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Home , Eukaryote

Biology 2 Dr. Tim Revell Welcome to Bio 2! • and Interactions • Second Semester Majors Course • A course on , , , , Conservation, Comparative and • What have you heard???...you won’t be the same! • Powerpoint – Notes – instruction.mtsac.edu/trevell – Coming to class – Camera! – Everything in the powerpoints is fair game for 2/17/17 2 lecture quizzes/exams! Class Expectations • Pay attention in class • No Cheating, stealing, or other behaviors deemed unethical • Be On ; Be Awake; Be present! • Participation • Grades/Letters of Rec • Questions?

2/17/17 3 SI/Coaching

• 1 point each session – Max 30 (You can still go but can’t earn more than 30)

Coaching: mtsac.edu/stem

2/17/17 4 Carl Linneaus qFather of “______” qSwedish botanist, physician, and zoologist qWrote Systema Naturae in 1735 qThe science concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of Cladistics/Taxonomy Combo

• ______chart showing relationship of . • Based on ”synapomorphies”. • Can use “” or “ Group” AND/OR traditional taxonomic levels. Class… 2/17/17 6 Cladograms/Ultrametric Trees

• ______groups 2/17/17 not para or poly 7 The 3 Domains (higher than Kingdom)

2/17/17 8 : Domain: Archeae Domain: Bacteria Characteristics • Prokaryotic cells • wall • Region ______– single circular • Capsule –glycocalyx – • Flagella • No membrane- bound • (70S) • Plasma membrane Classification

• Shape (Cocci or Rod) • Staining – Gram – Spore – Acid-fast • requirements • Feeding strategies Shapes

• Sperical (Cocci) • Rod-Shaped (Bacillus) • Spiral (Spirochetes)

2/17/17 12 Shapes and Groups Cocci: Spherical _____ – in lines _____ – in grape like clusters Shape

Helical: Spiral- shaped (Spirillium) Shape

Filamentous

Stains (several) •Gram Stain –Violet = gram positive – Red = gram negative

Acid-fast Stain – leprae, M. tuberculosis – (Acid-Fast “+” Red, – Acid-Fast “-” Blue) Spore Stain Oxygen Requirements • Obligate aerobes – require oxygen • Obligate anaerobes – require no oxygen • ______– can grow with or without oxygen • Aerotolerant Anaerobes – only anaerobic growth but oxygen does not harm. • ______– aerobic growth in low oxygen concentrations. Make sure you know this figure! Good Essay Question!!! Feeding Strategies

• Based on and carbon sources – Photoautotrophs – Chemoautotrophs – Photoheterotrophs – Chemoheterotrophs Feeding Strategies

Good essay Question! Nitrogen

• Nitrogen is needed /nucleic acids • - convert atmospheric N into • Makes N available for other organisms Which tree is most parsimonious? 5 Groups of Bacteria: 1) 2) Gram + bacteria 3) Chlamydias 4) Spirochetes 5) (or 5 or 5 Kingdom’s? Domain: Bacteria • Group:Proteobacteria – • bacillus shape, gram negative, facultative anaerobe • Diarrhea, nausea – (chicken and reptiles) • Endotoxin – caused by Domain: Bacteria

• Group: Proteobacteria – E. coli • bacillus shape, gram negative, facultative anaerobe • Diarrhea • Exotoxin – releases proteins that cause illness Domain: Bacteria • Group: Gram-positive bacteria – Clostridium • Bacillus shape • • Obligate anaerobes - exotoxins • Causes gangrene, ______(strongest poison in the world! – 1 gram can kill 1 million people!) Domain: • Group: Gram- Bacteria positive bacteria – Bacillus anthracis • Bacillus shape (endospore) • Aerobic • Causes pustules, pneumonia Domain: Bacteria • Group: Gram- positive bacteria – Streptococcus • Coccus shape & gram positive, anaerobic but are air tolerant • necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat, scarlet fever • Group: Gram-positive Domain: bacteria Bacteria – Staphylococcus, MRSA • coccus shape & gram positive, facultative anaerobe • Most common type of food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome • Dangerous in hospitals (______infections) • Iatrogenic • Group: Cyanobacteria Domain: – Contains A Bacteria and phycocyanin • Only on planet that can fix nitrogen and release oxygen • pools Domain: Bacteria

• Group: Spirochetes – Treponema______pallidum • Syphilis • anaerobic – Borrelia______burgdorferi • Lyme Disease • Microaerophile • zoonosis Domain: Bacteria • Group: Chlamydias – Chlamydia • coccus shape & gram negative • Causes blindness and is one of the most common STD’s in U.S. • Oxygen requirement uncertain Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Diversity For Lecture

Euglenas & Lab, Kinetoplastids Water Molds make sure (Oomycota) to know the supergroup and the most specific clade or group and characteris tics. Characteristics

• Nucleus (Eukaryotic) Four Supergroups: Membrane-bound • organelles • SAR • Ribosomes (80s) (, • Unicellular, Colonial, Alveolata, ) and Multicellular • types (includes land ) • Unikonta (includes and fungi) Supergroup: Excavata ex. Clade: “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack , lack DNA in mitochondria, two ______nuclei, flagella, simple ) Supergroup: Excavata ex. Clade: Parabaslids Trichimonas (Causes Trichomoniasis) “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, Undulating______Membrane______) Supergroup: Excavata Clade: “excavated” groove on one side of the body • Move by flagella with spiral or crystalline rod • 2 Groups: – – Kinetoplastids Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa Group: Euglenids ex.

(anterior pocket with flagella) Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa ex. Group: Kinetoplastids ______

(single large mitochondria with kinetoplast - organized mass of DNA) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Contain Alveoli (membrane-bounded sacs) beneath their cell surface • 3 Groups: – – Apicomplexans – Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata Group: ______

(2 flagella located within a groove, xanthophyll) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata group: Apicomplexans ex. ______Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)

Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata Group: Ciliates (have Cilia used for movement) Supergroup: SAR Clade: ______Stramenopiles • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Have hair- like projections on flagella • Four Groups: – (Bacillariophyta) – Golden (Chrysophyta) – (Phaeophyta) – Water Mold () Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Overlapping Groups: Diatoms ______test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll, -Diatomaceous , -Filters -Fertilizing the Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: (Chrysophyta)

cell wall: ______

pigments: carotene, xanthophyll Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Brown Algae

cell wall: , algin Alternation of generations Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Water Molds (Oomycota) pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae

Irish Potato Famine, French Wine Crisis (1800’s) SAR (Rhizaria)

• Thin Used for movement and feeding • Groups: – Cercozoans – Foraminiferans – Radiolarians Supergroup: SAR Group: Cercozoans Plastids surrounded by four membranes (secondary endosymbiosis). 2 from cyanobacterium 3rd from alga’s plasma membrane 4th from heterotrophic food . Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria) Group: Foraminiferans (Forams)

porous shells – made of ______Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria) Group: Radiolarians

Actinopods (fused plates – silica with axopodia) Supergroup: Archaeplastida

• Ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacterium • Three Groups: – (Rodophyta) – () – Land Plants Supergroup: Archaeplastida Group: Rhodophyta (Red)

• Red Algae • Phycoerythrin Supergroup: Archaeplastida Group: Chlorophyta (& Charophytes)

Green Algae Have similar to plants Supergroup: Unikonta • Very Diverse Group • Molecular links groups (but highly debatable) – Two Clades: • Amoebozoans • Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

•Many With Lobe or tube shaped ______Pseudopodia Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

• Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • Plasmoidial – NOT Multicellular______• From a (feeding stage) single mass of with many nuclei – diploid Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

• Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • ______Cellular • (feed like individual ) – aggregate to breed or during stress Haploid Organisms Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

Most are Free-living Amoebas Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas

Most are parastic amoebas

Entamoeba histolytica 3rd eukaryotic after Malaria and Schistosomiasis Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids Group:

Very Diverse Group: Nucleariids = most closely related to Fungi Choanoflagellates = most closely related to animals Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids

• Amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Choanoflagellates • Similar in morphology and DNA to animals