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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or Indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be .removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photo^aphic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Infbmration and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI' THE TERRITORIAL POLITICS OF REGULATION UNDER STATE CAPITALISM: UNEVEN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, REGIONAL PARTIES, AND THE POLITICS OF LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The ohio State University By Bae-Gyoon Park, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2001 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Kevin R. Cox, Adviser Professor Lawrence Brown Professor Nancy Ettlinger Adviser 7 Professor Eugene McCann Geography Graduate Program UMI Number 3022553 UMI’ UMI Microform 3022553 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and teaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Beil & Howell Information and teaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Emphasizing the existence of diverse forms of politics of local economic development under diverse social, political, and institutional conditions, this research aims to examine the relation between the conditions and the forms of local development politics. In particular, it focuses on how the nature of party politics affects the ways in which territorial interests are materially and discursively constructed and politically mobilized in regulatory processes. Empirically, this research addresses a distinct form of the politics of local economic development that is encountered in South Korea: a politics of regionalism. Main analytical questions in this research are: I) under what conditions have party political cleavages been constructed around territorial interests?; 2) how has the territorialized party politics affected the ways in which territorial interests are defined and mobilized in the processes of regulation. For this analysis, this research employs qualitative methods, focusing on two case studies, which have been chosen to underline the ways in which the regionalist politics in South Korea has evolved over time. This research suggests that the regionalist forms of local development politics in South Korea has been constituted through the following processes; a. Due to the government’s repressive labor regulation, labor movement organizations have not been strongly organized at the national level and class politics has been weak, hi this context, class-based cleavages have not been important for party politics. b. Given the fact that 1) regional economic disparities have increased due to the geographically unequal effects of government industrial and regional policies and 2) regional representation in the state (in terms of the composition of national ruling elites) has been regionally biased, political parties have constructed region- based political cleavages by utilizing the issues of uneven regional development. c. Accordingly, political parties have tended to be very active in the politics of local economic development. As a result, different territorial interests have been mobilized in different regions with respect to the regulatory processes led by the central government. d. Territorially fragmented working class interests and prevailing regionalist discourses have lent strength to the persistence of regionalist party politics. U1 Dedicated to my parents IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It would be impossible to complete a dissertation without the help of others along the way. I owe my biggest debt to my adviser, Kevin R. Cox. I appreciate his intellectual support, encouragement, and enthusiasm which made this thesis possible. Also, he has taught me how to understand and explain political processes in capitalism. I also wish to thank my former adviser, Nancy Ettlinger, for her early guidance of my proposal and dissertation work. Many critical and constructive comments of her have widened my views on the relation between institutions and economic activities. Moreover, I really appreciate her continuous and warm support for my research even after my changing adviser. In addition, I thank Larry Brown and Eugene McCann for their very helpful suggestions, guidance, and encouragement at crucial points in the dissertation process. Many people helped me accomplish the field research in South Korea. I am grateful to officials and staff members at Taegu Metropolitan City and Taegu Chamber of Commerce.' I also would like to thank Professor Byung-Doo Choi at Taegu University, Professor Kun-Sik Chung at Jonnam National University, and Professor Jeong-Rock Lee at Jonnam National University, and Professor Suk-Jun Kim at Pusan National University for their support and assistance during my field research in Taegu, Kwangju, and Pusan. I owe thanks to union leaders and social activitists in Taegu for allowing me to interview them. I also appreciate the editing help I received &om Joe Weber, Jennifer Mandel, and Alistair Fraser. And I wish to thank those who helped me to draw maps, especially Sang- n Lee, Chang-Joo Kim, and Su-Yeul Chung. Finally, I thank my parents, Man-Hee Park and In-Ja Kim, and my wife, Yong- Sook Lee for their love and the greatest support. VI VTTA March 19,1967 ..........................................Bom-Pohang, Korea 1989......................................................... BA. Geography, Seoul National University 1993 ...........................................................M.A. Geography, Seoul National University 1994 - present........................................... Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Research Publication 1. Bae-Gyoon Park, “Labor Regulation and Economic Change: A View on the Korean Economic Crisis”Geoforum 32(1), 61-75, (2001). 2. Bae-Gyoon Park, ‘“‘Where Do Tigers Sleep at Night?: The State Role in Housing Policy in South Korea and Singapore”Economic Geography 74(3), 272-288, (1998). 3. Bae-Gyoon Park, "Local Labor Markets of the Printing Industry in Seoul (in Korean)"Journal o f Geography, No.22,57-76, (1993). FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Geography vu TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...........................................................................................................................ii Dedication......................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................v Vita.............................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables.................................................................................................................ix List of Figures...............................................................................................................xii Chapters: 1. Introduction........................................................... 1 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Framework: The Territorial Politics of Regulation - Abstract Forces and Contingent Expressions.................................11 3. Research Context................................................................................................87 4. State-led Uneven Regional Development and the Southeast-Southwest Political Divide .............................................................................................................. 129 5. Political Changes and the Persistence of Regionalist Politics in the 1990s: A New Form of Regionalist Politics in Taegu............................................................. 214 6. Conclusion....................................................................................................... 288 References................................ 298 vm LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1 Political Regimes in South Korea (1948-1997)................................................ 98 3.2 Regional Origin of High-ranking OfBcials in the Executive Bodies ofthe Korean Government (1963-1997)........................................................ 109 4.1 Percentages of Supporting Votes for President Park and His Primary Opponent out of Total Valid Votes by Region in Presidential Elections (1963-1971)...................................................................................
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