<3L AMERICAN OREIGN SERVICE VOL. l\ NO. 3 JOURNAL MARCH, 1941 All We’ve Learned in 42 Years is Yours in this

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Co Inc., Camden, N. J-, uS‘A> . RCA Manufacturing Co., in ■- Co„ ud„ Montreal CONTENTS MARCH, 1941

THIRD I’RIZE WINNING STORY

“Before the Firing: Squad” by George I*. Shaw (PaX* 140)

Cover Picture: The Dalmatian Coast See page 1 52

The New Importance of Electrical Communica¬ tions Prepared by the Federal Communications Com¬ mission 125 Diplomatic Immunity? In Memoriam 129 Whether your car is travelling a Bur¬ The Newest National Treasure mese jungle road or a boulevard in By Robert Henry McBride 130 , comprehensive automo¬ Personnel Shortage in the Foreign Service bile insurance is essential for security Prepared by the Division oj Foreign Service < and peace of mind. There is personal Personnel c’" ‘ 135 effects insurance, too, and other usual Selected Question from the Third General For¬ and unusual coverages for practically eign Service Examination of 1940 136 every known risk. Editors’ Column Our organization, over the past 20 On the Air 142 years, has specialized in meeting the News from the Department insurance requirements of U. S. Gov¬ By Reginald P. Mitchell 143 ernment personnel. Check over your News from tin* Field 146 insurance needs. A.l.U. policies offer US$ protection, world-wide, in famil¬ The Bookshelf iar American companies. Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor 148

The Sinking of the City of Rayville By Fred W. Jandrey.. 150 Changes in the Journal Staff 152 Foreign Service Changes 154 Service Glimpses 155 Successful Candidates in 1940 Foreign Service AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL Examinations 156 UNDERWRITERS CORPORATION IJ. S. at Derna—press comment 167 l I I John Street. New York 340 Pine Street, JOURNAL PHOTOGRAPH CONTEST 169 Comprehensive Automobile The Coming of Steam Vessels to 170 I 1 Fire — Residence A Personal Foreign Service Retirements 176 Property Check Q Personal Effects Births 180 i j Residence Burglary, Theft and These Visitors 180 1 Larceny Insurance \ 0 Jewelry—-Furs All Risk Coverages 0 Trip Transit 0 Travelers Baggage Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ 0 Accident tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., □ Life under the act of , 1879.

MARCH, 1941 121 For fast, accurate and reliable telegraph service to Central and South America and to the , send your messages — via dll dm erica tTlackay Commercial Cables

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122 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Export Lines 162 American International Underwriters Corporation 121 \ merican Republics Line , 165 American Security and Trust Company . — ~ 153

Bacardi, Santiago de — _ — 179 Bowling Green Storage & Van Co. 164 Brewood (Engravers) 174

Calvert School 175 Campbell Company, W. D. - 173 Cathay Hotel— 179 Chase National Bank 176 Clark, Horace F., & Son .... _ 177

Fairfax Hotel ... 174 Fessenden School, The - 177 Firestone Tire & Rubber Co _ 124

General Motors Overseas Operations 123 Grace Line ... 159 General Motors has a car to fit your purse Gude Bros. Co 178 and purpose. Our overseas organization is Hay-Adams House 175 ready to show you the way to better motor¬ International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 122 ing through world-wide sales and service of Hotel _. ... 158 Metropole Hotel Shanghai 179 CHEVROLET Moore-McCormack Lines 165 PONTIAC OLDSMOBILE National City Bank ... 180 National Geographic Magazine 167 BUICK LA SALLE New England Mutual Life Insurance Co. ... 174 CADILLAC CMC TRUCKS Pacific Fisheries, Assn, of 177 Pan-American Airways, Inc 171 Park Hotel—Shanghai 179 Dealers in principal cities throughout the RCA Mfg. Co., Inc...... II COVER world. Factory sales and service at Sapp, Earle W., C.L.I . 174 Schenley Products 173 Adelaide Security Storage Company of Washington 153 Alexandria City Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 156 Antwerp Osaka Turner’s Diplomatic School 177 Batavia Paris Tyner, Miss E. J 174 Bombay Underwriters 121 Bienne Elizabeth Underwood Elliott Fisher Company _ ._ 172 United Fruit Company 176 Buenos Aires Sao Paulo Fidelity and Guaranty Company 171 Copenhagen Stockholm United States Lines 157 United States Steel Export Company 163 Lima Southampton Walcott-Taylor Co., Inc 178 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER Wellington Westinghouse Electric International Company. Ill COVER Williams & Co., Inc., R. C. L68 Woodward & Lothrop - 166 GENERAL MOTORS OVERSEAS OPERATIONS

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 1775 Broadway when writing to Advertisers.

MARCH, 1941 12S

THE ?AMIIRL«M FOREIGN mm JOURNAL cn PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION m VOL. 18, No. 3 WASHINGTON. D. C. MARCH, 1941

The New Importance of Electrical Communications

Prepared for llie FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL by the Federal Communications Commission

WHEN Marconi made his pioneer transatlantic police stations; 4,500 ship stations; 2,000 aircraft wireless tests at the turn of the century the stations; more than 1,000 forestry stations; and al¬ world little anticipated the vital role that radio would most 500 special emergency stations, not to mention today play in international affairs. The spark sig¬ nearly 900 broadcast stations whose programs filter nal then used has, thanks to the vacuum tube, giv¬ to some 50.000,000 receiving sets. en way to improved transmission by means of radio This phenomenal growth of radio is apart from telegraphy, radio telephony, and radio broadcasting. developments in the older electrical communications Radio’s development makes it possible for voices services— telephone, telegraph, and cable. to be wafted between and America in one- Supervision of these forms of communication is sixtieth of a second! Operation of electrical ap¬ coordinated in the Federal Communications Com¬ paratus capable of such farflung and almost instan¬ mission. Before passage of the Communications taneous communication has been a commercial Act in 1934. such regulation was shared by the Fed¬ boon. But in war. as in peace time, broadcasts cut eral Radio Commission (which had been created in across time and distance to challenge any claim of 1927 to handle this lusty newcomer in the field), by isolation. the Interstate Commerce Commission, and also by The current war is the first major conflict to be the Post Office Department. fought on the land, on the sea, and in the air to the The purposes of the Federal Communications inclusion of the ether. The World War had no Commission, as outlined in its creative act, are: radio problem of the magnitude now so evident. “. . . regulating interstate and foreign commerce in Then there was only the dot-and-dash signal to con¬ communication by wire and radio so as to make avail¬ sider. Today there are commercial, amateur, and able. so far as possible, to all the people of the United program transmissions to perplex the international States a rapid, efficient. Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service with adequate picture. facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the “Policing” the ether lias become an important national defense, for the purpose of promoting safety dutv in connection with the national defense pro¬ of life and property through the use of wire and radio gram. This is attested in the fact that the United communication, and for the purpose of securing a more States now has more than 56,000 amateur radio sta¬ effective execution of this policy by centralizing au¬ tions; nearl\ 10.000 commercial stations; 6,300 thority heretofore granted by law to several agencies Forest fire patrolman using shortwave radio in Umatilla National Forest, Ore.

banned amateur communication with foreign coun¬ tries. and, further, prohibits the use of portable long-distance transmitters by amateurs. The Com¬ mission does not want to interfere with radio and wire communications any more than is necessary for the national protection. Individuals and industries concerned are collaborating in this common con¬ tribution toward the national security. The relationship of radio, wire, and cable facil¬ ities to the defense picture is being further coordi¬ nated bv the Defense Communications Hoard, cre¬ ated by Executive Order in September. This board, which has no operating or procurement functions, is basically a collective planning agency for the various Federal departments and agencies having a vital interest in this phase of preparedness. It is advised by committees representing all branches of communications involved. The board is headed b\ James Lawrence Fly. who is also chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, and has these additional members: Major General J. 0. Mau- borgne, Chief Signal Officer of the Army; Rear Leigh Noyes, Director of Naval Commu¬ nications; Breckinridge Long, Assistant Secretary Photo by U. 8. Forest Service of State in charge of the Division of International Communications, and Herbert E. Gaston, the As¬ and by granting additional authority with respect to sistant Secretary of the Treasury in charge of the interstate and foreign commerce in wire and radio com¬ Coast Guard. munication. . . .” In licensing and regulating interstate and foreign The Commission's particular role in the prepared¬ communication by means of electric energy, the ness program is to maintain an effective surveillance Commission’s jurisdiction extends to , Ha¬ over radio communications. For that purpose, it waii. and Puerto Rico, but not to the Philippine has augmented its monitoring and other field activ¬ Islands or the Zone. Unlike tele¬ ities in the United States and its possessions. As phone and telegraph, a radio broadcast station is the name implies, a monitoring station determines not deemed a “common carrier” under the terms of the bearings and characteristics of unauthorized or the Communications Act. More than 23,000 tariff questionable transmission. Supplementary mobile schedules are filed with the Commission by com¬ equipment traces the origin of such signals. mon carriers annually. Authority over local and in¬ At the same time, the Commission must l>e accu¬ trastate wire service is reserved for the respective rately informed about the many persons who operate State regulatory bodies. electrical communication facilities. So it is requir¬ The Commission is enjoined from censoring indi¬ ing all radio operators (about 100.000 licensees— vidual radio programs. However, it can review including commercial and amateur) to prove their general broadcast service under the clause which citizenship, which is required of all licensees. Com¬ requires such stations to he licensed in the “public mon carriers are cooperating by compiling similar interest, convenience, and necessity.” Obscene lan¬ data with respect to employees who engage in radio guage and lotteries are barred, and there are cer¬ and cable international communication. tain provisions with respect to candidates for public As a precautionary move, the Commission has office. Broadcast facilities are limited, so it is im-

126 portant that the public frequencies be entrusted to States. Domestic pick-up and rebroadcast of non¬ stations which have a high sense of public respon¬ commercial international programs on a non-profit sibility. The broadcast license period is now one basis was authorized last year. year. In a “Report on the Special Study of Radio Re¬ Since radio signals have effects which extend be¬ quirements for Safety Purposes for Ships Navigat¬ yond State borders, any person intending to operate ing the Great Lakes and Inland Waters of the United a radio receiver is required to be li¬ censed by the Commission. This license privilege is restricted to citizens only. Broadcast licenses are denied corpora¬ tions “of which any officer or director is an alien or of which more than one- fifth of the capital stock is owned of rec¬

ord or voted by aliens or their represen¬ naw tatives. No fee is exacted for any kind of license. The Commission is charged with ad¬ ministering communication provisions of certain treaties and international agreements to which the United States is a party. Of timely interest is the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, which is scheduled to go into effect March 29th. Mutual interference problems are expected to be eliminated or minimized as a result of this compact between Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, and the United States. To make agreement possible, the Commission has scheduled an order¬ ly shift of frequencies in the United States without disturbing the general broadcast structure. The Commission participates in nu¬ merous international conferences involv¬ ing radio, telegraph, and cable prob¬ lems. In 1939 it established fundamen¬ tal rules governing international broad¬ cast service and, for the first time, opened these channels to domestic pro¬ grams. Broadcast service to South America has been improved by reason of the Commission requiring power of at least 50 kilowatts for international program service. At the present time almost a dozen international broadcast stations are operative in the United

Operating the controls of a 15-watt mo¬ bile unit used for police communication.

Section of a Federal Communications Commission marine safety station watch where observers listen in 24 hours of the day for distress calls and other radio sig¬ nals from the sea. States,” recently made to Congress, the Commission particularly, must continue to depend upon the more determined that radio communication is necessary extended coverage of standard broadcast for a long for a distance of at least 50 miles over such waters time to come. as contrasted with the 200-mile range required on Television has recorded considerable progress of the high seas, with either radio telegraphy or radio late. Its rapid evolution is marked by experiments telephony as the medium. However, it recognized in color reproduction, large-screen projection, and that no drastic change should he undertaken without further demonstrations of practical service. Whereas reaching an agreement with the Canadian Govern¬ broadcasting started with general agreement on en¬ ment, so that the ships of both countries can he gineering principles, which makes old receivers still placed on an equal basis. There is also an interna¬ capable of service, there has been a difference of tional aspect in the Commission’s function of licens¬ opinion in the television industry as to methods of ing radio equipment on planes and ships departing transmission and image frames and lines. This has from the United States. necessitated different types of receivers for different Possibility of foreign domination of international types of transmission. communications services of carriers domiciled in With a view to reaching early accord on techni¬ the United States w;as cited by the Commission last calities which will protect the public by insuring year in recommending consolidation of international standard reception, the Commission has licensed telegraph services, embracing cable and radio facil¬ many television stations geographically distributed ities, to “best serve national needs,” promote the throughout the nation to experiment with the pres¬ national defense, and “provide a more effective de¬ ent varying processes. Participating stations have vice for securing equitable communication arrange¬ budgeted $8,000,000 for this demonstration work. ments with foreign administrations.” The proposal At the same time, a National Television Systems was made in a report to the Senate Interstate Com¬ Committee, jointly sponsored by the Radio Manu¬ merce Committee and supplemented a previous rec¬ facturers Association and the Commission, has made ommendation that existing domestic telegraph car¬ a study of the engineering phases of the situation riers be consolidated into one or more unified sys¬ which should be helpful in arriving at an early tems as an obvious remedy for many of the existing agreement which will enable television to move for¬ ills in that highly competitive industry. ward on a full commercial basis. Where radio and cable circuits have been inter¬ rupted by war conditions, the Commission has Radio facilities are extremely limited, so it is speeded authorization for new or temporary re¬ necessary to control the use of the available chan¬ placements. nels in the public interest. Also, by spanning great In the field of program broadcasting, there is a distances, radio waves can interfere with one an¬ notable development in use of the high frequencies other. Hence, there must be international agree¬ by “FM” (frequency modulation). This is a new ment on the allocation of channels for particular tvpe of public service which has been authorized by services. Within our own borders these frequencies the Commission to proceed on a regular commercial are further apportioned to prevent confusion. basis. Three distinct advantages are claimed for A broadcast channel is the ether path assigned “FM”, namely, that it gives more tone range, is free for the emission of a particular station. It may, in from static, and more stations can operate on the effect, be likened to a modern highway, with the same channel. Also, by using the freouencies of dividing white line of the latter representing the 45.000 to 50,000 kilocycles, “FM" holds promise assigned frequency. A broadcast program rides of relieving the long congested standard broadcast this ether way with identifying call letters akin to band (550 to 1600 kilocycles). Being widely sepa¬ license plates of an auto traveling a land highway. rated in the radio spectrum, “FM” cannot be re¬ Each must keep in its assigned path to prevent “col¬ ceived on standard broadcast receivers, and vice liding” with traffic in adjoining lanes. versa. Therefore, by requiring special sets, ser¬ Under international agreement, the first letter or vicing, and other equipment. “FM" offers new busi¬ the first two letters of a radio call signal indicates ness prospects. Since “FM” is generally limited to the nationality of a radio station. At the turn of local coverage, it should also have a stimulating the century it became apparent that wireless stations effect on local programming. The debut of “FM should bear distinguishing letters. The Inter¬ does not make standard broadcast obsolete. Rather, national Radio Convention of 1906 proposed such it tends to augment the older type of broadcast, which uses amplitude modulation. The rural areas. (Continued on page 177)

128 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 3n iflemortam

STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY OF endowment so comprehensive as to in¬ STATE clude all three of these precious gifts. “I make the announcement of the It was, then, a rare destiny which R. death'" of Mr. R. Walton Moore with Walton Moore fulfilled. By inherit¬ a sentiment of deep personal sorrow. ance he received noteworthy talents; By his passing from this life I have by tradition he was provided with an lost a dear friend and the country example for the employment of his has lost one of its ablest citizens, faculties in public service. His time whose long years have been spent in was turbulent yet it did not prevent faithful service to its welfare. His appreciation of his labors. From the interests knew no narrow hounds; his beginning of his career until its end. abilities carried him to ever wider he earned success. His achievement fields of service. From state legis¬ predominantly was institutional, hut lator he entered upon a distinguished it was not the less useful or the less R. Walton Moore* legal career of national scope, fol¬ gratifying on that account. lowed by more than a decade of serv¬ Mr. Moore died, as he had lived, ice in the House of Representatives. The third and a Virginia gentleman in the best meaning of the final phase of his career began in 1933 when he phrase. He was devoted to his native State beyond came to the Department of State as Assistant Secre¬ the capacity of ordinary language to report. Its tary. As Counselor of the Department since 1937 history he mastered in meticulous detail. The Old he gave of his wisdom, his ripe experience of four¬ Dominion never had a son more profoundly con¬ score vears, and spent his strength in the stress of a cerned to preserve the chivalrous spirit of the past. period of gravest concern to his country. At all times A similar observation might he made with regard to he gave himself to the duties and obligations of his his reverence for the national community in which position in the Department of State. As an author¬ he found his greater opportunities. In the House ity on constitutional and international law his coun¬ of Representatives from 1919 to 1931 he was uni¬ sel was invaluable in such matters as recognition and versally admired for his skill as a debater. He pos¬ neutrality, particularly the multifarious questions sessed a magic for the exposition of the strength or, connected with the latter subject. Often called upon perhaps, the weakness of pending legislation. A In his position as Counselor to meet with the repre¬ logician, a philosopher, impersonal hut not selfishly sentatives of foreign governments he maintained the detached, reserved but not stoically unconcerned, best traditions of the diplomatic relationship. 1 have he yvas sought after by the wisest of his contem¬ spoken so far only of his political accomplishments, poraries. His colleagues esteemed him, but their using that term in its most inclusive significance. attitude yvas characterized by a warmth unusual in He was likewise a scholar, as all who have heard Congress even among men closely allied in party him speak on historical and legal subjects recog¬ circles. nized. His vital interest in educational fields was He was seventy-four when he entered the State only another expression of his broad and varied Department, yet no one thought of Mr. Moore as interests. being advanced in y ears. His resilience yvas demon¬ “We mouin the death of Mr. Moore as bereaving strated by the zeal with which he approached a task. those who have been associated with him through In the spring of 1939 he was “young enough” to be the past years of an inspiring friendship. We can a passenger in the first round-trip flight of a clipper give him now only that tribute of devotion which plane to Europe and back. When he was persuaded is the just meed of the distinguished and unfaltering to celebrate his eightieth birthday anniversary, he patriot whose last strength and final breath were insisted that “you might call it a biological accident given in service to the public good.” yvhen a man reaches my age and still holds his men¬ * * * * * tal and physical strength and youthful outlook. PRESS COMMENT The theory so expressed was rejected bv those who Some individuals are horn to power, some to were familiar with the essential gallantry of his fame, some to be dearly loved In their friends. Not undiscouraged soul. A scholar, an accomplished many persons, however, are privileged to enjoy an lawyer, an ardent patriot, a keen student of the

*On February 8th, at his home in Fairfax. Vrgihia. (Continued on page 179)

MARCH.1941 129 The Newest National Treasure BY ROBKRT HENRY MCBRIDE*

ON the evening of , 1941, President tails of the blossoming of that dream would be Roosevelt will take part in an important cul¬ of interest to people who have not been in Wash¬ tural event in Washington the official ceremony ington recently to watch the creation of the great of the opening of the new National Gallery of Art. marble building that will house the national col¬ With the major European galleries all suffering lection. The structure, costing approximate!! from the dislocations of a war-torn world, Wash¬ SI5,000,000, is located on the site which Mr. Mellon ington will become a haven for art and a center favored between Constitution Avenue and the Mall, for art lovers. from Fourth to Seventh Streets. Into its building The Gallery will open with an imposing collec¬ went the widest variety of marble, from the pale tion of painting and sculpture. Added to Andrew pink marble of Tennessee in the exterior, to the W. Mellon’s original gift in 1937 of some 115 first- sumptuous verle imperiale of the Ionic columns in rank paintings and 23 pieces of sculpture is the the main rotunda. large and important collection of Samuel H. Kress, The building is 785 feet long, and will have five- composing about 375 paintings and 18 pieces of and-a-half acres of gallery space. The galleries sculpture. A further acquisition of importance was themselves, unlike those of many European mu¬ a group of eleven 18th Century American Portraits, seums, will he relatively small in size. To prevent which was added monotony and to to the Mellon Col¬ insure harmoni¬ lection. ous surroundings Another major for the pictures, acquisition came the galleries have last fall with the been designed to announcement form appropriate that the superb settings for the collection of Jo¬ paintings which seph E. Widener will hang there. would be added The earlier Ital¬ to the National ian pictures, for Gallery, though example, will the exact date of hang on walls of its arrival in plaster or traver¬ Washington has tine stone, the not been an¬ later Italian nounced. Thus, paintings against the Gallery will d a in a s k . The open not merely Dutch and Flem¬ with the nucleus ish rooms are oak of a great na¬ paneled; and the tional collection, British and hut with a full American rooms artistic pano¬ have p a i n t e d rama. wood paneling; M r. Mellon’s while the later determination to pictures will hang start a national against a n e w gallery and the type of textile action he took to background. make his dream come true are too *Son of Mr. Harry well known to A. McBride, formerly a Foreign Service Offi¬ need repeating. cer. and now Admin¬ istrator of the Na¬ But perhaps de¬ Bartolommeo Veneto—Portrait of a Gentleman tional Gallery of Art.

130

Many of the paintings them¬ selves have a fascinating histori and some will appear familiar to those who know the galleries of Europe, since many of them have crossed the ocean fairly recently. The largest single acquisition of the Mellon Collection was the pur¬ chase of 21 masterpieces from the Hermitage Gallery in Leningrad in 1930. These included two fa¬ mous Raphaels, the “Alba Madon¬ na” costing over a million dollars, and the fine “Saint George and the Dragon.” Among the other ac¬ quisitions from the Hermitage, every one a gem in itself, are a fine “Crucifixion” by Perugino; a re¬ markable “Annunciation” by the greatest of early Flemish masters, Jail van Eyck; a magnificent “Adoration of the Magi” by Bot¬ ticelli: and outstanding paintings by Rembrandt. Van Dyck, Rubens, Frans Hals, Titian, Veronese, Velazquez, Charding and others. All of these pictures exemplify Mr. Mellon’s original intention that his collection contain not only the works of the greatest artists, but works of these artists in fine con¬ dition, and of subjects which are in themselves pleasing. The stories behind some of these paintings are often interesting. Pierino—Profile Huai of a Girl In the jewel-like Raphael “Saint

Fra Filippo l.ippi—The Nativity

132

George and the Dragon,” for example, we find the Saint, the traditional hero of England, astride a horse, in the process of slaying the dragon, and wearing strangely enough the Order of the Garter. Actually, this picture was originally a present from an Italian Cardinal to King Henry VII of England, but later in its wanderings became part of the trea¬ sure of the Romanov capital. The portrait of Pope Innocent X by Velazquez in the National Gallery is said to be the original from which was painted the full-length painting, also by Velazquez, in the Doria Palace in . Upon seeing this picture, the Pope found it too life-like and too unflattering, so the later version presented a considerably more hand¬ some sitter. The picture in Washington, however, presents the Pope as a hard, strong man with flash¬ ing eyes which seem to bore into the onlooker. An interesting pair of pictures are the Rubens "Isabella Brant" and the Van Dyck “Susanna Four- ment and Her Daughter.” The former of these two ladies was the first wife of Rubens while Susanna Fourment was the sister of his second wife. In these pictures, however, the two ladies wear the same Luini—Portrait of a Lady elaborate costume and jewelry, showing that in the 17th Century it was common artist’s practice to have on hand a collection of finery by means of which to add to the “glamor” of his subjects. There is an interesting story behind the acquisi¬ tion of almost every picture in the Mellon Collection. The earliest picture in it, a “Ma¬ donna and Child” of the 13th Century Byzantine School, for instance, came from a monas¬ tery in Spain where it had lain, hidden to art students, for hundreds of years. The Goya “Marquesa de Pentejos” was purchased by telephone from Spain. Mr. Mellon heard this picture was for sale, but that the transaction must be completed immediately, and so he made one of the first trans- Atlantic. art purchases by tele¬ phone. The first picture Mr. Mellon bought was procured in 1882 and was the forerunner of the (Continued on page 160)

Fra Angelico—The Meet¬ ing of St. Francis and St. Dominic Personnel Shortage in the Foreign Service

Prepared by the Division of Foreign Service Personnel

MISCONCEPTIONS concerning the Foreign activities, but on the whole the offices in all geo¬ Service — the nature and seriousness of its graphic areas are operating at a greatly increased work and the composition of its personnel — are tempo and in many cases with insufficient personnel. so common among the general public as to cause As examples may be mentioned the development of little if any surprise when encountered by members immigration work in southern France, Spain and of the Service and the State Department. Conse¬ ; the protection of foreign interests work throughout Europe; prisoner of war work at many quently, it is even less surprising that a lack of un¬ posts; protection of American interests particularly derstanding of the implications of present world in Europe and the Far East; expanding commercial conditions as regards the work of the Foreign Serv¬ activities in Latin America; defense activities in all ice has resulted in the somewhat general assumption parts of the world; and other multifarious duties that, because of the closing of offices and the cur¬ which have developed as a result of the war. tailment of certain types of activity, there is actually Another factor which has contributed to the pres¬ a surplus of Foreign Service officers, and has even ent shortage of Foreign Service officers is the in¬ given rise to the rumor that the entrance examina¬ creased demand for their services in the Department tions for the Service are to be suspended. of State, and, to a limited extent, in other Govern¬ Nothing could be further from the truth than this ment departments or on work related to other De¬ idea that the Service is drying up for lack of some¬ partments. In meeting the personnel requirements thing to do and that the responsible officials are incident to the establishment of new divisions and losing sleep trying to find jobs for surplus Foreign the expansion of the activities and increased work Service officers. It is very doubtful that at any time of most of the older divisions of the Department, it during the past twenty years the shortage of person¬ has been found that the training of Foreign Service nel in the Foreign Service has been as acute or the officers makes them especially adapted to such work. pressure on the personnel as heavy and as constant It has been by no means possible to meet the de¬ as at the present. The reason most commonly ad¬ mands of this nature, but the increase in Depart¬ vanced for the supposed surplus of personnel is the mental assignments has been sufficient during the number of offices that have been closed. It is true past eighteen months to reduce appreciably the that twenty-three offices (including three missions number of officers available for field service. where consular offices are still functioning) have Most of the officers in the field have ample evi¬ been closed since July 1, 1939, but it is probably dence at their posts of the fact that there is a short¬ not generally realized that during the same period age of Foreign Service officers and they are un¬ thirtv-one new offices have been opened. The estab¬ doubtedly interested primarily in learning what is lishment of these offices has not been attended by going to be done about it. The immediate answer the same dramatic circumstances as usually charac¬ lies in the announcement of the forty-three success¬ terized the closing of offices and the publicity has ful candidates in the recently completed Foreign consequently been correspondingly less. Service examination.* This is the largest number The chief contributing factor to the present per¬ passing the examination since 1928 and approxi¬ sonnel shortage in the Foreign Service is found in mately 50% over the average for the past ten years. the rapid expansion of and addition to normal ac¬ The early commissioning of these men and their tivities as the result of war conditions which have assignment to posts should go far towards relieving affected all geographical areas and most posts. A the present situation. The entrance examinations few of the smaller posts in countries which have for the Foreign Service have not been suspended. been directly affected by the war have experienced curtailment in both the volume and scope of their *See page 156 for list of successful candidates.

MARCH, 1941 135 Selected Questions from the Third General Foreign Service Examination of 1940

(Continued from the issue of the JOURNAL)

The nineteenth written examination for the Foreign Service was held on September 16-19. The answers to the selected questions are given on page 175.

TYPE D 9. atavism. action contrary to estab¬ In each case, select the word or phrase in the lished precedent ( right-hand column which defines or more nearly ap¬ excessive devotion to tradi¬ proximates the meaning of the words in the num¬ tion ( bered list. Place a plus sign (-)-) in the parentheses reversion to a primitive opposite the word or phrase selected. In this ques- type r- -( ) tion, a correct response counts —(—1, an incorrect re- lack of moral principle _. -f ) sponse —V2, and an omitted response 0. 10. attainder. extinction of civil rights ( ) 1. adamantine. prehistoric .... ( ) confiscation of property. -( ) unbreakable ... ( ) summary execution ( ) primitive ( ) forcible capture ( ) obstinate . ( ) 11. avatar. miser ... -( ) 2. alluvial. living at the bottom of a incarnation ( ) body of water ( ) flying mammal ( ) deposited by running water ( ) disembodied spirit _( ) permissible .... ( ) 12. bowdlerize. to expurgate ( ) jovial - ( ) to hesitate _ ( ) 3. altruism. strict veracity -( ) to confuse ( ) tedious repetition ... ( ) to roll up ( ) slight deviation from ve- 13. captious. disagreeable ( ) racity - ( ) hypercritical ( ) regard for the interests of headstrong ( ) others - ( ) supreme ( ) 4. animism. belief that human souls af- 14. caryatid. column of imitation stone ( ) ter death are reincarnat- colonnade of square col- ed in animals .....( ) umns -( ) belief that all objects have nonclassical capital i souls ... i ) column ( ) worship of animate beings ( ) column in the form of i worship of animals ... ( ) female figure . 1 ) 5. apocalyptic. severely afflicted ... ( ) 15. casuistry. causal relation - ( ) extremely remote .. ( ) careless attitude _( ) prophetic - ( ) specious reasoning --( ) sacred -( ) accidental connection .. ( ) 6. apodictic. absolutely certain -( ) 16. condone. to pardon _( )

spoken mysteriously .... ( ) to condemn .. ( ) clearly expressed _-( ) to complete ....( ) required by law' ... ( ) to cooperate --( ) 7. apostasy. desertion of principles . - ( ) 17. congruous. improper ... --( ) deification of a hero ~( ) credible --( ) addiction to drugs .... ( ) suitable -( ) religious trance ... ( ) joined --( ) 8. assize. imprisonment --( ) 18. corroboration. confirmation --( ) assortment - ( ) penetration -( ) arrest _ ) corruption __ _.( ) trial --( ) refutation ... - ( )

136 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 19. deliquescent. delicious ( ) theory of international ex¬ liquefying ( ) change ( ) solidifying ( ) doctrine relating to death I ) transgressing ( ) study of ancient coins ( ) 20. diastrophism. irregular versification ... ( ) 31. ethereal. sleepy ( ) immortality of the soul ( ) delicate ( ) supreme ( ) movement of the stars ..... ( ) imaginary .... — ( ) geologic upheaval ( ) 32. exigency. former agency ( ) 21. diatribe. deviltry ( ) withdrawal ( ) philippic —. ( ) abundance. ( ) primitive group ( ) emergency ( ) undiagnosed disease . .... ( ) 33. exiguous. hasty . ( ) 22. dichotomy. expression ... ( ) external ( ) dictation ( ) diminutive .... — ( ) division ( ) insistent ( ) tyranny ( ) 34. extenuate. to narrow ( ) 23. d ogmatic. positive ( ) to excuse ( ) 1 credulous ( ) to accuse .. ) persistent ( ) to lengthen ..... ( ) disagreeable ( ) 35. flaccid. oilv ----- ( 1 24. dudgeon. toil ( ) woven ( ) prison ( ) stale ( ) fatigue ...... ( ) flabby ( ) resentment .... ( ) 36. flamboyant. florid 1 ) buoyant ( 1 25. ecumenical. foamy ( ) 1 general ( ) flagrant ( miserly ( ) incendiary ( ) restricted ( ) 37. gasconade. effervescent beverage ( ) 26. effete. gay ... ( ) miniature bomb — ( ' remote ( ) explosive ( * affected ( ) bravado ... ( • exhausted ( ) 38. gerontocracy. government by old men ( ) 27. entoptic. in high latitude ( ) government by financiers ( ) within the eye ( i government by the courts ( 1 equatorial ... ( ) government by bonded of¬ ficials ... ( ) invisible ( ) 28. epistemology. study of biblical literature ( ) 39. grandiloquent, pompous ( 1 theory of human relation¬ powerful — ( ) ships ...... - ( ) classical ..... ( ) theory of the grounds of broadcast ( ) knowledge ... ( ) 40. hebetude. youthfulness ( 1 study of conventional subserviency ( ) forms for letters ...... ( ) virginity ( ) 29. equivocation. equalization of assets and stupidity ( ) obligations ( ) 41. hedonism. extreme caution career of a professional living for pleasure ( ) horseman ( ) classic pattern of life ..( ) use of a word of double attention to nonessentials . ( ) meaning ( ) 42. heterodox. immoral ( ) action by doubtful author¬ irreligious ( ) ity -—( ) devoted to fixed principles ( ) 30. eschatology. science of atmospheric contrary to accepted doc¬ movements ( ) trine ( )

MARCH, 1941 137 43. hiatus. upper atmosphere ( ) compiler of a dictionary ( ) pinnacle ( ) compiler of a code of law ( ) flight ( ) 56. macerate. to chew _ . .( ) space ( ) to hammer ( ) 44. hydrosphere. fear of water ( ) to torment < ) minute drop of water ( ) to accumulate ) distribution of water...... ( ) 57. macrocosm. outer atmosphere ( ) waters of the entire earth ( ) minute organism ( ) 45. iconoclast. worshipper of graven extinct animal ( ) images ( 1 universe — ( ) attacker of cherished be¬ 58. miscegenation. segregation ( ) liefs ( ) cross section ( ) imprisoned heretic ( } doubtful origin ( 1 religious hermit ( ) interbreeding ( ) 46. ignominy. disgrace ( ) 59. misprision. escape .( ) stupidity ... ( ) contempt ( ) ignorance ( ) acquittal ( ) namelessness ... ( ) misdemeanor .( ) 60. mnemonic. assisting memory 47. incantation. enchantment ( .( ) ) making uniform f ) imprisonment .( hieroglyphic choral singing _ ( .( ) ) puzzling f ) fervid petition ( ) 61. moratorium. place of burial ( ) 48. innocuous. harmless ( ) period of delay .... ( ) painful .... ( ) wholesale execution ( ) immune ( ) agreement with a debtor ( ) quiet . . ( ) 62. neoterism. theory of government by 49. intransigent. opaque ( ) young men I ) permanent ( ) word of recent coinage T ) impenetrable ... ( ) childlike expression ( ) uncompromising ( ) youth movement -( ) 50. jeopardy. danger ( ) 63. nepenthe. opiate ( ) unfair trial ( ) stimulant f ) illegal partnership ( ) light breeze ( ) dissolved partnership ... ( ) surface of the sea ( ) 51. juvenescent. approaching maturity ( ) 64. orthographic. pertaining to written docu growing young ( ) ments -( ) exuberant ( ) pertaining to correct spell childlike ( ) ing _ ( ) 52. lacustrine. immersed ( ) written from right to left ( ) indifferent .... ( ) clearly portrayed ( ) pertaining to lakes ( ) 65. ostracism. solitary confinement ( ) pertaining to shores . .. ( ) cruel punishment • ( ) 53. latifundia. rent derived from lands ( ) exclusion ( ) excessive expenditures ( ) contempt ( ) large landed estates ( ) 66. pachyderm. discoloration of the skin ( ) cash on deposit ... ( ) thick-skinned animal ( ) 54. levirate. polygamous marriage of ponderous animal ( ) two sisters to the same leather case ( ) man _ ( ) 67. parturition. advanced state of decay -( ) marriage of a widow to her insufficient diet -( ) husband’s brother ( ) childbirth ( ) elevation to a higher order separation ■( ) of priesthood ( ) 68. pelagic. ornithological .( ) hereditary priesthood ( ) mebranous ( ) 55. lexicographer, author of a law ( ) antique ■( ) author of a dictionary ( ) oceanic f )

138 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 69. pejorative. disparaging --( ) 81. sardonic. scornful ( ) affirmative — ( ) precious ( ) profane — ( ) minute ( ) untrue ) marine ( ) 70. perihelion. orbit of a planet — ( ) 82. sentient. conscious ( ) gases surrounding the sun ( ) responsive ( ) area within the solar sys- discerning ( ) tern --( ) impressionable ( ) point nearest to the sun on 83. sirdar. regiment of cavalry ( ) the orbit of a planet _ ( ) council of ministers ( ) 71. peripatetic. perspicacious --( ) isolated fortress ( ) itinerant ) commander-in-chief ( ) iterative i 84. sirocco. hot cyclonic wind — ( ) pathetic --( ) subtropical calm ( ) 72. phantasmagoria, fear of ghosts _ ( ) sand storm ( ) dance of evil spirits .._( ) typhoon ( ) gruesome succession of 85. solecism. celibacy ( ) events .... ( ) isolation _ ( ) procession of imaginary doctrinal error ( ) forms -- ( ) grammatical blunder ( ) 73. pleonasm. satisfaction of appetite < ) 86. sophistry. childish behavior ( ) heart disease ... ( ) excessive refinement ( ) redundancy ) deceptive reasoning ( ) eloquence ) worldly wisdom ( ) 74. pragmatic. trained .....( ) 87. spurious. false ( ) doubtful .... ( i impure ( ) mechanical ) spat out ( ) practical --( ) extravagant ( ) 75. primogeniture, inheritance of land from a 88. sumptuary. luxurious .... ( ) parent ( ) abundant ( ) illegitimate descent from regulating expenditure ( ) royalty ( ) inducing extravagance I ) descent from aristocratic 89. sybarite. voluptuary I ) ancestors ( ) fanatic ( ) right of the eldest male hermit ( ) descendant ( ) lawyer ( ) 76. proclivity. obstacle ( ) 90. syllogism. absurd argument ( ) precipice ( ) condensation of a text ) excavation ( ) logical analysis of an ar¬ inclination ( ) gument ( ) 77. prolix. poverty stricken f ) mathematical process of protuberant .. ( ) reasoning ( ) productive ( ) 91. symbiotic. living in close association.. ( ) verbose ( ) abbreviated expression ( ) 78. proselyte. assistant to a priest ( ) utterly senseless ( ) prose writer ( ) suggestive ( ) convert f ) 92. synecdoche. form of worship ( ) bore ( ) unified doctrine ( ) 79. redolent. lazy ( ) figure of speech ( ) odorous I ) connected discourse ( ) delicious ( ) 93. tautology. philosophical doctrine of sorrowful - ( ) identity ( ) 80. sanguine. clear ( ) superfluous repetition ( ) cruel —. ( ) study of similarities ( ) optimistic ( ) illogical reasoning ( ) belligerent ( ) (Continued on page 175)

MARCH, 1941 139 Before the Firing Scfuad

Third Prize Winning Story in Journal Competition

By GEORGE P. SHAW, Consul, Mexico, D. F.

IT was about 3 A.M. and light enough to see to one of these episodes I had been so fortunate as shoot in that little clearing in the banana plan¬ to be able to get in touch with both the ¬ tation, in one of the then revolutionary republics. ary and the federal generals then in the field The day was September 15, Independence Day of opposing each other, and, as a result of a con¬ the country, and what looked at the moment like ference which was arranged, a towTn was turned it would be my last birthday for me. The Colonel over to the then revolutionary forces, which were in a straw bat and sandals had lined up his eight superior in numbers, and the defending forces ragged men and their single-shot Remingtons were withdrew in accordance with the agreement and cocked, when he turned to me and said: “Now, my the whole transaction accomplished without the young spy, is there anything you would like to say loss of a single life. before I execute you?” Well, I had plenty to say . . . The revolutionary forces then became the es¬ but I might as well begin the story at the begin¬ tablished government but before it had been func¬ ning. tioning very long one of the leading generals be¬ The country I have just referred to, where I came dissatisfied with the new government and was stationed a long time ago, bad been going decided to start a counter-revolution. This move¬ through a series of revolutions and counter-revolu¬ ment followed the usual route of such military tions for some time. It happened that during operations in that particular country and when the forces were finally located by me, it wras found that another town w7as threat¬ ened with attack and that very likely peo¬ ple would be killed. 1 thought I could make history repeat itself and could ar¬ range another bloodless evacuation. This was my mistake, as you will see later. 1 had pressed my luck too far. The Legation was concerned about the objectives of this new revolutionary move¬ ment and when it was confidently in¬ formed by me that I could establish con¬ tact and get a statement from the new- revolutionary leader, I was asked to do so. However, upon going to the place where I last knew of my revolutionary friend, I found that he had moved with L his entire force into the interior. Un¬ daunted and with the enthusiasm of youth. 1 obtained a five-hundred-dollar mule from the manager of the local fruit company and two companions also fur¬ nished by him, and set out in pursuit of •u the revolutionists.

Illustrated by IEANNETTE JOHNSON

“Now, my young spy, is there anything vou would like to say before I execute yea?” We rode all of that night and most of the next strange procedure but through some quickly thought flay and finally came upon 2,500 men in single file up excuses and much polite conversation, I man¬ going up a long canyon into the mountains. The aged to get into the Ford car mounted on flanged first stragglers were footsore and weary and with¬ wheels on the railroad, which I had had the fore¬ out arms and ammunition. As we went up this sight to have waiting, and hastily departed. 7 line of soldiers, we saw evidences of how such a All went well until I w7as about half way to the force lives off the country. The heart of every coast when we ran into a “blow-down. A “blow¬ palm plant along the trail had been cut out and down” in the banana country is the result of the eaten. A few cattle had been encountered and had quick, violent winds which are the dread of the been slaughtered and cooked where they lay. The banana companies. One of these had swooped soldiers had eaten as much as they could and then down from the hills and huge banana stalks were had cooked little pieces of meat, which they car¬ blown across the tracks for a long distance ahead. ried on long spits over their shoulders. Upon The great banana plants of the region weigh sev¬ nearing the head of the line, the soldiers were eral hundred pounds and it was impossible to found to be well armed and with increasing sup¬ clear the way. The black boy driving the motor plies of ammunition. Finally, the leading group car assured me there W'as nothing to do but to re¬ iiad machine guns and was in personal command turn to the river and try to get to the coast by a of the revolutionary general and his aides. roundabout route. Food was scarce at headquarters also, but the We returned to the river bank and then the General had in his possession half a roasted , trouble started. While wre had been gone, the his entire food supply, which he gladly shared Colonel had done a considerable lot of thinking with the young consular officer who had come to and he had also consumed a large amount of interview him. The General was accompanied by “guaro,” or native rum. The next time he stopped a couple of American adventurers, at least one of whom, now dead, w7as a romantic character in (Continued on page 171) some of Richard Harding Davis’ books. The statement desired by the Lega¬ tion having been obtained, and after a short rest, the return trip was be¬ gun. The distance was about 110 kilometers and the difficulty of it is attested by the fact that one of the mules gave out and had to be killed on the return trip. We arrived at the riverbank where the General had camped and found that one of the heavy tropical rains peculiar to that region had occurred and the river was in flood. It was midnight and my companions were no longer to ac¬ company me. I took a canoe in the blackness of the night and crossed the river to a point where I had seen a small light shining. Inasmuch as the river was full of crocodiles, the canoe flimsy and the current strong, this was no mean undertaking in itself. The light was found to be at the en¬ campment of the then federal forces pursuing the general, near the landing place. The Colonel in charge of this group of soldiers viewed my crossing of the I went well until I was about half way to river at that hour of the night as a coast when we ran into a ‘blow-down’.”

MARCH,1941 141 instrumentality — radio, the great and common means of enjoying and sharing ideas, entertainment and cultures. What, then, is the clue to the tech¬ nical progress which has been made in radio? FOREIGN SlgfiiiE JOURNAL It has been said that we live wdth our technical requirements, not by them; that technology is not eft V»l. 18 MARCH, 19 11 — ~ N..,g7 self-supporting. It seems probable, then, that prog¬ ress in radio is the result of popular appreciation of PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN the services it renders, of enthusiasm for the means SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. it provides for the banishment of isolation and the The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription sharing of international cultures. in the United States and abroad at the rate of $4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ At the present point in world history radio has pearing herein represents only personal opinions. been called, and surely is. the “instant mode for Copyright. 1941, by the American Foreign Service Association vast geographical interrelation.” Equally, its poten¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this tiality for good or e\ il influence has been recog¬ publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors. nized as practically unprecedented. For it is literally true in international radio that every loudspeaker gives out something of the character of a nation. JOURNAL STAFF There can be a diffusion of wholesome entertain¬

HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman ment, liberal ideas, and the seeds of peace, or the CHARLES W. YOST fomenting of vicious tendencies and incitement to HERBERT S. BDRSLEY Editorial violence. REGINALD P. MITCHELL Board LEO D. STURGEON However, there is much to the credit of radio on EDWARD PACE, JR. the record. In the United States especially, the JANE WILSON, Managing Editor freedom of radio from censorship gives it unlimited GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager scope. We hear the world newrs round-ups from ROBERT F. WOODWARD Assistant Business Manager WILLIAM E. DECOURCY _ Treasurer London to Istanbul: programs of musical entertain¬ ment and educational features freely come and go: and the broadcasting companies see to it that we do The American Foreign Service Association not miss the great events. In recent weeks dramatic realization of another possibility of radio has been seen in the periodic radio-telephone conversations The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of held between parents in Great Britain and their chil¬ the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and dren temporarily residing in American and Can¬ to establish a center around which might be grouped tile united adian homes due to the war. efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. Again, within our own borders, we see radio as an obviously important influence in a matter bearing EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE closely upon our foreign relations and the national GEORGE L. BRANDT, Chairman interest. Radio has been a major factor for the LOY W. HENDERSON, Vice-Chairman achievement of national unity, or at least what a HERBERT S. BURSLEY, JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, leading educator has called that minimum unifica¬ Alternates tion of the mind and interests of the nation which is imperative. CABOT COVILLE, PAUL C. DANIELS We of course could have still greater things from Entertainment Committee radio, at least more of them. There might be more GLENN A. ABBEY, J. BARTLETT RICHARDS, broadcasts, for example, which would bring to the EDWARD T. WAILES microphone persons who by reason of their wit, wis¬ dom or special achievement have something to share across their national frontiers. The anniversaries ON THE AIR of distinguished figures of the past have provided the occasion for stimulating programs, but this does The leading article in this issue of the JOURNAL not compensate for the more positive contribution calls to notice the near fabulous progress of electri¬ to the air waves which men now living might make. cal communications. The record of technical Any who have heard a Chesterton or a Shawr on the achievement is both impressive and fascinating, but air will fully appreciate the possibilities that are the layman is apt to center attention upon but one but indicated here.

142 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL T _ ALTV r ffr?-^ rrrn=Epi r r r r 'fifr? rrrr >11ir P’ffljrfTrlTff __ „ s. p i ^ .7 1 rrr r r r r (X v \W, h Xews from the Department

By REGINALD P. MITCHELL. Department of State

Foreign Service Officers about two months in Arizona and Texas. Mr. Maney planned to return to Washington about April 20 to George F. Kennan. First Secretary at Berlin, visit¬ spend two or three days prior to sailing for London. ed the Department for several days beginning on Willys R. Peck, Counselor at Chungking, , following bis arrival from his post on concluded a temporary detail in the Division of January 28 at New York City on the S.S. Siboney Far Eastern Affairs on and left Wash¬ from Lisbon. On leaving Washington he proceeded ington with Mrs. Peck for Clifton Springs, New to his home in Milwaukee to spend several weeks York, to resume leave. with his children. He planned to return to Wash¬ Joel C. Hudson, until recently Consul and Second ington on to spend five days before con¬ Secretary at Berlin, accompanied by Mrs. Hudson tinuing to New York City to sail about and their son, Michael, five and one-half years old. for Lisbon en route to Berlin. arrived in Washington on January 26 at the expira¬ Ernest E. Evans, Consul at Bradford, England, tion of home leave which was spent principally at arrived at New York City on on the La Jolla. . He was assigned to the Depart¬ S.S. Excalibur from Lisbon, having traveled by ment and on February 10 he assumed his new du¬ plane from “somewhere in England" to Lisbon. He ties, being detailed to the Department of Commerce. visited the Department from to 18 en Although Foreign Service Officers taken over from route to New Orleans, where he planned to spend the Department of Commerce on July 1, 1939, oc¬ home leave with Mrs. Evans and their daughter, casionally are detailed to that Department for duty Ghislaine, 17 years old, who returned to the United this was understood to be the first time that an States last September from Southern France where F. S. 0. not formerly with that Department has they had been residing temporarily after their evac¬ been detailed there on a regular assignment. Mr. uation from England. He planned to return to Hudson informed the JOURNAL that Mrs. Hudson, a Washington on April 13 to spend about five days. native of , was naturalized on Novem¬ Edward S. Maney. Consul at London, visited the ber 20 in Superior Court at San Diego. Department for several days beginning on February Adrian B. Colquitt, until recently Vice Consul at 11 following his arrival on the preceding day at Cayenne, revisited the Department for three days New York City on the S.S. Excalibur from Lisbon. beginning on February 3 while on leave at his home Mrs. Maney, who had been evacuated from London in Savannah, Georgia. He returned to Savannah and and had been residing in the United States, joined left there during the second week of February for him here. They left by automobile for Douglas, to proceed by plane to his newr post as Vice Arizona, to join their two young sons to spend Consul at Martinique.

MARCH,1941 143 Christian M. Ravndal, Sec¬ Henn P. Leverich, Third ond Secretary and Consul at Secretary at Berlin, who has Buenos Aires, left Washing¬ been on home leave princi¬ ton by plane on pally at West Newton, Mass¬ at the conclusion of a tem¬ achusetts, on porary detail of almost three began a detail of about three months in the Division of the weeks in the Division of Eu¬ American Republics in con¬ ropean Affairs during leave nection with the visit of an of an officer on duty there. economic-financial mission He planned to proceed to a from visiting the new post at the conclusion of United States. He stopped off this detail. in Orlando, Florida, to see W. Leonard Parker, until his father, former Consul recently Vice Consul at Ran¬ General Gabriel Bie Ravndal. and his brother, who goon. arrived with Mrs. Parker at New York Cit\ reside there, and on February 10 sailed for Rio on on January 27 on the S.S. President Adams from the S.S. Brazil from Port Everglades, about 20 miles Rangoon via the Cape of Good Hope. They visited north of Miami. His plans were to fly from Rio to his home in Binghampton, New' York, and proceed¬ Buenos Aires. ed to Washington where he assumed his new duties Robert P. Joyce, who recently was appointed Sec¬ on February 3 in the Division of Near Eastern ond Secretary at Habana, arrived in Washington on Affairs. January 23 by train from Miami after having Stuart E. Grummon, First Secretary at Tokyo, reached thereby plane via Panama from Bogota, registered at the Department on February 14 for a where he had a month's temporary detail. He joined stay of several days while on home leave. Mrs. Joyce in Washington and they left by train Randolph Harrison. Jr., Second Secretary and on for Miami to spend several davs be¬ Consul at Rio. concluded a brief detail in the Divi¬ fore journeying by boat to Habana. sion of the American Republics on February I and Edward P. Maffitt, Third Secretary at Buenos left by plane for his post. Aires, concluded a temporary detail as one of sev¬ Karl deG. MacVitty, until recently Consul at eral “watch officers” attached to the Secretary’s of¬ Amoy, has been spending home leave principally at fice on and left with Mrs. Maffitt for his home in Nashville. Tennessee. He visited the New York City to resume leave which ends during Department for about a week in late January and the latter part of March. left on January 31 by train for prepara¬ Daniel V. Anderson, Vice Consul at Bombay, ar¬ tory to sailing on on the S.S. Mariposa rived in Washington on February 10 and remained for Sydney, where he will disembark to await sail¬ for almost two weeks before proceeding to New ing on another vessel for Noumea, , York City and to his home in Frederica, . where he will establish the first American Consulate He planned to spend most of his home leave in ever located in New' Caledonia. Washington. He proceeded from Bombay to Hono¬ Parker W. Buhrman, until recently Consul Gen¬ lulu on the Dutch S.S. Bloemfontein, a journey of eral at Basel, visited the Department several times 46 days because of a delay encountered in joining a in February during home leave. He planned to sail British convoy in the Pacific Ocean. He transferred from New York City about March 1 for his new' to the S.S. Lurline at and arrived at San post as Consul General at Glasgow. Francisco on February 5, proceeding without delay Ashley B. Sowell, Commercial Attache at Panama, to Washington. registered at the Department on January 21 while Homer M. Byington, Consul General at Montreal, on leave. visited the Department on February 6 on arrival Marselis C. Parson, Jr., until recently Vice Con¬ from Montreal en route south to spend a leave of sul at Batavia, arrived at New' York City on Febru¬ one month. ary 4 on the S.S. President Jackson from . Clayton Lane, until recently Commercial Attache He visited the Department on February 10 and re¬ at , registered at the Department in late turned to his home in Rye, New York, before pro¬ January for consultation in the Departments of ceeding to Florida to spend the greater part of his State, Comerce and Agriculture preparatory to mak¬ leave. He planned to return to Washington about ing a trade conference tour and then taking leave. April 1 to spend a few days before sailing from He planned to sail from San Francisco possibly in New York City for his new post as Vice Consul at April for his new post as Consul at Calcutta.

144 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL T. Muldrup Forsyth, Vice George E. Seltzer, until re¬ Consul at Cartagena, regis¬ cently Consul at St. Michael, tered at the Department on Azores, registered at the De¬ January 28 during home partment on January 21, fol¬ leave which he planned to lowing his arrival in New' spend almost in its entirety York City on December 23 at his home near Charlottes- on the S.S. Excambion from \ ille, Virginia. He planned Lisbon. He was a frequent to visit Washington for sev¬ visitor in the Department eral days at the termination during February. of leave. Paul C. Seddicum, Vice Richard P. Butrick. Con¬ Consul at London, accompa¬ sul at Shanghai, accompa¬ nied by Mrs. Seddicum. ar¬ nied by Mrs. Butrick and T- M- Fors>lh P. C. Seddicum rived at New York City on their children, Ann, seven years old. and Dickie, February 3 on the S.S. Exeter from Lisbon. He five years old, arrived at San Francisco on Decem¬ registered at the Department on February 5 and ber 14 on the S.S. President Taft after spending planned to remain in Washington for the duration part of their home leave at Honolulu. They visited of home leave. in New York State and came to Washington on Emil Sauer, Consul General at Frankfort, regis¬ January 24. Mr. Butrick began a month’s period of tered at the Department on while on consultation in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs. home leave. Leys A. France, Consul at Mexico City, registered Richard F. Boyce, until recently Consul at Yoko¬ at the Department in early February while on leave. hama, visited the Department in mid-Januar\ and early February following his arrival at San Fran¬ Remvick S. McNiece, until recently Consul at Val¬ cisco on December 29 on the S.S. President Cleve¬ paraiso, accompanied by Mrs. McNiece, arrived at land from Yokohama. He planned to visit , New Orleans on January 10 on the S.S. Delargentino New York City and Florida on an extensive motor from Buenos Aires. They visited Washington for trip before returning to Washington about March several days beginning on January 23 and left to 10 to spend a day prior to sailing from New York spend home leave with Mr. McNiece’s brother in City on for his new' post as Consul at Los Angeles. They planned to sail from New York Lima. City in late March for his new post as Consul at Russell W. Benton, Vice Consul at London, began Maracaibo. a temporary detail in the Visa Division on February James B. Young, until recently Consul General 4. He had arrived in New' York City on December at Lisbon, registered at the Department on January 9 on the S.S. Exeter from Lisbon and had been 23 at the expiration of home leave and assumed his spending home leave with his family at Lake Placid, new duties in the Special Division. New York. Lowell C. Pinkerton, Consul General at Welling¬ Robert R. Patterson, Vice Consul at Cork, who ton. registered at the Department on has been on temporary duty recently at London, vis¬ following his arrival in Washington with Mrs. Pink¬ ited the Department for several days beginning on erton from Wellington. February 6 following his arrival at Norfolk, Vir¬ Stuart Allen, until recently Consul at Lyon, spent ginia. on January 11 on the U.S.S. Tuscaloosa about 10 days in Washington in late January and from Lisbon, yvhere this had taken Admiral left on January 30 by train for Miami, where he William E. Leahy, new Ambassador to France, and joined Mrs. Allen and their son, Christopher, four Mrs. Leahy, He returned to Ann Arbor. , years old. Thev remained there until to rejoin Mrs. Patterson and their four children, and left by plane for San Juan, Puerto Rico, for a who have been in the United States since last July. stay of two days en route to Georgetown, British He stated that upon expiration of home leave his Guiana, where Mr. Allen took charge of the Con¬ resignation would become effective and that he sulate. would enter business in Detroit. Homer S. Fox. Assistant Commercial Attache at Roy W. Baker, Consul at . England, ar¬ London, accompanied by Mrs. Fox, arrived at New rived at Norfolk on January 11 on the U.S.S. Tusca¬ York on February 3 on the S.S. Exeter from Lisbon. loosa from Lisbon. He registered at the Department They visited Washington for several days and left on January 23 while on home leave which he intend¬ to spend the greater part of home leave at their ed to spend with members of his family at Hart¬ home in Central Lake, Michigan. He planned to re¬ ford. Connecticut, and Warren. , and turn to Washington about April 10. with friends in New York and Virginia.

MARCH. 1941 145 Xews From the Field

iVWAVWAVW.VAV.V FIELD CORRESPONDENTS ACKERSON, GARRET G., JR.—Rumania, Hungary KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.— ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South LANCASTER, NATHANIEL, JR.—Portuguese East Africa BARNES, WILLIAM—Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay LATIMER, FREDERICK P., JR.—Turkey BECK, WILLIAM H.— LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq BOHLEN, CHARLES E.—U.S.S.R. LYON, CECIL B.—Chile BUTLER, GEORGE— MCGRECOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico BYINGTON, HOMER, JR.— MALEADY, THOMAS J.—Colombia COOPER, CHARLES A.— PLITT, EDWIN A.—France CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain PRESTON, AUSTIN R.—Norway and Sweden FERRIS, WALTON C.—Great Britain REAMS, R. BORDEN—Denmark J FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada SCHULER, FRANK A., JR.—Tokyo area J GROTH, EDWARD M.—India SIMMONS, JOHN FARR—Eastern Canada HICKOK, THOMAS A.— SMITH, E. TALBOT—Nairobi area, Kenya J, ROBINSON, THOMAS H.—British Columbia WILLIAMS, PHILIP P.—Brazil .* American Embassy, Berlin— "■ American Consulate, Yokohama—Yokohama area f .v.w.v.w.v.v.v, .■.v.v.v.v.v.v/.v.v.v V.-.V.V.V.V.V/AV

Kn ute Nelson’s Birth Place to Be Moved to America

Translation from the Norwegian Bergens Tidende of September 30, 1940

The American Consul in Bergen, Mr. Dunlap, ex¬ Kvilekvale, near the town of Evanger. There were plains to Bergens Tidende that he has Bought the a number of documents and books including bibles house where Senator Knute Nelson was born about of antiquarian value, showing the cultural interest a hundred years ago at Evanger, near Voss; it is of the former residents. There was a geography the Consul’s intention to give the house to Minne¬ from 1843, the year of Knute Nelson’s birth: sota to be reconstructed near Saint Paul. Thus the strangely enough Oslo, not Christiania, appears memory of one of the greatest Norwegian-Americans given as the place of publication. This book has a that ever lived, will continue to live. very instructive description of that America of Mr. Dunlap, as is known, has decided historical which the young Knute must have read. Otherwise interests and emphasizes in an interview with one there were beds, table, chairs, tapestries and other of our reporters that he has taken this step not things that date back to Knute Nelson’s childhood. merely as a token of respect for Norway, a land “One tapestry will be taken as a sample by Ragna that has given birth to so many great pioneers of Breivik who will weave a similar one. Otherwise America but also for personal reasons: we shall carefully take care of all that can be of “Senator Knute Nelson twenty-five years ago interest for the coming generation. recommended me for the career I hoped to begin “One may even be surprised that the nearby town and my first post was in Norway, namely Stavanger. of Vose does not seem to have understood the im¬ “As to the Nelson-Home it is hoped the house portance of these relics but I hope now' that we may may be rebuilt in America in a way to show that be able to have them kept in our Norwegian-Ameri- Knute Nelson was not born in such lowly circum¬ can colony to the glory of Knute Nelsons memory stances as some have understood. There is a whole and as a source of pride for Americans of Nor¬ collection of buildings on the farm and the house, wegian origin.” when rebuilt, will show how well-to-do farmers lived in Norway at the time. “A great inheritance indeed “Many surprising things came to light in the Of good-folk to be born.” house which makes up part of the farm called (Norwegian proverb.)

146 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CHUNGKING, CHINA, DECEMBER 1, 1940 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Dr. II. Tong, Ambassador Nelson T. Johnson, Dr. Wang Chung-hui. Second Secretary Everett F. Druinright. This photograph was taken on the porch ol a thatched roofed rest house just outside of a dugout in which Ambassador Johnson had an interview with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek on the morning of December 1, 1940. On the way to keep his appointment the air alarm sounded and by the time the Ambassador had reached the headquarters of the Generalissimo the planes were overhead so the appointment was kept in a dugout in proper Chungking fashion. I he pic¬ ture was taken after the planes had left and just before the all clear sounded. The day was foggy and the planes left without dropping any bombs. London January 12. 1941. change London has ever known, except for the one I need not tell any who have read the press in incident of the Great Fire of 1666. At present those the last four months that the war as we have ex¬ of us who have been here since the beginning are perienced it during that period has been quite differ¬ to a small extent in the frame of mind of troops ent from that described in my letter of September who have smelt the battle for the first time, come 8. 1940. (See London letter in is¬ through unhurt and have found out that it is no use sue of the JOURNAL.) wondering when the next experience will come. The That evening (September 7, 1940) there was the air raid siren, the Hyde Park anti-aircraft guns, the first great fire of London in this war blazing in the walk or ride home in the blackout with the build¬ sky when the East India docks were attacked and ings outlined against the sky, dimly or clearly, as from that time until late in October air raid warn¬ in a Mediaeval city, the return to the custom of ings four or five times a day were the order of the spending practically every night at home — these time. The staff of the Embassy frequently went are all parts of the atmosphere which seems to us down to the shelter. That was before we arrived at highly natural and in the usual order of things, al¬ our present viewpoint of tending to feel that such though not always agreeable or acceptable. precautions are superfluous unless intense attacks The present seems to be a period of lull between on this very region are involved. All during this Chapter 2 and Chapter 3, the contents of which no period pieces of ruin showed up unexpectedly in one knows yet but all may know by the time these any quarter of London at any time, reminding us lines appear in the JOURNAL. WALTON FLRRIS. that we were living in the period of greatest physical (Continued on page 172)

MARCH. 1941 147 The Bookshelf

FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

EDITOR IN POLITICS, by Josephus Daniels. The Uni¬ of Mr. Daniels’ memoirs which have been promised. versity of North Carolina Press, pp. 644. $3.00. Illus¬ The first, Tar Heel Editor,* reviewed his earlier ca¬ trated. reer as a journalist in North Carolina. The present One would suppose that a newspaper editor who volume begins with his first entry into the national had gone through many years of fighting, hammer arena, when he spent two years in Washington as bD aj and tongs, in contests where name-calling and the chief clerk of the Interior Department durin worst sort of villification were normal procedure, Cleveland’s second administration. The idea of might have been left embittered by his experience. Federal Civil Service was making a weak appear¬ An outstanding characteristic of Ambassador ance at the time, but the great majority of Federal Daniels" latest volume of memoirs, Editor in Poli¬ jobs were still being given to faithful party workers, tics, is its clear evidence that he has mellowed and Mr. Daniels’ position made him a central figure through the passing years, has grown more tolerant in the great problem of finding rewards for deserv¬ and more kindly in his attitude towards those who ing Democrats. He accomplished much in the diffi¬ were not on his side of the fence during his earlier cult task of making a system function as well as days. One is reminded in this connection of the possible under the circumstances. somewhat parallel experience of Benjamin Frank¬ During his second year in Washington. Mr. lin, the prototype of all subsequent American edi¬ Daniels took advantage of an opportunity to buy the tors in politics. The older Mr. Franklin grew, the News and Observer, an achievement he had long de¬ more I12 was inclined to qualify his statements by sired. On July 30, 1894, he addressed a personal some such phrase as “I believe this to be true,” or letter, in his own handwriting from the Department “It is my opinion that . . . rather than the un¬ of the Interior, to a hundred picked men in North qualified and dogmatic declarations of his youth. Carolina, offering them the opportunity of subscrib¬ Although Mr. Daniels admits that if he had to ing to stock in the newspaper. More than seventy go through again the period of his life covered by favorable replies to this appeal were received imme¬ the present volume, 1893-1912, he would probably diately, and more later. A facsimile of the letter curb his invective somewhat, he does not apologize which accomplished the results in this dramatic epi¬ for the things he said and did, nor does he attempt sode is contained in the volume. to gloss over the instances when his enthusiasm may Returning to North Carolina. Mr. Daniels used have triumphed over his restraint. The activities his new organ to fight for the Democratic Party. he describes begin with that tense period in the But more significant was his fight within that Party South when the native whites were recovering the for the liberal ideas in which he believed. The par¬ control of their State governments from the carpet¬ ticular aims for which he strove with might and bag rule saddled on them by the events following main, in an era of intense personal journalism, in¬ the Civil War. Mr. Daniels, as the editor of the cluded public education and notably support for the Raleigh News and Observer, and as Democratic Na¬ State University, control of the railroads by the tional Committeeman from North Carolina, played State rather than by the railroad magnates, and a leading role in this fight in North Carolina, and support of the farmers of the State against the To¬ the battle was seldom conducted according to Mar¬ bacco Trust. quis of Queensberry rules. It may be surprising to Mr. Daniels’ first volume show'ed clearly the lib¬ the generation which has grown up during the eral foundations of his political philosophy. In the twentieth century that the climax of this fight in the present volume we see a great liberal in action, South came as late as the last decade of the nine¬ applying his principles day by day, in every ques¬ teenth century. Mr. Daniels was coming into his tion which came before the public for consideration. prime at this time, and the age called for fearless¬ The impression is widespread that the Democratic ness, straight talk, and the courage of one’s convic¬ Party in the South has become a conservative parti. tions. The editor of the News and Observer pos¬ controlled by the “haves” in their own interest. sessed all three qualities sufficiently to cause him to The great liberal principles of Thomas Jefferson, defy even the Federal judiciary when need arose. The present volume is the second of four volumes * Reviewed in the JOURNAL*, February, 1940.

148 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL who founded the party in the interests of the com¬ ruin of the Southern States for all their inhabi¬ mon man as opposed to the Federalist Party of eco¬ tants, both black and white. He believed that the nomic royalists of that era, are often said to have section could progress only through the ousting of been discarded by the present Democratic leaders alien control. But at the same time he campaigned south of the Mason and Dixon line. Much is heard, for better schools for Negroes, and was an ardent furthermore, of a conflict between the old-line supporter of their vocational training schools and Democrats and the New Deal in a struggle for con¬ colleges. He was invited to be the principal speak¬ trol of the Party. One hears the question: “How er at the first Negro fair in Raleigh, he spoke from can a Southern Democrat of the old school work in the same platform as Booker T. Washington, and harmony with the New Deal?” received numerous tributes from leaders of the col¬ The answer to this question appears in the pages ored race as a genuine and loyal friend of the of Editor in Politics. Here we follow the career of Negro. one of the most active After reading Edi¬ and influential lead¬ tor in Politics, no one ers of the Democratic WORTHWHILE BOOKS will wonder that this Party in the South Southern Democrat is during the past fifty RANDOM HARVEST, by Janies Hilton. Little, Brown able to serve as the year s. Throughout and Company, 1941, pp. 327. $2.50. New Deal Ambassa¬ that time he was a A new novel by the author of Mr. Chips and Lost dor to Mexico. Mr. staunch liberal at all Horizon. With love and mystery and not too heavy Daniels began fight¬ times, a friend of the philosophy on the England between the two World ing for a new deal for underprivileged, and Wars. the underprivileged an enemy of vested long before the Oi r OF THF. NIGHT, by Jan Valtin. Alliance Book phrase was capital¬ interests. We are able Corporation, 1941. pp. 749. $2.75. to understand why he ized. A sensational saga of the Ogpu and the Gestapo. has subsequently ex¬ GEORGE V. ALLEN. The Book of the Month selection for February. perienced no difficulty in supporting the ma¬ JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER. The Heroic Age of American BEYOND GERMAN jor aims of the New Enterprise, by Allan Nevins. Charles Scribners, 1940, VICTORY, by Helen Hill Deal. In fact, we 2 vol., pp. 683 and 747. $7.50. and Herbert Agar. reach the conclusion One of America’s leading historians writes a most Reynal and Hitchcock, that it is largely his readable account of the life and times of the foun¬ New York, 1940. pp. position that the New der of the Standard Oil Company. History, not 117. $1.50. Deal has taken, rather propaganda. The United States than the contrary. As is now engaged in the DAILY LIFE IN ANCIENT ROME, by Jerome Carcopino. greatest debate which represented by Jose¬ Yale University Press, 1940, pp. 342. $4. phus Daniels, the it has faced since the Not a history of the Empire but an extremely en¬ Democratic Party in question was mooted grossing recreation of the every day life of the in¬ the South has re¬ —what shall we do habitants of Second Century Rome, by the Director mained the liberal about slavery. The of the Ecole Framjaise de Rome. party of Thomas Jef¬ question raised today ferson. is not wholly dissimi¬ Doubters may ask, lar, though now it “Rut what about the Negro question? Has Mr. concerns a “special institution” which in its pres¬ Daniels shown any interest in the largest group ent stage is foreign, not domestic. Fundamentally , of under-privileged in the South?” Here again, however, the authors of “Beyond German Victory” Editor in Politics makes no effort to avoid this are at pains to point out. the problem is the same delicate question, and supplies a convincing answer. —what shall we do about slavery. Mr. Daniels admits without quibble that he fought This little book is a tract for the times. While for white supremacy in the South, against a sys¬ not attaining the stature of a “Common Sense” and tem which had resulted in the election of recently an “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” it presents in brief and emancipated slaves to Congress, to the control of startling compass glimpses of the future if the Nazis several State legislatures, and to other high offi¬ win, answering once and for all those who regard cial positions. But he felt that the system was w'ith complacent indifference the aspect of the world maintained by alien support, through demagoguery beyond our three-mile limit. and corruption, which could only result in the (Continued on page 161)

MARCH, 1941 149 The Sinking of the “City of Ruyeilie** By FRED W. JANDREY, Vice Consul, Melbourne

APE OTWAY is a bridge and onto the rocky point on the boat deck. The impact stormy southern coast sent a shower of splin¬ of , southeast ters through the wheel- of the Great Australian house as every window Bight, and 120 miles smashed inward. The southwest of Mel¬ bowf came down with a bourne. It is well- terrific slap and plunged known to mariners, the into the sea. Within point for which they a fewr seconds the for¬ make in order to enter ward hatches were Port Phillip Bay from awash, and the ship the west. showed a slight star¬ Late on Friday after¬ board list. Thus began noon, November 8th, a disaster which re¬ an American freighter sulted in the loss of the was approaching the first American ship to Cape from Port Ade¬ be sunk as a conse¬ laide, bound for the quence of the present port of Melbourne. The war in Europe. City of Rayville, of the The hurried American Pioneer to the bridge. The en¬ Li ne, is familiar to con¬ gines were stopped and sular officers in widely- the order to man the scattered . Many lifeboats was given. officers will also recog¬ The first thought of the nize the name of its Lighthouse, Cape Otway, Australia crew was that the ship master, A. P. Cronin. had hit a reef, because The sea was not rough on this particular Friday it felt as though she had piled up against a stone afternoon but the barometer was falling so fast that wall. Leaving their beds, their card-games, and the sailor on the fo’castle head was called to the their work, the thirty-seven members of the crew bridge to continue his “look out” from there. At rushed to their positions on the boat deck, without 7:10, just after sunset, Second Officer Green, who stopping to save clothes or belongings. was on the bridge, picked up the Cape Otway light¬ As they appeared on the top deck, the seamen house 10 miles off, and in reply to its query, blinked hastily snatched lifebelts from the large wooden box back “m.s. City of Rayville,” and signed off with a placed near the lifeboats. (There has been a dispute cheerv “Good night.” Some minutes later the ship among the officers of the Pioneer Line about the came abeam of Cape Otway Light, and Mr. Green proper place for lifebelts, some arguing that they altered his course to 90° preparatory to coming in should be in the crew’s quarters; others, that they th rough the Heads of Melbourne. should be near the lifeboats. In this case the loss At 7:38, able-bodied Seaman Carter looked at the of life might have been great had the belts not been time and saw that he had two minutes to wait be¬ placed just where they were.) fore calling the 8-12 watch. He leaned over the Because the ship had a decided list to starboard, port side of the bridge and looked down at the cold most of the crew found their way to the starboard sea foaming along the bow of the ship. At this boat, or were ordered to go there. The Captain en¬ moment a terrific explosion lifted the entire forward couraged his men as they cut the lashings which part of the vessel high out of the water. A red flash held the canvas covers, plugged the drain in the bot¬ seemed to shoot from under the port anchor. Hatch- tom of the boat, and wound out the davits. Men covers, tarpaulins, bits of metal, dunnage, and tons scrambled into the boat as she swung free and was of water were hurled with great force over the lowered away. More men leaped in as the boat

1.30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL came abreast of the main deck; others slid down the When the starboard boat, which had been falls from both decks. launched in about five minutes, at last pulled away One of the messboys, in pushing the boat out on from the side of the ship, there were 22 men found the davits, lost his footing and fell headlong from to be present. A the men started rowing, the the top-deck into the water. He must have struck falling barometer brought rain. floating debris, because he later turned up with a After the Captain had seen the starboard boat dislocated shoulder. He and an officer were swept being lowered to the water, he ordered some of his awa> bv the current and carried towards the stern men to the port side. For a few seconds it looked of tire ship. as if the list to starboard would prevent them from Another messboy, who remained on deck after launching the lifeboat; but fortunately at this time the lifeboat had been lowered, leaped wildly for the the ship settled back just enough to permit the men fall, caught hold of it for a moment, slipped, and to swing the boat out. When the Captain dropped went hurtling down twenty feet, shoulder first, into from the falls he made the thirteenth man in the the boat. Someone tried to break bis fall, but lie port boat, and they pulled away a short distance. landed heavily and lay on the bottom semi-con¬ The Captain ordered his boat held as close to the scious. ship as possible, in order to rescue any men who The engineer and his oiler, after stopping the might be found in the water. They soon sighted engines, were ordered out of the engine room, but the officer and messboy who had gone overboard on they also reached the deck too late for the launch¬ the starboard side. The current had carried them ing of the starboard boat. One slid down the after swiftly along the side of the ship and under the fall: the other leaped into the water. Neither had stern, which by then was protruding high out of lifebelts. Their shipmates dragged them out of the the water. When picked up, cold and exhausted, icy water and shoved them to the bottom of the they made a total compliment of fifteen men in the boat so that they could be kept warm. port boat. They stood off at a safe distance from “Sparks,” having been ordered by the Captain to the ship and waited for about an hour until the sea get off an S.O.S., found that no response came filled the last resisting bulkhead. Then the City of through the main transmitter. He tried the emer¬ Rayville stood steeply on her nose, and with a tre¬ gency transmitter, but got only a hissing sound mendous roar made her final plunge. When the when he threw the switch. Realizing that he could American flag on the stern had disappeared beneath not send a distress signal, he made a dash for the the water, the Captain ordered the men to row for deck; finding the starboard boat already away, he the Cape Otway Lighthouse. jumped overboard without a lifebelt and swam un¬ Meanwhile the fishermen who live in Apollo Bay, til he could touch the oars stretched out from the a small village near Cape Otway, had been informed lifeboat for him. by the Australian Navy of the lighthouse keeper’s The electrician, after having assisted in lowering report of the disaster. At 8:20 three small fishing the boat, ran to the forward part of the main deck boats, manned by nine men in all, put out to sea in and stepped off into the sea. His cries brought the the face of developing squalls. After nearly three boat to his aid. He was the last man on that side hours of searching in the rain they found the star- of the ship to be rescued. (Continued on page 161)

Survivors of the City of Ray- ville at Apollo Hay Changes in 4he Journal Staff

DURING the past month will serve as First Secretary'. the JOURNAL has re¬ The Board of Editors of the corded several changes in its JOURNAL wish to express staff. Mr. Charles B. Hos¬ their appreciation to Mr. mer, due to his recent ap¬ Childs for his work on the pointment as a Foreign Serv¬ JOURNAL and for his many ice Inspector, has tendered excellent contributions to its his resignation as Treasurer columns for a number of of the JOURNAL. Mr. Hosmer years. served in this capacity from The Editorial Board is July, 1937, when he was as¬ pleased to announce the ap¬ signed as Chief of the Office pointment of Mr. Francis Cha.s. B. Hosmer of Fiscal and Budget Affairs Colt de Wolf as Book Review in the Department and later Editor. Mr. de Wolf is now made Executive Assistant to serving in the Division of In¬ the Assistant Secretary of ternational Communications State. The Executive Com¬ in the Department. mittee of the American For¬

eign Service Association at * * * * its meeting on January 7, 1941, unanimously approved Miss Jane Wilson, who has a motion of appreciation for since April, 1939, served in Mr. Hosmer’s services. The the capacity of Secretary to JOURNAL Board also extends the Editorial Board of the its thanks to Mr. Hosmer for JOURNAL has recently been his able handling of the appointed Managing Editor. JOURNAL’S finances. The Executive Committee unani¬ ■K- * * * mously approved the ap¬ Jane ilson pointment of Mr. William E. deCourcy as Mr. Hosmer’s W. E. deCourcy successor. Mr. deCourcy COVER PICTURE has served, until recently, as Consul at and is now THE DALMATIAN COAST assigned to the Department Photograph by Miss Peggy Lane as Executive Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State, The Dalmatian Coast is noted for its scenic beau¬ ty and its fine tourist facilities. The area is similar and the JOURNAL welcomes him to its staff. in appearance to the French and Italian rivieras, that is to say, there is a narrow, semi-tropical

# * ■* * coastal strip backed by high mountains. The climate is excellent for most months of the year and there Mr. J. Rives Childs, who are very good beaches. Furthermore, the coast is has so ably performed the sprinkled with towns and cities of great historical duties of Book Review Edi¬ value, including Split, where the ancient and grandi¬ tor of the JOURNAL since No¬ ose palace of Diocletian still exists. Ragusa, now vember, 1939, during bis as¬ known as Dubrovnik, is perhaps the most famous signment to the Near Eastern of these cities along the coast; it is interesting to Division of the Department, recrdl that Ragusa was an independent republic for has recently left for his new many centuries until its final overthrow by Na¬ J. Rives Childs post at Tangier where he poleon.—R. D. COE.

152 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Service Officers Throughout the World

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The following changes have occurred in the For¬ been assigned for duty in the Department of State. eign Service since January 4. 1941: The American Consular Agency at Djibouti. H. Lawrence Groves of Pennsylvania, Commer¬ French Somali Coast, was closed effective December cial attache at , , has been designated 31, 1940. Commercial Attache and assigned American Consul Non-Career at Shanghai. China. Alfred J. Pedersen of Boston, . Owen L. Dawson of Illinois, Agricultural Attache American Vice Consul at Bogota, Colombia, has been appointed American Vice Consul at Bilboa. at Shanghai. China, has been assigned American Consul at Shanghai, China, in addition to his desig¬ Spain. nation as Agricultural Attache. Charles E. Hulick, Jr., of Easton. Pennsylvania, American Clerk at Leipzig, Germany, has been ap¬ H. Merrell Benninghoff of Rochester, New York, pointed American Vice Consul at Bucharest, Second Secretary of the American Embassy at Pei¬ Rumania. ping, China, has been designated Second Secretary of the American Embassy at Tokyo, Japan. Paul S. Guinn of Pennsylvania, American Consul The following changes have occurred in the For¬ at , Germany, lias been designated Second eign Service since January 18, 1941: Secretary of the American Embassy and American Gilson G. Blake of Mt. Washington, Maryland. Consul at Berlin, Germany, and will serve in dual American Consul at Rome, , has been desig¬ capacity. nated Second Secretary of the American Embassy Stanley G. Slavens of Austin. Texas, American at Rome, Italy, and will serve in dual capacity. Consul at Tokyo, Japan, has been assigned Ameri¬ Stuart Allen of St. Paul. , American can Consul at Osaka, Japan. Consul at Lyon, France, has been assigned Ameri¬ Walter P. McConaughy of Montevalla, Alabama, can Consul at Georgetown, British Guiana. American Consul at Osaka. Japan, has been as¬ Douglas Flood of Kenilworth, Illinois, American signed American Consul at Tokyo, Japan. Vice Consul at Naples, Italy, has been designated James B. Henderson of San Francisco, California, Third Secretary of the American Embassy at Rome, American Vice Consul at Beirut, Lebanan. has been Italy. assigned for duty in the Department of State. Adrian B. Colquitt of Savannah, Georgia, Ameri¬ Beppo R. Johansen of Clearwater. Florida, Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Cayenne, French Guiana, has can Vice Consul at Harbin. . China, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Martinique. been designated Third Secretary of the American French West Indies. Embassy at Peiping, China. Roland K. Beyer of Kaukauna, , Ameri¬ Max W. Schmidt of Bettendorf, Iowa, Third Sec¬ can Vice Consul at Toronto, Canada, has been as¬ retary of the American Embassy at Tokyo, Japan, signed for duty in the Department of State. has been assigned for duty in the Department of State. The following changes have occurred in the For¬ Jay Dixon Edwards of Corvallis, Oregon, Lan¬ eign Service since February 1, 1941: guage Oflicer at the American Embassy, Tokyo, Japan, has been assigned American Vice Consul at J. Rives Childs of Lynchburg, Virginia, now Harbin, Manchuria, China. serving in the Department of State, has been desig¬ Richard E. Hawkins, Jr., of Pittsburgh, Penn¬ nated First Secretary of the American Legation and sylvania, American Vice Consul at Brisbane, Aus¬ American Consul at Tangier, Morocco. tralia, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Hooker A. Doolittle of Utica, New York, First Sydney, Australia. Secretary of the American Legation and American Alfred T. Wellborn of New Orleans, Louisiana. Consul at Tangier, Morocco, has been assigned American Vice Consul at Montreal, Canada, has American Consul at , .

154 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Glimpses

Camilla and Carl Strom, Zurich, on the Carmena skill ft at Arosa with the Schies- shorn in the background.

The exodus of Staff of the Con¬ the Ely Palmers sulate at Mata- from the Near moros. (Seated. East caused them I to r) Consuelo headaches! They Guerra, Vice had to go to Syd¬ Consul Henry T. ney by way of Smith, Consul Europe instead Herndon W. Go¬ of Bombay—and forth, Vice Con¬ in addition the sul Henry G. packer miscalcu¬ Krausse, Mrs. lated and the Alicia G. Guerra. vans were too (Standing) Gon- small—so he had zalo del Castillo, to make another Aug us to Ces'r Mascorro, Gloria Lerma, Evelyn Francklow Yates, Jesu s M aria Vera, Ramon de le Rosa, Esper- anza del Castillo.

Consul General and Mrs. Nester were photo¬ graphed in Guayaquil b y Mrs. William Dawson.

Bill Wit mans car after his accident last August on the Beirut-Haifa road. (Bill is still in one piece.) Joel C. Hudson of St. Louis, , Second Secretary of the American Embassy and American Consul at Berlin, Germany, has been assigned for duty in the Department of State. CONFIDENCE Gerald Warner of Northampton, Massachusetts, American Consul at Taihoku, Japan, has been as¬ signed American Consul at Tokyo, Japan. IN A NAME The assignment of Walter P. McConaughy of Montevallo, Alabama, as American Consul at Tokyo, Japan, has been cancelled. Mr. McConaughy has now been designated Second Secretary of the Ameri¬ can Embassy at Peiping, China. George W. Rent-hard of Detroit. Michigan, Third Secretary of the American Legation and American Vice Consul at , has been assigned for duty in the Department of State. Ralph J. Blake of Portland, Oregon, American Consul at Tokyo, Japan, has been assigned Ameri¬ can Consul at Taihoku, Japan. The following Foreign Service Officers, American Vice Consuls at their respective posts, have been assigned to the Department of State for duty in the Foreign Service Officers’ Training School, effective April 1, 1941: Wymbern DeR. Coerr, New Haven Connecticut, OR the past 75 years, America’s lead¬ Montreal; Thomas J. Corey, Glendale, California, F Vancouver; Lewis E. Gleeck. Jr., , Illinois, ing machine ami equipment builders Vancouver; Alfred H. Lovell, Jr., Ann Arbor. Michi¬ have recommended the use of Gargoyle gan, Montreal; Frederick J. Mann. Brooklyn, New Industrial Lubricants. York, Toronto; Richard H. Post, Quoque, New Vork. Windsor; M. Robert Rutherford. Missoula. Important, too, is the fact that plant Montana, Winnipeg; Joseph J. Wagner. Jamaica engineers the world over specify Gargoyle Park, New York, Habana; Meredith Weatherby, Lubricants for the valuable equipment Waco, Texas. Habana; Charles H. Whitaker, Boston, in their care. Today, Socony-Vacuum Massachusetts, Habana; Julian L. Nugent. Jr.. products protect leading plants in more Pecos, New Mexico, Mexico City; Kenneth R. Oak¬ ley, Fort Smith. Arkansas, Mexico City; Joseph than 100 different industries! Palmer, 2d. Belmont. Massachusetts. Mexico Citv : This preference for Gargoyle Lubricants George D. Henderson, Palo Alto, California, Ciudad by technical men—builders and engi¬ Juarez; Wallace W. Stuart, Greeneville. Tennessee. Ciudad Juarez; Richard A. Johnson, Moline. Il¬ neers skilled in scientific machine opera¬ linois, Naples; Donald B. Calder, New York, New tion — is a symbol of satisfaction in York, Zurich. Socony-Vacuum products ... of confi¬ Non-Career dence in the name, Charles H. Stephan of Staten Island, New York. American Vice Consul at Nagoya, japan, has been Socony-Vacuum. This appointed American Vice Consul at Tokyo, Japan, confidence is Soeony- upon the closing of the office at Nagoya, Japan. Vacuum’s most SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES IN valued asset. THE 1940 FOREIGN SERVICE EXAMINATIONS The following candidates were sucsessful in the SOCONY-VACUUM OIL CO., INC. recently completed Foreign Service examination: Philip H. Bagby, of Richmond, Va.; born in Richmond, July 16, 1918; attended University of

156 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Virginia 1935-36; Harvard University 1936-39 All-American (B.A.) - Walter W. Birge, Jr., of New York City; born in St. Louis, Mo., May 21. 1913; attended Harvard University 1931-35 (A.B.) ; George Washington CRUISES University 1939-40. William L. Blue, of Memphis, Term.; born in by America’s Greatest Liners Memphis Aug. 8, 1914; attended Southwestern Col¬ to and from lege 1932-36 (A.B.); Vanderbilt University 1936- 37 (M.A.) Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 1937-39. CALIFORNIA George F. Bogardu's, of Des Moines, Iowa; born in Des Moines June 6, 1917; attended Harvard Uni¬ 1 lie famous “Sunshine Voyage” which over versity 1935-39 (B.S.). 300,000 travelers have enjoyed . . . 5,500 Gray Bream, of Casper, Wyoming; born in Al¬ unforgettable miles around America via Ha¬ bion, Indiana, Nov. 3. 1914; attended Midland Col¬ vana, the Panama Canal, , Mexico, lege 1932-36 (A.B.); University of Chicago 1937- 39 (M.A.), now working toward Ph.D. Los Angeles and San Francisco. $250 up. John H. Burns, of Pauls Valley, Okla.; born in First Class; $150 up, Tourist Cabin (slightly Pauls Valley Dec. 12, 1913; attended Denison Uni¬ higher s s America). versity 1931-32; University' of Oklahoma 1932-35 (B.A.). The world-famous WASHINGTON Kenneth A. By ms, of Greeley, Colo.; born in sails MAR. 28 Dickinson, North Dakota. Feb. 18, 1912; attended Colorado State College 1930-33, June-August 1934. A.B.. June 1935; San Diego State College I Calif.), Later sailings from N. Y.: 1937- 39; George Washington University (1939- May 2, June 6. 1940—candidate for A.M. in Foreign Service). John A. Calhoun, of Berkeley, Calif.; born in From California: Berkeley Oct. 29. 1918; attended University of Cali¬ Mar. 25, Apr. 15, May 20. fornia (Berkeley) 1935-39 (A.B.); Harvard LTni- versity 1939-40 (M.A.). ★ ★ ★ Ralph N. Clough, of Seattle. Wash.; born in Seattle Nov. 17. 1916; attended University of Wash¬ to the ington 1935-36, 1937-39 (B.A.); Lingnan Univer¬ sity. Canton, China, 1936-37; Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 1939-40 (M.A.). WEST INDIES Don V. Catlett, of Birch Tree, Mo.; born in Birch A glorious, carefree 12-Day Cruise to the most Tree Feb. 14, 1918; attended Springfield State scenic and historic ports — San Teachers College 1936-40 (A.B. I. Juan, St. Thomas, Port au Prince and . William A. Crawford, of Meadville, Pa.; born in 4,131 Miles. $150 up. New' York City Jan. 14, 1915; attended Haverford College 1932-36 (B.A.); University of Madrid, The Superb New AMERICA sails Spain, summer 1936; Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques, Paris, 1936-38. APR. 12, APR. 26, MAY 10 Juan de Zengotita, of , Pa.; born in No Passports or Visas Required for U. S. Citizens Philadelphia Mar. 13, 1914; attended University of Pennsylvania 1933-34; Columbia University 1934- ★ ★ ★ 38 (A.B. I; Columbia University School of Law' FOR COMPLETE DETAILS, SEE YOUR 1938- 39. TRAVEL AGENT, OR Thomas P. Dillon, of Clinton. Mo.; born in Su¬ perior. Wise., June 28. 1916; attended University of Pittsburgh 1933-1938 (B.A. 1937, M.A. 1938); Harvard University 1938-40 (M.A.). U. S. LINES Paul F. DuVivier, of New York City; born in One Broadway, New York City New York City Feb. 4, 1915; attended Princeton Offices in principal cities.

MARCH, 1941 157 University 1934-38 (A.B.); Georgetown University School of Foreign Service 1938-40 (M.S.). Robert S. Folsom, of West Somerville, Mass.: born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 29, 1915: attended Tufts College 1934-38 (A.B.); Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 1938-40 I A.M. 1939, M.A.L.D. 19401. Edward L. Freers, of Cincinnati, Ohio; born in Cincinnati . 1912; attended Yale Uni¬ versity 1929-33 (B.A.). Paul E. Geier, of Cincinnati, Ohio; born in Cin¬ cinnati Nov. 19, 1914; attended Harvard College 1932-36 (A.B. I; Harvard Law School 1936-39 i LL.B.). James M. Gilchrist, Jr., of Chicago, 111.; born in Chicago Aug. 19. 1914 attended Cornell University 1934- 39 (A.B.). George McM. Godley, 2nd, of Rye, N. Y.; born in New York City Aug. 23, 1917; attended Yale University 1935-39 (B.A.) ; University of Chicago, fall and winter 1939-40. Caspar D. Green, of Hiram, Ohio; born in Hiram Feb. 13, 1915; attended Hiram College 1932-36 t B.A.) ; Ohio State University, 2 quarters, 1936; IN THE Kent State University summer 1937; Ohio State University 1938-39 (M.A.). NATIONAL CAPITAL Alden M. Haupt. of Chicago, 111.; born in New When you step into the lobby of this world- York City Jan. 18. 1916; attended Harvard Univer¬ famous hostelry you instantly feel that it is sity 1933-34, 1935-38 (B.A.) ; Cambridge Univer¬ a great hotel, great in the sense that it is the sity 1934-35; University of Berlin Sept. 1938-March home of international personages and a color¬ ful setting for the great events occurring 1939. daily within its corridors. This endless pro¬ David H. Henry, 2nd, of Geneva, N. Y.; horn in cession of important happenings and distin¬ Geneva May 19, 1918; attended Hobart College guished guests never fails to thrill the dis¬ 1935- 37; Institut de Touraine, fall of 1937; Uni- criminating traveler seeking a standard of service conforming with individual require¬ versite de Paris (Sorbonne) 1937-38; Columbia ments in comfort, hospitality and service. University 11938-39 (A.B.). That is why they stop at The Mayflower, Oscar C. Holder, of New Orleans, La.; horn in when visiting the National Capital. Its every modern service and convenient location as¬ Pass Christian, Miss., Aug. 7, 1911; attended Har¬ sures the most for a pleasant stay, yet, its vard College 1929-33 (A.B. I; Leland Standford rates are no higher than at less finely ap¬ Business School 1933-34. pointed hotels. J. Jefferson Jones, III. of Newbern, Tenn.; born in Newbern Mar. 29, 1916; attended University of Diplomatic discount extended Tennessee 1934-35; Georgetown University 1935-39 to officers of the Foreign Service I B.S. in Foreign Service) ; La Universidad Nacional in Washington on active duty. de Mexico, summer of 1937. David LeBreton. Jr., of Washington, D. C.; born WASHINGTON’S FINEST HOTEL in Washington Jan. 255, 1913; attended Princeton University 1930-35 (A.B.); Ecole des Sciences Po- litiques 1932-33; University of Virginia Law School (LL.B.). The fllMfFLOUIER David H. McKillop, of Chestnut Hill. Mass.: horn WASHINGTON, D. C. in Globe, Arizona, Feb. 2, 1916; attended Harvard R. L. Pollio, Manager College 1933-37 (A.B.); Harvard Law School 1937- 38; Harvard Graduate School (M.A.). Wilfred V. MacDonald, of St. Louis, Mo.; born in St. Louis Sept. 27, 1913; attended Cornell Uni-

158 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL versity 1930-31; Washington University (St. Louis) 1931-36 (B.S.). Edwin W. Martin, of Oberlin, Ohio; born in Ma¬ dura. India, of American parents, Aug. 31, 1917; attended Oberlin College 1935-39 (A.B.); Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 1939-40 (A.M.). Richard B. Mudge, of Belmont, Mass.; born in Melrose, Mass., Sept. 9, 1915; attended Duke I Di¬ versity one semester 1934-35; Tufts College, one semester, 1936; Harvard University 1935-36, 1937- 39 (B.S.). W. Paul O’Neill, Jr., of Rydal, Pa.; born in Jamestown, R. I., July 18, 1915; attended Princeton University 1934-38 (A.B.). Richard A. Poole, of Summit, N. J.; born in Yokohama. Japan, of American parents, Apr. 29. 1919; attended Haverford College 1936-40 (B.S.). Stuart W. Rockwell, of Radnor, Pa.; born in New York Citv Jan. 15. 1917: attended Harvard College 1935-39 (A.B.). Lubert 0. Sanderhoff. of Pasadena, Calif.; born in Alma. Mich., July 31. 1914; attended Pasadena Junior College 1929-33 I A.A. I ; Univ. of Calif., at Los Angeles I1933-35) : Princeton University 1939- 40. Herbert F. N. Schmitt, of Grand Rapids. Mich.; born in Grand Rapids June 14. 1917; attended Col¬ N0RTH AMERICA gate University 1935-39 ( A.B. I. Harold Shullaw, of Wyoming, 111.; born in Pe¬ SOUTH AMERICA oria, 111.. Dec. 5. 1916; attended Knox College 1934- 38 I A.B.). CENTRAL AMERICA Ernest V. Siracusa, of Huntington Beach, Calif.: born in Coalinga, Calif.. Nov. 30, 1918; attended CARIRREAN Fullerton Junior College 1936-38 (A.A.) ; Stanford University 1938-40 I B.A. I. PANAMA CANAL Charles W. Smith, of Burbank, Calif.; born in Consult your Travel Agent or Garden Grove. Calif., May 14, 1914; attended Glen¬ dale Junior College 1930-32 (A.A.) ; Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles 1932-34 (B.A.I. GRACE LINE Walter L. Smith, of Harrisburg, Pa.; born in Washington, D. C.. Sept. 20. 1917; attended George¬ 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or town University School of Foreign Service 1935-39 10 Hanover Square, New York (graduated). 914 - 15th Street, N. W.t Washington, D. C.

James P. Speer. II. of Comanche, Okla.; born in Agents and Offices in ail principal cities Comanche Oct. 13, 1917; attended George Wash¬ ington University 1935-39. F. Lester Sutton, of Bridgeton, N. J.; born in Bridgeton Jan. 28, 1915; attended DePauw Uni¬ versity 1932-36 I A.B.) ; Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 1936-37 (M.A.); Georgetown Univer- siev Foreign Service School 1939 and 1940. James S. Triolo, of Alameda, Calif.; born in San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 18, 1914; attended Standford University 1931-35 (A.B.), 1935-36 (A.M.). Temple Wanamaker, Jr., of Seattle. Wash.; born in Seattle July 16. 1918; attended Standford Uni-

159 MARCH. 1941 versity 1936-40 (B.A.). netian and North Italian masters are also well Byron White, of Fayetteville, N. C.; born in represented as well as painters of the Florentine, Syracuse, N. Y., June 21, 1906; attended College Sienese, Umbrian and other Italian schools. This of William and Mary 1924-25; University of North great survey collection properly begins with the Carolina 1925-28 (A.B.l, 1928-29; George Wash¬ “Madonna and Child” by Giotto, generally consid¬ ington University 1938-40. ered the founder of Renaissance art. and the first to break conclusively with the mediaeval tradition. Another rare painter well represented in the Na¬ THE NEWEST NATIONAL tional Gallery is Jan Vermeer of Delft, whose known TREASURE works total around 40. Mr. Mellon had three Ver¬ meers, including the exquisite little “Girl with a Red (.Continued from page 134) Hat,' which illustrates brilliantly the artist’s con¬ friendly rivalry between him and Mr. Frick in the cept of light as a vital force in painting. Mr. Wid- acquisition of art masterpieces. At first, Mr. Mel¬ ener’s collection also contains two Vermeers, bring¬ lon’s friends thought his art hobby was an expensive ing the total to five, and forming a very fine group. folly, but later opinion, of course, supported him. The National Gallery sculpture is also of great in¬ The collection of Samuel H. Kress is of great in¬ terest to casual visitor and student alike. The most terest for a different reason. His gift, totalling some striking work is the magnificent bronze “Mercun ” 400 objects, is devoted solely to Italian art and con¬ of Giovanni Bologna, which is poised atop the mar¬ tains representative works of all the Italian schools ble fountain in the vast main rotunda. Most appeal¬ of painting from the 13th to the 18th Century. His ing work perhaps is a beautifully modeled marble collection includes works of nearly all the prominent "Bust of a Little Boy by Desiderio de Settignano. Italian Renaissance painters. Though from such a The sculpture of both collections is primarily Italian galaxy it is hard to but it covers a pick a single star, ide from perhaps the most the glazed terra famous painting is cotta of the Rob¬ the glowing “Ado¬ bias and the mar¬ ration of the Shep¬ ble and bronze herds” by Gior¬ statues of Rossel- gione, p u p i I of Iino, Verrocchio, Giovanni Bellini etc., to the reliefs and master of Ti¬ of Desiderio and tian, and rarest of Fontana and the all Venetian paint¬ famous pair of ers. The works of Donatellos of poly- Giorgione are so chromed wood. scarce that most Mere catalogu¬ authorities list less ing and listing of than 20 known the paintings and works by this mas¬ sculpture would in ter. The painting itself give a fore¬ in the National taste of the plea¬ Gallery has long sure that awaits been known as one the visitor to the of the half-dozen National Gallery. Giorgiones to leave However, to those Italy, and it was in in Washington a the collection of trip to the Gallery Lord Allendale will demonstrate near London be¬ vividly h o w the fore it came to the capital of the United States. art world, since Titian, Tintoretto, here first rate art Mantegna, Vrivelli. treasures will be Giovanni Bellini on view in abun¬ and the other Ve¬ Cossa—St. Liberal dance to the pub-

160 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL lie, free of charge, and not buried in bomb-proof reckoning the Italians, the Spaniards, the French¬ vaults. To those who are far away, we can only men in unoccupied France, and the Rumanians and recommend a future visit to the newest of our other Balkan peoples whose freedom of choice is national treasures. definitely limited, not to mention the Japanese who are allied with Germany. The territorial scope of Nazi institutions is therefore spreading with extraor¬ THE SINKING OF THE “CITY OF dinary speed. It draws ever closer to our strategic RAYVILLE” frontiers and at the same time, by absorbing or at least neutralizing more and more nations, increases (Continued from page 151) its numerical preponderance to our disadvantage. board lifeboat 15 miles offshore and took her in There seems no good reason to believe that Nazi tow. They reached Apollo Bay at 2:30 in the dynamism will cease to operate when it reaches the morning. frontier of our interests or that, victorious, it will The half frozen survivors were warmly welcomed leave unchallenged the chief citadel of that democ¬ In the villagers and hurried from the quay to the racy which it hates because it fears. Ballarat Hotel, where preparations had been made This is the theme of the book. It describes in to receive them. They were promptly given whiskies some detail the methods of Nazi conquest and the and soup, and took hot showers. Although exhausted servitudes, economic, political, and spiritual, of b\ their ordeal the twenty-two men would not rest Nazi rule. It recounts the series of experiments in until an hour later their shipmates in the port life¬ appeasing the Nazis, in conducting w ith them ‘‘busi¬ boat reached shore safely. A count was made and ness as usual,” which other nations have made, and their sorrow was great when they were at last com¬ shows how each has in the end been used by Hitler pelled to acknowledge that one of their number was merely as an instrument of his own aggrandizement. missing. It expresses the authors conviction that appease¬ They remained two days at Apollo Bay and were ment of Germany by the United States would be shown every courtesy by the warm-hearted villagers. utilized bv the former as a cover behind which it All of the seamen expressed deep appreciation of could at the same time absorb or reduce to impo¬ their tirneh assistance and hospitality. They left tence our only remaining potential allies, establish real friends behind them on Monday morning when a German economic and quasi political domination they began the long journey home. over Latin America and. by calculated economic- But in Melbourne, too, hospitality awaited them. pressure, set industry against industry, interest Thev were immediateh settled in comfortable hotels against interest, and class against class in the United and then sent to clothing stores to replace the be¬ States itself. In conclusion, the authors briefly ex- longings which remained in their lockers at the bottom of the sea. Among other courtesies extended was a reception given by Sir Winston Dugan, Gov¬ ernor of Victoria, who congratulated them on their luck\ escape. A dinner was also arranged in their honor by the representatives of the Pioneer Line. Vlthough all the men from the City oj Rayville will soon be back in the l nited States, it has not \ et been possible for the agents to find immediate accommodations for the entire crew. However, when the S.S. Monterey sailed from Sydney on No¬ vember 22. its passenger list included sixteen sailors who have a dramatic story to tell of the sinking of their ship.

THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 149) \\ hile in 1933. Helen Hill and Herbert Agar note, the Nazi structure embraced sixty-seven million souls, in 1940 it embraces one hundred and sixty million. These figures, moreover, include only those peoples directly ruled by Berlin and leave out of

MARCH,1941 161 plore the alternative policy which corresponds to American traditions—and pose the choice. C. W. Y.

FIFTY YEARS OF WAR AND DIPLOMACY IN THE BAL¬ KANS, by Count Carlo Sforza, Columbia University Press, . pp. 184. $2.75. Count Sforza, the author of this book, was a well- known figure on the European diplomatic stage until he fell afoul of the Fascist regime. He associated closely with the prominent statesmen and diplomat¬ ists of Europe and is well qualified to write this study of Yugoslav history in the past hundred vears by reason of his contacts with Nicolas Pashich. The rise of the south Slav State is inevitable intertwined with the life of this well-known Serbian statesman. He was born in 1848 and killed in 1926. The book describes his career through the murk\ rule of the last scions of the Obrenovich dynasty, the early twentieth century, the last war and the final development of the post-war Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. An interesting commentary on the life of a Balkan politician in the nineteenth century is given by the vicissitudes of Pashich’s career during the reign of the ill-fated King Alexander of Serbia (1889-1903). He was successively President of the City Council of , President of the Skupshtina I Chamber of Deputies), Prime Minister and Minister to Russia; NEW WEEKLY DIRECT next, he was sentenced to nine months in prison, PASSENGER SERVICE then later to nine years’ imprisonment but pardoned following the intervention of the Emperor of Russia, BETWEEN NEW YORK AND and then a voluntary exile. The Radical party of Pashich. and his political LISBON, PORTUGAL ideas, flourished under King Peter I, who restored By the the Karageorgevich dynasty to the throne after the EXCAMBION EXCALIBUR and extinction of the Obrenovich family on Alexander’s EXETER SIBONEY assassination. Pashich and his party governed un¬ weekly on Saturdays interruptedly from 1903 until 1918, except for a few brief periods when there were coalition cabinets in Fare $350 which the Radicals also played an important part. There was collaboration between the King and the From Neutral Portugal connections can be parliamentary system. made by air or rail to many parts of Europe. His political situation under King Alexander II Detailed information on application went through various phases, and although his rela¬ THE SECURITY OF tions with the King became very strained, the for¬ AMERICAN SHIPS mer held the great Serbian statesman in high per¬ ALWAYS IMPORTANT sonal esteem and he was grievously shocked when TODAY IS EMPHASIZED MORE THAN EVER Pashich was murdered in the Skupshtina. The demand by relatives and friends here for prepaid In summing up the character of Pashich, Count tirkets to America from all Europe demonstrates it. Sforza states that he “was profoundlv convinced of AMERICAN EXPORT LINES the advantage of the parliamentary system . . . Pashich’s parliamentary doctrine had its roots in 25 Broadway, New York the purest Servian traditions.” The author knew Balto. Office: 203 Keyser Bldg. CAlverl 0340 Pashich well, and he says that he “gave his people the example of a life, every hour of which was con-

162 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL STEEL FOR EVERY PURPOSE EVERYWHERE

UNITED STATES STEEL EXPORT COMPANY 30 CHURCH STREET, NEW YORK, U. S. A. Cable Address: “STEELMAKER," New York

MARCH. 1941 163 secrated to the pursuit of a great national renas¬ cence.” This book is well written and authoritative and should he of considerable interest to the student of Balkan history. ROBERT COE.

THE SPOLIATION OF SUEZ, by Pierre Crabites, Rout- ledge & Sons, Ltd., London, 1940, pp. 276. 12/6. The Spoliation of Suez by Pierre Crabites, former United States Judge of the Mixed Tribunal of , presents a somewhat unorthodox history of the Suez Canal. The author apparently belongs to the fash¬ ionable school of writers which endeavors to prove that whereas most of the great heroes of the past were in fact scoundrels, many figures long regarded by historv as scoundrels w'ere actually paragons of virtue and accordingly the unorthodoxv of The FOREIGN and DOMESTIC Spoliation of Suez consists mainly in its portrayal of the leading figures connected with the Canal. REMOVALS in safe steel lift Thus, Ferdinand de Lesseps, according to Judge vans, wooden vans or cases. Crabites, was not the Great Frenchman whose life was devoted to advancing the cause of human prog¬ ress, but merely a clever promoter without the least sense of morality whose guile charmed “the unsus¬ pecting Muhammad Said into selling the birthright of Egypt for less than a mess of pottage. It may be argued with some reason that one of the consequences of the cutting of Suez was, as the Khedive Ismail later feared, that Egypt would be¬ long always to the Canal and not the Canal to Egypt. From this point of view it would seem that Egypt in granting the concession had sold its birth¬ right. Nevertheless, with the development of the steamboat it is unlikely that the construction of the Canal could have been long postponed, particularly in view of the fact that the project became connected with that belief in human progress which was so firmly to take hold of the men of those times. It should not he overlooked that not only most commercial interests, hut also such figures as Saint STOR AGE of household effects, Simon had promoted the idea of the Canal. In fact, Works of Art, furniture, office in his program Saint Simon had included the con¬ struction of interoceanic canals at Panama and Suez records and private automobiles. and one of his most talented disciples, Prosper En- fantin, prior to de Lesseps. had advanced the tech¬ nical study of the Canal beyond the earlier studies undertaken by Le Pere under the direction of Na¬ poleon. De Lesseps himself became a follower of Saint Simon and it is probably to the latter’s influ¬ ence that may be traced the conception of the great Frenchman that the Canal should he built and op¬ erated on the basis of universality and equality. De Lesseps was not a narrow nationalist nor was he interested in money and consequently it is diffi¬ ALLIED VAN LINES cult to agree with the author’s view that de Lesseps rose hardly above the common level of the promoter

164 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL tvpe. The harm which de Lesseps caused Egypt arose more from the Canal itself than from the manner in which it was promoted. The French writer Quercy once remarked that “great rivers and great highways are bad neighbors” and on these grounds Palmerston, seeing in the Canal a poten¬ tial bone of contention among the Great Powers, opposed its construction. Today, there must be THE "GOOD NEIGHBOR" LAND many Englishmen, as well as others, who wish the Canal never had been built. It's a great land — greater than you've While one may readily admit that de Lesseps was ever imagined — with scenic wonders thinking more of his stockholders than of Egypt that will leave you breathless — cities when he gave to the latter in return for the conces¬ sion fifteen per cent of the future net profits of the that stand proudly among the great urban Canal, that interest on the basis of the evidence pre¬ centers of the world—a life pulsing with sented even by Judge Crabites himself soon proved forward-looking enthusiasm. Mingling to possess considerable value. Moreover, it is per¬ the pioneer spirit of our own past with haps impossible to measure the many indirect profits the rich heritage of Latin culture, these which the Canal has brought Egypt. Regardless, however, of whether one may regard “good neighbor" lands to the South de Lesseps as a cunning promoter or a world bene¬ challenge the attention of every well- factor. it is mainly in respect of the portrayal of the traveled person. Khedive Ismail that the thesis of Judge Crabites appears at its weakest point. According to this thesis, Ismail was not unduly extravagant but on the contrary had proved to be a wise and efficient ruler until the British and French so maligned him as to render his rule untenable. While it is true as Judge Crabites points out that Ismail prior to bis accession to power had shown himself to be a capa¬ s s 5 UKUSUM ble manager of his comparatively small private estates, there is overwhelming evidence that subse¬ r quent to becoming Khedive he overburdened the ,r0 New York *° Fortnight "\ Janeiro country with taxes owing not only to the too rapid de development of public works but also to personal ex¬ travagance. The author fails even to mention that one of the worst features of Egyptian finances dur- the reign of Ismail arose from the latter’s refusal n to separate his private expenditures from those of the sv/immi 9 ditioned " Government. In his endeavor apparently to prove SpaCC;Xererf"3P'°9r° that Ismail was “maligned” Judge Crabites also ‘ shipboard overlooks the fact that he engaged Egypt in an at¬ tempt to conquer the Sudan and Abyssinia, an ad¬ venture which proved costly both in blood and money. Even so staunch a friend of Egypt as Wil¬ 38-DAY CRUISES for those whose fred Blunt received with joy the news of the down¬ time is limited — to , Rio de fall of Ismail. It would seem nearer the truth to Janeiro, Santos, , Buenos maintain that Great Britain and France took advan¬ tage of a bad situation resulting from the misrule Aires and Trinidad. of the Khedive. Consult yourTravel Agent or Another matter of interest to which objection may be made on historical grounds is the point em¬ 100RE- phasized by Judge Crabites that Disraeli suffered under the erroneous impression when he purchased McCORMACK the Khedives’s shares that he had obtained thereby LINES direct control of the management of the Canal. On -5 BROADWAY, NEW YORK— the basis even of the evidence presented hy Judge

MARCH, 1941 165 Crabites it is clear that Disraeli knew that he had purchased somewhat less than half of the total com¬ WOODWARD & LOTHROP mon shares of the canal company. Leaving aside 10th, 11th, F and G Streets the question whether the House of Rothschild had advised Disraeli that England in becoming by far Washington, D. C., LUS. A. the largest single holder of Suez shares thereby ac¬ quired effective control of the company by gaining a position where it could, if need be, so manipulate the stock as to ruin the large number of French stockholders, there is ample evidence that Disraeli considered the purchase a political act and not a financial deal. He saw clearly that if France had effected the purchase the Canal would have become practically a French monopoly. Fear of such mo¬ nopoly was shared at the time by both tie Lesseps and Disraeli. Although one may differ with Judge Crabites in respect of his main thesis, there is no doubt that most readers will find his book as interesting as it is stimulating. It is apparent that the author has de¬ voted considerable research to his subject and since his material is presented from a fresh point of view and in a pleasant style the reader should find it worthwhile, particularly if he has any interest in Egypt. As of particular value to students of Ameri¬ can diplomatic history may he mentioned the mate¬ rial taken from the archives of the American Lega¬ tion at relating to the endeavor of the United States to obtain permission for the Navy to pass through the Canal to the Far East during the Span¬ ish American War, as well as to the activities of the United States Consulate General at Cairo in prevent¬ ing part of the Spanish fleet from proceeding to the Far East by buying up all available coal at Port Said and Suez. NORRIS B. CHIPMAN. Embroider Your THE ALL-AMERICAN FRONT, by Duncan Aikman, Doubleday, Doran & Company, 1940, pp. 337. $3.00. Coat-of-Arms The name of Duncan Aikman does not appear in in Needlepoint the current issue of Who’s Who. That is a pity; for this reviewer, and no doubt many other persons, would like to have detailed information regarding —your handiwork becomes a doubly proud the author of this excellent book and, particularly, possession—when its individual design is as to how he acquired his extraordinarily accurate a record of ancestral honors. knowledge of Latin American law. literature, social Tlie pattern, hand-painted in correct colors on conditions and political practices. To those who linen—to be worked in petitpoint or needlepoint— view the Pan American scene through an aura of is a most “usable” 18 x 18-inch size. For chairs, desk folio covers, or to frame. sentimentalism the book may seem to he harshly You may be positive of the authenticity of the critical of some of the customs of our good neigh¬ design, for its correctness—backed by information bors to the south but, “faithful are the wounds of a you furnish—is assured by the research of Mr. friend” and no intelligent Latin American will say R. J. L. Backstrom, Director of the International Heraldic Institute. Prices start at $20. that the writer displays any animosity or savs any¬ thing that is untrue. For young Foreign Service Address your communications to Woodward officers going to South or Central America for the & Lothrop, Washington, D. C., U. S. A.; first time “The All-American Front" should be must attention Personal Shopping Supervisor. reading. They could learn from it much that they will otherwise learn from sometimes exasperating experience. HOMER BRETT.

166 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL U. S. at Derna

American history pupils who have been patiently Barbary pirates, Derna was captured by William awaiting the opportune moment to astound their Eaton, a former American consul at 1 unis, who had outfitted 600 men and marched them 500 miles parents by citing the capture of Derna by the United across the desert from Alexandria. Eaton's motives States will have to move fast today. Before they in this adventure were somewhat mixed but his know it their century-old chance to draw an histori¬ achievement was remarkable in military annals of cal parallel will be outdated by the fast moving the time, although the signing of a peace treaty in British troops around the little Libyan port. June, 1805, prevented him from carrying through The capture of Derna by the United States? Be his plan to march on . calm! No breach of the neutrality law is involved. Reviewed in the light of the current campaign in It happened long before Mussolini dreamed of an the same area by the British, the Eaton assault on Derna is worth recalling as an instance of co-ordina¬ African Empire. It didn't concern Hitler. The Brit¬ tion of land and sea forces with telling effect. This ish. with other matters occupying their attention but name and this date in American history likewise not their territory, were not half so much interested are worth recalling for themselves, although a bit in that paricular stretch of sand and sea as they are of modern British history-making at the same site at this moment. tends to give it even more telling effect.—Providence In 1805, towards the close of our war against the Journal, January 29, 1941.

Write for THE GEOGRAPHIC the Timely Story of Your Travel Observations

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Right: Evzones, kilted Royal Guards of Greece, are models of dainty dress on parade, hut formidable adversaries on a battlefield. A timely photograph by B. Anthony Stewart, published in the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE — Gilbert Grosvenor, Lltt.D., LL.D., Editor — WASHINGTON, D. C.

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168 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Journal Photograph Contest RULES

1. The contest is strictly for amateurs. All sub¬ 8. Each month the JOURNAL will pay $3.00 to the scribers to the JOURNAL, and members of their winners in each classification and the pictures immediate families are eligible. Members of the selected will appear in the JOURNAL. In addi¬ JOURNAL staff in Washington are not eligible. tion. at the close of the contest a prize of $10 will he awarded the final winner in each of the 2. Entrants may submit as many pictures as de¬ three classifications listed below. sired at any time during the period of the con¬ test. 9. The Judging Committee will be composed of: Dr. Arthur J. Olmsted — Photographic au¬ 3. Pictures must have been made after October 1, thority of the Smithsonian Institution. 1940. The contest opens March 1, 1941, and closes September 1. 1941. Mr. Franklin Fisher—National Geographical Magazine. 4. Your snapshots may he made on any type of Mr. Henry S. Villard—Chairman, Editorial film. Developing and printing may be done Board of the JOURNAL. by a photo finisher or the entrant. No print or enlargement more than ten inches in the longest dimension will be accepted. No art Following are the classifications in which prizes work or retouching is permitted on prints or will be awarded monthly and at the end of the the negatives from which they are made. No contest: composite pictures, such as multiple printing or montages permitted. Pictures should not A. NEWS PICTURES: Photographs covering “spot” be mounted or framed. news and those of timely interest, including war-time scenes and pictures of the American 5. All pictures shall he judged solely on general Foreign Service in line of duty. interest and/or appeal. Photographic excel¬ lence or technique, while important, will not B. OFFICIAL ACTIVITIES, AND FOREIGN SERVICE be the deciding factor in determining prize OFFICERS AND TIIEIR FAMILIES: Photographs winners. The decision of the judges shall be of official activities will include pictures of the accepted as final. type which usually appear in the News from the Field section of the JOURNAL not having 6. To enter the contest, mail a print or prints of “spot” news interest. Also pictures of For¬ as many pictures as you desire to The Editors, eign Service Officers and their families en¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, c/o De¬ gaged in any activity, sports, games, hobbies: partment of State, Washington, D. C. On the also children to be judged for expression of back of each picture print your name and ad¬ character or mood. Also household pets. dress clearly in ink and the class in which you wish the picture entered. (See classifications.) C. SCENES AND “STILL LIFE”: Pictures to be 7. No prints will he returned. Do not submit judged for scenic or pictorial appeal, land¬ negatives with your prints. The JOURNAL re¬ scapes, marine views, street scenes, buildings, serves the right to retain all pictures for pos¬ or unusual “still life” subjects, such as monu¬ sible future use. ments, statues, etc.

MARCH, 1941 169 The Coming of Steam Vessels to Chile

By RENWICK S. MCNIECE, Consul, Valparaiso

October 15, 1940. marked an important milestone fields. He thus made a deep impression on the eco¬ in Chile’s history since, just 100 years before, the nomic development of Chile. He died in 1873 and first steam vessels arrived at the port of Valparaiso. Valparaiso by popular subscription erected a statue Their coming was largely due to a man who was one to Wheelwright which stands on one of the principal of the great promoters of Chile’s early economic de¬ streets of the city. velopment, an American, William Wheelwright. He Chile still remembers this American benefactor. was born in Newhuryport, Massachusetts, on March On October 15, 1940, a group of leading citizens 18, 1789. and came to the west coast of South Amer¬ of Valparaiso proceeded from the office of the Mayor ica as a very youthful sea captain. In 1835 he re¬ to Wheelwright’s statue. Various organizations paid ceived some encouragement in Valparaiso to estab¬ tribute to his memory by placing wreaths at the foot lish a line of steamships to that port. In an effort to of his statue. The British Consul General and the raise the capital he went to Boston, and being un¬ American Consul, representing their respective com¬ successful there, he proceeded to London where he munities, jointly laid a wreath to the memory of succeeded in the formation of the Pacific Steam this distinguished American. The Mayor of Val¬ Navigation Company, paraiso made the prin¬ which from that day to cipal speech and va¬ this has been the prin¬ rious other addresses cipal British shipping were given, including line to Chile. The first one on behalf of the two vessels of that com¬ American Colony bv pany rounded the Horn Mr. Rae Hanna, a for¬ and arrived in Val¬ mer American Consul. paraiso on October 15, On the same day a 1840. replica of the ship William Wheelwright “CHILE” with simulat¬ was a man of very con- ed paddle wheels made siderable force of char¬ its appearance in Val¬ acter and a real pio¬ paraiso harbor where it neer in various lines of received a noisy wel¬ endeavor. To provide come from all the ves¬ coal for his steamers, sels in the bay and he developed the coal from thousands of resi¬ industry of Chile. He dents lining the docks. had a part in the con¬ The crew of this his¬ struction of the railway torically revived ship from Caldera to Copia- wore the s e a m e n’s po in the year 1849. dress of 100 years ago. This line was the first and there were aboard railway in South Amer¬ a number of passengers ica. He was instru¬ who also wore the garb mental in establishing of the ladies and gentle¬ the first telegraphic men of a century ago. service in Chile and his The arrival of steam “infinite activities ex¬ vessels wras an impor¬ tended to the construc¬ tant event in Chile’s tion of lighthouses, a life and the country gas plant and a water has not forgotten the works system.” He w as American. William one of the first men to Consul McNiece and Mr. II. II. Cassells, British Con¬ Wheelwright, to whose explore the possibilities sul General at Valparaiso, lay a wreath on the statue energy and foresight of the Chilean nitrate of William Wheelwright. their coming was due.

170 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BEFORE THE FIRING SQUAD

(Continued from page 141)

me he remarked that it seemed strange that an American, whose business in the region could not he clearly explained, was running back and forth between the lines at that hour of night. He there¬ upon seized me and discovered the statement of the revolutionary general, that he had written down and which I had in a portfolio. He did not search me further or he might have found also a .45 cali¬ ber automatic pistol under my arm, a matter which later was of considerable comfort to me. Upon seeing the statement of the rebel general and his name, he immediately arrived at the more or less logical conclusion that 1 was a spy of the revolu¬ tionary party and that the only right and proper thing to do was to execute me forthwith and im¬ • The Flying Clipper Ships get you there sooner, let you stay longer, get you back quicker. On duty mediately. He called eight men, who were armed or on pleasure, you can reach 5 5 countries and with the single-shot Remington rifles, which shoot colonies 3 to 30 times faster, gain whole days, a lead bullet about the size of your thumb, and we even weeks of time. Each flight, too, is a unique marched off into the little clearing to be shot. and exhilarating experience. Use the Clippers for mail and packages, too! Rates are moderate. I have never been rated as an exceptional con¬ versationalist, but when the Colonel asked me if I had anything to say. I started and maintained an unbroken two-hour conversation with him. The first thing I did was to promote him to the rank of General and 1 never addressed him by any other term during the conversation. 1 explained at great length who I was and what the results might be I drawing somewhat on mj imagination I if a rep¬ To the foreign Service Officers resentative of the United States Government were to be executed without the approval of his own of the United States government. At one stage in the long conversation or argument, it began to lag and it seemed that ♦ the Colonel was about to step back and order the soldiers to fire. It was then that 1 remembered with THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ some satisfaction the pistol under my arm and that ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ I picked out the fourth button on the Colonel’s ice in writing your bond. Special attention shirt as a possible target. Fortunately, during all is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ of this talk I had had an opportunity to think out ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes a plan of action and 1 had decided that should it he apparent that my arguments were of no avail in this service. and he was going to give the order for my execu¬ ♦ tion. I would beat him to it by a second or two, feeling sure of one thing, that a first shot at the UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND Colonel at close range would demoralize the sol¬ GUARANTY COMPANY diers and then 1 would take one jump into the Lee H. Bowen, Manager banana plantation, which on a rainy night is one of the darkest places imaginable. I had planned 1415 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. to drop into the mud and should there he one Telephone—National 0913 volley from the single-shot rifles, I figured that I could then hold off the soldiers with my pistol Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” and then make my escape, taking my chances with the snakes and other pests.

MARCH, 1941 171 However, it was not necessary to put into ac¬ tion the somewhat desperate plan that had formu¬ lated in my mind and I finally convinced the per¬ sonally promoted General that he should go into a conference with his subordinate officers and not execute me until they had all agreed that it was the proper thing to do. I had been standing alone in front of the firing squad for over an hour when the sun came up. The Colonel had sobered up a bit by then and it was decided to send me as a prisoner of war to the Governor of the District, whom 1 knew personally, and the crisis had passed. I was sent to the capital of the province and after some delay proceeded to the coast, where I arrived at nearly nightfall. I found that a birthday party had been arranged although my friends had heard by the inexplicable “grape-vine telegraph’’ that I was in trouble with the revolutionists and had about given me up for lost, an assumption that was truer than they had imagined. The birthday party went off in the approved c 000-0°° fashion. Later that night, upon learning that the MORE THAN UNDERWOODS radio station had been put out of commission, I HAVE BEEN PRODUCED AND SOLD hoarded a tramp steamer without having had any sleep for three days, and departed for a neighbor¬ NE hundred thousand Underwoods ing country in an endeavor to reach the capital by O a circuitous route, something I never accomplished have been sold to a single public because of running into a yellow fever quaran¬ service organization . . . 40,000 to a tine . . . but that is another story. great oil company . . . 100,000 more I still consider that early morning stand before to the Board of Education of a great the firing squad, waiting for the Colonel to make American city! No wonder production up his mind to say “fire,” as one of the strangest and most unusual experiences I have had in the of the world’s favorite writing machine Service. continues to climb rapidly beyond this record-breaking height! American busi¬ ness has registered more than 5 million votes for Underwood’s fine writing NEWS FROM THE FIELD qualities, Underwood’s ease of opera¬ (Continued from page 147) tion, Underwood’s world-famous typ¬ ing speed. Note the Underwoods wherever you go! February 8. 1941. Ambassador and Mrs. Caffery returned from home leave February 8 on the S.S. Argentina of the Good Neighbor Fleet. On their return they were

Typewriter Division met by representatives of the Brazilian Govern¬ UNDERWOOD ELLIOTT FISHER COMPANY ment. the press, the staff of the Combined Office Typewriters, Accounting Machines, Adding Machines, and the members of the American Military, Naval, Carbon Paper, Ribbons and other Supplies and Air Missions to Brazil. Homer Building, 13th and F Streets, N. W. Washington, D. C. Randolph Harrison, Jr., Second Secretary and One Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Consul, returned from home leave by plane on Sales and Service Everywhere , 1941. PHILIP P. WILLIAMS.

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174 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 1940 FOREIGN SERVICE EXAMINATION School With (Continued from page 139) "Classrooms" All 94. teleology. study of natural results ( ) doctrine of purpose in na¬ Over The World ture ( ) theory of transmission of Give Your Child a Broad, sound ( ) Useful Education Wherever science of long-distance You May Be communication ..( ) 95. tenuous. solid ( ) For 31 years, Calvert Home Instruction Courses have been used by Foreign Service Officials, Army and Navy Officers, missionaries, and clinging ( ) others traveling or living in foreign countries, to provide their children grasping ( ) education right in their own homes. More than 5 5,000 children have been educated through these Courses, in 40 different countries. unsubstantial ( ) FROM KINDERGARTEN UP TO HIGH SCHOOL 96. termagant. final ( ) Calvert Home Instruction Courses give your child superior education— limiting . ( ) a sound foundation in fundamentals and a broad cultural education as well. Calvert instruction keeps them well ahead, enabling them to enter destructive ( ) the best American schools, without loss, on return to the States. quarrelsome ( ) The Courses are the same as used in the famous 42-year-old Calvert Day School at , especially adapted for home instruction and 97. tortuous. foul ( ) used successfully the world over. Supplied complete, with guidance and grading by the school, instructions for the parent, all books and painful ( ) other materials, at very low cost. No previous teaching experience devious ( ) needed by parent. Write today for Catalog giving complete informa¬ injurious ( ) tion. Give the age of your child and schooling up to present time. 98. trope. minor misdemeanor ( ) acrobatic display ( ) circular voyage ( ) CALVERT SCHOOL figure of speech ( ) I 3 3 TUSCANY ROAD BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 99. ukase. treaty .... ( ) decree ( ) province ( ) condemnation ( ) 100. unctuous. harsh ( ) suave ._ .... ( I broken ( ) punctual ... ( ) In The ANSWERS TO 1940 SELECTED QUESTIONS Nation’s Capital

THIRD GENERAL Type D. The definitions are: 1. unbreakable; 2. HAY-ADAMS HOUSE deposited by running water; 3. regard for the in¬ A hotel of distinction superbly terests of others; 4. belief that all objects have situated directly opposite the souls; 5. prophetic; 6. absolutely certain; 7. deser¬ White House facing Lafayette tion of principles; 8. trial: 9. reversion to a primi¬ Park. Splendid accommodations tive type: 10. extinction of civil rights; 11. incarna¬ and an atmosphere of luxury. tion; 12. to expurgate; 13. hypercritical; 14. col¬ Convenient to everything of im¬ umn in the form of a female figure; 15. specious portance. reasoning; 16. to pardon; 17. suitable; 18. con¬ firmation; 19. liquefying; 20. geologic upheaval; COMPLETELY AIR CONDITIONED 21. philippic; 22. division; 23. positive; 24. resent¬ FROM $3.50 SINGLE $5.00 DOUBLE ment; 25. general: 26. exhausted; 27. within the eye; 28. theory of the grounds of knowledge; 29. use of a word of double meaning; 30. doctrine re¬ I6TH STREET AT H lating to death; 31. delicate; 32. emergency; 33. diminutive; 34. to excuse; 35. flabby; 36. florid; WASHINGTON, D. C. 37. bravado; 38. government by old men; 39. pom-

MARCH, 1941 175 pous; 40. stupidity; 41. living for pleasure; 42. contrary to accepted doctrine; 43. space; 44. waters Outstanding of the entire earth; 45. attacker of cherished be¬ liefs; 46. disgrace; 47. enchantment; 48. harmless; Foreign Banking Facilities 49. uncompromising; 50. danger; 51. growing young; 52. pertaining to lakes; 53. large landed es¬ The foreign banking organization of The tates; 54. marriage of a widow to her husband's Chase National Bank includes branches brother; 55. author of a dictionary or compiler of and representatives on three continents a dictionary; 56. to torment; 57. universe; 58. in¬ terbreeding; 59. contempt or misdemeanor; 60. as¬ supplemented by thousandsof correspon¬ sisting memory; 61. period of delay; 62. word of dents. Branches are located in London, recent coinage; 63. opiate; 64. pertaining to correct Havana, Panama, Cristobal, and San spelling; 65. exclusion; 66. thick-skinned animal; Juan. In addition, the bank maintains 67. childbirth; 68. oceanic; 69. disparaging; 70. offices for its representatives in Rome, point nearest to the sun on the orbit of a planet: Berlin and Mexico City. Through an 71. itinerant; 72. procession of imaginary forms; 73. redundancy; 74. practical; 75. right of the eld¬ affiliate, The Chase Bank, branches are est male descendant; 76. inclination; 77. verbose; operated in Paris, Shanghai, Hongkong 78. convert; 79. odorous; 80. optimistic; 81. scorn¬ and Tientsin. ful: 82. conscious; 83. commander-in-chief; 84. hot cyclonic wind; 85. grammatical blunder; 86. de¬ THE ceptive reasoning; 87. false; 88. regulating expendi¬ CHASE NATIONAL BANK ture; 89. voluptuary; 90. logical analysis of an ar¬ gument; 91. living in close association; 92. figure OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK of speech; 93. superfluous repetition; 94. doctrine Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of purpose in nature; 95. unsubstantial; 96. quarrel¬ some; 97. devious; 98. figure of speech: 99. decree; 100. suave. ~GREAT BEATRICE PHILLIPS AWARDED

Miss Beatrice Phillips, daughter of Ambassador William Phillips, was awarded the Croix de Guerre, by the French Ambassador in Washington, on Janu¬ ary 15. for her services in France with Miss Anne Morgan’s unit of the American Friends of France. An article by Miss Phillips, on her experiences in France, which appeared in the December issue of the JOURNAL, was referred to in the Washington Post of January 16. AMERICAN FLAG LINERS Setving HAVANA • PANAMA • JAMAICA FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENTS COSTA RICA • HONDURAS • COLOMBIA The following retirements from the American GUATEMALA • BRITISH HONDURAS Foreign Service became effective on February 1, For information apply t° any Authorized Travel Agent or 1941: UNITED FRUIT COMPANY, Maxwell Blake—Foreign Service Officer of Class I. 1514 K Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Also offices in New York, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Boston Romeyn Wormuth — Foreign Service Officer of Class V.

176 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE NEW IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRICAL COMMUNI¬ CATIONS

(Continued from page 128)

a system, effective in 1908. Our ratification of this agreement in 1912 gave the United States the use of three initial letters—N, K. and W. Hence the present system has been evolved of reserving calls beginning with N for the use of the and the United States Coast Guard, K for broadcast stations west of the Mississippi River and those in our terri¬ tories, and W for those east of the Mississippi River. Any existing call letter assignments not in accord with this policy are due to the fact that the station was licensed before this allocation plan was adopted. In the early days, radio stations used whatever call letters struck their fancy. An outstanding example was the selection of KOP for the Detroit Police De¬ partment station. Assignments of call letters to amateurs is now in regular order instead of on a request basis. The digit in amateur calls indicates location in one of the nine amateur call areas now in operation. Ama¬ teur calls are assigned for the purpose of identify¬ ing the station rather than the operator. However, the amateur likes to regard the call as a personal r i identification, oftentimes using it on his correspon¬ dence, as a marker for his automobile, and even Canned Salmon i gravestones bear cherished call signals. An Appetizing, Nu- i United States Government radio stations receive tritious, Easily Kept i their frequency assignments by Executive order of and Transported i the President, upon the advice of the Interdepart¬ Sea Food > ment Radio Advisory Committee. Government radio stations are exempted from licensing and certain ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC I other provisions of the Communications Act. How¬ FISHERIES ; ever, all such stations, except those on board Gov¬ SKINNER BLDG.. SEATTLE 1 ernment vessels at sea or beyond the limits of the I continental United States, when transmitting any¬ thing not relating to official business, are required to conform to Commission rules and regulations designed to prevent interference. FOREIGN SERVICE CAREERS , A fully equipped Institution devoted exclusively to the preparation The distress call “SOS” famous to radio teleg¬ of college graduates tor the written examination for the Foreign ” raphy was first officially adopted for international Service Teaching staff of 12 experienced university instructors. use at the 1906 International Radio Conference at Summer Review Course begins Berlin, although prior to that date the call “CQ” Monday, June 23rd. For further information and bulletin, address and "CQD had been employed during certain peri¬ COLONEL CAMPBELL TURNER, Director. ods after 1900 when the Marconi International Ma¬ rine Communications Co., Ltd., began equipping TURNER’S ships for radio telegraph communication. Diplomatic School A distress call for use in radio telephony was pro¬ 1774 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W., posed by the British delegation at the Berlin confer- WASHINGTON, D. C.

MARCH, 1941 177 ence, and the word “Mayday,” corresponding to the French pronunciation of the expression “m’aider” (meaning “help me”), was first officially approved for international use in radio telephony at the Inter¬ national Radio Telegraph Convention held at Wash¬ ington in 1927. Guiding factors in the choice of the spoken word “Mayday” for the purpose mentioned were its similarity in meaning to the “SOS” used in radio telegraphy, and the prevalence of the use of the French language. “SOS” does not mean literally “Save Our Souls” or “Save Our Ships” as is sometimes claimed, any more than the previous international distress call “CQD” meant “Come Quick Danger.” All such calls are based on the speed and clarity with which they can be transmitted. There was no special wireless call for sea emer¬ gency prior to the turn of the century. When the Marconi company began equipping ships for radio telegraph communication it adopted “CQ,” which had been in use in wire telegraph as a “general call” for many years, as a precedence signal for any ship desiring to communicate with another ship or shore station. The need for a common distress call was recog¬ nized at the preliminary International Radio Con¬ ference held at Berlin in 1903. Here the Italian delegation suggested that in emergency a ship should send at intervals the signal “SSSDDD.” No action was taken at this conference. In 1904 the British Marconi Co. instructed its ship radio stations to substitute “CD” for “CQ.” Subsequently, the “D” was inserted in the old “CQ” call. At the 1906 International Radio Conference at Berlin, however, “SOS” was formally adopted. This combination was the outgrowth of “SOE” (. . . .1 which had been used by German ships hut which was somewhat unsatisfactory be¬ cause the final dot was easily obliterated by inter¬ ference. Even so, “CQD” was so firmly established with some operators that its use was continued for some + —-— — I I years thereafter. A notable example was its em¬ 1 Our advertisers are friends of the | ployment in summoning aid for the steamship Re¬ public in 1909. “CQD” finally passed from the sea j Service and of the JOURNAL. If you I calls when the international radio conferences con¬ j cooperate with them whenever pos- I tinued to approve “SOS.” In the World War “SSSS” was adopted by the ! sible, and mention the JOURNAL to ] Allies and was not used by neutrals, and to that them, it will help your Staff to pro- J extent was not, strictly speaking, an international j signal, whereas “SOS” was recognized for the ship¬ j duce a better and more useful publi- j ping of all nations. “SSSS” was not used as a call I cation. of distress, but was a warning to other ships that a i ! was near by or actually threatening the + * vessel sending out such a call.

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL j IiF ^MEIUCAN pOREFGM ^r ilVICE JOURNAL DIRECTORY OF SELECTIVE FIRMS ABROAD

• CHINA

SHANGHAI’S LEADING HOTELS The Most Modern Hotel in the Orient CATHAY HOTEL THE METROPOLE PARK HOTEL —SHANCHA I 250 Rooms and Suites 200 Rooms Opposite the Race Course in the heart of Shanghai Amer. & European Plan Amer. & European Plan 203 rooms and suites, all with bath GRILL ROOM and SKY TERRACE on 14th Floor Cable Add.: Cat hot el Cable Add.: Met hotel Cables: PARK HOTEL

• CUBA

BACARDI

Created in Cuba — Known the world over.

IN MEMORIAM posts in various parts of the world during the next (Continued from page 129) 24 years. In 1930 he was brought hack to Wash¬ ington to become divisional assistant chief of the theory of government and social progress, he was an Far Eastern Division. He will long be remembered ideal counselor on foreign affairs “in the stress of for the expert skill he displayed in the years from a period of gravest concern ' to American civiliza¬ 1932 to 1939 as this Nation’s representative on vari¬ tion. ous League of Nations bodies which attempted to Washington always will be grateful to Mr. Moore suppress the illicit traffic in narcotic drugs. A man for his interest in local problems. He was a neigh¬ with a great gift of friendship with men of all na¬ bor who might have been a native, so helpful was tions and classes, he could also be hard and un¬ his concern for the development of the District of yielding where the interests of the United States Columbia as a residential area as well as in its role were involved. The progress that had been made as Capital of the Republic. The bridges across the before the outbreak of the present war in controlling Potomac w ill be. in a certain sense, his monuments. the traffic in narcotics was in no small measure the It is not too much to suggest that they symbolize result of Mr. Fuller’s valiant and unremitting efforts. the value of his life.—The Washington Star. Febru¬ He was a credit to the Foreign Service and to the ary 9, 1941. United States.- Washington Post. February 5, 1941.

STUART J. FULLER WINSLOW. Edward 1). Winslow, former Foreign By the death of Stuart .1. Fuller the United States Service Officer, died on January 22 in New York has lost a remarkably able and devoted public ser¬ City. vant wffio played an important and constructive role in the international effort to control the opium evil. MOCANDLISII. Mrs. Howard S. McCandlish, who Entering the Foreign Service in 1906 he was en¬ is well known to many Foreign Service Officers, died trusted with a succession of important consular at her home in Washington on February 7.

MARCH, 1941 179 BIRTHS

GALLMAN. A son, I’hilip Gerry, was born on January 10 in Washington, I). C., to Mr. and Mrs. Waldemar J. Gallman. Mr. Gallman is on duty in the Division of European Affairs.

CHRISTENSEN. A son, Jon Alexander, was born on December 21. 1940, to Mr. and Mrs. William H. Christensen in Barbados, where Mr. Christensen is Vice Consul.

VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during the past month: January W. L. Butterworth, London 18 Stuart Allen, Georgetown 18 Clayton Lane, Johannesburg ..... 21 J. C. White, Port-au-Prince 21 Ashley B. Sowell, Panama 21 Franklin C. Gowen, London 21 James B. Young, Lisbon „ 22 Karl deG. MacVitty, Amoy 22 Renwick S. McNiece, Valparaiso 23 John T. Garvin, Santiago de Chile 23 David M. S my the, Bilbao 24 Richard P. Butrick, Shanghai ...... 24 Robert P. Joyce, Habana 24 Archibald A. McFadyen, Jr., Shanghai 24 Henry E. Stebbins, London 25 Chas. G. Osburn, F. B. O 25 Russell W. Benton, London __ 25 Leys A. France, Mexico D. F. 25 Roland K. Beyer, Toronto 25 Joel C. Hudson, Berlin 27 Frederick C. Hunt. Bucharest 27 T. Muldrup Forsyth, Cartagena 28 W. Leonard Parker, Rangoon 28 Ruby Lanouy, Madrid 28 Pauline Johnson, Istanbul 28 Ivan B. White, Department of State 31 February Parker W. Buhrman. Basel 1 George F. Kennan, Berlin 3 Richard F. Boyce, Lima 3 James P. Moffett, 3 Matthewr J. Milukas, Konigsberg 3 Homer S. Fox, London 5 Paul C. Seddicum, London 5 Community branches throughout Greater Kenneth J. Yearns, Swatow 5 Adrian C. Colquitt, Martinique ._ 5 New York; overseas offices, affiliates Basil D. Dahl, Batavia 6 and correspondent banks in every com¬ Robert R. Patterson, Cork 6 C. M. Ravndal, Buenos Aires... 6 mercially important city in the world. George FIayes, Brussells 7 Marselis C. Parsons, Jr., Zagreb 7 THE NATIONAL CITY BANK George C. Howard, Stockholm 7 Joan C. Sokobin, Kobe 10 OF NEW YORK Edward S. Maney, London 11 "Your personal representative throughout the world" Ellen M. Saxe. Bucharest II Richard M. Service, Tsing-tao 11 Daniel V. Anderson, Bombay 11 George W. Renchard, Ottawa 11 Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation L. C. Pinkerton, Wellington 11 Tex is W ilson, I London 11

180 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 4 /Zacler

Westinghouse Sterilamps* emit radiation of definite bactericidal effectiveness. Proof of their value in protecting against air-borne bacteria, is //if /argf number of hospitals installing them in the surgery, m maternity and children s wards. Over an infant's powder table, for example, they lower the con¬ tamination level to the point where cross infection becomes the remotest possibility. Note to Doctors, Surgeons and Public Health Officials: Your Westinghouse X-Ray Distributor will be glad to submit physical, clinical and bacteriological evidence. Or you may obtain it by writing to Westinghouse Electric International Company, 150 Broadway, New York, U. S. A (Room 1201-S)

• Like many another achievement destined to welfare ... by providing the electrical products advance human progress, the Westinghouse that make your life more healthful, your home Sterilamp* was announced by no fanfare of more comfortable and your business more trumpets. profitable. But in hospitals everywhere, doctors and WESTINGHOUSE PRODUCTS surgeons and nurses said a prayer of thanks. For Refrigerators • Radios • Ranges • Water Heaters • Fans • Irons the bactericidal radiation of these amazing lamps Washers • lroners • Vacuum Cleaners • Air Conditioning • Com¬ mercial Refrigeration • Lamps and Lighting Equipment • Switches provided the first scientific means of protecting and Sockets • Elevators • X-Ray Equipment • Meters • Relays patients against the one invisible danger for Lightning Arresters • Circuit Breakers • Generators • Steam .Turbines Motors • Transformers • Insulators • Rectifiers • Transportation which there previously had been no adequate Equipment • Arc Welding Equipment

safeguard—air-borne bacteria. LISTEN TO Westinghouse International Short Wave Station WBOS, The Sterilamp is another example of the way Boston, U. S. A.—9,570 kc., 31.34 meters. Westinghouse Leadership contributes to your * STERILAMP— Trademark registered U. S. A. Patent Office

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Park Avenue • 49th to 50th • New York