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Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefdgd Chapters of the Holy Qur'an: a Sty]Listic Approach

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Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefdgd Chapters of the Holy Qur'an: a Sty]Listic Approach MORPHO PHONEMIC PATTERNS IN THE PREFDGD CHAPTERS OF THE HOLY QUR'AN: A STY]LISTIC APPROACH By Supervisor Ahsan ur Rehman Dr. AyazAfsar 14-FLLlPHDENG/FO7 Associate Professor Co-Supervisor Dr. Mohammad Faizan ur Rehman Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF I.ANGUAGES AI\D LITERATURE INTERNATIONAL ISLAI\{IC UNT\TERSTTY ISLAIvIABAD 2012 .V- Y ?vt9 i,' l t4'n, , il:, :.i DATA ENTERED d.l \r, \,f Dedication Langpage' who understand For all those Acceptance by the Viva Voce Committee Title of the thesis: Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Holy Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach. Name of Student: Ahsan ur Rehman Registration No: L4-FLLIPhDENGIF0T Accepted by the department of English, Faculty of Languages & Literature, International Islamic University, Islamabad, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English. Viva Voce Committee ,') \--9- ) - Dr. Munawar Iqbal Ahmad Dr. Riaz Hussan Acting Dean Dean, Faculty of Social Faculty of Languages & Literature Science, Air University, Islamabad I External Examiner Dr. Munawar Iqbal Ahmad Dr. Nadeem H. Bukhari Chairman Chairman, Department of Department of English English, AJ&K University, Muzaffarabad 4^ = N--*ot'^^'--" Internal Examiner Supervisor Dr.[vluhlrnmadJunaia N * ^{ Dr.Ayaz Afsar Hashmi Associate Professor Faculty of Islamic Studies, IIUI Department of English, IIUI Co-Supervisor Dr. Muhammad Faizan ur Rehman Faculty of Arabic,IIUI 29th March r2013 ABSTRACT This is a study of the Prefixed letters in the twenty nine chapters of the Qur'an known as mystery letters, huruf almuqatta'Zt (cut letters). The study of these letters has always been in vogue; however this study differs for its Textual Linguistic approach and application of Stylistic tools. The prefixed letters of the Qur'anic text are first checked for their phonemic constituents. The leading phonemes and their molphemes are then checked in the relevant chapters. As a next step the cohesion among these morphemes is sought with reference to the prefixed letters. This lays the foundation for srylistic analysis which is carried out for sample chapters in Chapter Five. The guiding linguistic theories are descriptive linguistics and cohesive theory of Halliday that use the empirical data in Chapter Four of this thesis for description and analysis. For stylistic analysis Geoffrey Leech's tripartite model and \fliddowson's pedagogic stylistics have been used. The study provides an introduction to the stylistic methodology of Halliday, Leech and Mike Short used in the analysis explaining how the analysis can be used in the analysis of the Qur'anic textual relations. Detailed stylistic studies of representative Qur'anic chapters and relevant data each with a different set of letters to highlight different features of the methodologyhave been carried out. This work is a new development which brings to the field of Qur'anic study the fruits of linguistics and stylistic studies, providing a systematic andysis of the Qur'anic chapters with prefixed letters. The findings provide textual links between the prefixed letters and the text of the relevant chapters. DECLARATION I, Ahsan ur Rehman, son of Mr. Shahzad Khan, Registration # 1a-FLLIPHDENG/F07, student of PhD, in the discipline of English Language and Literature, do hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis 'Moqpho Phonemic Pattcrns in the Prefixed Chapters of Holy Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" submitted by me in pardal fulfilment of PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or eny other university or institution. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis/dissenation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. ,4 This work was carried out and completed at International Islamic Universiry Islamabad, Pakista of Deponent ( UR REHMAN Dated: llMarch,2012 ACKNOITLEDGEMENTS First of all I thank Allah, the Creator of mankind, who honoured me with the rask of the srudy of the prefixed letters, for which I had no apparent deserving. It was only through the Divine guidance at every step that I felt, understood and followed which helped me go ahead despite all the odds. Second is of course my supervisor, Dr Ayaz Afsar, tlre person who could guide when I got stuck in rhe quagmire of the research material and data presentation. It was he who came especially ro my rescue and thus the writing of this work could be materialized. I must rhank Dr. Ghazali who helped me initiate the topic of this research. Dr. Faizanur Rehman has been with me since the start of the zubject and helped specially in the writing and presentation of the Arabic rexr. Professor Bruce Ingham taught the intricacies of the Arabic language and helped in arranging dara. Professor Perer Sells guided and patroniz.ed in times when this work was in its sibling stage and made little sense ro many. I also thank Professor Monik Charrette, who taught Phonology and guided in rhe analysis of sounds. I have special thanks for the Director of Rainbow Languages in Business, Giuseppe, the Director U K Islamic Mission Mr. Akram Sahab for encouragement and supporr. The first victim of a thesis writer is his family who has ro cope wirh the long struggle, frustrations and disappointments of the thesis writer. My wife and children have done this in the best possible manner while I was trying to be perseverant during all these times. My sons Tariq and Asad, however, deserve special mention, who took over the family affairs and let their Abboo do the task. They deserve all my Prayers for the best guidance and reward. It is impossible thar my rhree daughters, Sumiya, Rubeha and Rabia are not mentioned, who not only did a lot of technical work in this research, but also supported with their unending love. I rhank everyone who helped. VI Table of Contents INTRODUCfiON 1 1.1 The Prefixed Letters an Introduction 1 1.1.1 Prefixed Letters as Letters Only 2 1.1.2 Declining the Alphabet 3 1.1.3 Alphabet as Verses 3 1.1.4 Use of Letters in Arabic Literature 4 1.1.5 Groupine the Letters 5 1.2 Backsround to the Studv 8 1.3 Aims and Assumotions 10 1.4 Research Statement 11 1.5 Obiectives of the Research L2 1.6 Sisnificance of the Study L3 1.7 Oreanization of the Thesis L4 1.8 Qur'anic Text and Translation 15 1.9 Transliteration t6 1.10 Terminolocy used t6 t.tl Formattinq Style t6 t.tt Limitation of Stylistic Approach t6 Chapters 2 LITERATURE REVIE\UTHE PREFDGD LETTERS 18 2.1 General Introduction to the Chapter 18 2.t.1 Context of the Prefixed Letters 19 2.t.2 The Traditionalists 20 2.1.3 Intelpretation Not Possible 21 2.t.4 Specialty of the Qur'an22 2.1.5 Non Textual Interpret ations 24 2.t.6 Number Based Intelpretation 24 2.1.7 Names of God24 2.1.7.1 Names of the Qur'an 25 2.1.7.2 Names of.Days26 2.1.7.3 Names of Chapters 26 2.1.8 Multiple Interpretations 27 2.1.9 Phrases 28 2.1.10 Spiritual and Philosophicd Implications 28 2.t.tt Possibility of Interpretation 30 2.1.12 Relation to Number Nineteen 33 2.1.13 Relation to General Calculation of Numbers 33 2.7.14 Limitations of the Above 34 2.1.ls Need for Search 35 vI 2.1.16 Neo Linguistic Approach: 35 2.1.t6.t Places of Articulation 37 2.7.r7 Textual Approach: From Letter to the Text 38 2.t.r8 Foundation of Textual Approach 39 2.1.19 Melody of the Text 40 2.1.20 A Linguistic Challenge 42 2.2 Modernists 43 2.2.1 The' Basmahb,' Hypothesis 43 2.2.7.1 \[hen was Basmalah Introduced] 45 2.2.r.2 How Basmak Gets Inserted? 46 2.2.2 Redactionists: Noldeke 48 2.2.2.1 Keith Massey/ Names of Scribers 48 2.2.2.2 Names of Chapters: Goossens' Explanation 50 2.2.2.3 Reorganizations of Chapters 50 2.2.2.4 Implications for Qur'anic Chapters Arrangement 54 2.2.2.5 Summary. Section I and tr 57 2.3 Post Modernists 58 2.3.r Qur'anic Studies in the Post ModernEra.59 2.3.2 Is Qur'an a Text? 50 2.3.3 Alphabet in Arabic Culture 64 2.3.4 Alphabet in Arabic Poetry 64 2.3.5 Alphabet in Arabic Oral Traditions 66 2.3.6 Templates of Isolated Letters: Early Period 66 2.3.7 Arabic Dictionaries 67 2.3.7 Phonological Lexical and Grammatical Character of the Arabic Alphabet 67 2.3.7.2 Sonority 69 2.3.7.3 Lexical and Grammatical Character 70 2.3.7.4 Connotations of the Arabic Alphabet 71 2.3.8 Introduction: Morphology 7 2 2.3.8.1 Traditional Arabic Morphology 73 2.3.8.2 Isbtiqaq-al- Ah.bar md Ishtiqaq'al' h,ubbar 7 4 2.3.8.3 Morpho Phonemic Patterns in English 75 2.3.8.4 Modern Morphological Approach 76 2.3.8.s Definition of Root 79 2.3.8.6 Role of Consonants and Vowels in Root 79 2.3.8.7 A Definition of Pattern 80 2.3.8.8 Significance of the patterns in the Oral character of the Qur'an 81 2.3.8.9 'Ilmul BayZn and Prefixed Letters 81 2.3.9 Cohesion and Discourse 82 2.3.9 Cohesion and Coherence 83 vlil 2.3.10 Need for Stylistic Approach 84 2.3.10.1 Stylistics; An Introduction 84 2.3.t0.2 Different Approaches of Stylistics 86 2.3.10.3 Patterns in Srylistics 88 2.3.10.4 Foregrounding 91 2.3.11 Different Patterns 93 2.3.11.1 Phonological Patterns 93 2.3.77.2 Syntactic Patterns 94 2.3.11.3 Inflexions in Arabic rtrfords 96 2.3.17.4 Lexical Cohesion 97 2.3.11.s Semantic Patterns 99 2.3.12 Summary of the Chapter 99 Chapter 3 RESEARCH NIETHODOLOGY 101 3.1 Introduction 101 3.1.1 Short and Long Chapters 101 3.t.2 Letters Categories 102 3.1.3 Template Formation 103 3.1.4 Vords 104 3.1.s Phrases 104 3.1.6 Unit of Andysis 104 3.1.6.1 Unit of Measureme
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