Skinner, Elliott Percival
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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Ralph J Bunch Legacy: Minority Officers AMBASSADOR ELLIOTT PERCIVAL SKINNER Interviewed by: Celestine Tutt Initial interview date: April 8, 1981 Copyright 2008 AD T TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Study and work in Africa 1955-1966 African-American Ambassadors Ambassadorial briefings ,niversity of Neuchatel, Swit0erland .ew 1ork ,niversity 2.1,3 Columbia ,niversity Ambassador to Republic of ,pper 5olta 1966-1969 Delay in presentation of credentials Local customs Society of African Culture Tribal society Relations Peace Corps Assemblies of 6od Mission Catholic Relief Services ,SAID Mission Makoy Ranch Project Manganese ,nion Carbide Project 5anguard South 8oreans President Lami0ana ousted French heritage Ambassador9s discretionary fund :orking with ,SAID Black Ambassadors The French Diplomatic protocol :est African Community Ethnic and racial considerations in ambassadorship 1 Beverley Carter Relations with Foreign Office Interior travels Relations with President Drought Ambassador 8orry Agriculture Road improvement ,. Commission on Africa Soviets ,SIA Food requirements Medical needs South Africa .ear East Foundation Background 2continuation3 Born in Trinidad, :est Indies Early education Family Tranquility 6overnment School Recreation Emigrated to ,S ,S Army Segregation Blacks views of black entertainers Harlem ,niversity of Neuchatel, Swit0erland Marriage .ew 1ork ,niversity, MA Columbia ,niversity, PhD .AACP Opportunity Fellowship 26uiana3 Assistantship, Department of Anthropology 2Columbia3 Ford Foundation Fellowship 2Africa3 5isiting Assistant Professor, Columbia College, Columbia ,niversity Professor, New 1ork ,niversity 2Africa Studies3 Professor, Columbia ,niversity 21963-19663 African Studies Program 2ASA3 Black Focus Movement Black Caucus African Heritage Association AHSA Association for the Study of .egro Life and History Personalities African-American Scholars Council 2Chairman3 2 AID assistance African Institute 2Chairman3 Publications Lecturer, State Department9s Foreign Service Institute 2FSI3 ?Mossi of ,pper 5olta“ ,rban Study, ,pper 5olta 2196A3 Stanford ,niversityB Chairman, Center for Advanced Studies of the 19C5- D Behavioral Sciences Black colleges State Department Study of Southern Africa Chairman, Scholars Council Trans-Africa The African ,rban Life Transformation of Ouagadougou Trans-Africa Council of Foreign Relations :ilson Center Publications Racial attitudes in black nations Contrast to ,S black attitudes INTERVIEW Q: This is an oral history interview with Dr. Elliott Percival kinner, an educator, scholar, writer and diplomat. He is presently the Franz Boas professor of Anthropology at Columbia -niversity in the city of New /ork, where he specializes in African Ethnology. Dr. kinner is former -nited tates Ambassador to the Republic of -pper 1olta, having served in that capacity from 1922 to 1929. He has written e3tensively on Africa, and his volume entitled African -rban Life: The Transformation of Ouagadougou, published by Princeton -niversity Press, was winner of the Herskovitz Award for the best book by an American on Africa for 1977. His latest book, co8edited with 9illiam A. hack, is entitled trangers in African ocieties and published by the -niversity of California Press, at Berkeley, 1979. (is current research at the 9ilson Center of the 9oodrow 9ilson International Center for cholars in 9ashington, DC deals with blacks and -. policy towards Africa, 187181920. This interview is being sponsored by the Phelps8 tokes Fund as part of an oral history pro:ect on Black Chiefs of Mission. The interview is a first in a series. It is being held on aturday, August 8, 1981, in New /ork City. Celestine Tutt, interviewer. S8I..ER: The first question dealing with the events which led to my entry into the diplomatic service is the subject of some speculation and oral tradition I had studied in ,pper 5olta as an anthropologist from October 1955 until January 195C During that 3 period I did field work in the area of NobErE, in the southern part of ,pper 5olta, on migration of people to the Ivory Coast and the Cold Coast, primarily interested in the effect of that migration on the whole communities I went back to ,pper 5olta in 1960, where I witnessed the independence of that nation state and later returned in 1962 under the auspices of Crossroads Africa, founded by James Robinson I led a group of students to Ouagadougou, where we built a school and where I had come into contact with Ambassador Estes and Thomas Guinn, who was then the director of the ,nited States Information Service The Ambassador and Fred in a way exploited our presence in Ouagadougou to win or cement friendships with the President, Maurice 1amEogo , who came out to the site where we were building a school, and, of course, being a MorE speaker, MorE being the language of the Mossi, that was quite something for the Ambassador and, of course, for the President And at that point in time the Embassy had almost no information of a serious sort on the Mossi, and I was still in the process of writing up my field project, especially that aspect of the study dealing with the political organi0ation of the Mossi people And the Ambassador asked me whether or not he could see the draft of the manuscript, to give him some idea as to the nature of the polity I agreed and we became friendly And when I got back to the States, I kept up a relationship with the State Department, specifically through the African Section of the Foreign Service Training Institute, over in Arlington Towers, 5irginia, where every three months or so a new class of persons going to Africa would be given a series of lectures I became then a ?sometime“ lecturer on African ethnology for those people So I kept up that relationship, and I went back to Africa in 196A, where I did a study on African urbani0ation, the transformation of Ouagadougou I lived then in Ouagadougou itself for about six months and while there I, again, saw the Ambassador fairly often :e became fairly good friends, but I remember he was quite shocked at my reaction to the the assassination of-the death of a missionary -- I think his name was Carson or Carlson - - who was killed about I6A in Stanleyville in the Congo, now Jaire The Africans felt that, although a missionary, that this man was part of the intelligence network Being not only cynical but understanding the nature of the interaction between missionaries as Americans or just missionaries as people with certain information, just wanting to talk to another American when that American showed up in his or her bailiwick, I had no doubt that the missionary, who may not have been a CIA agent, 2even though later on that became a subject of a great deal of concern, I think President Johnson or one of the presidents having then to give specific orders that CIA should not recruit missionaries3 may have given information to our government I was fairly sympathetic to the possibility that this man was not as innocent as Ambassador Estes felt And he the Ambassador got very upset that I would suggest that perhaps this was something the , S 6overnment ought to look into Anyway, apparently he didn9t hold that against me, although I feel that he was upset about it So when Maurice 1amEogo came to the ,nited States, I think in 1965, through Ambassador Estes, I think, or somebody in the State Department, my wife and I were invited to the A :hite House to dinner on behalf of Maurice 1amEogo and his wife, who were visiting the ,nited States officially at that time .ow the sequence in line was President Johnson, President 1amEogo and their wives and so on Dean Rusk was there and so was Ambassador Estes As I came through the line, I greeted the Ambassador, President Johnson and President 1amEogo and I told him, ?:elcome to the home of my chief,“ which was President Johnson, and, of course, everybody 2slight laugh3 was sort of flabbergasted about what was taking place See, I was talking MorE to President 1amEogo, and the oral tradition has it, although I have no way of verifying this, that President Johnson turned to Dean Rusk and said, ?Make that man Ambassador “ Anyway, I was oblivious to that and, as you know, I came back to Hew 1ork and Maurice 1amEogo fell from power on the 3rd of January, 1966 Around May of 1966, one Saturday morning, I was in my office and the phone rang and the woman said, ?This is the secretary of the Secretary of State, Dean Rusk Are you Elliott SkinnerD“ I said, ?1es “ She said, ?:ell, the Secretary would like to talk to you “ So I said, ?Fine “ Then he said, ?Dr Skinner, I see you work on Saturdays “ I said, ?Mr Secretary, I see you work on Saturdays, also “ 2laughs3 He said, ?:ell, when do you get to :ashingtonD“ I said, ?:ell, I come down, oh, about once every two months or so to lecture to a class in the Foreign Service Institute “ He said, ?:ell, the next time you come down, come and talk to me And when you come down, come to the C Street entrance and just say that you have an appointment with me “ And I said, ?Fine “ And he said, ?:ell, I9ll see you, Dr Skinner “ I hung up and then it felt good to me that I had spoken to the Secretary of State That, of course, was something unusual, so I walked around the department and the only person working that Saturday was Marvin Harris, professor of Anthropology at Columbia And I said, ?Marvin, I just spoke to the Secretary of State “ He said, ?:hatD“ I said, ?:ell, I think 1 did “ He said, ?Are you sureD“ I said, ?I think