (19) The Revolutionary Tribunal. (20) The Conciergerie. (21) Church of Notre Dame. (22) Champ de Mars. (23) Hotel des Invalides. (24) Prison of the Abbaye. (25) Prison of the Luxembourg. (26) House of Camille Desmoulins. (27) House of Danton. (28) House of Marat. (29) Pantheon. 604. LETTRE DE CACHET — in Uank, signed by Louis XIV and his minister Phelypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain, April 22, 1699. It is an order of arrest for a man by the name of Elie, as appears from an indorsement on the back. The Governor of the Bastille, Saint-Mars, certifies to having received April 29, 1669, under this order, a pwrticuUer prisonnier. INDEX.

ADELAIDE (Marie, de France) 59 ALBA-LASOURCE (Marie-David) 302 ALBITTE (Antoine-Louis) 432 ALEMBERT (Jean Le Bond d') 15

AMAR (Jean Baptiste-Andre ) 275 ANGOULEME (Louis-Ant.) Due d' 235 ANGOULEME (Marie Therese Charlotte, Princesse Royale) Duchesse d' 234 ANTIBOUL (Charles-Louis) 306

ANTONELLE ( Pierre-Antoine) Marquis d' 260 ANTRAIGUES (Emmanuel-Louis-Henry-de Launay) Comte de 102 ARENA (Barthfilemy) 496

ARMONVILLE ( Jean-Baptiste) 428 AROUET (Francois) 3 ASSIGNATS. See Frecine & Cambon 229

AUBERT DU BAYET ( Jean-Baptiste-Annibal) 353 AUDOUIN (Francois-Xavier) 350 AUTUN, Bishop d'. See Talleyrand. BAOO DE LA CHAPELLE (Reng-Gaston) 369

BAILLY ( Jean-Sylvain) 124

BARBAROUX ( Charles-Jean-Marie) 193, 313 BARBE DE MARBOIS (Francois) Marquis de 470

BARBETJF (Frangois-NoSl) , called Graccus 482

BARENTIN ( Charles-Louis-Frangois de Paul) de 88 BARERE DE VIEUZAC (Bertrand) 382, 424 BARNAVE (Antoine-Joseph-Marie-Pierre) 130, 185 BARRAS (Paul-Francois-Jean-Nicolas) 415, 477 BARRY (Marie-Jeanne Becu) Countesse du 81

BARTHELEMY ( Francois) Marquis de 479 BASIRE (Claude) 332 BASTILLE 150 BASTILLE, Lettre de Cachet 151, 504 BASTILLE, Lettre d'Elargissement 152 BAYLE (Moyse-Antoine-Pierre-Jean) 360 BEAUCHAMPS (Charles Gregoire) Marquis de 109 BEAUHARNAIS (Alexandre-Francois-Marie) Viscomte de 118 32 BEAUMARCHAIS ( Pierre-Augustin-Caron) de BEFFROY DE REIGNY (Louis-Abel) 41 BENTABOLE (Pierre-Louis) 410 BERGASSE (Nicolas) 126 92

BERRUYER (Jean-Francois) 218

BERTIER DE SAUVIGNY ( Louis-Benigne-Francois ) de 167 BERTON (Henri-Montan) 392 BESENVAL (Pierre-Victor) Baron de 75 BEURNONVILLE (Pierre-de-Riel) 267 BILLAUD-VARENNE (Jacques-Nicolas) 413

BIROTTEAU ( Jean-Bonaventure-Blaise-Hilarion) 309

BODIN ( Pierre-Joseph-Francois) 448

BOISSY D"ANGLAS ( Francois-Antoine) 443 BOHMER (& CO.) *85 BOLLET (Philippe-Albert) 375 BONAPARTE (Lucien) 493 BONAPARTE (Napoleon) 441, 499, 502

BONNIER ( Ange-Elizabeth-Louis-Antoine d'Alco) 484 BOOKS USED IN TEMPLE 241 BORDAS (Pardoux) 465

BOSC ( Louis-Augustin-Guillaume) 311 BOSQUILLON (Charles) 205 BOUCHOTTE (Paul-Pierre-Alexandre) 128

BOUDIN ( Jacques-Antoine) 264 BOUILLE (Francois-Claude-Amour) Marquis de 177 BOURBOTTE (Pierre) 439 BOURDON DE LA CRONIERE (Louis-Jean-Joseph-Leonard) 416 BOURDON DE L'OISE (Francois-Louis) 414 BOUTONS, LES 224 BOYER-FONFREDE (Jean-Baptiste) 301 BREARD (Jean-Jacques) 464 BRISSOT DE WARVILLE (Jean-Pierre) 44, 290 BROGLIE (Charles-Louis-Victor) Prince de 107 BUACHE (de la Neuville) Jean-Nicolas 56 BUFFON (George Louis LeClerc) Comte de 11 BUREAUX DE PUSY (Jean Xavier) «171 BUTTAFOCO (Mathieu) Comte de 122 BUZOT (Franoois-Nicolas-Leonard) 310 CAGLIOSTRO (Giuseppi Balsamo) Alexandre Comte de 86 CALENDAR 278 CALONNE (Charles-Alexandre) de 25 CAMBACERES (Jean-Joseph Regis) Due de Panne 500 CAMBON (Pierre-Joseph) 227 CAMPAN ( Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Genet) Madame 77, 79 CAMUS ( Armand-Gaston) J25 CARLE (Raphael) I97 CARNOT (Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite) 478 CARRA (Jean-Louis) 294 CARRIER (Jean-Baptiste) 358 CASTRIES (Armand-Charles-Augustin La Croix) Due de 117 CATEL (Charles-Simon) 391 CAVAIGNAC (Jean-Baptiste) 357 93

CAZALES ( Jaques-Antoine-Marie) de 123 CHABOT (Frangois) 338 OHAILLON (Etienne) 373 CHALIER (Marie-Joseph) 355 CHAMBON DE MONTAUX (Nicolas) 216 CHAMPCENETZ (Louis) Marquis de 49

CHARETTE DE LA CONTRIE ( Francois-Athanase) *483 CHARLES (Philippe, Comte d'Artois) X of France 63

CHATELET ( Gabriele-Emilie de Breteuil) Marquise du 6 CHATELET-LOMONT D'HARAUCOURT (Louis-Marie-Florent) 108 CHAUMETTE (Pierre-Gaspard) 237

CHAUVEAU-LAGARDE ( Claude-Frangois) 277 CHAZAL (Jean-Pierre) 461 CHENIER (Joseph-Marie-Blaise) de 386 CHENIER (Marie-Andre de) 380 OHERUBINI (Luigi-Maria-Carlo-Zenotti-Salvatore) 389 CHOISEUL (Cl-Ant-G.) Due de 182 CHOISEUL (Etienne Francois) Due de 30 CLAVIERE (Etienne) 315

CLERMONT-TONNERRE ( Anne-Antoine-Jules) de 99

CLERY ( Jean-Baptiste-Cant Hanet) 239

CLOOTS ( Jean-Baptiste de) Baron 324 COCARDE NATIONALE 148 COCHON (Charles, de Lapparent) 176 COIGNY (Marie-Frangois-Henri de Franquetot) Due de 74 COLLOMBEL (Pierre) 472 COLLOT d'HERBOIS (Jean-Marie) 356 CONDORCET (Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat) 316 CORDAY DARMANS (Marie-Anne-Charlotte) 274 COULMIERS (Frangois Simonet) Abbe de 93 COUPPE (Gabriel-Hyacinthe, de Kervennon) 452 COURTOIS (Edmonde-Bonaventure) 285 COUTHON (Georges-Auguste) 400 CUSTTNE (Adam-Philippe) Comte de 343

DABBAYE ( Louis-Jaques) 132 DAMPIERRE (Auguste-Marie-Henri-Picot) Comte de 341 DANTON (Georges Jacques) 280, 327, 334 DAUJON 204 DAUNOU (Pierre-Claude-Frangois) 446 DAUPHIN (Louis-Charles) LE 233 DAVID (Alexandre-Edmonde-Delisle, dit David de l'Aude) 384 DAVID (Jacques-Louis) 383 DE BRY (Jean-Antoine-Joseph) 485

DELACROIX ( Jean-Frangois) 334 DELAMOTTE VALOIS (Jeanne de Saint-Remy de Val) 83 DELAMOTTE-VALOIS (Marie-Antoine-Nicolas) Comte 82 DELMAS (Jean-Frangois-Bertrand) 226 DENIS (Rosalie Louise Mignot) Madame 7 94

DE PERRET. See Lauze de Perret 293 DESMOULINS (Anne-Lucile-Philippe Laridon Duplessis) 329 DESMOULINS (Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoit) 39, 147, 328 DESORGUES (Joseph-Theodore) 387 189 DESPERRIERES ( Gabriel-Adrien-Marie Poissonier) DIDEROT (Denis) 14 DIETRICH (Philippe-Fr&leric) Baron de 192 DILLON (Dominique) 95 DOBSENT (Claude-Emmanuel) 258 DORNIER (Claude-Pierre) 372

DOULCET DE PONTECOULANT ( Louis-Gustave) 276 DREUX-BREZE (Henri-Evrard) Marquis de 87

DROUET ( Jean-Baptiste) 183 DUBOIS-CRANCE (Eduard-Louis-Alexis) 453 DUBOUCHET (Pierre) 365 DUCOS (Jean Francois) 300 DUCOS (Pierre-Roger) 497 DUFRICHE-VALAZE (Charles-Eleanor) 296

DUGOMMIER ( Jacques-Coquille, dit) 349 DUMAS (Mathieu) Comte 187 DUMAS (Renfi-Francois) 252 DUMOURIEZ (Charles-Francois) 265 DUPLESSIS (Anne-Francoise-Marie Boisdeveix Laridon) 330 DUPONT DE NEMOURS (Pierre-Samuel) 142 DUPORT-DUTERTRE (Marguerite-Louis-Francois) 288 DUPRAT (Jean) 297 DUQUESNOY (Ernest-Dominique-Francois-Joseph) 436 DURAND DE MAILLANE (Pierre Toussaint) 409 DUROY (Jean Michel) 437 DUSAULX (Jean-Joseph) 165 EDGEWORTH (Henry Allen de Firmont) Abbe 219 ELBEE (Mauriee-Louis-Gigot) d' 370 ELIE (Jacques-Job) 162 ELIZABETH (Philippine-Marie-Helene) Madame 232 EPINAY (Louise-Florence-Petronnelle Tardieu) 9 EPREMESNIL (Jean-Jacques Duval) d' 103 ESCHASSERIAUX (Joseph) 427 ESCHASSERIAUX (Rene le jeune) 457 ESPAGNAC (Marc-Rene Sahuguet) Abbe d' 335 ETUIS, LES 223 FABRE D'EGLANTINE (Philippe-Francois-Nazaire) 331 FAUCHET (Claude) Abbe 299 FAURE (Balthazar) 254 FAVRAS (Thomas Mahi) Marquis de 172 FERAUD (Jean) 430 FERSEN (Axel) Comte igi FLESSELLES (Jacques) de 164 FONTANES (Louis) Comte de "... 34 95

FOUCHE (Joseph) Due d'Otrante 494

FOULLON ( Joseph-Frangois) 166 FOUQUIER-TINVILLE (Antoine Quentin) 255, 256 FOURCROY (Antoine-Franeois) 466 FOURNIER (Claude) dit l'Americain 210

FRANCASTEL ( Marie-Pierre-Adrien) 359 FRECINE (Augustin-Lucie) de 225 FRERON (Louis-Stanislas) 43 FRETAU DE SAINT JUST (Emmanuel-Marie-Michel-Philippe) .... 120 GARAT (Joseph-Dominique) 215 GARDIEN (Jean-Francois-Martin) 295 GARRAU (Pierre-Anselme) 454 GAUDIN (Martin-Michel-Charles) Due de Gaete 228 GAUTHIER DES ORCIERES (Antoine-Franeois) 242 GAVEAUX (Pierre) 393 GENLIS (Stephanie-Felicitfi Ducrest) 78

GENSONNE ( Armand) 292 GEORGEL (Jean-Francois) Abbe 85 GERLE-CHALINI (Christophe-Antoine) dom 408 GOBEL (Jean-Baptiste-Joseph) 90

GOHIER ( Louis-Jerdme) 480 GORSAS (Antoine-Joseph) 38, 168 GOSSEC (Francois-Joseph) 388 GOSSUIN (Constant-Joseph-Eugene) 450 GOUJON (Jean-Marie-Claude-Alexandre) 434 GOUPILLEAU (Jean-Francois-Marie) 138 GOURDAN (Charles-Claude-Christophe) 449 GOUTTES (Jean-Louis) 92 GRAND LIVRE DE LA DETTE PUBLIQUE 230

GRANGENEUVE ( Jean-Antoine-Lafargue de) 300, 321 GREGOIRE (Baptiste-Henri) 100 GRIMM (Frederic-Melchior) 19 GUADET (Marguerite-Elie) 312 GUFFROY (Armand-Benolt-Joseph) 284 GUILLOTTN (Joseph Ignace) 135 GUINES (Adrien-Louis de Bonnieres) Due de 73 GUIOT (Florent) 444 GQYTON MORVEAU (Louis-Bernard) Baron 334 GUZMAN (Andr6-Marie) Comte de 336 HANRIOT (Francois) 421 des Ursins) 270 HARVILLE ( Louis-Auguste Jouvenel HEBERT (Jacques-Rene) 42, 323 HEDOUVILLE (Gabriel-Marie-Theodore-Joseph) Comte de 489 HELVETIUS (Claude-Adrian) 18 HENRY-LARIVIERE (Pierre-Francois-Joachim) 459 HEBAULT DE SECHELLES (Marie-Jean) 333 HERMAN (Martial-Joseph-Armand) 250 HOCHE (Lazare) 348 96

HOLBACH (Paul-Thyry) Baron d' 17 HOUCHARD (Jean-Nicolas) 346 HOUDETOT (Sophie de la Live de Bellegarde) Comtesse d' 10 HUE (Francois) 238 HUGUET (Marc-Antoine) 45, 429

HULIN ( Pierre-Augustin) 161 INGRAND (Francois-Pierre) 455 JAGAULT (Pierre) l'Abbe 368 JARY (Francois-Joseph) 318 JEANBON SAINT-ANDRE (Andre) 376 JOUBERT (Barthelemy-Catherine) 488 JOUBERT (Pierre-Mathieu) 98 JOURNIAC SAINT MEARD (Francois) 203, 204 JUIGNE (Antoine-Eleanor-Leon Le Clere) de 89 JULIEN DE TOULOUSE (Jean) 272 JULLIEN DE PARIS (Marc-Antoine) 405 KELLERMANN (Francois-Cristophe) Due de Valmy 347 KERSA1NT (Armand-Guy-Simon de Ooetnempren) Comte de *213 KERVELEGAN (Augustin-Bernard-Francois Legoazre de) 317

KLEBER ( Jean-Baptiste) 340 LACOSTE (Elie) 401

LAFAYETTE ( Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert Du Motier) Marquis de 114, 173 LAFFON-LADEBAT (Andre -Daniel) 149 LA HARPE (Jean-Francois) de 21 LAIGNELOT (Joseph-Francois) 352 LAJOLAIS (Frederic-Michel-Francois-Joseph) 345 LAKANAL (Joseph) 279 LALLY-TOLLENDAL (Trophime-Gerard) Marquis de 113 LAMARQUE (Francois) 269 LAMBALLE (Louis-Alexandre Joseph-Stanislas de Bourbon) Prince de 70

LAMBALLE ( Marie-Therese-Louise de Savoie Carignan) Princesse de. 69 LAMBESC (Charles-Eugene-de Lorraine) Prince de 146 LAMETH (Alexandre-Theodore-Victor) Baron de 115 LAMETH (Charles-Malo-Francois) Comte de 116, 396 LAMOURERTTE (Antoine-Adrien) '190

LANOLOS (Ninon de) , sometimes written L'Enclos 5 LANJUINAIS (Jean-Denis) Comte 463 LANTHENAS (Francois-Xavier) 460 LAPORTE (Arnaud de) 202 LAREVELLIERE-LEPEAUX (Louis-Marie de) 462, 474

LA ROUOHEFOUCAULD LIANCOURT ( Francois-Alexandre-Fred- erick) Id LASNIER (Jacques) 194 LASOURCE (Marie-David, Alba) 302 LATOUCHE-TREVILLE (Louis-Rene-Madeleine Le Vassor) Comte de. 377 LATOUR-MAUBOURG (Marie-Charles-Cesar de Fay) 184 LATUDE (Henri Masers de) 154 97

LAUNEY (Bernard-Ren6 Jourdan) Marquis de 159 LAUZE DE PERRET (Claude-Romain) 293 LAUZUN (Armand-Louis de Gontaut de Biron) Due de 76 LAVOISIER (Antoine-Laurent) 325

LE BAS ( Philippe-Francois-Joseph) 403 LE BOIS (Michel-Joseph) 262

LE BON ( Joseph-Ghislain-Francois) 362

LE BRUN ( Charles-Francois) 501 LE BRUN (Ponce-Denis-Ecouchard) 33 LECAZE (Jacques) 304 LE CBAPELIER (Isaac-Rene-Guy) 129 LECOINTRE (Laurent, de Versailles) 281 LEFEBVRE (Francois-Joseph) 492

LEFEBRE DE LA CBAUVIERE ( Julien) 351 LEGENDRE (Louis) 425 LEGOT (Alexandre) 283 LE GROS (Gellain) Madame 157 LEHARDY (Pierre) 305 LEPELETIER DE SAINT FARGEAU (Louis-Michel) 214 LEQUINIO DE KERBLAY (Joseph-Marie) 404 LEROY DE MONTFLOBERT (Antoine-Nicolas-Louis) Marquis 261

LESAGE-SENAULT ( Gaspard-Jean-Joseph) 456

LESCOT-FLEURIOT ( Jean-Baptiste-Edmond) 257

LESPINASSE ( Julie-Jeanne-Eleonore de) 16 LESTERPT-BEAUVAIS (Benoit) 303 LETOURNEUR (Charles-Louis-Francois, de la Manche) 475 LE VASSEUR (Antoine-Louis, de la Meurthe) 246 LINDET (Robert-Thomas) 96 LOMENIE DE BRIENNE (Etienne-Charles) de 26 LOUCHET (Louis) 406 LOUIS (Antoine) Dr 188

LOUIS ( Louis-Auguste) King of France 53, 54, 243

LOUIS DU BAS RHIN ( Jean-Antoine) 467

LOUIS ( Stanislas-Xavier) Comte de Provence 61 LOUVET DE COUVRAI (Jean Baptiste) 47, 314 MABLY (Gabriel Bonnot) 13

MACHENA, J ! .... 320

MAILLY D'HARCOURT (Augustin-Joseph) de , 196

MALESHERBES ( Guillaume-Chretien de Lamoignon) de 211 MALLARD, Demoiselle 55 MALLET DU PAN (Jacques) 46 MALOUET (Pierre-Victor) 134 MANDAT (Antoine-Jean-Galliot) Marquis de 195 MANUEL (Louis-Pierre) 286 MARAT (Jean Paul) l'Ami du Peuple 271 MARCEAU (Francois-Severin) 339 MARET (Bernard-Hugues) Due de Basano 495 MARIBON DE MONTANT (Louis) 289 98

MARIE ANTOINETTE (Josephe-Jeanne de Lorraine) Queen of France 68, 79, 80 MARIE (Josephine-Louise) de Savoie 62 MARIE-THERESE, de Savoie 64

MARIETTE ( Jacques-Christophe-Luc) 374 MARTIN-DAUCH (Joseph) ...;.... 137

MASCON ( Jean-Baptiste) Comte de 121 MASSIEU (Jean-Baptiste) 282 MATHIEU-MIRAMPAL (Jean-Baptiste-Charles) 251 MAURE (Nicolas-Sylvestre) 431

MAUREPAS (Jean-Frederic Phelippeaux) . . . : i 24

MAURY ( Jean-Siffrein) 94

MAZADE PERCIN ( Julien-Bernard-Dorothfie) de 469 MEHUL (Etienne-Henri) 390

MENOU ( Jean-Frangois-Abdallah) 440 MERCIER (La femme) 240 MERCIER (Louis-Sebastien) 40

MERLIN DE THIONVILLE ( Antoine-Christophe) 199, 417 MESNARD (Clement) -'. 91 MIACZINSKI (Joseph) 266 MIRABEAU (Andrg-Boniface-Louis Riquetti) Vicomte de 104 MIRABEAU (Honore-Gabriel Riquetti) Comte de 133 MOMORO (Antoine-Frangois) 37 MONTANE (Jacques-Bernard-Marie) 249 MONTANSIER (Marguerite Brunet, dite) 221

MONTESQUIEU (Charles Secondat de) Baron de La Brfide. 1 MONTLOSIER (Franeois-Dominique de Reynaud) Comte de 119 MONTMORIN-SAINT-HEREM (Armand-Marc) Comte de 178 MOREAU (Jean-Victor) 491

: MOULIN ( Jean-Frangois-Auguste) . 481 MOUNIER (Jean-Joseph) 136 MOURAIN (Pierre) 354 MULOT (Frangois-Valentin) YAbU 171 MURAT (Joachim) '. 442

MUSSET ( Joseph-Mathurin) ...... : •;...' 231 NAPOLEON I. See Bonaparte 502 NECKER (Jacques) 27, 145 NECKER (Suzanne Curchod) Madame. -.'... 28 NOAILLES (Catherine-Frangoise-Charlotte de Cossfi Brissac) 72 NOAILLES (Louis-Marie) Vicomte de 106 NOAILLES (Philippe-Louis-Marie-Antoine, Due de Mouchy, Prince de Poix) Comte de ; 71 105 ORLEANS (Louise-Marie-Adelaide de Bourbon Penthievre) Duch- esse d' gg ORLEANS (Louis-Philippe-Joseph) Egalite 65 PACHE (Jean-Nicolas) £87 PAINE (Thomas) '. \ ..[ 213 PALLOY (Pierre-Frangois) ' ' ..... 150 90

PANCKOUCKE (Charles-Joseph) 35

PARE ( Jules-Francois) 322 PARIS (Fabricius) 263 PAROY (Guy Legentil) Marquis de Ill PASSPORT 180 PAYAN (Claude-Frangois) 402 PAYAN (Joseph-Francois) 423 PELTIER (Jean-Gabriel) 50 PETIET (Claude-Louis) 468

PETION DE VILLENEUVE ( JerOme) 186 PHELIFPES DE TRONJOLLY (Anne-Louis) 361 PICHEGRU (Jean-Charles) 344 PIQUES, LES 153 POLIGNAC (Gabrielle-Yolande-Claude-iilartine de Polastron) Duchesse de 67 POLIGNAC (Jules) Due de 68 POMME (Andr6, dit l'Americain) 458 POMPADOUR (Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson) Marquise de 155, 156 PONS (Philippe-Laurent, dit Pons de Verdun) 445 POPULUS (Marc-Etienne) Comte 131 PRIEUR (Pierre-Louis) 433

FRIEUR-DUVERNOIS ( Claude-Antoine, dit Prieur de le COte d'Or 451 PRUDHOMME (Louis-Marie) 36 TUISAYE (Joseph-Genevieve) Oomte de 367 QUESNAY (Francois) 12 QUINETTE (Nicolas-Marie) Baron de Rochemont 268 RABAUT-DUPUIS (Pierre-Antoine) 490 RABAUT-SAINT-ETIENNE (Jean-Paul) 139 RAYNAL (Guillaume-Thomas-Francois) 20 REAL (P. F.) 253

REGNIER ( Claude-Ambroise) Due de Massa 471 RENAUDIN (Jean-Francois) 379 REUBELL (Jean-Francois) 476

REVEILLON ( Jean-Baptiste) 144 REVERCHON (Jacques) 364 REVOLUTIONARY TRIBUNAL 248 RICHEMONT (Claude Perrein) Baron de 245 RIVIERE (Charles-Francois de Riffardeau) Due de 366 ROBERJOT (Claude) 486 ROBERT (Louise-Felicite-Guinement de Kfiralio) Madame 48

ROBESPIERRE ( Auguste Bon-Joseph) ._ 397 ROBESPIERRE (family) De 394 ROBESPIERRE (Marie-Marguerite-Charlotte) 398 ROBESPIERRE (Maximilien-Marie-Isidore) 395, 396 ROEDERER (Pierre-Louis) Comte 198 ROGET DE LISLE (Claude-Joseph) 191 ROHAN, GUEMENEE (Louis Rene Edward) Prince and Cardinal de 84 ROLAND (Jean-Marie) de La Platiere 307 100

ROLAND (Manon-Jeanne-Phlipon) Madame 308 273 435 ROMME (Charles-Gilbert) > ROSSIGNOL (Jean-Antoine) 483 ROUSSEAU (Jean-Jacques) 8 ROYALIST EFFIGIES 222 51 ROYOU ( Jacques-Corentin) RUELLE (Albert) 371 RUHL (Philippe-Jacques) 426 SAINT-JUST (Antoine-Louise-Leon) de 399 SAINT-PRIEST (Francois-Emmanuel Guignard) Comte 170 SALLE (Adrien-Nicolas) Marquis De La 158 SALLE (Jean Baptiste) 319 SANSON (Charles-Henri) 22 <> SANTERRE (Antoine-Joseph) 2 17 SARRETTE (Bernard) 385 SCHNIEDER (Eulogy) 326 SERGENT-MARCEAU (Antoine-Francois) 209 SERVAN DE GERBEY (Joseph) 201 SEZE (Raymond-Romain) Comte de 212 SIEYES (Emmanuel-Joseph) Abbe 127, 498 SIJAS (Prosper) 422 SILLERY (Charles-Alexis Brulart de Genlis) Marquis de 298

SOMBREUIL ( Francois-Charles-Virau) de 207 SOMBREUIL (Marie-Maurille Virau) de Comtesse de Villelume 208 SOUBERBIELLE (Jacques) 259

SOUBRANY ( Pierre-Amable) 438 STAEL-HOLSTEIN (Anna Louisa Germaine) Baron de 29 TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD (Charles-Maurice. Bishop d'Autun) Marquis de 174, 487 TALLIEN (Jean-Lambert) 411 TALLIEN (Jean-Marie-Therezia de Fontenai, nee Cabarrus) Madame 412 TARGET (Guy-Jean-Baptiste) 175 TERRAY (Joseph Marie) l'Abbe 22 THERMIDOR 9 418 THERMIDOR 9 419 THERMIDOR 9 420 THEROIGNE DE MERICOURT (Anne-Josephe Terwange) 169 THEVENARD (Antoine-Jean-Marie) 200 THIBAUDEAU (Antoine-Claire) Comte 447 THIBAULT (Anne-Alexandre-Marie) 97 THIERRY VILLE D'AVRAY (Marc-Antoine) 206

THOURET ( Jacques-Guillaume) 141 THURIOT DE LA ROZIERE (Jacques-Alexis) 160 TOURZEL (Louise-Marie-A. J. de Croy) Madame de 179, 180, 236

TREILHARD ( Jean-Baptiste) Comte 143 TRENCK (Friedrich) Baron de 381 TRONCHET (Francois-Denis) 140 TURGOT (Anne-Robert-Jacques) Baron de l'Aulne 23 101

TURREAU DE GARAMBONVILLE (Louis-Marie) *371 TURREAU-DE LIUNIERES (Louis) 363 VADIER (Marc-Guillaume-Albert) 407 VALENCE (Jean-Baptiste-Cyrua-Marie Adelaide de Thimbrune) Comte de 342 VARDON (Louis-Alexandre-Jacques) 473 VAUDREUIL (Louis-Philippe, de Rigaud) Marquis de 112

A'ERGNIAUD ( Pierre-Victurnien) 291 VERGENNES (Charles Gravier) Comte de 31 VICTOIRE (Louise-Marie-Therese) de France 60 VILLARET-JOYEUSE (Louis-Thomas) Comte 378 VILLETTE (Charles-Michel) Marquis de 4 VOLTAIRE (Frangois-Marie-Arouet de) 2 VOULLAND (Jean-Henri) 247 WESTERMANN (Frangois-Joseph) 337 WILLIAMS (Eleazer) 244 WIMPFEN (Louis-Felix) Baron de 110 YOUNG (Arthur) 52 ZEPPE (Jean-Pierre-Marie) 57