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Biology 2 Dr Biology 2 Dr. Tim Revell Welcome to Bio 2! • Plant and Animal Interactions • Second Semester Majors Course • A course on Taxonomy, Evolution, Biodiversity, Ecology, Conservation, Comparative Anatomy and Physiology • What have you heard???...you won’t be the same! • Powerpoint – Notes – instruction.mtsac.edu/trevell – Coming to class – Camera! – Everything in the powerpoints is fair game for 2/17/17 2 lecture quizzes/exams! Class Expectations • Pay attention in class • No Cheating, stealing, or other behaviors deemed unethical • Be On Time; Be Awake; Be present! • Participation • Grades/Letters of Rec • Questions? 2/17/17 3 SI/Coaching • 1 point each session – Max 30 (You can still go but can’t earn more than 30) Coaching: mtsac.edu/stem 2/17/17 4 Carl Linneaus qFather of “_________” qSwedish botanist, physician, and zoologist qWrote Systema Naturae in 1735 qThe science concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life Cladistics/Taxonomy Combo • _________ chart showing relationship of organisms. • Based on ”synapomorphies”. • Can use “Clade” or “ Group” AND/OR traditional Kingdom taxonomic levels. Phylum Class… 2/17/17 6 Cladograms/Ultrametric Trees • _________ groups 2/17/17 not para or poly 7 The 3 Domains (higher than Kingdom) 2/17/17 8 Domain: Bacteria Domain: Archeae Domain: Eukaryote Bacteria Characteristics • Prokaryotic cells • Cell wall • Nucleoid Region _____________ – single circular • Capsule chromosome –glycocalyx – plasmids • Flagella • No membrane- bound organelles • Ribosomes (70S) • Plasma membrane Classification • Shape (Cocci or Rod) • Staining – Gram – Spore – Acid-fast • Oxygen requirements • Feeding strategies Shapes • Sperical (Cocci) • Rod-Shaped (Bacillus) • Spiral (Spirochetes) 2/17/17 12 Shapes and Groups Cocci: Spherical _____ – in lines _____ – in grape like clusters Shape Helical: Spiral- shaped (Spirillium) Shape Filamentous Stains (several) •Gram Stain –Violet = gram positive – Red = gram negative Acid-fast Stain – Mycobacterium leprae, M. tuberculosis – (Acid-Fast “+” Red, – Acid-Fast “-” Blue) Spore Stain Oxygen Requirements • Obligate aerobes – require oxygen • Obligate anaerobes – require no oxygen • ____________________– can grow with or without oxygen • Aerotolerant Anaerobes – only anaerobic growth but oxygen does not harm. • _________________– aerobic growth in low oxygen concentrations. Make sure you know this figure! Good Essay Question!!! Feeding Strategies • Based on energy and carbon sources – Photoautotrophs – Chemoautotrophs – Photoheterotrophs – Chemoheterotrophs Feeding Strategies Good essay Question! Nitrogen Metabolism • Nitrogen is needed proteins/nucleic acids • Nitrogen fixation - convert atmospheric N into ammonia • Makes N available for other organisms Which tree is most parsimonious? 5 Groups of Bacteria: 1) Proteobacteria 2) Gram + bacteria 3) Chlamydias 4) Spirochetes 5) Cyanobacteria (or 5 Clades or 5 Kingdom’s? Domain: Bacteria • Group:Proteobacteria – Salmonella • bacillus shape, gram negative, facultative anaerobe • Diarrhea, nausea – (chicken and reptiles) • Endotoxin – caused by cell wall Domain: Bacteria • Group: Proteobacteria – E. coli • bacillus shape, gram negative, facultative anaerobe • Diarrhea • Exotoxin – releases proteins that cause illness Domain: Bacteria • Group: Gram-positive bacteria – Clostridium • Bacillus shape • endospore • Obligate anaerobes - exotoxins • Causes gangrene, __________ (strongest poison in the world! – 1 gram can kill 1 million people!) Domain: • Group: Gram- Bacteria positive bacteria – Bacillus anthracis • Bacillus shape (endospore) • Aerobic • Causes pustules, pneumonia Domain: Bacteria • Group: Gram- positive bacteria – Streptococcus • Coccus shape & gram positive, anaerobic but are air tolerant • necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat, scarlet fever • Group: Gram-positive Domain: bacteria Bacteria – Staphylococcus, MRSA • coccus shape & gram positive, facultative anaerobe • Most common type of food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome • Dangerous in hospitals (________ infections) • Iatrogenic • Group: Cyanobacteria Domain: – Contains Chlorophyll A Bacteria and phycocyanin • Only organism on planet that can fix nitrogen and release oxygen • pools Domain: Bacteria • Group: Spirochetes – Treponema__________________ pallidum • Syphilis • anaerobic – Borrelia__________________ burgdorferi • Lyme Disease • Microaerophile • zoonosis Domain: Bacteria • Group: Chlamydias – Chlamydia • coccus shape & gram negative • Causes blindness and is one of the most common STD’s in U.S. • Oxygen requirement uncertain Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity – Protists Diversity For Lecture Euglenas & Lab, Kinetoplastids Water Molds make sure (Oomycota) to know the supergroup and the most specific clade or group and characteris tics. Characteristics • Nucleus (Eukaryotic) Four Supergroups: Membrane-bound • Excavata organelles • SAR • Ribosomes (80s) (Stramenopiles, • Unicellular, Colonial, Alveolata, Rhizaria) and Multicellular • Archaeplastida types (includes land plants) • Unikonta (includes animals and fungi) Supergroup: Excavata ex. Giardia Clade: Diplomonads “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, two _______ nuclei, flagella, simple cytoskeleton) Supergroup: Excavata ex. Clade: Parabaslids Trichimonas (Causes Trichomoniasis) “excavated” groove on one side of the body (lack plastids, lack DNA in mitochondria, Undulating___________ Membrane__________) Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa “excavated” groove on one side of the body • Move by flagella with spiral or crystalline rod • 2 Groups: – Euglenids – Kinetoplastids Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa Group: Euglenids ex. Euglena (anterior pocket with flagella) Supergroup: Excavata Clade: Euglenozoa ex. Group: Kinetoplastids ___________ (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast - organized mass of DNA) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Contain Alveoli (membrane-bounded sacs) beneath their cell surface • 3 Groups: – Dinoflagellates – Apicomplexans – Ciliates Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata Group: _____________ (2 flagella located within a groove, xanthophyll) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata group: Apicomplexans ex. __________Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Alveolata Group: Ciliates (have Cilia used for movement) Supergroup: SAR Clade: _____________Stramenopiles • Supergroup Char: DNA • Clade characteristics: Have hair- like projections on flagella • Four Groups: – Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) – Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) – Brown Algae (Phaeophyta) – Water Mold (Oomycetes) Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Overlapping Groups: Diatoms _________ test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll, -Diatomaceous earth, -Filters -Fertilizing the oceans Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Golden Algae (Chrysophyta) cell wall: ________ pigments: carotene, xanthophyll Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Brown Algae cell wall: cellulose, algin Alternation of generations Supergroup: SAR Clade: Stramenopiles Groups: Water Molds (Oomycota) pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae Irish Potato Famine, French Wine Crisis (1800’s) SAR (Rhizaria) • Thin pseudopodia Used for movement and feeding • Groups: – Cercozoans – Foraminiferans – Radiolarians Supergroup: SAR Group: Cercozoans Plastids surrounded by four membranes (secondary endosymbiosis). 2 from cyanobacterium 3rd from alga’s plasma membrane 4th from heterotrophic food vacuole. Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria) Group: Foraminiferans (Forams) porous shells – made of ____________ Supergroup: SAR (Rhizaria) Group: Radiolarians Actinopods (fused plates – silica with axopodia) Supergroup: Archaeplastida • Ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacterium • Three Groups: – Red Algae (Rodophyta) – Green Algae (Chlorophyta) – Land Plants Supergroup: Archaeplastida Group: Rhodophyta (Red) • Red Algae • Phycoerythrin Supergroup: Archaeplastida Group: Chlorophyta (& Charophytes) Green Algae Have Chloroplasts similar to plants Supergroup: Unikonta • Very Diverse Group • Molecular Systematics links groups (but highly debatable) – Two Clades: • Amoebozoans • Opisthokonts Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas •Many With Lobe or tube shaped _____________Pseudopodia Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • Plasmoidial – NOT Multicellular________________ • From a plasmodium (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei – diploid Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas • Produce fruiting body that aids in spore dispersal • ___________Cellular • (feed like individual amoebas) – aggregate to breed or during stress Haploid Organisms Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas Most are Free-living Amoebas Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Amoebozoans Group:Slime Molds Group:Gymnamoebas Group:Entamoebas Most are parastic amoebas Entamoeba histolytica 3rd eukaryotic after Malaria and Schistosomiasis Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids Group:Choanoflagellates Very Diverse Group: Nucleariids = most closely related to Fungi Choanoflagellates = most closely related to animals Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Nucleariids • Amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria Supergroup: Unikonta Clade: Opisthokonts Group:Choanoflagellates • Similar in morphology and DNA to animals.
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