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SNI't1d Do Xhd'thd XHO.LSIH z SNI't1d ~H.L dO XHd'tHD O~D aN't XHO.LSIH THE GREAT PLAINS There are four major grasslands in the world-­ the Pampas of South America, the Savanna of Africa, the Steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia and the Great Plains of North America. The Great Plains is a strip of land 400 miles wide lying just east of the Rocky Mountains. It stretches ail the way from Mexico 2500 miles north into central Canada. Parts of ten states RY and three provinces--North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Alberta, Sas­ katchewan, and Manitoba--are in the Great PHY Plains. Early explorers called this area the Great American Desert and thought it would be of :E no value. Time has proven them wrong. The Great Plains is not the world I s largest grass­ 'S land, but it is the most productive, most deveioped, and most important to the world as a whole. /~ ----''---." ", :2J ~~ W MAJOR O"~SSLA~DS 3 AGE OF MAMMALS Twenty million years ago strange creatures roamed on a Miocene savanna. This chapter of evolution was called the Age of Mammals be­ cause of a tremendous increase in species and numbers. An outstanding record of this epoch can be found in the Agate Fossil Beds in western Nebraska. Here Miocene fossU mam­ mal bones are abundant and are remarkably well­ preserved, with numerous complete skeletons. The most common mammal in the area was the Diceratherium I a two-homed rhinoceros. This speedy animal, smaller than a shetland pony, grazed the plains in laIge numbers. Today visitors to the Agate Fossil Beds can hike to an area of exposed fossils fOT a firsthand view of the ancient bones. 4 10 strange creatures ma. This chapter of 1e of Mammals be­ ease in species and ecord of this epoch ~ossil Beds .in Hocene fossil mam­ :i are remarkably well­ :::omplete skeletons. In the area was the :ld rhinoceros . This m a shetland pony, lumbers. Today . Beds can hike to an a firsthand view of 5 GEORGE MCJUNKIN As has happened so often in archaeology I it took. an accidental find by an amateur to rev­ olutionize scientific thInking about American Indian origins. In 1926 a black. cowboy named George McJunkIn was out searching for a lost cow near Folsom, New Mexico I when he noticed a layer of bleached bones in a deep gully. Scrambling down 20 feet into the arroyo he dis­ covered the fossil bones of an extinct bIson. But a more significant discovery was the man­ made flint spear point embedded in the clay soil nearby. Contrary to scientific ideas of his time that held that Indians had only recently arrived in the Americas, McJunkin's discovery proved that ancestors of American Indians had migrated here during the last ice age, ten thousand years ago or more. Later discoveries at Llndenmier I Colorado, and CloviS I New Mexico, supported this conclusion. 6 CLIMATE ON THE PREHISTORIC PLAINS ten in archaeology, it When the Urst Indian hunters arrived on the an amateur to rev­ plains, the environment was considerably dif­ lng about American ferent than it is today. Ten thousand years ago black cowboy named during the Ice Age the plains had a chilly and :iearching for a lost moist climate. Winds blew off the continental xieD, when he noticed glaciers to the north cooling the plains and in a deep gully. bringing enough rainfall to support lush vegeta­ lto the arroyo he dis­ tion in regions that are today desert. On the f an extinct bison. northern plains the lower areas were forested :overy was the man­ with spruce and pine while the hIgher areas edded in the clay soil were open and carpeted with abundant prairie tifie ideas of his time vegetation. Farther south I the plains extended only recently arrived hundreds of miles in a vast sea of grass scat­ .I S piscovery proved tered with lakes and ponds and pockets of dense IndIans had migrated woodlands. West of the Rockies parts of today's e, ten thous and years Nevada and Utah were covered by Lake Bonneville, eries at Lindenmier, and even Death Valley was well vegetated. '" Mexico, supported 7 CASTLE ROCK One familiar landmark on the high plains is Castle Rock in Gave County, Kansas. It is part of the Niobrara Geologi­ cal Formation in north cen­ tral Kansas. Actually Cas­ tle Rock is misnamed. It isn't a rock, but a chalk formation. Composed of the fossils of marine life that inhabited Kansas when it was part of an inland 5 ea and carved by the rush of the Smoky Hill River, Castle Rock rises seventy feet above the plains in a solitary spire. The area is dotted with yucca, cactus, sagebrush and desert flowers along with an occasion­ al mudswallow, owl, lizard I or snake. Castle Rock--just one part of the varied geo­ logy of the Great Plains. 8 timark on the rst1e Rock in tnsas. It is :ara Geologi ­ north cen­ rually Cas­ med. It a chalk Dosed of the ~ life that when it was sea and ih of the , Castle ty feet above )}itary spire. with yucca I :h and desert th an occasIon­ Dwl, lizard I ~ Rock--just aried geo­ r Plains. photo OO<A:l'ce"'j .'<ansas State Historical SoC'iet:: 9 or , ,~ CORONADO Rumors of gold brought Coronado and his conquistadors to the plains in 1541. Two Pueblo slaves had told the Spaniards that people known as Quivirans possessed gold and silver beyond belief. They said Quiviran chiefs traveled in boats with eagles of solid gold mounted on the prows. When asked if house­ hold objects in Quivira were also made of gold, If the Indians assured Coronado that even the dishes of ordinary families were made of the precious metal. According to Dee Brown there ~ is a legend that when Coronado and his men \ arrived in Quivira they galloped into the village waving their swords in triumph. So convinced ,\ f were they that what they had seen were houses of spun gold, they refused to believe otherwise until they thrust their swords into the thatching and felt with their hands the texture of the woven grass lodges. ~ "" .co;'" :::'!\t'-'.'~'l·j o 1 1 ZEBULON PIKE In 1806 Zebulon Pike set out from St. Louis to ex­ plore the southern part of the Louisiana Purchase. Pike and his party were to visit the Pawnee Indians, map the Arkansas River to its source, find the Red River and de­ scend that stream to the Mississippi. Pike did ascend to the source of the Arkansas and then turned southward into what he thought was the Red River Valley. It turned out to be the Rio Grande. The Spanish found him there, escorted him to Santa Fe, and refused to aHow the exploration of the Red River. They led him and his party east across Texas and freed them at the Texas-Louisiana border. Al­ though Pike did not fulfill all of his mission, he did see much of the Great Plains country and wrote reports that were valuable to later explorers. STEPHEN H. LONG The Lewis and Clark and Pike expeditions into the Great Plains were followed by a third in 1820, which was led by Stephen H. Long, It was originally called the Yel­ lowstone Expedition because Long and his men were to as­ cend the Missouri River to establish military forts for pro­ tection of the fur trade and limitation of British influence in the northern Great Plains region. Congress changed the original plans by refusing to appropriate the necessary funds, so Long followed the Platte River to the Rocky Moun­ tains and returned to the Mississippi by way of the Arkan­ sas and Red Rivers. Long's party, numbering twenty men, was the best equipped that 'nad yet gone into the plains, and the men who accompanied him were traIned to make careful observations and keep accurate records. Only one of the accounts survived, but it has been a valuable source for historians of the Great Plains. 12 , , I I , , I , i I ,, E""'OI<T~: I , /''''' , j I _'00"" ,"" ' ,/ , .,.' ~ I out from St. Louis to ex­ "t.V. I .",." ~,~. H...,: ( ._ I" I lisiana Purchase. Pike '\ I 50"-"- I I '\. I ..... L I ~ I Iwnee Indians, map the ,},\ 1",,·..'- \ I I ~"'. ' : \: , i the Red River and de­ " .... I ; , I : ~! ! \ I , ippi. Pike did ascend to ,'_~_' I "T" \. ~, o? h",_'" ... \ I len turned southward into J __ '-\-- LOI"...... 0.",,, 0, .... ~'~' ,~ \-\ - , _ :I --I<,W'NN,PEG \ I !r Valley. It turned out to ,,-~ ­ found him there, escorted '_, --r I_-~ ,f \ ..... -­ , >/......,. I ....... tHow the exploration of \ '~) I 0..•. __ I ,,,.." .. _"" " ....... I -.. \ his party east across .I s-Louisiana border. Al­ \r." ,~ ______ ~\ I . \ "' ::\ lis miss1on, he did see '\.. r--~' ,1".- l'-------' I .-_-", __'\.__ I and wrote re ports th a t I \ -----' :I \ , ....~: ......<~ Hl~ __ : \ ~O~ :-------t~~1: "'" i,__ ----II " ~ .,~ I ,____ \ i!" """ I I ,--~-cn.y."". I /I,~ I : --t-~-'---- """" --; Pike expeditions into the I I G'",,, /.,iJ' • ~", J I ,!P' I R'~'''''" :hiTd in 1820, which was I iI OEN",.1 ~_....a,...I "'- - '"-",:--­ originally called the Yel­ :I I ~"""",.O~_~".i --­-,~ 9 and his men were to as­ ~__ I .So'''''' I I I, I <",,," _00,.,-' I .ish military forts for pro­ '0'0"_ I r~---- 1 I G .., ""e"'''. I Uon of British influence _""'~,~.... I" r-! ,-5:,:=-~-. ~- __ ...l,I ,no Congress changed the \~ l ~ : opriate the necessary I \ Amon",,.
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