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Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, Spi OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, SPi Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, SPi TRANSFORMATIONS IN GOVERNANCE Transformations in Governance is a major academic book series from Oxford University Press. It is designed to accommodate the impressive growth of research in comparative politics, international relations, public policy, federalism, and environmental and urban studies concerned with the dispersion of authority from central states to supranational institutions, subnational governments, and public–private networks. It brings together work that advances our understanding of the organization, causes, and consequences of multilevel and complex governance. The series is selective, containing annually a small number of books of exceptionally high quality by leading and emerging scholars. The series is edited by Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Walter Mattli of the University of Oxford. Organizational Progeny: Why Governments are Losing Control over the Proliferating Structures of Global Governance Tana Johnson Democrats and Autocrats: Pathways of Subnational Undemocratic Regime Continuity within Democratic Countries Agustina Giraudy A Postfunctionalist Theory of Governance (5 Volumes) Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks et al Constitutional Policy in Multilevel Government: The Art of Keeping the Balance Arthur Benz With, Without, or Against the State? How European Regions Play the Brussels Game Michaël Tatham Territory and Ideology in Latin America: Policy Conflicts between National and Subnational Governments Kent Eaton Rules without Rights: Land, Labor, and Private Authority in the Global Economy Tim Bartley Voluntary Disruptions: International Soft Law, Finance, and Power Abraham L. Newman and Elliot Posner Managing Money and Discord in the UN: Budgeting and Bureaucracy Ronny Patz and Klaus H. Goetz A Theory of International Organization Liesbet Hooghe, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks The Rise of International Parliaments Frank Schimmelfennig, Thomas Winzen, Tobias Lenz, Jofre Rocabert, Loriana Crasnic, Cristina Gherasimov, Jana Lipps, and Densua Mumford OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, SPi Interorganizational Diffusion in International Relations Regional Institutions and the Role of the European Union TOBIAS LENZ 1 OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, SPi 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Tobias Lenz 2021 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2021 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, for commercial purposes, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of this licence should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2020950752 ISBN 978–0–19–882382–7 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198823827.001.0001 Printed and bound in the UK by TJ Books Limited The Open Access publication was financially supported by the Leibniz Association’s Open Access Monograph Publishing Fund, the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA), and Leuphana University Lüneburg. Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, SPi Preface and Acknowledgements I first learned about the process of European integration at the age of 16, while preparing for a year of study abroad in the United States. The topic immediately captured my imagination. I was fascinated by a political process by which former arch- enemies who had fought three devastating wars within less than a century were turning destructive animosity into well- ordered and mutually beneficial cooperation. By the mid- 1990s, western Europe was cherished as a true security community in which war had become unthinkable and where citizens across its member states had internalized dependable expectations of peace. I belonged to the first generation that grew up with the privilege of being able to travel freely inside (western) Europe, and I eventually became accustomed to dealing with euros rather than Deutschmarks. In these ways, I could be considered a poster child of the unprecedented opportunities that Europe offered my generation. At university, where I was enrolled in European Studies, I soon learned that Europe was by no means unique in its quest for regional economic integration, even if it might have taken that endeavour further than other regions in the world. In reading the academic literature, I realized that scholars and policy-makers across the world shared my fascination for the process of European integration, and that other regions were taking similar steps in an attempt to secure peace and provide opportunities for human development. This gave rise to a new research question that has occupied me, on and off, for more than fifteen years now: has the European experience with regional integration influenced similar quests for close economic integration in other parts of the world? How could we know? And would institutionalized forms of regional cooperation have flourished to the same extent around the world had Western Europe taken a different path in the imme- diate post- Second World War era? This book presents my answer to these long- standing questions. While it has taken much longer to write this book than I had planned, I con- sider myself to be a ‘beneficiary’ of the COVID- 19 pandemic. With most of my peers and students locked down, and many occupied with homeschooling or other wise taking care of their kids, I’ve been immensely fortunate to be married to a woman who understands the vagaries of academic writing and who knew I meant it when I said ‘now or never’ at the beginning of the lockdown. Undistracted by colleagues and students, I squatted, if you will, my new Leuphana office and managed to bring a half-finished manuscript to completion within a record time of six weeks. What’s more, the efficacy of that final stretch made up for the many OUP CORRECTED AUTOPAGE PROOFS – FINAL, 01/05/21, SPi vi Preface and Acknowledgements years of anxiety and guilt on my part for failing to make any significant headway with the book. I am deeply indebted to a number of persons and institutions who have helped me along the way. I extend thanks, in particular, to my long-term mentors, co- authors, and friends Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Liesbet Hooghe, and Gary Marks. Kalypso supervised my doctoral dissertation at Oxford, and Liesbet and Gary originally hired me as a post- doctoral fellow in an ERC project at the Free University of Amsterdam. I developed the theoretical approach taken in this book and studied the mechanisms of EU influence while working on my dissertation. Later, when doing subsequent work with Liesbet and Gary, I gained access to a treasure trove of data to test my arguments in a larger frame, and was led to think systematically about the scope of my arguments. Kalypso, Liesbet, and Gary are hugely creative thinkers, and while they are all well versed in the technical details of their re spect- ive research areas, they share an interest in the bigger picture as well as an impres- sive ability to integrate diverse strands of research in the pursuit of an original argument—aspects of successful scholarship that I too aspire to. It has been a tremendous pleasure to work closely with these model scholars over many years. I would also like to extend thanks to Walter Mattli and Philippe Schmitter, who examined my doctoral dissertation and who have amicably accompanied my aca- demic development over the years. Moreover, their own important contributions to the study of regional organizations have inspired my work. I am indebted to Tanja Börzel and Thomas Risse, directors of the Research College ‘The Transformative Power of Europe’ at Freie Universität Berlin, who not only provided a stimulating intellectual environment and financial support, but also invited me to contribute early work on the topic to a special issue of West European Politics. Further, Joe Jupille, Director of the Colorado European Union Centre of Excellence at the University of Colorado at Boulder, granted me a European Union fellowship to write up my dissertation in 2011, and has been willing to continue engaging with my work since. Carlos Closa, for his part, invited me to spend a year as a Max Weber Fellow at the European University Institute in 2015/16, which gave me the time and intellectual inspiration to draft various chapters of this book. I am also indebted to Diana Tussie, Director of the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Buenos Aires; Yeo Lay Hwee, Director of the European Union Centre in Singapore; and Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, Director of the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) in Johannesburg, all of whom kindly hosted me at their institutions dur- ing early field research and helped me in the organization of interviews.
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