LOCAL POTTERY of the PERSIAN PERIOD Ephraim Stern

Home , Ephraim Stern, Tell Keisan, Tel Michal

CHAPTER TWO

LOCAL POTTERY OF THE PERSIAN PERIOD

Ephraim Stern

INTRODUCTION The following typological discussion differs from our pre vious summary in two respects. The imported East Greek A surprisingly meager quantity of local pottery of the Per and Attic vessels have been omitted and are dealt with in sian period was discovered in Areas A and C of Tel Dor. Still separate chapters (see below, Chapters 3-4). We have there more surprising was the lack of diversity in the ceramic rep fore also excluded all the undecorated vessels of Greek ertoire, even if we take into account the relatively small origin, such as wine jars and amphorae, which were dealt extent of the excavated areas. The low reliability of conclu with in the 1982 study. We have, however, included those sions drawn from such sparse finds can be demonstrated by vessels which we consider to have been of foreign origin - our excavations. Almost all the types absent from Areas A in our view Rhodian, but in the opinion of other scholars and C were encountered in the other excavated areas: B, D, Cypriot - but in the course oftime were absorbed into the E, F, and G. It therefore appears that the ceramic repertoire local repertoire and were locally produced in great quanti of Areas A and Cis a result of chance, or perhaps of the lim ties. Such vessels include the well-known 'Persian bowls' and ited size of the excavated area or its special character of small 'basket jars.' units of residential buildings. Our discussion of the pottery will proceed in the usual Generally speaking, none of the pottery vessels found in order, beginning with the open vessels and continuing with these areas can be considered new types; all belong to types the closed. In addition to the typological discussion, the dealt with by the present writer in 1982 in his typological reader will find at the end of the chapter the material from discussion of the pottery of the Persian period (Stern 1982). selected loci arranged by area and phase, in which the other For this reason the present discussion will follow the outlines finds are presented together with the pottery. This presenta of the previous study. tion also illustrates the gradual development of the pottery Since the publication of the above-mentioned study, from phase to phase which was noted in the field. many more large-scale excavations have been conducted and their material published, including a number from the BOWLS (Fig. 2.1) area of Dor. Since this material did not appear in the 1982 publication, we have taken the opportunity to include their It is already evident that ordinary bowls are very poorly rep results here and to discuss their contribution to pottery resented at Dor, both in number and in variety of types. We typology in general. The newly excavated sites in the vicinity have already noted a similar phenomenon at the neighbor ofTel Dorwhose finds will be discussed here are Tell Keisan, ing Tel Mevorakh (Stern 1978: 30); this is also the case at the Yoqne'am, Tell Qiri, Tel Michal, Qadum, and Shechem. recent excavations at Tell Qiri (Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987: It can be stated with confidence that our study of 1982 is 18) and to an even more marked degree at Tel Michal still valid and that, with the exception of a number of new (Herzog 1989: 139). types unknown at that time, all our conclusions regarding The reason is difficult to determine. In the final report of typology and chronology have proved correct. Moreover, the Tel Mevorakh excavations, we offered the following the new finds from recent excavations, including those of explanation: 'The sparsity of the bowl types seems to stem Dor, have in fact strengthened our previous conclusions. from the fact that all the Persian vessels at the site belong to Our observations as to the regional character of several of the later part of the period' (Stern 1978: 30). Their absence the ceramic types have also withstood the test oftime, and at Dor, however, cannot be similarly explained. It is possible some of them have been finally proven. that the difficulty is a technical one, namely that we did not We shall mention here only two examples. The Phoeni succeed in collecting all the small sherds of these bowls and cian jars ofType F, which were attributed to the Sharon and thus could not estimate their numbers accurately. Alterna Carmel coast, were uncovered at Tel Michal in a kiln in the tively, the reason may be connected with the coastal or process of manufacture (Stern 1982: 104-105, Fig. 142; regional location of the site. Whatever the case may be, as at Herzog 1989: 102-103, Fig. 8.14, Pis. 30, 63: 1-5). The other Tel Mevorakh, four classes of bowls can be distinguished: example is that of jugs of Type H which were attributed to A. Large and small bowls with rounded walls and the same region (Stern 1982: 117, Fig. 172); though these inverted rims (Fig. 2.1:1-2, 8). were found in large concentrations at Qadum near Samaria, B. Large and small bowls with ledge rims (Fig.2.1 :3-5). they also occur at Dor and Tel Michal, but are completely C. Large and small bowls with rounded walls (Fig. 2.1 :7). absent from other regions. D. Carinated bowls (Fig. 2.1 :9).

51 I 7 2 ~17 3

4 5 6

I \~ J 8 7

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.1. Bowls.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description

I. 46627/2 4668 C2 6b Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Large and small white and shiny grit~ 2. 11823111 !227 AI 7 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many white grits. 3. 1189711 1237 AI 7/8 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). White and gray grits. 4. 11897/2 1237 AI 7/8 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many minute white grits. 5. 11956/1 1242 AI 7/9 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). White and gray grits. 6. 43065/2 4301 Cl 5 +topsoil Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Many minute white grits. 7. 43065/1 4301 Cl 5 +topsoil Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6). Smooth white surface. Very fe, 8. 11650 1197 AI 6a?/5c? white grits. 9. 11694/4 1206 AI 6(b'!/c?) Brownish yellow clay (I OYR 6/6). Many white and gray grits.

This classification is also valid for the finds at Tel Dor, Qiri and Tell Keisan (Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987: 18, Fig with the addition of Type E, a new type which may be a local 2:24-25; Briend and Humbert 1980: Pl. 20:22), as well as a imitation of the Attic fish plate (Fig. 2.1 :6). Yoqne'am (Ben-Tor eta/. !983: 45, Fig. 8:5); it dates fron the 5th-4th centuries BCE. Type A TypeC Flat bowl with disk base, rounded wall, and inverted rim (Fig. 2.1: l-2) (Stern 1982: 95-96, Fig. 118, Type B l; Stern Bowl with high to low disk base, rounded wall, and rounc and Magen 1984: 116, Fig. 5: I). This type was common in upright rim (Fig. 2.1 :7) (Stern 1982: Type A2). It dates fron all parts of the country throughout the Persian period. Our the 5th-4th centuries BCE, and was also found at Yoqne'an examples come from the earlier part of the period. (Ben-Tor eta/. 1983: 45, Fig. 8:6). Fig. 2.1:8 is a small bowl with high to low disk base, rounded wall, and sharply inverted rim (Stern 1982: 94, Fig. TypeD 112, Type AI). Examples have also been uncovered in the new excavations at Tell Qiri (Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987: Bowl of a well-known type, whose characteristic feature is ' 18, Fig. 2:23), Tell Keisan (Briend and Humbert !980: Pl. fairly sharp carination of the wall (Fig. 2.1 :9). The bow 20:6), Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: 141, Fig. 9.16.4), and appears in a wide range of variations in the base, which i' Yoqne'am (Ben-Tor et a/. 1983: 45, Fig. 8.4). The bowl sometimes convex (as in our case) and sometimes flat or' resembles its larger predecessor, but most examples occur in concave disk. Parallels from other sites indicate that it wa' contexts dating from the mid-5th to the end of the 4th cen widely distributed throughout Palestine during the entin turies BCE. The smaller type is undoubtedly a copy of an Persian period (Stern 1982: 95, Fig. 116, Type A-5). Thi' Attic prototype. bowl is well represented at Qadum, where it is ascribed tc the second half of the 5th century BCE (Stern and Mager 1984: 16, Fig. 5:4-7), and at Tell Qiri (Ben-Tor anc TypeB Portugali !987: 18, Fig. 2:26), where it is dated to the sam( Bowl with ledge rim (Fig. 2.1 :3-5) (Stern 1982: 94, Fig. 14, period. Our bowl comes from Area AI, phase 6, which i' Type A3). It is also found in the recent excavations at Tell attributed to the 4th century BCE.

52 TypeE Beersheba, Arad, and 'En Gedi (Aharoni and Aharoni 197 6). It is now also certain that most of these early vessels 'his type (Fig. 2. I :6) is clearly an imitation of the Attic fish are either East Greek imports (in the opinion of the present late, which is usually considered to belong to the Hellenistic writer) or Cypriot (according to other scholars). eriod (Herzog 1989: 139, Fig. 9.16.3), At Dor, however, Most of the mortaria discovered in Stratum 4 at Tell ~is vessel seems to make its appearance at the end of the 4th Keisan are identical, though a few variations occur, such as entury BCE. everted rims, which are also found at Dor (see below). The mortaria from Tell Keisan differ from the type common in the 5th-4th centuries BCE, as is evident from the majority MORTARIA (Fig. 2.2) of the recently excavated sites containing strata from this Ve have already discussed at length the chronology and ori period, where mortaria appear with both flat bases and ring in of these heavy bowls (Stern 1982: 96-98, Figs. 119-121, bases. 'ype B-5). In the meantime, however, many additional Against this background, it is strange that at Tel Michal, xamples of this type have been found in all recent excava which is a coastal site, not a single bowl of the flat-based type ions of sites containing strata of the Persian period. The has been reported, and the only finds are the regular late ites in the vicinity of Dor at which these bowls appear are bowls with ring base which were dated to the late 6th century 'ell Keisan (Briend and Humbert 1980: Pl. 20:16-19, 31), BCE. This sequence, however, contradicts the evidence ~ell Qiri (Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987: Fig. 3:1-12), from all the other Palestinian sites. A possible explanation {oqne'am (Ben-Tor et a/. 1983: 45-46, Figs. 8:9-10, for this is that the majority of the finds consisted of rims and 1:1-14), Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: 16, Fig. 5:9-15), walls, many of which may have belonged to the flat-based rei Michal (Herzog 1989: 139, 141, Fig. 9.16.1-2), and Tell type, though their presence was not reflected in the report. ~asile (Mazar 1985: 128, Fig. 58:3-4). The only flat-based type included in the Tel Michal report None of the new finds have altered the general picture belongs to a relatively rare type which is characterized by a vhich emerged from our previous discussion. The mortaria ledge, or more precisely a knob handle (Herzog 1989: Fig. 1t Tell Keisan are attributed to Stratum 4 and those at Tell 9.16.2), for which analogies are known only from coastal ~asile to Stratum VII. Both of these strata are dated to the sites such as Shiqmona (Stern 1982: 96, Fig. 120, Type B5a), :nd of the Iron Age (end of the 7th and beginning of the 6th Tel Megadim (Stern 1982: Fig. 4:21 ), Tel Mevorakh (Stern :enturies BCE). At these sites only the flat-based type, of 1978: Fig. 4:21), and a Persian period fortress near Ashdod ight greenish material with rim attached to the wall, occurs. (Porath 1974: Fig. 4:3, Pl. XII:2). Even more unacceptable rhis type is now well known from late Iron Age sites in the is the excavators' assertion that mortaria ceased to exist at :outhern part of the country, such as Ashdod, Tel Masos. Tel Michal in Stratum VI (350-300 BCE). This too must be

Fig. 2.2. Mortaria.

Vo. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 44678/1 4673 C2 6b(l7') Yellow pink clay ( 1OYR 8/6). Pale yellow surface (2.5Y 8/4). Many white grits. 2. 1185/3 43 AO 7+8 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Pale yellow surface (2.5Y 8/4). Gray grits. 3. 11944/9 1243 AI 8?+9? Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 8/4). Tiny brown grits. 4. 11862/1 1232 AI 7(+8?) Light gray clay (2.5Y N7). Very light olive-white surface(2.5Y 8/2). Minute gray and mica grits. 5. 46685/4 4675 C2 6b Pink clay (7 .5YR 7/4). Pale yellow-olive surface (2.5Y 8/4). Many white, gray, and pink grits. 6. 11959/6 1241 AI 7 Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 8/4). Very few mica and gray grits. Horizon- tal burnish outside. 7. 46510/4 4626 C2 5/6 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). White horizontal wash inside. Many white and beige grits. 8. 46589111 4661 C2 6a Dark yellowish red clay (5YR 5!6). White horizontal wash inside. Few minute gray and beige grits. 9. 46628110 4668 C2 6b Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Light pink surface. Very few gray grits. 10. 110511 33 AO 6a Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Minute white grits. II. 48490 4911 Cl 4b Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Many large and small white, brown, and dark gray grits. 12. 5407/2 663 co 6(/5?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Minute mica and red grits. 13. 46652/12 4668 C2 6b Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Smooth light pink surface. Many white grits. 14. 111011 33 AO 6a Pale yellow-olive clay (2.5Y 7/4). Gray and many small white grits. 15. 109211 27 AO 5(b?) Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Pale yellow-olive surface (2.5Y 7/4). Many small white and gray grits. 16. 46277112 4622 C2 5b Reddish yellow clay (5YR 5/4). Many large white and gray grits. 17. 46351/3 4628 C2 5b Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 7/4). Many small white and few gray grits. 18. 1117/4 33 AO 6a Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 7/4). Many small while and few gray grits. 19. 48124/1 4816 Cl Later than 4 Reddish gray clay (5YR 5/2). Few white grits.

53 \ \ "( II ~I 7 "' 2

~~ I / ~ 51' 3 4

c::; ~ II 7 6 5

7 8

10 g

12 11

)- I ~-··- ~ I ~ 14 15 13 c '- 7 ~ 7 "" 16 17

c E- ... 1" ~- ~ I~ 6 18 19

Fig. 2.2. 0 5 10 15CM

54 onsidered a mere coincidence since it contradicts all the known from Phoenicia. The chronological contexts indicate ther recent evidence. Moreover, there can be no doubt that they were especially popular in the 5th and 4th centuries 1at the mortaria continue (in a different form) into the Hel BCE. It should be noted that the most common cooking pot mistic and Roman periods (see discussions in Chapter 6). was of medium size. At Tel Dorwe have uncovered all the known types, includ- The cooking pots of this type discovered prior to 1982 1g the earlier imported mortaria of light greenish clay, the have previously been discussed by the present writer (Stern Jcally produced heavy mortaria with flat base (Fig. 2.2:9, 1982: 100-101, Figs. 129-32, Types B-D). The finds from 1-12) or ring base (Fig. 2.2:14-15), as well as the version Dor corroborate our conclusions regarding their distribu 1ith knob handle (Fig. 2.2: 13). The sequence here is in com tion and date. Indeed, since then many other similar cooking ,Jete conformity with the development reconstructed by the pots have been uncovered at other sites, such as Qadum •resent writer in the previous treatments mentioned above. (Stern and Magen 1984: 19, Fig. 7: 1-13), Tell Qiri (Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987:19, Fig.4: 1-13), and Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: Fig. 9.16.5). KRATERS (Fig. 2.3) In summing up the cooking pots at Tel Michal (which were !lost of the kraters shown in Fig. 2.3 were found as quite exclusively of this type), the excavators arrived at the con mall fragments which prevented their secure attribution to clusion that during the Persian period the general profile specific type. It is evident, however, on the basis of the rim remains unchanged, though the rim which was originally tri hapes alone that the number of types was quite large. In angular in section later becomes straighter and thinner. This .en era!, we can assume that they belong to the usual kraters conclusion is not supported by the evidence from Dor. •fthe period, which are found in large numbers at other Pal The small cooking pot with handles extending from rim stinian sites (Stern 1982: 99-100, Figs. 123-125). It to shoulder, carinated body, and pointed convex base (Fig. .ppears that the majority are local types with vertical rather 2.4: 16) is a rare type (Stern 1982: 101-102, Fig. 134, Type han horizontal handles, though some may also belong to the F). So far it has been uncovered in only three other sites, all alter type. Most of them are made of light-colored, well of them close to Dor on the Carmel coast: 'Atlit, Tel evigated clay. Megadim, and Tel Mevorakh (Stern 1982: 101-102, Fig. In addition to the above group, two other types were 134, Type F). In the shape of the body and the handles, it i:mnd. One (Fig. 2.3: I 0) has heavy walls with grooves shows affinities with vessels of the Hellenistic period >eneath the rim and a pair of handles on the upper part. This (though it lacks the characteristic ribbing). At all the sites •esse! has analogies at other sites. The second type (Fig. this pot appeared in contexts of the 5th and 4th centuries !.3: II) is a holemouth krater with a short wide neck, everted BCE. The example from Dor comes from Area C2, phases ing rim, typical balloon-like body and round base. This 6-7, dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE. It seems that a crater is known so far only from sites located in the vicinity date within the 5th century would be appropriate. >f Dor: Shiqmona (Elgavish 1968: Pl. 32:3, 5), Tel The medium-sized cooking pot (Fig. 2.4: 17) is distin v!evorakh (Stern 1978: Fig. 5:4, Pl. 23:7), and recently also guished from the others by the absence of handles rather )amaria (evidently from Wadi ed-Daliyeh; Lapp and Lapp than the shape of the body. Though it is frequently encoun . 974: Fig. I 0:2). The latter site also provides us with a fairly tered in the Palestinian assemblages of the period from the ·eJiable date (375-335 BCE). interior of the country (Stern 1982: 101, Fig. 135; 102, Type The kraters from Dor differ somewhat from the usual type G, with additional parallels), Doris the first site on the coast n having an everted rim and concave disk base rather than at which its appearance has been reported. This pot differs he usual convex one, but they nonetheless clearly belong to from the others in the dark red color of its clay, which is char he same family. At Dor, as at the other sites, the acteristic of the cooking pots of the coast, and also in its thin ;tratigraphic contexts point to a date in the later part of the walls. At other sites it dates from the 6th-4th centuries BCE. 'ersian period. Its context at Dor indicates a date in the early part of this per In recent years large numbers ofkraters have come to light iod. n Persian period contexts, some of them ofknown types and The vessel shown in Figure 2.4:15 might be considered a Jthers new. They come from Tell Keisan (Briend and carinated bowl of the usual type imitating a Persian metal Clumbert 1980: Pl. 20:22), Yoqne'am and Tell Qiri (Ben-Tor bowl were it not for its typical cooking pot material (Stern md Portugali 1983: 47, Fig. 9:56; Ben-Tor and Portugali 1982: 95, Fig. 116, Type A-5). As such, however, it has no 1987: 18-19, 21, Photo 4, Fig. 3:13), Tel Mevorakh (Stern parallels. Its discovery in Area C2, phase 5b, points to a date 1978: 31-32, Fig. 5: 1-7), Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: 120, Fig. in the 4th century BCE; it may however be a redeposition, l.2.3; 130, Fig. 9.8.1), and Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: as most of the carinated bowls are somewhat earlier. 19, Fig. 6).

COOKING POTS (Fig. 2.4:5-17) LIDS (Fig. 2.4:1-4) fhe most common types of cooking pots of the Persian per Four lids of cooking pots from Persian period levels at Dor iod, shown in Fig. 2.4:5-14, are characterized by wide necks are shown in Fig. 2.4: 1-4. A survey of the cooking pots dis md rims that are either upright or angled straight outwards covered at Palestinian sites reveals that some were equipped :'shelf rims'). The handles are rounded and somewhat with lids. Complete pots often have a small depression raised, and the bodies very round and swollen. The base is around the rim to receive the lid. Cooking pots with lids are :onvex to flat. These cooking pots are extremely common in known from Samaria, Gezer, Tell en-Nasbeh, and 'En Gedi. both southern and northern Palestine, and parallels are also At all these sites, the lids had the same dome-like shape

55 r t ~ \ 2 7 ((3F ( \ II ~~--- 3 '/ ))fz ' i / ------~, ·\ --p:- 4 '' 5 7' 6 ~ ~-"" 7' 7 8

11 0 5 10 15CM 10

Fig. 2.3. Kraters.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 46607/10 4666 C2 6b Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/0). Beige and some shiny grits. 2. 46627/3 4668 C2 6b Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). Tiny gray and shiny grits. 3. 11818/4 1226 AI 7 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many gray and white grits. 4, 11823 1227 AI 7 Dark brown clay (IOYR 3/3). Many large and small white grits. 5, 11683/3 1206 AI 6(b?/c?) Reddish yellowclay(5YR 6/6). Many small white and shiny grits. 6. 11713 1204 AI 6b+c Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Light yellow surface. Red and gray grits. 7. 11654 1196 AI 6a?/5c? Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Few red-brown grits. 8. 46581/7 4661 C2 6a Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Tiny shiny and gray grits. 9, 4631111 4623 C2 5(b?)(+6?) Pinkish gray clay (5YR 6/2). Light surface. Many white grits. 10. 11741 1216 AI 6c Gray clay (lOYR 6/1). Light reddish brown surface. Many large gray and white grits. II. 4834811 4886 Cl 4b Light gray clay (5YR 7/1). Light brown surface. Many large and small white grits.

56 ~-J, .~ 2 3 4 1

....

6 8 5

9 10 11 - -Q) 14 12 13

I --=)

15 16

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.4. Lids (1-4) and cooking pots (5-17).

Vo. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 43152 4318 Cl 5b Red-brown clay (2.5YR 4/6). Many white grits. 2. 11691/6 1198 AI 5 or later Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/8). Some white grits. 3. 5089/4 630 co 5 Dark red-brown clay (2.5YR 3/6). Some' beige and shiny grits. 4. 48470112 4907 Cl 4b Reddish yellow clay (SYR 7/6). Some white grits. 5. 11939 1242 AI 7 or later Red-orange clay (2.5YR 5/8). Large brown and small gray and shiny grits. 6. 11947 1242 AI 7 or later Red-brown clay(2.5YR 4/6). Large brown and small gray and shiny grits. 7. 115711 33 AO 6b Dark red-brown clay (2.5YR 3/6). Many small gray and shiny grits. 8. 46652/4 4668 C2 6b Red-orange clay (2. 5YR 5/8). Gray and shiny grits. 9. 1169211 1204 AI 6b+c Red-orange clay (2.5YR 5/8). Large brown and small white grits. 10. 1110/7 33 AO 6a Dark red-brown clay (2.5YR 3/6). Many gray grits. II. 11696/2 1183 AI 5b?(+6a?/5c?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many small white and shiny grits. 12. 4096111 4199 co 5 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 4/6). Many small white and mica grits. 13. 11623/12 1193 AI 5b?l6' Very dark gray clay (5YR 3/1). Many white and shiny grits. 14. 40944/1 4229 co 6(b') Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 4/4). Many white grits. 15. 46416/4 4628 C2 5b Red-brown clay (2.5YR 4/6). Many small gray and white grits. 16. 46599 4657 C2 6(+ 7?) Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 8/4). Beige and gray grits. 17. 11983/2 1235 AI 7(+8') Dark reddish brown clay (2.5YR 3/4). Some white and gray grits. Much straw mixed with clay.

57 (Stern 1982: 102-103, Fig. 133, Type E; Stern 1978: 33, Fig. five complete specimens of the type were found in the pc 5: 13). tery kiln of the lower city it is without doubt a local prodw A lid very similar to two lids from Dor (Nos. 1-2), which (Herzog 1989: 100-103, Fig. 8.14, Pis. 30-32, 63:1-5). is also conical, has a knob handle, and dates from the 4th Other newly excavated sites in which large numbers ofth century BCE, was recently found at Tel Michal (Herzog jar type were uncovered are located in the vicinity of De 1989: 135-36, Fig. 9.13.15). such as Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: 19, Fig. 8:; Cooking pots with lids were quite rare prior to the Persian Yoqne'am and Tell Qiri (Ben-Tor eta/. 1978: 75, Fig. 9: period; their popularity began in the Hellenistic age. Our lids Ben-Tor eta/. 1983: 45-46, Fig. 8:2; Ben-Tor and Portugi can be considered early prototypes of the later Hellenistic 1987:21, Photo 4, Fig. 4:9), and Tell Keisan. However, and Roman vessels, an assumption strengthened by the Tell Keisan the dates are rather anomalous: one grot finds at Dor, since all the lids shown here were uncovered in (Briend and Humbert 1980: Pl. 8) is attributed to Stratu: a 4th-century BCE context. 2, i.e., from 380 BCE to the Hellenistic period, and the oth1 to Stratum 4 (Briend and Humbert 1980: Pl. 25:6, 9), date to the 7th-6th centuries BCE; there is undoubtedly sorr .JARS error here. Holemouth Jars (Fig. 2.5:1-3) It can be observed that in this jar type, as in all other typ< of the entire Persian period, the shape of the body undergo< Under this category we may have combined two separate a change from a pointed base and straight walls to a sacl types of vessels which share a common grooved rim. Strictly shaped body. speaking, only No. I should be considered ajar. This type is also known from other sites (Stern 1982: 103, Fig. !38, Type Flat-shouldered Jars (Figs. 2.7-8) C). One was recently found at Tel Mevorakh (Stern 1978: 35, Fig. 8:17-19, Pl. 26:1-4); it also has a grooved rim but This is a large family of jars frequently encountered ' differs in details of the body. almost all sites containing Persian period material in th Of the other two vessels (Nos. 2-3), only their rims have Galilee and the coastal plain. They are also common alon survived. Though they belong to the holemouth group, they the shores of the eastern Mediterranean, from norther are in fact kraters. This vessel generally has two to four verti Syria to Egypt, as well as in Cyprus and Rhodes. Jars of th1 cal handles extending from the rim to the body, or on the type were also uncovered in the Punic settlements in th wall, and swollen, rounded bodies. Typical features of this western Mediterranean and evidently served as the predorr type are grooved handles and rims. This vessel is known so inant container in the widespread Phoenician marine trade. far from two other sites: Tel Mevorakh and a Persian period The main features of these jars are a broad flat shoulde fortress situated north of Ashdod (Stern 1982: 99, Type 2b; set at a sharp angle to the wall, a wide mouth, a very sh01 Stern 1978:32, Fig. 5:5-6, Pl. 23:5; Porath 1974: Fig. 4:13, neck, a short straight rim, sometimes serving as both rim an' Pl. XII:5), both dating from the 5th-4th centuries BCE. Oth neck, and a pair of handles carelessly attached from th ers have recently been found at Qadum in a similar context shoulder to the wall and often twisted (Artzy 1980). (Stern and Magen 1984: 19; Fig. 6:4-6). These features are common to all the jars of this famil; but eight to ten subtypes exhibiting minor variations in th shape of the bases can be distinguished. Jar with Cylindrical Neck, Rounded Body, and Pointed The above description holds for-the entire jar family tha Base (Fig. 2.6) was designated Family H in our previous summary of th This jar was found in Area AI, phase Sa, and should thus be pottery vessels of the Persian period in Palestine (Sten dated to the later part of the 4th century BCE. The example 1982: I 07-10, Figs. 14 7-55). At Dor sherds of many dozens shown here was reconstructed, but many others (not shown if not hundreds, of jars of this family were recovered fron here) were also found. Our examples have a short cylindrical Areas A and C. As at the other coastal sites, this was withou neck, slanted shoulders, and a base varying from very con doubt the most common type of jar in this period. Man: vex to sharp. The handles extend from the shoulders to the more were also later found in the other excavated areas a walls, which slant at various angles and are often wavy. An Dor. Only a few of these could be restored, since many o examination of the distribution of this type indicates that them were preserved only as sherds of bases, but the large most examples come from northern and central Israel and number of shoulder and rim sherds made it possible t< the Sharon coast. Many others have been salvaged from the divide them into two main types: Type H-6 (Stern 1982: I 08 sea. At all these sites they are dated from the end of the 6th hg. 152), with biconical body, and Type H-8, with sack to the 4th centuries BCE. shaped body (Stern 1982: I 08, Fig. !54). These jars were dealt with in the present writer's previous In recent years many more jars of this family have beer summary (Stern 1982: 104-105, Fig. 142, Type Fl); since uncovered in newly excavated Galilean and coastal sites its publication many more examples have come to light from Among these sites were Tell Keisan (Briend and Humber the chronological and regional contexts discussed there. 1980: Pis. !8: 1-11, 25:1-8, 26-27), Tell Qiri and Yoqne'arr Especially large numbers have been published from Tel (Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987: Fig. 4:10-14; Ben-Tor eta/ Michal, where they served as both storage and burial jars 1987: photo on p. 8), a shipwreck off the beach at Ma'agar throughout the Persian period (Herzog 1989: 139-42, Fig. Mikhael (Linder 1991: 43), Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: 141 9.17.1, Pis. 61-63). Indeed, the assumption made in the Fig. 9.17.3), as well as in new excavations along the southerr above study that these vessels were produced in the Sharon coast, such as Ashkelon, Tell el-Hesi, Tel Sera', Tel Haror coastal area received its final confirmation at this site: 'Since and Tel Qatif, which are still unpublished. Large numben

58 /

2 r 1 1 3

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.5. Holemouth jars.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 11970 1244 AI 7 or later Reddish gray day (5YR 5/2). Light gray surface. Many white and gray grits. 2. 46353/2 4627 C2 5+6a Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Many white and gray grits. 3. 4805211 4809 Cl Later than 4 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Light reddish brown surface. Many gray grits.

'----~·----- (~

! • I

0 0

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.6. Jar with cylindrical neck, rounded body, and pointed base.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description

I. 11649/1 1179 AI Sa Light reddish brown clay (SYR 6/3). White, brown, and red grits.

59 • 3

J • • r 6

0 5 10 15C~ 2

Fig. 2.7. Straight-shouldered jars.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description

I. 1167311 1196 AI Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). White and brown grits. 2. 1139 34 AO 5? Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Tiny white and red grits. 3. 11746 1206 AI 6(b?ic') Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Few white grits. 4. 46596 4651 C2 6a Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many red-brown grits. 5. 1150/5 32 AO 6(a?/b?) Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Few beige and brown grits. 6. 1150/8 32 AO 6(a?/b?) Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Few white grits. 7. 46627/8 4668 C2 6b Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7 /6). Sandy grits.

60 'b

' 5 ··~· ~~ 9 6 8 10 7

.. ...--E"

12 13 11 • 18 19 14

,-=) &;;; 20

o\:m.,_.;"s==='l10...... 1.i,',:SCM 16 17

Fig. 2.8. Straight-shouldered jars.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description L 43167/2 4321 Cl 4?/5a? Very pale brown clay (lOYR 7/3). Many gray and white grits. 2. 1198/3 40 AO 7+8 Very pale brown clay (lOYR 8/3). Many gray and white grits. 3. 1200/3 4S AO 7+8 (+6b?) Very pale brown clay (1 OYR 7/3). Many gray and white grits. 4. 46693 4668 C2 6b Very pale brown clay (lOYR 8/4). White and gray grits. s. 1200/1 4S AO 7+8 (+6b?) Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Few gray, brown, and white grits. 6. IIS60/I 1171 AI Sa Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Red and beige grits. 7. 43167/1 4321 Cl 4?/5a? Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Large and small beige grits. 8. 11683/4 1206 AI 6(b'ic?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many large gray and few brown grits. 9. 11946 1242 AI 7 or later Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many gray and shiny grits. 10. 1061/3 18 AO s Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6}. Many small gray and few brown grits. II. 11836 1227 AI 7 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Large beige and some tiny red grits. 12. 46628/11 4668 C2 6b Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Light reddish yellow surface (7 .5YR 7 /6). Brown, white, and shiny grits. 13. 1086/2 27 AO 5(b?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Few small white grits. 14. S4S711 664 Cl 4b? Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Small red-brown and some large white grits. 15. 4668S/3 4675 C2 6b Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Many large and small white grits. 16. 46628/13 4668 C2 6b Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Many white grits. 17. 40819 4197 co 3 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). White and gray grits. 18. 11628 119S AI 5b+(6a'/Sc?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Few red and gray grits. 19. 1087/3 27 AO S(b?) Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Very large and small white grits. 20. 11509/6 IIS3 AI Sa Red clay (2.5YR S/6). Light reddish yellow surface (7.SYR 7/6). Many white and beige grits. 21. 40377/7 4082 co Sa Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7 /6). Many white, beige, and red grits.

61 have also been found along the coasts of Phoenicia (Tell these finds, both in Israel and in other countries, indicaI Sukas) and Cyprus; they will not be discussed here. that they were in use throughout the Persian period, fror This vast body of material has strengthened our previous the 6th to the 4th centuries BCE, with the main distributio conclusions not only regarding the geographical distribution dating to the period from the mid-5th to the end of the 4t of these jars but especially regarding their chronology: a centuries BCE. Raban, who recovered many examples ol clear developmental tendency (which apparently also the coast ofPhoenicia and Palestine, believes they were use existed in many other closed vessels of the period) can be for preserving fish (Raban 1976: 50). observed in the jars of this family. The earlier jars possess a Our finds, uncovered here in phases 7-6 in Areas A an· biconical body and a relatively high neck (Type H-6) (Stern C2, do not alter the general picture presented above. Thes 1982: Fig. 152), as at Dor (Fig. 2. 7), and date from the phases are generally dated to the 5th and first half of the 4t 6th-5th centuries BCE, while the later types, with sack centuries BCE. shaped body (Type H-8; Fig. 2.8) (Stern 1982: Fig. 154), date from the 5th-4th centuries BCE. This sequence seems to Basket Handle Jars (Fig. 2.10) have been present also at Tel Dor, though most jars were pre served there only in small fragments. The rims, body sherds, and handles presented in Fig. 2.11 belong to the basket handle family ofjars which is character ized by a round shoulder, short cylindrical neck, ovoid body 'Torpedo' Jars (Fig. 2.9) and two basket handles that rise above the rim. The base i The only restorable jar of this type at Dor (Area A) had a pointed or truncated. Like the flat-shouldered family dis single handle (Fig. 2.9:1). Though apart from this only rim sherds of the jars of this type have survived (Fig. 2.9:2-4), as well as body sherds that could not be restored, the impres sion was received that it was quite common at Dor; later it also turned up in other areas. Many specimens have also been recovered at neighboring sites, such as Tel Mevorakh, Tel Megadim, and 'Atlit (Stern 1982: 105-107, Fig. 146, Type G), as well as along the Galilean and Phoenician coasts (Raban 1976: 49-50, Fig. 4:7-9). It is therefore surprising that none have been reported from other nearby sites, such as Shiqmona and Tel Michal (unless we assume that the ves sel shown in Herzog 1989: Fig. 9.1.26 represents the body of • such a jar). However, the type does appear in sites in the Samaria region, such as Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: 19-20, Fig. 8: I, 3, 4) and perhaps also at Shechem (Stern 1980: Fig. 6:9, differing in details). This jar was widespread in the Persian period. Its name derives from its elongated shape. The typical features of this family are slanted, conical shoulders, a wide mouth, thick everted rim, and a long, narrow cylindrical body. The wall is either straight or curved. The handle, or handles, extend from the lower edge of the shoulder to the wall. The base is Fll\ usually pointed. 2 This family can be subdivided according to two criteria. The first is the number of handles: there are jars without handles, with one handle (shown here in Fig. 2.9: 1), and with two handles. The second is the shape of the neck: the jars ?T\ have a narrow neck (Fig. 2.9:1, 3-4) or a cylindrical, long 3 and relatively wide neck. Of the latter type, we found only one sherd of part of a neck (Fig. 2.9:2). Storage jars of this type are known from Mesopotamia, Syria, Phoenicia, and especially Cyprus, as well as both the IT\ coastal and mountainous regions oflsrael. The contexts of 4 0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.9. 'Torpedo' jars.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description

I. 1150 32 AO 6(a?/b?) Very pale brown clay ( IOYR 7/3). Few white and gray grits. 2. 46714/2 4675 C2 6b Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many white, brown, and black grits. 3. 11714/2 1211 AI 6(b'?) Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many white grits. 4. 11694/4 1206 AI 6(b?/c?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Brown grits.

62 ussed above, the basket jar is confined in Palestine to the is located somewhat further inland, not a single vessel of this ialilee and the coastal plain, but it is also known on the east type has been found, despite the presence there of a rela rn shore of the Mediterranean, as well as in Cyprus and tively rich pottery assemblage (Stern and Magen 1984). lhodes; it must have been in use in marine trade during the Regarding their origin and function, we should again men 'ersian period. Gjerstad was formerly of the opinion that tion the recent and very interesting finds from Ma'agan hese jars originated in Cyprus, but it now seems that the Mikhael. * In a shipwreck discovered only a few meters off arliest examples come from Rhodes and in fact belong to the shore, a brand-new ship dating from the end of the 5th he plain East Greek wares (together with the flat-based or beginning of the 4th century BCE was found. The hull of nortaria discussed above). the ship was almost completely preserved in the shallow In Palestine these jars appear for the most part in two vari water. The ship's cargo consisted mainly of these jars, .nts: one with low rounded handles and a biconical body though there were also one or two jars of the flat-shouldered Stern 1982: 110-12, Fig. 156, Type I I), and the other with type. In the opinion of the present writer, all the other pot aller handles with the widest point ofthe body at the shoul tery vessels in this ship (jugs, juglets, and even one pithos lers, from which point it narrows towards the pointed or that held part of the ship's fresh water supply) were of East tump base (Stern 1982: Fig. 157, Type I2). A survey of Greek origin (Stern 1982: Ill), with the exception of one or hese jars from Palestine and other countries shows that the two Cypriot vessels. This shipwreck provides us with addi irst type dates to the 7th-5th centuries BCE and the second ti\)nal evidence that these basket handle jars were produced o the 5th-4th centuries BCE. mainly on the shores of East Greece and that they were In recent years jars of this family have been found and employed in the marine trade (Barag 1961: PI. 7:6; Zemer mblished not only from Dor, but from many sites in Cyprus 1977: Pl. 8:24). md all along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, from As for the origin of these vessels, it will be possible to reach cell Sukas (Riis 1979: 20, Figs. 47-49) through Tell Keisan, a decision between an East Greek and a Cypriot source only cell Qiri, and Tel Michal (Briend and Humbert 1980: after archeometrical analysis is carried out on the imported 36-41, Pls. 23-24, 27; Ben-Tor and Portugali 1987: 19, Fig. pottery. There is a general consensus that there are also local kl5-19; Herzog 1989: 143, Fig. 9.17.5). Large amounts imitations, as decisively proved by the petrographic analysis 1ave also turned up in shipwrecks off the coast ofDor itself of the Tell Sukas and Tel Michal material, and the Phoeni md off the beach at Ma'agan Mikhael, dating from the end cian letters incised on some of the jars from Tell Keisan. lfthe 5th century BCE (Linder 1991: 43). Others comefrom As for their use, in addition to the maritime trade, it ;outhern coastal sites and the nearby Shephelah, such as should be noted that it is now clear that in some of the newly \shkelon, Tel Qatif, Tel Sera', and Tel Haror, which have excavated sites mentioned above (Salamis in Cyprus and Tel 10t yet been published.* In general our chronological obser Michal) these vessels were also used as burial jars. ration regarding the Palestinian examples according to the :riterion of body shape is still valid. It is based largely on the JUGS (Fig. 2.11:7-13) :onclusions arrived at by Gjerstad on the basis of the Cyp ·iot finds, i.e., a transition from the earlier form with the Not a single complete jug was found in Areas A and C and Jiconical body and low handles to the later one character our impression is that the number of sherds of this type was .zed by wide shoulders and body sharpened towards the not large. Some examples of rim and neck sherds are shown Jase. The date of the earlier type is from the 7th to the middle here (Fig. 2.11 :7-11), as are a base and some body sherds Jr late 5th centuries BCE, and of the later, the 5th to 4th cen (No. 12). :uries BCE. It is of course difficult to identify these jugs with confi The excavators of Tell Keisan have recently proposed an dence; nevertheless most of them seem to be of Type H-G 1dditional chronological criterion for these jars, in which (Nos. 7-1 0), with globular or sack-shaped body (Stern 1982: they distinguish three variations in the shape of the neck and 117, Figs. I 71-72). These are especially common along the the rim: I) a relatively long neck with rounded rim and neck northern coast and are found in large concentrations in ridge; 2) a very short neck with everted rim and neck ridge; Samaria and nearby Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: 20, and 3) completely lacking a neck, the rounded rim rising Figs. 7:9, 8:5-9), but they are also known from 'Atlit, directly from the shoulder (Briend and Humbert 1980: Shiqmona, and Tel Mevorakh (Stern 1982: 117), and 139-41; Herzog 1989: 143). recently also from Tel Michal (Herzog 1989, Fig. 9.16.6). This development, which in general is reflected also in the Most of them were found in contexts of the 5th-4th centur Dor finds, is a positive addition to our basic typology noted ies BCE, like our own examples. above, as Type II with the biconical body also possesses a One sherd (No. II) belongs to a uniquejugwhichdisplays long neck and Type 12, with wide shoulders and sharp body, two handles instead ofthe usual one. Another sherd (No. 12) lacksaneckandhasaflat roundedrim(Fig. 2.10: 1-9). There is apparently the base of a jug of Type I, which is 'a jug with are also several transitional types between Types II and I2 short thick neck, pinched mouth, rounded handle extending that can be ascribed to the earlier or later part of the period from rim to shoulder, rounded body with either convex or according to their body shape. ring-base which is especially common in the 5th-4th centur As for their distribution, these jars have been uncovered ies BCE' (Stern 1982: 117, Fig. 173). It may derive from the in recent excavations only in coastal sites. At Qadum, which Phoenician repertoire of late Iron Age vessels.

* The material was shown to the present writer by its excavators, E.L. * This material was shown to the present writer by the excavator, E. Linder, Stager and E. Oren, whom I wish to thank. to whom I am greatly indebted.

63 / 3 2

4 5

6 7

8 9

13 10 -·

0 5 10 15CM 14

Fig. 2.10. Basket handle jars.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 11600 !!83 AI 5b?(+6a?/5c?) Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Gray and white grits. 2. !1694/2 1206 AI 6(b'ic?) Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Gray and beige grits. 3. 40883/l 4214 co 6(a?) Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Large brown and white grits. 4. 40780/l 4184 co 6(b?) Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Very pale brown surface. Many white and brown grits. 5. 40854/2 4205 co 6(c?) Light reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/8). Very pale brown surface (IOYR 8/4). White and shiny grits. 6. 46539/l2 4651 C2 6a Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Shiny and white grits. 7. 46367 4628 C2 5b Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Pale yellow surface (2.5Y 8/4). Small shiny grits. 8. 40520/3 4097 co 5b+6 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Small gray and shiny grits. 9. 1059 18 AO 5 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Many white grits. 10. !200/2 45 AO 7+8 (+6b?) Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4). Tiny gray and white grits. II. 4665!/7 4668 C2 6b Light red gray clay (2.5YR 6/6). Small white and shiny grits. 12. 46609/l7 4668 C2 6b Light yellowish brown clay(l OYR 6/4). Light yellow surface ( 1OYR 7/6). Small white and shiny grits. 13. II563/l2 1125 AI Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Gray and white grits. 14. 46247 46!7 C2 5a Light yellowish brown clay ( 1OYR 6/4).Gray grits.

64 JUGLETS (Fig. 2.11:1-6) The other juglets present all belong to perfume juglets of well-known types. These include examples of Type SA (Nos. uglets too were relatively rare in Areas A and C at Dor. Of 1 and 6) (Stern 1982: 121-22, Fig. 188), ajuglet with round he dipper juglets. mainly flat bases have been preserved. body, handles extending from shoulder to rim, and a disk or rwo of these bases (Fig. 2.11 :2-3) are made of a distinctive low ring base. This is the most popular perfume juglet ofthe ight-colored clay. By coincidence, they both come from Persian period in all parts ofPalestine; it is similar to the jug >hases belonging to the 4th century BCE, but juglets from which is also common in the 6th-4th centuries BCE (Stern 'arlier phases are also present. 1982: 116, Fig. 169, Type E; see also Herzog 1989: 135, Fig. Since the majority of sherds found were of flat bases, it is 9.13.11). lifficult to determine to which of the two types of dipper Another perfume juglet well known in the pottery reper uglets possessing this base they belong. They may be ofType toire of the 5th-4th centuries BCE (No. 4) is an example !A, which has an elongated, cylindrical body, wide neck and of Type 3 (Stern 1982: 121-22, Figs. 166-67, Types 3-4), mtward-flaring rim, flat base, and loop handle extending which has the early type of rounded body. It is certain, how 'rom rim to shoulder, or of Type 2B with sack-shaped body ever, that the sherds also included examples ofType 4, which Stern 1982: 118-19, Figs. 178-79; see also Stern andMagen is sack-shaped and somewhat later in date (Stern 1982; see 1984: 20, Fig. 8:10; Herzog 1989: Figs. 9.4.6, 9.5.14). It also Herzog 1989: Figs. 9.1.7, 9.2.10). ;eems, however, that both types are represented, with the Perfume juglet No. 5 belongs to Type 6 in the general najority being of Type 2B, whose distribution is limited typology (Stern 1982: 123, Fig. 186). This family of juglets nainly to the coastal region during the 5th-4th centuries has a long narrow neck and thick ring rim. The body shape BCE. varies from globular to spindle-shaped. Its distinctive fea- ~ 4 2 3 CD6 5 \ ( 9 ~ 10 mB 7

:,:---':.---_- ..."Y• L._---j

11 12

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.11. Juglets (1-6) and jugs (7-12).

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description

I. 4800611 4803 Cl 4c Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Light yellow surface. Red decoration. 2. 1166411 1197 AI 6a?/5c? Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Some white grits. 3. 1098/4 27 AO 5(b?) Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Light yellow surface outside. Some white grits. 4. 1222/3 45 AO 7+8 (+6b?) Very pale brown clay (lOYR 8/4). Few tiny white grits. 5. 11623 1193 AI 5b?/6? Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Tiny gray grits. Red-orange decoration. 6. 46538/6 4651 C2 6a Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Tiny white and gray and some red grits. 7. 46728110 4672 C2 6b Very pale brown clay (lOYR 8/3). Tiny gray-black grits. 8. 4635711 4626 C2 5b?/6a? Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). Large and small white and gray grits. 9. 1182317 1227 AI I Yellowish red clay (5YR 6/6). Small gray grits. 10. 11672/1 1200 AI 6 Reddish yellow clay (7 .5YR 7 /6). Pale yellow surface outside. Pale red paint on rim. II. 11570/1 1166 AI 5a(lb'') Very pale brown clay (!OYR 7/3). Many small gray grits. 12. 11680 1203 AI 6?15' Pale yellow-olive clay (5YR 8/3). Few gray grits. Vertical burnish.

65 ro ..11}.·.·- 3 4 2

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.12. Amphoriskoi (1-2) and flasks (3-4).

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 48449 4873 Cl 4a Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Red-orange decoration. 2. 46293/5 4623 C2 5(b?) (+6?) Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Red-orange decoration. Some gra· grits. 3. 46293/1 4623 C2 5(b?) (+6?) Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Light outer surface. White and gra: grits. 4. 5382/1 659 Cl 3?!4? Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Few brown grits.

lure is the high truncated base. The handle (missing here), Except for Dor and Shiqmona, no parallels have beer usually rounded and raised in a triangular shape, extends found up to now in Palestinian sites, though it should b< from the middle of the neck or from a ridge to the shoulder, noted that an amphoriskos of another type, larger and will and is decorated with a horizontal painted band in brown or similar basket handles, was uncovered at Tel Michal in Stra red. This is a well-known type in levels ofthe 5th-4th centur tum VIII and was shown by petrographic analysis to b< ies BCE, mainly along the coast (Stern 1982: 123; and now imported(Herzog 1989: 124, Fig. 9.7.4). also Herzog 1989: Figs. 9.2. 7-9, 9. 7.5, 9.8.11, 9.9.2, 9.1 0.1 0, The other two vessels (Nos. 3-4) are flasks of which on!) 9.13.12-13, in many variations). Our example also comes the necks and small fragments of the handles attached tc from a 4th-century BCE context. them have survived. These flasks are also of a very weU. known type common in the Persian period in all parts ofth< country. Initially, we were of the opinion that they wen AMPHORISKOI AND FLASKS (Fig. 2.12) mainly typical of the southern part of the country (Stern In Fig. 2.12 two different types of vessels are displayed. Nos. 1982: 114, Fig. 166, Type A). However, recent finds hav< 1-2 are small amphoriskoi with raised basket handles and shown that large numbers also come from the Galilee and Nos. 3-4 are flasks. The amphoriskoi have upright handles the coastal region. In addition to those found at Dor, flasb which are attached at right angles to the shoulder. The body have also been uncovered at Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: 135, is decorated with reddish painted bands on a yellowish back Figs. 9.5.15, 9.13.16). ground. A similar vessel was found at nearby Shiqmona (Elgavish 1968: Pl. 66:185; see Stern 1982: 114, Fig. 163). BASIN (Fig. 2.13:1) Amphoriskoi of this type were also uncovered in very large numbers in tombs of the 5th-4th centuries BCE in Cyprus, The vessel shown in Fig. 2.13: I has been defined as a basin, where they apparently originated (Gjerstad 1937: Pis. I 08: I, a fairly rare type of vessel; it is similar to basins found in top row middle; 108:2, right). The vessels from Dor, how other Persian period sites. One was uncovered recently at ever, seem to be local imitations. Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: 129, Fig. 9.7.8), where it was

0 5 10 15CM Fig. 2.13. Basins.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description I. 11970 1244 AI 7 or later Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Thick dark gray core. Large beige grits. Traces of straw in clay. 2. 1164911 1197 AI 6a?/5c? Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Very thick gray core. Thumbed decoration outside. Even buff burnish inside.

66 ttributed to Stratum VIII ( 430-400 BCE). The basin from Since the publication of our general summary, many more lor differs somewhat from the one found at Tel Michal. lamps of this type have been uncovered at other sites and .tudy of the rna terial from other sites will undoubtedly published. They have appeared, for example, in Persian per eveal additional examples. iod levels at nearby sites on the coast and in the northern valleys such as Tell Keisan (Briend and Humbert 1980: 123, Pl. 21: 1-5), Tel Michal (Herzog 1989: 143, Fig. 9.16.8), and LAMPS (Fig. 2.14) Qadum (Stern and Magen 1984: Fig. 9.2-4), as well as at 'he lamps shown here are only two examples of dozens of numerous other sites. imilar lamps discovered in all parts of the areas discussed The many new finds have not altered the general picture 1ere; other lamps of this type from Dor have been treated presented in our earlier survey (Stern 1982: 127-29, Figs. lsewhere (Stern 1989: 115). These two lamps are both from 202-203). Only at Tel Michal have the excavators claimed "ea A. No. I belongs to phase 7-8 and No.2 to phase 5-6; that these lamps ceased to occur in their Stratum VI hey thus extend throughout the entire Persian period, as at (350-300 BCE), a fact which in our opinion should be 1ther sites. regarded merely as a coincidence. The lamps are both of the same type, i.e., the open, flat As for the closed lamps of the late Persian period which ype with straight base. The lip is flat and very wide and the are usually local imitations of Greek lamps (Stern 1982: 129, ingle wick hole is pinched sharply. The lamps differ in that Fig. 204; and see now Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1988), these -.Io. I is unusually large, its surface is knife-shaved, and it also appear in Palestine towards the end of the Persian per tas a light burnish with a wide band. These features are iod and are common mainly in loci dated to the transitional mique to the coastal region (Stern 1982: 127-29, Figs. period between the Persian and Hellenistic periods. This ~02-203). seems to be the case at Dor as well.

///~-

' ··. ' -- ;/-/ ' ,:1------... _ '\

' "I ~ '-, ' I ' ' I • \ ! I ' ~/ ,'I 'I ~ . ' 'I '' I /'. ' / ' ~ ' ~ I ~ ' ' I ' I

------::~,

0 1 2 3CM Fig. 2.14. Lamps.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description !. 1198/2 40 AO 7+8 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/8). Minute white and brown grits. Burnished outside and on rim inside. 2. 11623/2 1193 AI 5b'l6? Light reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Very pale yellow-brown surface. Few white grits.

67 STANDS (Fig. 2.15) Palestine in the Persian period (Stern 1982: 130, Fig. 209 This type of stand is also common in the Iron Age, and th Stand No. 1 has a tall, narrow cylindrical body terminating date can be determined only by the fabric. at both ends in a heavy ring rim. The lower part is somewhat An interesting feature of Dor stand No. 1 and of a stan wider. Nos. 2-3 are shallower. Many similar stands, also from nearby Tel Megadim (Stern 1982: Fig. 209) is the 'wir displaying great variations in size, have been uncovered in dow' pierced in the walls of both.

2 3

0 5 10 15C~

Fig. 2.15. Stands.

No. Reg. No. Locus Area Phase Description

I. 11682 1204 AI 6b+c Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/8). 11684/3 1203 AI 6?15? Thick gray core. Some white grits. 11713 1207 AI 6b 2. 46406/5 4627 C2 5+6a Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/6).Gray core. Light brown surfac( outside. Many gray grits. 3. 817814 4828 Cl Topsoil Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Very thick dark gray core. Man~ gray and few white grits.

68 ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ,haroni and Aharoni 1976 Y. Aharoni and M. Aharoni, The Stratification of Judahite Sites in the 8th and 7th Centuries BCE, BASOR 224 (1976): 73-90. ,rtzy 1988 M. Artzy, The Utilitarian 'Persian' Storejar Handles, BASOR 238 (1980): 69-73. larag 1961 D. Barag, A Survey of Vessels Recovered from the Sea off the Coast oflsrael, Bulletin ofthe Israel Exploration Society 25 (1961): 231-38 (Hebrew). lASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. len-Tor and Portugali 1987 A. Ben-Tor andY. Portugali, Tell Qiri, A Village in the Jezreel Valley, Report on the Archaeological Excavations 1975-1977 (Qedem 24), Jerusalem 1987. len-Tor et al. 1978 A. Ben-Tor, Y. Portugali, and M. Avissar, Excavations at Tel Yoqne'am, IEJ 28 (1978): 74-76. len-Tor eta/. 1983 A. Ben-Tor, Y. Portugali, and M. Avissar, Excavations at Tel Yoqne'am, IEJ 33 (1983): 30-54. len-Tor eta/. 1987 A. Ben-Tor, M. Avissar, R. Bonfil, A. Zerzetsky, and Y. Portugali, A Regional Study of Tel Yoqne'am and Its Vicinity, Qadmoniot 20 (1987); 2-17 (Hebrew). 'lgavish 1968 J. Elgavish, Archaeological Excavations at Shikmona, Field Report No. I: The Levels ofthe Persian Period. Seasons 1963-1965, Haifa 1968. 3jerstad 1937 E. Gjerstad, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, Vol. III, Stockholm 1937. ierzog 1989 Z. Herzog, Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel, Minneapolis 1989. EJ Israel Exploration Journal. _app and Lapp 1974 P.W. Lapp and N.L. Lapp, Discoveries in the Wadi ed-Daliyeh (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 41 ), Cambridge, MA 197 4. jnder 1991 E. Linder, The Ma'agan Mikhael Shipwreck Excavations, Qadmoniot 24 (1991 ): 39-46 (Hebrew). vlazar 1985 A. Mazar, Excavations at Tell Qasile, Part Two: The Philistine Sanctuary (Qedem 20), Jerusalem 1985. 'orath 1974 J. Porath, A Fortress of the Persian Period, 'Atiqot 7 (1974): 43-55 (Hebrew).

~aban 1976 A. Raban, The Phoenician Jars from the Wrecked Ship off Philadelphia Village, Sefunim 5 (1976): 43-52 (Hebrew).

~iis 1979 P.J. Riis, Sukas VI: The Graeco-Phoenician Cemetery and Sanctuary at the South Harbour, Copenhagen 1979.

~osenthal-Heginbottom 1988 R. Rosenthal-Heginbottom, Greek Lamps and Their Imitations in the Eastern Mediterranean - Questions of Chronology, Praktika (198511988): 297-301. >tern 1978 E. Stern, Excavations at Tel Mevorakh (1973-76), Part One: From the Iron Age to the Roman Period (Qedem 9), Jerusalem 1978. >tern 1982 E. Stern, The Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period, Warminster 1982. >tern 1989 E. Stern, The Beginning of the Greek Settlement in Palestine in the Light of the Excavations at Tel Dor, in: S. Gitin and W.G. Dever (eds.), Recent Excavations in Israel: Studies in Iron Age Archaeol ogy, Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 49 (1989): 107-24. >tern and Magen 1984 E. Stern andY. Magen, A Pottery Group of the Persian Period from Qadum in Samaria, BASOR 253 (1984): 9-27.

~emer 1977 A. Zemer, Storage Jars in Ancient Sea Trade, Haifa 1977.

SELECTED LOCI OF THE PERSIAN PERIOD

As noted above, we present here in addition to the other finds from selected loci, arranged by excavation area typological discussion a group of figures (Fig. 2.16-27 - and phase. These figures enable observation of the gradual early Persian period and Figs. 2.28-38 -late Persian per changes in the assemblage which took place from phase to iod) presenting the complete assemblage of pottery and phase.

69 ~~ ~---- I 2 "L______JJ:X ITJ 0 4 5

6 7 8 ' 9 A 14

10 12 11 ~·"' 0 1 2 3CM i= I t WiiliiiW iW@M!I 15 ~ .• /

17 21 01[\...... )' 'f I ~ 13 16 18 22 L_l 25 19 23 9 J (',------\·I l ' 27 24 20 26 0 5 10 15CI

Fig. 2.16. Area AO, L40 (lower) and L46, phase 7+8.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Locus Description

L Mortarium 1!90/2 40 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). Many small white and gray grits. 2. Bowl (Iron Age type BL lOa) 1225 46 Brown clay (7.5YR 5/6). 3. Mortarium 1!98/4 40 Pale yellow clay (5Y 7/3). Many large gray and white grits. 4. Kernos 1214 46 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Gray core. 5. Lid 1222/4 46 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Some white grits. 6. Cooking pot (Iron Age type CP Sa) 1209/l 0 46 Red clay (2.5YR 4/6). Dark gray core. White grits. 7. Cooking pot (Iron Age type CP 14a) 1!80/4 40 Brown clay (7.5YR 4/6). Dark gray core. 8. Krater (Iron Age type KR 7a) 1209/4 46 Brown clay (7 .5YR 5/8). Dark gray core. 9. Jug (Iron Age type SJ 3a) 1222/2 46 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/8). Gray core. Red and gray decoration. 10. Bow! (Iron Age type BL 44a) 1209 46 Yellowish red clay (5YR 6/8). Brown core. Dark brown and gray decoration. II. Attic skyphos 1!90/5 40 Lustrous red to mottled black slip. Horseshoe shaped handle attached a straight rim. 12. Lamp ll9311 40 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many white grits. Burnished inside and OJ rim outside. 13. Lamp II98/2 40 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/8). Tiny white and brown grits. Burnished insid, and on rim outside. 14. Flask 1208/2 40 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many white grits. 15. Jar 1209 46 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Light surface outside. Large and small gra: grits. !6. Jar 1202/l 40 Red clay ( 1OR 5/6), crisp. Few very small white grits. 17. Jug? 1180113 40 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many large gray grits. 18. Jar 1209 46 Reddish yellowclay(7 .5YR 7/6), soft. Many small white, gray, and red grits. 19. Jar 1198/I 40 Yellowish brown clay (lOYR 5/4). Reddish yellow surface. 20. Jar ll87/2 40 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Grayish brown surface. 2!. Jar 1198/3 40 Very pale brown clay ( l OYR 8/3). Many gray and white grits. 22. Jar 1203 46 Pale brown clay ( l OYR 7 /3), soft. Very small dark brown grits. Red paint or shoulder. 23. Jar 1180/2 40 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Light brown surface (7.5YR 6/4). 24. Jar 1180/l 40 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Pale brown surface (lOYR 7/3). 25. Jar II87/l 40 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many large white grits. 26. Jar 1209 46 Reddish yellow clay (7 .5YR 6/6). Small white grits. 27. Amphora 1218/I 46 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Light brown slip (7.5YR 6/4).

70 Lf=-=-1 7 10

~----- ~---- -Ailill ~------·------1 ,- 7 2 11 -~~ 12

8 4 r 1-« 9 5 6 15

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.17. Area Al, L1242b, phase 7 or later.

Vo. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Mortarium 11950 Light yellowish brown clay ( IOYR 6/4). Many white grits. 2. Mortarium 11956 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 6/6). Many large dark gray and few white grits. 3. Mortarium 11938 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/4). Many large dark gray and white and few mica grits. 4. Mortarium 11921/4 Pale yellowish olive clay (SY 7 /3). Few very tiny gray grits. 5. Bowl 1195611 Yellowish red clay (SYR 5/8). White and gray grits. 6. Lid 11930 Light gray clay ( 1OYR 7/2). Many small gray and shiny grits. 7. Cooking pot 11947 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 4/6). Large brown and small gray and shiny grits. 8. Cooking pot 11939 Red-orange clay ((2.5YR 5/8). Large brown and small gray and shiny grits. 9. Jar 11951 Pink-buff clay ((7 .5YR 7/4). Some white grits. 10. Jar 11923 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Some white and gray grits. II. Jug 12921/5 White/pale olive clay (SY 8/2). Tiny brown grits. 12. Jar 11938 Light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Few small gray grits. 13. Jar 11946 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many gray and shiny grits. 14. Jar 11956 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Some gray and white grits. 15. Jar 11943 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Large red and small white grits.

71 \TI 2

3 0 5 10 15CM )

5 :I!

0 5 10 15CM 4

6 7

§'-- . ,;,,;· \.

8 9 0 2...... 3CM

Fig. 2.18. Area Al, L1242b, phase 7 or later.

No. Object Reg. No. Description

I. Skyphos 11921 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Lustrous black, totally painted. 2. Amphora 11951 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Wet-smoothed. 3. Bowl 11958 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 616). Red paint (!OR 516). 4. Askos 11948 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Exterior self-slipped. Red paint ( 1OR 5/8). 5. Body fragment 11921/2 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Red paint (2.5YR 4/6). 6. Body fragment 11921/3 Reddish yellow clay (2.5YR 4/6). Red paint 2.5 YR 416). 7. Spatula 11941 Bone. 8. Figurine 11953 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Some small white grits. 9. Figurine 11942 Light reddish brown clay (SYR 6/4). Some small white grits.

72 /::"' 1,~-~--- t I t " ' 10 "' ' ,,/'.,.------~--- ' '~' -r-"'=cc-~ 2 E t 11

"l-· ' (, 3 12 111 4 7 13 \ 5 \ 7 8 ~-., 14 ((~~\==---lll= / ,' \ 6 \ f ' ' 9

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.19. Area Al, L1226 and L1227, phase 7.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Locus Description

I. Bowl 11823/ll 1227 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many white grits. 2. Mortarium 11818/3 1226 Pale olive clay (5Y 6/4). Many gray and white grits. 3. Mortarium 11823/16 1227 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Light outer surface. Many white and some red and brown grits. 4. Juglet 11818/2 1226 Light pink clay (7.5YR 8/4). White outer surface. 5. Krater 11823117 1227 Dark brown clay ( IOYR 3/3). Many large and small white grits. 6. Krater 11818/4 1226 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many gray and white grits. 7. Lamp 11830/2 1226 White grits. 8. Amphora 11823/13 1227 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Some mica and brown grits. 9. Jug 11823/7 1227 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Small gray grits. 10. Cooking pot 11823/4 1227 Dusky red clay (2.5YR 3/2). Few white and shiny grits. II. Cooking pot 11823115 1227 Dark reddish gray clay (5YR 4/2). White and shiny grits. 12. Jar 11823/12 1227 Red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Many white grits. 13. Jar 1181811 1226 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/3). Many small gray grits. 14. Jar 11836 1227 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Few brown grits.

73 17 ...• 5 ,/~,'~"d~.Cf···· --~~\ \ 't -- I

,-~.. ?--- '·--~/--' 4 8

I I

13 2 3CM 12

I 2 3CM

15 16 17

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.20. Area Al, L1237, phase 7/8.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description I. Bow! 11897/1 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). White and gray grits. 2. Bowl 11897/2 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many tiny white grits. 3. Mortarium 11898!1 Very pale brown clay (lOYR 7/4). Many gray and white grits. 4. Lamp 11852 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Small gray grits. 5. .Jar 11905/11 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Few gray and beige grits . 6. Jar 11905/15 Red clay (2.5Y 5/8). Many large and small white grits. 7. Jar 11898/2 Light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Small gray grits. 8. Jar 11933/2 Light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Small gray and few white grits. 9. Jar 11897/5 Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 7/4). Small gray grits. 10. Amphora 11896/2 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6 to 2.5YR 4/6). Wet-smoothed exterior, pale brown (lOYR 6/3). II. Figurine 11890 Reddish brown clay (5YR 7/6). Small gray and white grits, straw. 12. Figurine 11890 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/4) Few large gray and brown grits. 13. Figurine 11904 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/4). Some gray and brown grits. 14. Bowl 11905/9 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Black lustrous slip. White paint. 15. Bowl 11905/10 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Washy black band on rim. 16. Jug I I 903/2 Light gray clay (2.5Y 712). Dark grayish brown decoration. 17. Jug 11903!1 Light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Dark grayish brown decoration. 18. Amphora base 11908/2 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Exterior slip 5YR 7/4- 5YR 7/6.

74 F ~ 5 ' m3

~- 2 3CM 7 ~16 2 ~ 4 ~ 7

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.21. Area Al, L1225, phase 6c.

Vo. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Holemouth jar 11827/4 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Gray and white grits. !. Mortarium 11827/8 Pale yellow-brown clay (2.5Y 7/4). Many gray, white, and brown grits. l. Jug 11801/l Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Worn surface. Exterior self-slipped. Black to dark reddish brown paint (5YR 3/2). I. Stand 11827/l Reddish brown clay ( 1OYR 5/6). Many large and small grits. i. Jar 11827/lO Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Gray and white grits. 5. Bowl base frag. 11827/2 Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/3). Two black bands on interior. 7. Amphora base frag. 11827/8 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Black to dark reddish brown decoration.

5 9 2 6 il\ 10

3 7 0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.22. Area Al, L1206, phase 6b?/c?.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

l. Chalice or bowl 11694/4 Brownish yellow clay (I OYR 6/6). Many white and gray grits. 2. Mortarium 11724/8 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many large and small white and beige grits. 3. Krater 11683/3 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many small white and shiny grits. 4. Jar 11746 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Few white grits. 5. Jar 11694/4 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Gray grits. 6. Jar 11743 Brown clay (7.5YR 5/4). Very pale yellowish surface. White and gray grits. 7. Jar 11752 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many small and large white grits. 8. Jar 11706/3 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Small white and brown grits. 9. Jar 11694/l Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Gray and beige grits. 10. Stand 11738/2 Reddish brown clay ( 1OYR 5/6). Many large and small white grits.

75 6

B • 4

/ '' \ (' ''" ' '' '

11 5 12

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.23. Area AO, L32, phase 6a?/b?.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Mortarium 1150/2 Light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Many large and small white grits. 2. Mortarium 1150/3 Light yellowish brown clay (2.5Y 6/4). Many white and gray grits. 3. Juglet 1150/6 Very pale brown yellow clay (IOYR 7/4). Few tiny white grits. 4. Juglet 1150/9 Yellow clay ( 1OYR 8/6). Few white and some shiny grits. 5. Jug 1150/8 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). 6. Jug 1150/7 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Few white grits. 7. Jar 1150111 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6). Few white grits. 8. Jar 1150/10 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Few white and gray grits. 9. Jar 1150/4 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/4). Few white grits. 10. Jar 1150/8 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Few brown grits. II. Jar 1150/5 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Few beige and brown grits. 12. Jar 1150/1 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/3). Few white and gray grits.

76 ~--·- -~ 5 9 .---f... ·· F=l =< 10 2

C" r= ~ - 11 3

8 12 ~--~/-? . 15 v 18 13 '----.J---~ 0 16 \JI 19

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.24. Area AO, L33 (lower), phase 6b. lo. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Mortarium 1126/6 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6). Few gray and beige grits. Very pale brown surface (lOYR 8/3). 2. Cooking pot 1157/2 Very dark grayish brown clay ( 1OYR 3/2). Many white and gray grits. Iron Age type. 3. Cooking pot 115711 Dark red-brown clay (2.5YR 3/6). Many small gray and shiny grits. 4. Mortariurn base 1126/2 Very pale brown-yellow clay ( 1OYR 8/4). Large beige and gray grits. 5. Jar 1174/2 Very pale brown-yellow clay (I OYR 8/3). Few gray grits. 6. Jar 115511 Very pale brown-yellow clay (lOYR 7/3). Tiny black and few shiny grits. 7. Jar 1164/7 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 4/8). Tiny white and brown grits. 8. Jar base 1126/3 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6). Few beige and white grits. 9. Jar 1164/4 Very pale brown-yellow clay (lOYR 8/3). Few gray grits. 0. Jar 1143/3 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Many small white grits. I. Jar 115311 Red clay ( 1OR 5/8). Many large and small grits. 2. Jar 1173/2 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/3). Many small gray grits. 3. Bowl 1173/3 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6.4). Self-slipped. Red paint. 4. Dow! base 1172/2 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Self-slipped. Black paint. 5. Bowl base 117411,5 Pale brown clay (I OYR 6/3). Self-slipped. Black paint. 6. Bowl base 1160/2 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 6/6). Self-slipped. Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/2) to reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) paint. 7. Bowl base 1146/4 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Self-slipped. Red paint (2.5YR 5/6). 8. Amphora 1146/1 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Wet-smoothed. 9. Amphora 1126/4 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4).

77 ( I r= 4 _.;-:::==! ~ 2 3 ' 4 (

{C / ~ ~ I 5 r 7 6 1

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.25. Area C2, L4678 and L4679, phase 6?/7?.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Deep bowl 46727/2 Very pale brown clay (l OYR 7/4). Exterior slip light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) to reddish yellow (SY 616). On exterior, pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) and reddish brown (5YR 4/3) paint. On interio brown/dark brown paint (7.5YR 4/2). 2. Bowl 46724 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/0). Very large white and some small gray grits. 3. Jar 46727/7 Light red clay (I OR 6/8). Some small mica and beige grits. 4. Jar 46725/7 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Tiny gray grits. 5. Jar 46725/6 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Small beige and gray grits. 6. Jar 46727/3 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Tiny brown grits. 7. Amphora 46723/2 Pink-gray clay (5YR 7/4). Some small beige and gray grits.

Fig. 2.26. Area C2, L4668, phase 6b.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Bowl 46627/2 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Large and small white and shiny grits. 2. Bowl 46627/30 Light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Tiny brown and gray grits. 3. Bowl 46632/7 Light red clay ( 1OR 6/6). Many large and some small white grits. 4. Bowl 46614/6 Light red clay (lOR 6/6). Few small white grits. 5. Mortarium 46609/16 Ye!low~olivc clay (2.5Y 7/6). Many small gray and white grits. 6. Mortarium 46701 Light red day (2.5YR 6/6). Many large red and gray grits. 7. Mortarium 46679/7 Pale yellow~olive clay (2.5Y 7/4). Many gray and white grits. 8. Mortarium 46652/10 Pale yellow~olive clay (2.5Y 7/4). Few large white and some small gray and white grits. 9. Mortarium 46652/12 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Light pink smooth surface. Many white grits. 10. Mortarium 46628/10 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Light pink surface. Very few gray grits. II. Krater 46627/3 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). Tiny gray and shiny grits. 12. Cooking pot 46682/6 Red clay (2.5YR 4/6). Brown and small white grits. 13. Cooking pot 46652/4 Red~orange clay (2.5YR 5/7). Gray and shiny grits. 14. Cooking pot 46659/9 Red~orange clay (2.5YR 5/7). Large brown and some small white grits. 15. Cooking pot 46693 Light red clay (2.5R 6/6). White surface outside. Small red and shiny grits. 16. J uglet 46679/3 Yellow-buff clay (IOYR 7/6). Some small white grits. 17. Juglet 46706/1 Brown clay (IOYR 5/3). Some small white and shiny grits. 18. Juglet 46706/2 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 2/6). Small beige grits. 19. Juglet 46692 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Tiny gray and few white grits. 20. Juglet 46652/2 Light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Brown black slip inside. Tiny white grits. 21. Juglet 46652/5 Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 7/4). Tiny gray grits. Black painted lines. 22. Jug 46651/4 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). Some gray and shiny grits. 23. Jug 46652/7 Light pink clay (7 .5YR 8/4). Some white grits. Red decoration. 24. Jug 46679/5 Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 7/4). Some small white and gray grits. 25. Jug 46632/9 Red clay (I OR 5/8). Many large and small white grits. 26. Jar 46393 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/4). Small beige and white grits. 27. Jar 46692 Pink clay (5YR 8/4). Some gray and brown grits. 28. Jar 46693 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 8/4). White and gray grits. 29. Jar 46702 Pink clay (5YR 7/4). Small brown and gray grits. 30. Jar 46614/4 Pink clay (7 .5YR 7/4). Pale yellow surface outside (2.5Y 8/4). 31. Jar 46623 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 4/5). Many large and-small white grits. 32. Jar 46628!14 Red clay (2.5YH. 5/6). Many white grits. 33. Jar 46651!1 Light red clay ( 1OR 6/8). Tiny sandy and gray grits. 34. Jar 46628/11 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Light reddish ye!low surface. Brown, white, and sandy grits. 35. Jar 46693 Light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Many large beige grits. 36. Jar 46627/8 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Sandy grits. 37. Jar 46628!13 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Some white grits. 38. Jar 46672 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Many tiny white grits. 39. Jar 46684!1 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many brown and gray grits. 40. Jar 46632/10 Light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Many large white grits. 41. Jar 46706/3 Many white grits. 42. Jar 46702 Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4). Many white and gray grits. 43. Jar 46651/7 Light red~gray clay (2.5YR 6/6). Small white and shiny grits. 44. Jar 46609/7 Light yellowish brown clay ( 1OYR 6/4). Light yellow surface ( 1OYR 7/6). Small white and shiny grits. 45. Jar 46651/5 Pink clay (5YR 7/4). Some brown grits.

78 /~ ~-~ -;7~· I 4 2 3

?--=:=-1 .-.-~ I ~--T 7~~ 7 5 6 c::=<~===- ======r·--- 7 8 9

'====.===l------\ I 10 11 --7 tl =F PI~ ~ r-=t 13 15 12 14

'b_U "=-~ \jL/ \11 18 19 20 21 r=r-~( ~r-, ~~~-- 22 IT~r 25 24 ~~, n-" r===1~ 5= ;9--~ 26 27 28

?-1 =~ ··· - I ·=~ r=== I =-~ c== Fe= I ~ 30 31 32 33

··F-1'·--::. ::· ~f I "' ~- _, z I ~ ' ~ ~ 38 39 ____ r··1 ~~E-1 =:l~~-~ 43 42 44

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.26.

79 Fig. 2.26a. Area C2, L4668, phase 6b (continued).

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

46. Jar 46689 Reddish yellow clay (7 .5YR 7/6). Tiny gray and white grits. 47. Jar 46706 Red clay (lOR 5/6). Large and small white grits. 48. Amphora 46627112 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many small mica, gray, and red grits. 49. Amphora 46628/8 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Many small mica and white grits. 50. Neck oflekythos 46614/7 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Black painted neck. 51. Stemless b-f cup 46628/1 Pink clay (7 .5YR 7/4). Black interior paint. Incised decoration. 52. Bowl 46679/8 Light red clay (lOR 6/6). Lustrous black paint, reserve center. 53. Jug 46679/21 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Dark red to black paint (lOR 3/6). 54. Bowl 46679/2 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Self-slipped. Red paint. 55. Bowl 46609/13 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Self-slipped. Reddish brown paint (5YR 4/3). 56. Bowl 46680/3 Yellowish red clay (7.5YR 6/6). Exterior black to brown paint (7.5YR 4/6). Interior dark rcddi~ brown band (2.5YR 3/4). 57. Bowl 46628/4 Pink clay (5YR 7/4). Self-slipped. Decoration between light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) and n (2.5YR 5/6). 58. Bowl 46609/14 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Exterior self-slipped. Interior slip pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2). Bla< paint. 59. Bowl 46693/24 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Self-slipped. Dark gray paint (5YR 4/0). 60. Bowl 46628/3 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Exterior self-slipped. Interior slip pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2). Blac paint. 61. Bowl 46614/3 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Exterior self-slipped. Interior slip yellowish red (5YR 5/6). 62. Bowl 46693 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Self-slipped. Black paint. 63. Bowl 46628/6 Dark brown clay (7.5YR 3/2). Brown slip (7.5YR 4/2). Black paint 64. Bowl 46627/7 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Self-slipped. Dark reddish brown paint (2.5YR 3/4). 65. Shoulder frag. 46702 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 7/6). Dark reddish brown paint (5YR 3/2). 66. Body frag. 46693/23 Reddish yellow clay (2.5YR 7/6). White slip (lOYR 8/2). Dark reddish brown paint (5YR 3/4). 67. Body frag. 46693/8 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Exterior self-slipped. 68. Shoulder frag. 46609/3 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Self-slipped. Red paint (2.5YR 4/8). 69. Vertical handle 46693/22 Very pale brown clay (I OYR 8/3). Traces of very dark grayish brown paint overall ( 1OYR 3/2). 70. Handle frag. 46707/7 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Traces of dark reddish brown paint (5YR 2.5/2).

80 ~~47

51 0 1 2 3CM

46 2.... 3CM

~~~ 56 55 54 It*'*~~~~~~ 57 58

~~. '-~ ~~~ 62 63 64

66 67

65 0 1 2 3CM

69 0 5 10 15CM 70

Fig. 2.26a.

81 II--~-

4 3 cr=r-l' 5 6 /II-\ 8 7

10 11 12

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.27. Area C2, L4675, phase 6b.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Mortarium 46714/1 Light gray clay (2.5YR 7/2). Many white and gray grits. 2. Mortarium 46685/4 Pink clay (7 .5YR 7/4). Pale yellow~olivc surface (2.5Y 8/4). Many white, gray, and pink grits. 3. Mortarium 46711112 Pinkish gray clay (5YR 7/2). Small white and gray grits. 4. Jar 46685 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Some white grits. 5. Jar 46714/3 Reddish yellow clay ((5YR 6/6). Many large and small white grits. 6. Jar 46711/10 Light yellowish brown clay (IOYR 6/4). Tiny white grits. 7. Jar 46714/2 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many white, brown and dark grits. 8. Pendant 46673 Faience 9. Rhyton 46685/1 Pink clay (5YR 7/3). Many small gray and white grits. 10. Bowl (East Greek) 46711/2-3 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Exterior self-slipped. Interior slip light red (2.5YR 6/6). Red paint (2.5YR 4/6). II. Bowl (East Greek) 46714/7-9 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Exterior self-slipped. Interior reddish yellow slip (SYR 6/6). Red paint (2.5YR 4/6). 12. Bowl (East Greek) 46714111 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Self-slipped. Red paint (2.5YR 4/8).

82 m6

2 • 7 11

;= 12 9 13 15 4 Q,, , ,'A,y: sf 5 10 5 10 15CM 14 ' 0 Fig. 2.28. Area AO, L33 (upper), phase 6a.

Vo. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Mortarium 1105116 Red clay (2.5YR 7/4). Minute white grits. 2. Mortarium 1117/4 Pale yellow clay (2.5Y 7/4). Many small white, few gray grits. 3. Mortarium 111011 Pale yellow clay (5Y 7/3). Many small black and gray grits. 4. Cooking pot 1110/7 Dark red-brown clay (2.5YR 3/6). Many gray grits. 5, Jug 1110/8 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Light beige outer surface. Few white grits. 6. Jar 1117/7 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Few white grits. 7. Jar 1110/2 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Large and small white grits. 8. Jar 1110/5 Very pale brown clay (I OYR 7/3). Few gray grits. 9. Jar 1117/2 Light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Small gray and white grits. 10. Juglet 1110/3 White clay (2.5Y 8/2). Smooth very light brown surface. 11. Jar 110911 Red clay (I OR 5/8). Large and small white grits. 12. Skyphos 1109/3 Roman ochre clay. Glossy dark sepia glaze. Decoration in white paint and reserve. 13. Bowl 111711 Reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Exterior slip pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2). Black paint. 14. Bowl 1116/4 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Exterior slip reddish yellow (5YR 6/6). Light red (2.5YR 6/6) to black paint. 15. Amphora 1109/2 Reddish yellow clay (7. 5YR 7/6). Pale brown exterior slip (lOR 7/3). t=l 6 \) ei! p il11 I ';\ 1{~,\ ~. 7 7 2

c:' J 3 .. 8 '\ I r \_11 4 ~ 5 9 10 o.__.•s====1~o-..1~5CM Fig. 2.29. Area Al, L1197, phase 6a?/5c?.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Bowl 11650 Light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Few gray grits. Very dark shiny gray slip with red stains inside and on top of outside. 2, Mortarium 11653/2 Pink clay (5YR 7/4). Many white and gray grits. 3. Base 11664/2 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many white grits. 4. Juglct 11664/3 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6). Very few mica and red grits. Red paint on top of rim. 5, Juglet 11664/5 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Some white grits. 6. Jar 11664/5 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/3). Few white and gray grits. 7. Jar 11664/5 Pinkish gray clay (5YR 7/2). Few white grits. 8. Jar 11669 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many small white grits. 9. Jar 11664/1 Yellowish red clay (5YR 4/6). Very few white grits. 10. Jar 1164911 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/3). White, brown, and red grits.

83 7 ,. 8 2 ~-- '] ~- 9 5 3

~--

4 6 10

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.30. Area AO, L27, phase S(b?).

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description I. Bowl (East Greek) 106911 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Exterior slip I OYR 6/2. Black paint. 2. Mortarium I 07211 Pale yellow clay (5Y 7/3). Many large gray and white grits. 3. Mortarium I 07911 Pale red clay (lOR 6/3). Light gray surface (lOYR 7/1). Many white and gray grits. 4. Mortarium 1086/4 Pale yellow clay (5Y 7/3). Many large gray grits. 5. Lamp 1101 Pale brown clay (I OYR 7/3). Some small gray grits. 6. Juglet 1098/4 Reddish yellow clay (7 .5YR 7/6). Light yellow surface outside. Some white grits. 7. Jug 109811 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Worn surfaces. Dark brown paint (7.5YR 3/2). 8. Jar I 03011 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/3). Few small white grits. 9. Jar 1086/2 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Few small white grits. 10. Jar 1087/3 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Very large and small white grits.

3 2 4

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.31. Area Al, Ll170, phase Sb.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description I. Bowl 11546113 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Tiny beige grits. Shiny black inside and out (7.5YR N2). 2. Cooking pot 11548 Dark brown clay (7.5YR 4/4). Many small white grits. 3. Jar 11546112 Light brown clay (7.5YR 614). Small red grits. 4. Jar 11546114 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Few small beige grits.

84 3 8

0 1 2 3CM .... - 5 9 r - 6 2 ' 5=- 10 4 ---<. 7 0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.32. Area Al, L1193, phase Sb?/6?.

Ia. Vessel Reg. No. Description

l. Juglet 11622 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 6/6). Tiny gray grits. Red~orange decoration. 2. Cooking pot 11623/1 Very dark gray clay (5YR 3/1). Many white and shiny grits. 3. Mortarium 11625/3 Very pale brown clay (lOYR 7/4). Light brown and gray grits. 4. Lamp 11623/2 Light reddish yellow clay (SYR 7/6). Very pale yellow~ brown surface. Few white grits. 5. Body frag. 11645/3 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Red paint (2.5YR 4/6). 6. Jar 11645/2 Pale brown clay (I OYR 6/3). Many tiny gray grits. 7. Jar 11623/4 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Gray and brown grits. 8. Jar 11623/1 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Some gray and white grits. 9. Jar 11623/1 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/8). Few white and gray grits. 0. Jar 1164511 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Few white grits. Pink slip (7.5YR 7/4). F ( ~.·~-·· 7 5 ...-L ====j ···c... 7 6 2

' ' \ ' '' ' ' I, 8 ' I ' ' '

;~=:::._,--- ~. 3 9 4 0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.33. Area Al, L1195, phase Sb (+6a?/5c?).

No. Vessel Reg. No. Description

I. Mortarium 11629/2 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Many small gray and white grits. 2. Mortarium 1162911 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 7/6). Many large and small white grits. 3. Lamp 11629/3 Light red clay (7 .5YR 6/8). Light yellowish surface. Large and small white grits. 4. Lamp 11628/2 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Few white grits. 5. Jar 11635 Light reddish brown clay (SYR 6/4). Few white grits. 6. Jar 11639 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). White surface outside ( l OYR 8/2). Few beige and gray grits. 7. Jar I 162811 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Few red and beige grits. 8. Stand 11639 Dark olive clay (5Y 5/3). Shiny and gray grits. Inside shiny layer of slags or glass. 9. Skyphos 11629/4 Light red clay (lOR 6/8). Lustrous black slip inside and out.

85 2 3 4

5 6

7 8 ~"~"'"~"~~"W p= 9 10 11 12

(0 r/T~~ r 1 16 14 15

13 6~... ·· ~~-, ~-T'"'~r Lll 17 18 20 19 /[/ ~ 0-----=:=tliilW!Iill 1 2 3CM 21

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.34. Area C2, L4651, phase 6a/b.

/1/0. T'essc! Reg. No. Description

I. Bowl 46635/4 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Some small white and beige grits. 2. Bowl 46563/4 Red-orange clay (2.5YR 5/8). Small gray and shiny grits. Red paint. 3. Mortarium 46539113 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Beige and some gray grits. 4. Mortar! urn 46625110 Pale brown clay (I OYR 6/3). Many white and gray grits. 5. Mortarium 46539114 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Many large and small white grits. 6. Mortarium 46563/7 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/4). Many white and gray grits. 7. Mortarium 46538/9 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Many small white, red, and gray grits. 8. Bowl (East Greek) 46635/8-9 Reddish yellow clay (7 .5YR 6/6). Reddish yellow slip (5YR 7/6). Black to dark reddish brown paint. 9. Bowl (East Greek) 46569/5 Reddish yellow cla.y (5YR 7/6). Self-slipped. Red band on interior (2.5YR 5/6). 10. Cooking pot 4653811 Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 4/4). Small white and shiny grits. 11. Cooking pot 46538/20 Dark reddish brown clay (2.5YR 3/4). Small white and shiny grits. 12. Jug!et 46634/4 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). White surface outside. 13. Juglet 46538/6 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Tiny white, gray, and some red grits. 14. Jar 46538/21 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Red and gray grits. 15. Jar 46569112 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many red-brown grits. 16. Jar 46539/12 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Shiny and whiLe grits. 17. Jar 46563/6 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Large brown, gray, and white grits. 18. Jar 46584 Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) to light gray (5YR 7/l) day. Brown/dark brown paint (7.5YR 4/2). 19. Body frag. (East Greek) 46634/2 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Some small white grits. Dark gray paint (5YR 3/l). 20. Clay dice 46631/2 Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/3). Small white grits. 2!. Bowl 46560/3 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Lustrous black inside and out. Palmettes attached to incised line with ovule~ above four palmettes. Potter's mark on base.

86 F~-···~ 2 3 0..... 1 2-- 3CM 0 1 , 4 ...... 5 6 ~ 7 9 8

~ 10 11

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.35. Area C2, L4628, phase Sb.

IVa. Vessel Reg. No. Description I. Bowl 46385/9 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 6/6). Some mica grits. Lustrous black inside and concentric circles inside. 2. Mortarium 46351/3 Pale yeilow clay (2.5YR 7/4). Many small white, few gray grits. 3. Cooking pot 4641614 Red-brown clay (2.5YR 4/6). Many small gray and white grits. 4. J uglet 46385110 Light reddish brown clay (SYR 6/4). Tiny gray grits. White surface outside. Red decoration on rim. 5. Amphoriskos 46385/l 0 Reddish gray clay (SYR 5/2). Lustrous red-brown slip. Stamped with palmettes. 6. Jug 46367 Light reddish brown clay (SYR 6/4). Small white, beige, and brown grits. 7. Jar 4638511 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Small gray grits. 8. Jar 4636413 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Many small brown and gray grits. 9. Jar 46367 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Pale yellow surface (2.5Y 8/4). Small shiny grits. 10. Jar 46365/l Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Many small gray and brown grits. 11. Amphora 4637014 Buff-pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Some small mica and beige grits. 12. Amphora 4641615 Grayish brown clay (2.5Y 5/2). Small gray and mica grits. 13. Amphora 46368 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Some small white and mica grits.

87 Fig. 2.36. Area Cl, L4803, L4831, L4835, L49i6, phase 4c.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Locus Description

I. Bowl 4801614 4803 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 718). Lustrous metallic dark gray and red slip inside at out. 2. Mortarium 48158/6 4831 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Gray surface outside. Many small white gri1 3. Cooking pot 48149/1 4831 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Some gray and shiny grits. 4. Cooking pot 48010/15 4803 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Small gray and shiny grits. 5. Cooking pot 1849814 4916 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Very large gray grits. Minute shiny grits. 6. Cooking pot 48035/6 4803 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Tiny gray and white grits. 7. Krater 48498/13 49!6 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many white and gray grits. Red decoration. 8. Juglet 48006/1 4803 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Light yellow surface. 9. Juglet 48010/9 4803 Pink clay (7.5YR 8/4). Few white and mica grits. 10. Jug 48009/8 4803 Pink clay (7.5YR 8/4). Many white grits. II. Jug 48009/1 4803 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Many large white and gray grits. Yellow-pink surface. 12. Jug 4800915 4803 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/8). Yellowish surface outside. Many gray and white grits 13. Jug 48009/3 4803 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Yellowish surface outside. White and gray grits. 14. Jug 485413 4916 Pinkish gray clay (5YR 7/4). Beige surface. Many gray grits. 15. Jug 48035/3 4803 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Small brown grits. 16. Jar 48035/2 4803 Light yellowish brown clay (lOYR 6/4). Yellowish surface. Gray and white grits. 17. Jar 4801012 4803 Light brown clay (7 .5YR 6/4). Pale yellow surface outside. Gray grits. 18. Jar 4801617 4803 Light red clay ( 1OR 6/8). Pinkish yellow surface outside. Many small white grits. 19. Jar 48010/19 4803 Gray clay (7 .5YR N6). Yellowish surface outside. Large gray grits. 20. Jar 4801619 4803 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many large gray grits. 21. Jar 48101/11 4803 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 6/6). Small gray and shiny grits. 22. Jar 4817819 4835 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Tiny gray grits. 23. Jar 4819815 4916 Yellowish red clay (SY 5/8). Tiny gray and shiny grits. 24. Jar 4817312 4835 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Gray and white grits. 25. Jar 487314 4835 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Small white and gray grits. 26. Jar 485413 4916 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Some white and gray grits. 27. Jar 4815217 4831 Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4). Large white grits. 28. Jar 4815215 4831 Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6). Yellowish surface outside. Many large and small whil grits. 29. Amphora 48511/1 4916 Red clay (2.5YR 4/8). Light brown surface. Many mica and some beige grits. 30. Amphora 48008/2 4803 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Some small white and many mica grits. 31. Amphora 4810113 4803 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 7/6). Some white and mica grits. Traces of matt red paint. 32. Lamp 48009/6 4803 Reddish yellow clay (SYR 7/6). Lighter and smoothed surface outside. Some whit grits. 33. Kylix 48498 4916 Lustrous black slip. Reserved leaves with thick white paint.

88 2

1 y-:--~T -t

5 VI 4 3 HL \::~~ i TV\)- 9 6 8

.l .. 1

12 I ~\ m11 10 r 13

~[ t 1=1 r 15 14 17

;;= ····.· I ~If(. Ec 1 ~:t. ~I-t. 21 18 19 20

--=t~ "lliiii"\-:: - 1··-~ 24 25 ~-1 & ff\ (~ 26 27 28 29 ~·4 , 30

0 1 2 3CM 32 mMM' MMW

31 33

0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.36.

89 Fig. 2.37. Area Cl, L4364, L4801, L4885, L4886, L4903, L4907, phase 4b.

No. Vessel Reg. No. Locus Description

I. Bowl 48392/5 4885 Very dark gray clay (5YR 3/1). Minute mica grits. Lustrous black slip. 2. Bowl 4337611 4364 Pink clay (SYR 7/6). Small gray, white, and mica grits. Lustrous black slip. 3. Bowl 48348/2 4886 Light red clay (I OR 6/8). Few white grits. Matt red slip ( 1OR 5/8) inside and on 1 of outside. 4. Bowl 48470/8 4907 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Few gray and white grits. 5. Mortarium 48431/1 4903 Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Yellowish surface outside. Many large gray and white gri 6. Lid 48448/4 4903 Red clay (lOR 5/8). Many white grits. 7. Cooking pot 48343/4 4885 Dark brown clay (7.5YR 4/4). Many large gray and brown grits. 8. Cooking pot 48464/6 4907 Red day (2.5YR 5/8). Large brown and minute mica grits. 9. Cooking pot 48443/2 4886 Red clay (2.5YR 4/6). Small gray and mica grits. 10. Krater 48003/2 4801 Reddish yellowclay(7 .5YR 8/6). White surface (5Y 8/1 ). Very few small beige grit 11. Juglet 48355/3 4885 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Small gray grits. 12. Jug 48470/6 4907 Light red clay ( 1OR 6/6). Small white grits. 13. Jug 48003/3 4801 Yellow day (IOYR 8/6). Many gray and white grits. 14. Jar 48355/2 4885 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Yellowish gray surface. White and mica grits. 15. Jar 48431/7 4903 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/3). Many large white and gray grits. 16. Jar 48003/l4 4901 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/3). Large brown and small gray grits. 17. Jar 48464/l 4907 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/3). Large brown and small gray grits. 18. Jar 48343/7 4885 Light red clay ( 1OR 6/8). Few small white grits. 19. Jar 48470/l 4907 Pale red clay (lOR 6/4). Many small white and brown grits. 20. Jar 48392/6 4885 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Many small gray grits. 21. Jar 48464/4 4907 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Many small gray grits. 22. Jar 48392/2 4885 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Small white grits. 23. Jar 48446/4 4903 Reddish gray clay (5YR 5/2). Many large gray grits. 24. Jar 48470/2 4902 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/8). Gray and white grits. 25. Lamp 48003/4 4801 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Some small gray and brown grits. 26. Handle 48470/]1 4907 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 7/3). Many large gray and brown grits. 27. Lid 48470/l2 4907 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Some white grits. 28. Figurine 48433 4903 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Small gray grits.

90 ---,

6 5 7

~- -1 -cc~, rr~s 10 9 11

rT-f ~- ---1 ---\ Yl---=t 13 14 15

16 ~T' ,:' n" 17

18 ·~ 20 21

19 0 1 2 3CM

~I ~I"'" 25

~. -· 28 27

26 0 5 10 15CM Fig. 2.37.

91 ~ ll_.. _7 2

3 5

7 8

~~-····I _f 9 10 12 11

13 15 14 0 5 10 15CM

Fig. 2.38. Area Cl (phase Sa).

No. Vessel Reg. No. Locus Description

I. Mortarium 48195/4 4844 Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Gray, white, and mica grits. 2. Mortarium 48!98/2 4848 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Many large and small white and shiny grits. Pin surface (7.5YR 7/4). 3. Mortarium 48!88/1 4843 Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6). Many smal! white and gray grits. Pinkish-gray su face outside. 4. Juglet 4842411 4899 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 8/3). Few beige grits. 5. Jar 48195/8 4844 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Many white grits. Light brown surface Outside. 6. Jar 48189/5 4844 Light grey clay (I OYR 7/2). Many small gray grits. 7. Jar 48198/1 4848 Very pale brown clay (IOYR 8/3). Some gray grits. 8. Jar 48522 4928 Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Many large white and few gray grits. 9. Jar 45189/1 4844 Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4). Many large white and gray grits. 10. Jar 48200/3 4843 Red clay (2.5YR 5/8). Many large and small white grits. II. Jar 48442/3 4900 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Few gray and shiny grits. 12. Jug 48471/2 4900 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Some gray grits. 13. Lamp 48424/2 4899 Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Large and small gray and red grits. 14. Stand 48148/2 4829 Red clay (2.5YR 5/6). Many large and small white grits. !5. Stand 48522 4928 Red clay (2.5YR 4/8). Many white and gray grits.