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Home , Real mode, User (computing), Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows XP

Fall 2009

Lecture 1

Operating Systems: Configuration & Use CIS345

Introduction to Operating Systems

Mostafa Z. Ali [email protected]

1-1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Operating Systems

An Overview of Microcomputers What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer? Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems Yesterday’s Operating Systems Desktop OSs Available Today Learning Objectives

• Describe the microcomputers in use today • Identify common hardware components • Describe the purpose and functions of microcomputer operating systems • Describe major events in the evolution of microcomputer operating systems • List and compare the common microcomputer operating systems

1-3 An Overview of Microcomputers

• What is a Microcomputer? – A computer built around a • Microprocessor performs calculations or processing • A personal computer (PC) is a microcomputer that complies with hardware standards set and supported by and

1-4 An Overview of Microcomputers

• What Types of Microcomputers Are Used Today? – Desktops and – Servers –provide services to other – Handheld devices – designed for a specific purpose

1-5 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor – Also known as the CPU or processor – Central component of a microcomputer – Performs calculations – One or more per microcomputer

1-6 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued) – Since the 386DX, Intel support three modes: • • 286 • 386 protected mode

1-7 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued) – Real mode • Intel processors power up in this mode • Total address space = 1MB • 640KB limit for OS and application • Single‐tasking

1-8 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued) – 286 protected mode • Total address space = 16 MB • Can multitask certain applications • Does not support virtual machines

1-9 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued) – 386 protected mode • Total address space = 4GB • Supports the use of virtual machines • Multitasking

1-10 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Microprocessor (continued) – Processors can work with 8‐bit, 16‐bit, 32‐bit, and 64‐bit chunks of – The number of bits (binary digits) is the size of data that can be processed at one time

1-11 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Motherboard and Chipset – Motherboard –central circuit board – Contains one or more CPU slots or sockets into which the processor is plugged – Chipset, memory slots, voltage regulator module (VRM), ROM BIOS, and the expansion bus slots are components of a motherboard – Chipset controls the flow of signals to and from the processor and other components

1-12 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Memory – Chips that store programs and data – Random‐access memory (RAM) – Read‐only memory (ROM)

1-13 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Memory (continued) – RAM • , main, or physical memory • Used by active programs • One or more circuit cards with memory chips • Volatile –all is lost when the computer is powered off

1-14 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Memory (continued) – ROM BIOS • Stores programs permanently • Called ‘firmware’ since it is non‐volatile – ROM BIOS contains: • Code for starting the computer • Code for controlling communications between the processor and other components • A setup program for configuring system options • Configuration information stored in a special kind of non‐volatile RAM called the CMOS RAM

1-15 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• ROM BIOS configuration information – Disk drive types and capacity – Disk boot order – System memory – Connectors (ports) – Power management – Other information determined by motherboard and ROM BIOS manufacturers

1-16 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Video Adapter and Display – Video adapter – circuitry that sends the controlling output signals to the display screen – Display screen –a monitor or a flat panel display (FPD) for visual output from the computer

1-17 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Keyboard – An input device with a typewriter style layout of alphanumeric and punctuation keys – Includes additional function, control, arrow, and editing keys

1-18 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Pointing Device – Required to move a graphical pointer (cursor) around in a GUI – Mouse is the most common pointing device – connects via a physical cable or a wireless connection. – Other pointing devices: touch pad, track ball, , and light pen

1-19 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Disk Drives – Store data and programs – Encoded on surface of small spinning platters – Magnetic or optical technology – Floppy drives and hard disk drives use magnetic technology – Compact disk () and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives use optical technologies

1-20 What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

• Peripheral Devices – Broad term for nonessential add‐on devices – Includes printers, scanners, pointing devices, digital cameras, external , and disk drives

1-21 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • What is an ? – An Operating System is: • The central control program for a computer • The intermediary between applications & hardware

1-22 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems

• Operating System Functions – – Job management – Task management – – File management – Device management – Security

1-23 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • User Interface – AKA the ‘shell’ – A layer for user interaction – Includes the command processor – Includes the visual components of the OS • Character‐based command line • GUI

1-24 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • Job management – Controls the order and time in which programs are run • Task management – Found in multitasking operating systems – Controls the focus – Allows user to switch between tasks

1-25 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • Memory Management – Manages placement of programs and data in memory – manager moves code and data to virtual memory (file on hard drive)

1-26 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • File Management – AKA data management – Allows the OS to read, write, and modify data – Data is organized into files – Allows users to organize their files into containers called folders or directories

1-27 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • Device Management – Controls hardware through device drivers – A is unique to a device – Created by the manufacturer of the device to work with a specific operating system

1-28 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • Security – Provides ‐protected authentication of the user before allowing access – Checks user name and password – Restricts the actions that can be performed on a computer, customized for each user

1-29 Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems • Categories of Operating Systems – Single‐User/Single‐tasking – Single‐User/Multitasking – Multi‐User/Multitasking – Real‐Time

1-30 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• First the machines… – Charles Babbage designed the first computer in the 1820s – Apple II was the first microcomputer to combine critical elements like keyboard, monitor, operating system, and desirable and useful applications

1-31 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• Then the Operating Systems – Early single‐purpose computers included system functions – OSs did not exist as separate entity – OSs evolved from need for multipurpose computers

1-32 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• DOS, CP/M, Apple, and the Killer App – To be widely accepted a computer needed a ‘killer app’ – VisiCalc was the killer app of 1970’s micro‐ computers – VisiCalc ran under the CP/M OS – VisiCalc contributed to the success of the Apple II – Both PC DOS and a version of CP/M were available for the IBM PC

1-33 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• The Second Wave (second killer app) – Lotus 1‐2‐3 –a DOS spreadsheet application that is fast and provides added functionalities – Lotus 1‐2‐3 became the killer app for the IBM‐PC/PC DOS combination.

1-34 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• OS/2 (Operating System/2) – Version 1.0 introduced in 1987 – Developed by Microsoft and IBM – 1.0 had costly memory and disk requirements – IBM introduced OS/2 Warp in 1990’s – IBM has ended development of new versions

1-35 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• – 1985 first version – GUI on top of DOS – Windows 3.0, introduced in 1990, provided better support for legacy DOS applications – Windows 3.x works in real mode, standard mode, and 386 enhanced mode – 1992 Windows 3.1 successful with MS Office

1-36 Yesterday’s Operating Systems

• Windows for Workgroups – DOS and earlier versions of Windows had no networking – Windows for Workgroups 3.1 and 3.11 enabled peer‐to‐peer networking

1-37 Desktop OSs Available Today

• DOS from Microsoft • • Windows NT • Windows XP • • OSs • Windows ME • •

1-38 Desktop OSs Available Today

• DOS from Microsoft – DOS provides support for interaction with disk drives – Microsoft’s first version of DOS, called PC DOS – Introduced with the first IBM‐PC in 1981 – Each major version of DOS supported new disk capacities – DOS has a text‐mode command line interface

1-39 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows NT – First Microsoft OS to take full advantage of the capabilities of the Intel’s 386 protected mode – Two main versions of NT –one for servers and another for desktop computers – Windows NT 4.0, introduced in 1996, has a GUI similar to

1-40 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows 98 – An evolutionary development compared to the earlier Windows operating system in terms of GUI and integrated components – New options for customizing the GUI, including tighter integration with Microsoft’s , Explorer (IE)

1-41 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows 98 (continued) – Comes with drivers and support for devices like DVD drives – It was the for PCs with plug and play (PnP) hardware, not supported by Windows NT

1-42 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows Me – Introduced in 2000 as an upgrade to Windows 98 – Improved music, video, and home networking support – Provides utilities as well as applications for dealing with PC software configuration, digital music, and video

1-43 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows 2000 – Family of OS products, introduced in 2000 – Combines the best of Windows 98 and Windows NT – Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 , Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Enterprise Edition

1-44 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Windows XP – Several products, but no server version – Most common are Windows XP Home Edition and Windows XP Professional – Improved GUI as well as several network‐ and security‐related features – Default desktop only contains the Recycle Bin

1-45 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Macintosh Operating Systems – Designed to run on Apple Macintosh computers, but “can be” installed on a regular PC (Intel‐based) – Mac OS X Leopard, and Mac OS X Leopard are common today

1-46 Desktop OSs Available Today

• Macintosh Operating Systems (continued) – Macintosh computers generally use the PowerPC chip with an architecture that is enhanced for graphics and multimedia

1-47 Desktop OSs Available Today

• UNIX – Introduced by Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center (Bell Labs) as UNIX Version 6 in 1975 – A portable operating system for mini‐computers and mainframe computers – Supports timesharing and multi‐user systems – An excellent server operating system as it utilizes resources carefully, allowing only the required services to be loaded

1-48 Desktop OSs Available Today

• UNIX (continued) – The current commercial versions of UNIX include ’ Solaris, Hewlett‐ Packard’s HP‐UX, IBM’s AIX, and ’s Tru64 UNIX – Many open source versions of UNIX are also available, which can be changed according to requirements

1-49 Desktop OSs Available Today

Linux – Modeled on UNIX – Named for original developer, Linus Benedict Torvalds – Begun in 1991 by Torvalds and others as open‐ source for modern computers. – Written in the C language using GNU C Compiler (GCC)

1-50 Desktop OSs Available Today

Linux (continued) – Distributed free – Vendors sell bundles with extras (utilities, GUIs, manuals) – , Red Hat, and others distribute such bundles – Fastest‐growing computer server OS – Making inroads on desktop computers

1-51 Chapter Summary

Microcomputers Today – A computer consists of hardware, applications software, and operating system software – The operating system allows the user to interact with the

1-52 Chapter Summary

Common Microcomputer Hardware – The basic components of a microcomputer are processor, motherboard, memory, video adapter and display, keyboard, pointing device, disk drives, and peripheral devices – You can identify hardware components by a visual inspection, by observing information displayed during the boot up process, and by accessing a ROM BIOS setup program

1-53 Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of Microcomputer Operating systems – Certain functions are provided by most, if not all, current operating systems. These functions include a user interface, job management, task management, memory management, file manage‐ ment, device management, and security. – The operating system makes everything work together

1-54 Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of Microcomputer Operating systems – You can identify most of the functions provided by your operating system by careful observation. For instance, evidence of support of the security function includes a required logon procedure when you start your computer, and the need for to access resources on your local computer.

1-55 Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of Microcomputer Operating systems – There are four categories of operating systems: • Single‐User/single‐tasking • Single‐User/multitasking • Multi‐User/multitasking • Real‐Time – A Single‐User/single‐tasking operating system is one that allows only a single user to perform a single task at a time

1-56 Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of Microcomputer Operating systems – An operating system that allows a single user to perform two or more functions at once is a Single‐ User/multitasking operating system – A Multi‐User/multitasking operating system is an operating system that allows multiple users to run programs simultaneously on a single network server, called a server

1-57 Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of Microcomputer Operating systems – Real‐time operating systems are defined by their speed and ability to work with special real‐time applications programs. A Real‐time operating system is a very fast, relatively small OS that is often embedded, meaning it is built into the circuitry of a device and not normally loaded from a disk drive

1-58 Chapter Summary

Major Events in the Evolution of Microcomputer Operating Systems – The history of current microcomputers and their OSs involved many technical advances and the imagination of a multitude of innovative people – You can find many accounts of the history of computers and operating systems by searching the Internet

1-59 Chapter Summary

What OSs Are Available Today? – The microcomputer operating systems common today include MS‐DOS, several versions of Windows (Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows XP), Mac OS X, and several versions of UNIX and Linux – Each of today’s common operating systems is best suited for certain uses

1-60 Chapter Summary

What OSs Are Available Today? – Microsoft desktop OSs are common in the business environment – Both UNIX and Linux can be found on high‐ end servers and on desktop computers. The use of Linux is growing on all types of systems – The Mac OSs are commonly used in education and in graphic workstations

1-61