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Abdo, Muhammad, 212 Abdulatipov, R. G., 276 Abkhases, 159 Abkhazia

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Abdo, Muhammad, 212 Abdulatipov, R. G., 276 Abkhases, 159 Abkhazia Index Abdo, Muhammad, 212 akrinlap (gradualism), 188, 189 Abdulatipov, R. G., 276 Alash Orda Party, 264 Abkhases, 159 Albulak, xi Abkhazia, 89, 103, 142, 149, 271 Aldar, 234 abstract homo sovieticus, 16 Aleksii, Patriarch II, 118 Academy of Sciences, Bashkortostan, Alexander II, 212 239, 240 Algeria, 114, 115, 155 Adigamov, A., 235 Ali, M. Imtiaz, xiii Afghan-Tajik border, 77 Ali, Syed Abid, xiii Afghan-Turkmen border, 78 Aliev, Azerbaijan’s President and Afghani Dzhemeletdin, Jamal-ud-Din, former Soviet Politburo member, 212 Haidar, 46, 50 Afghani, Jamal ud-Din, 19, 211 All-Bashkirian Congress, 274 Afghanistan, 12, 14, 17, 30, 36, 43, All-Russia Central Executive 44, 49, 54, 57, 59, 62, 67, 71–5, Committee, 282 77–8, 87, 89, 101, 114–16, 123, All-Russia Muslim Movement, 119 132, 141–2, 145, 156, 164 All-Russia referendum of April 1993, Afghan opposition leaders, 146 230 Afghanis, 211–12 All-Russian Congress of the relations between Russia, Organisations of the Peoples of Kazakhstan and the republics the East, 172 of Central Asia, withdrawal of All-Union Central Executive Soviet troops, 145 Committee (ACEC), 253 Soviet invasion of, Russian strategy All-Union Islamic Renaissance Party in, 72, 73 (IRP), 120, 278 Tajik refugees in northern, 77 Almaty, 47, 55 Tajiks, 72, 73, 77 Al-Muktadir, Jafar, an Abbasid caliph, Uzbek rule in, ascension to power 169 of Tajiks or Uzbeks in, Islamic Alnas, 206 resistance fighters in, Afghan Amanullah, Amir, 75 currency for Rabbani’s American dream, 20, 221 government, Russia’s relations American Institute of Pakistan with, 72, 73, 75 Studies, xii Africa, 53, 128 American Revolution, 26 Agreement for the Creation of the Amirkhan, F., 19, 213 USSR, 215 Amoco, 8, 46 agro-industrial complex, 204 Andreyev, I., 289 ahadith, 211 Anishchenko, G., 111 Ahmad, Riaz, xiii Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 1972, 10 Akaev, President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar, anti-Semitism, 267–8 61 anti-Westernism, 72 Akchura, Ysuf, 214 apparatchiks, 61 Akmanov, Irek Gaisievich, 240 aqafs, 159 291 292 Index Arab East, 13, 37, 54 Ayidel, 246 Arab-Americans, 128 Azerbaijan, 14, 28, 30, 36, 38–40, 43, Arab Gulf states, 39 45–6, 49, 50, 54, 63–5, 67–8, 71, Arab socialism, 16, 116 89, 91, 97, 99, 101, 106–7, 113, Arabs, 2, 115, 211 127, 149 Arab-Israeli peace process, 13, 29 Azerbaijan, Baku, 46 Arab-Israeli conflict, 11, 43, 116, Azerbaijan SSR, 50 124 Azerbaijani nationalism, 51 Arabian peninsula, 44, 131 Azeris, 40, 51, 64 Arabic script, x, 23, 24, 40, 238, 285–6 Azeri oil field, 68 Argayashskiy district, 22, 241, 253 Argayashskiy Bashkirian okrug Babylon, x (district), 259 Bagdasarov, S. A., 151 Argentina, 142 Baghdad, 157 Aristotle, 209 Baikonur, 48 Arkiam civilisation, 241 Baker, James, Secretary of State, 13, Armenia, 4, 14, 28, 39–41, 43, 46, 49, 37–8, 56 50, 64–6, 97, 99, 106, 149 Baku, 46, 63, 127 Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, 63, balance of interests and power, 140, 71 141 Arsharni, A., 195 Balkans, 40, 98, 123, 142 Aryans, 241, 277 Balkan wars, 214 Asfandiyarov, A., 164, 165 Balkar, 287 Ashirov, Nafigulla, 162 Balkh, northern provinces of, 74 Asia, 56, 128, 141, 143, 149, 224, 226 Baltic republics, 89, 109, 150, 197, Asia-Pacific region, 143–44 237, 265 Asian republics, 16 Baltic Sea, 266 Asian Turkic republics, 39 Bandar Abbas, 54 Astrakhan khanate, 5, 17, 104, 107, Barannikov, Interior Minister, 90 153, 210 Barkey, Henri J., 41, 57 Ataturk, Kemal, founder of modern Barraclough, Cohn, 58 Turkey, 39, 42 Barsoum, Nadia, xiii atheism, 16, 33, 116, 161, 171 Barudi, G., 212 Atlanticism, 3, 60 Barylski, Robert V., xiv, 12, 14, 15, 82, Atlanticist/Eurasian debate, 60 111–12 Atnisky district, 186 Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist atomic power station, 133 Republic (ASSR), 172 Aushev, Ruslan, 233 Bashkiri, Rudenko S., 165 Austria, 231 Bashkiria, autonomy of, 235, 266 Austro-Hungarian Empires, 265 Bashkirian Autonomous Soviet autocracy, 20 Republic, 253, 266 autonomous republics, 167, 179, 181, Bashkortostan, xi, 4, 5, 12, 16–18, 22, 187–8, 245, 265, 272 32, 36, 78, 101, 104–6, 109, 119, autonomous regions, 254 129, 141, 147–8, 155–6, 162–3, autonomous states, 177 168, 170, 173, 178, 186, 192, 231, autonomy, 266 237–8, 241–2, 260–1, 263, 269, Avesta, 241 272–4 Index 293 Academy of Sciences, 239, 275–6 Bashkort Supreme Soviet, 171, 240, Addendum to the Federative Treaty 283 of the Republic of, 271, 277–8, Bashkort-Tatar relations, 230 284, 286 Bashkort-Tatar-Russian, 280 autonomous state of, 235 Bashkort Urals, 226 demographic distribution in, 225 national sovereignty, 252, 254–5 Museum of Archaeology and Batu, Sarai, x, 17 Ethnography, 240 Batu (Genghis Khan’s grandson), x, relations with Tatarstan, 249 18, 169, 224 revival of nationalism in, 21, 224, Batuta, Ibn, x 240 Batyrsha, 235 Tatar Social Centre in, 248, 279–80 Batyrshin, Radik, 250 285 Bayromova, Fauziye, President of the Bashkorts, x, xi, 1, 13, 21, 24, 32–3, Tatar Millia Majlis, 191, 192 30, 148, 157–61, 170, 172–4, Belarus, 37, 47, 197 281–2 Belarussians, 105, 148, 278 union with Russia in 1557, 227, Belaya, 157 234, 235, 242, 270, 287–8 Beleveev, 172, 228 Bashkort Autonomous Soviet Belgium, 141 Republic (BASR), Council of Belokrinitsky, Vyacheslav Ya., xiii Ministers, Supreme Council, Belorezk, 246 282, 288 Belovezhskaya and Almaty accords of Bashkort Autonomous Soviet December 1991, 91 Socialist Republic, 228, 229 Bennigsen, Alexandre A., 195, Bashkort caravan-serai in Orenburg, 211–12, 219, 249 159 Bezinis, Lowell, 57 Bashkort Kurultai (national Bibarsov, Saratov’s Mullah Mukaddas, assembly), 231; number of 163 delegates attending, 232–3; Bigiev, M., 212 relations with Russia, 233 Bikbavov, A., 235 Bashkort leaders, 236 Bikbulatov, N. V., 164, 288 Bashkort Muslim Council, 162 Bilateral Treaty of February 1994, 186 Bashkort National Centre (BNC), Bina, Cyrus, 136 274 Birlik (Uzbekistan), 17, 155, 161 Bashkort nationalism, Bashkort- Birsk, 172, 228 Tatar intermarriages, Islam in, Black Sea, 46, 83, 98, 103, 105, 106, nationalism, 246 107, 115, 127, 181 Bashkort RCP (Bolshevik) Black Sea, port of Novorossiisk, 67 Conference, 282 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Bashkort script, 285 Zone Organization, 64 Bashkort State University, Bashkort Bodrogligeti, A., 195 and Sterletamaq Teachers’ Boff, D., Italian historian, 222 training Colleges; Sibai branch Bolshakov, A., 136 of the Bashkort State Teachers’ Bolsheviks, 19, 36, 75, 163, 173, 215, Training Colleges; Sibai branch 229, 264–5 of the Bashkort State Teachers’ Bolshevik decree, 161 Training College, 257–8, 259, Bolshevik Party, 172, 235 281, State Assembly of; Cabinet Bolshevik revolution, 171, 172, 216 of Ministers of, 243, 244–5 Bolshevik stage, 22 294 Index Bolshevisation of the national caliph, 156, 157, 158 liberation movement, 265 capitalist market economy, 143 Boltenkova, head of the Russian capitalist system, 3 experts, I. F., 178, 276 Caribbean, 131 Borchgrave, Arnaud de, 80 Carley, Patricia M., 38, 56, 79 Borlich, Azade-Ayse, 195 Caspian Sea, x, xii, 21, 45, 50, 71, 83, Borovkov, Anatoly, 112 103, 106, 127, 233 Bosnia, 17, 72, 113, 139, 154, 164; Caspian littoral states, 68 November 1995 Dayton Accords Caspian oil, 46, 99 on, 115 Caspian pipeline consortium, 4 Bosphorous, 145 Caspian Region, 6, 7, 8, 98, 99, 110 Botvinko, Colonel Mikhail, 10 Catherine, Empress, the Great, 135, Boutros-Ghali, Mr Boutros, secretary 171, 210 general of the United Nations, Caucasia, 17, 66, 86, 90, 104, 265, 242 268 Bovt, George, 24 Caucasian Muslim peoples, 5, 156 Britain, 4, 38, 127, 142, 151 Caucasian republics, 99, 160 British Petroleum-led consortium, Caucasians, 17 68 Caucasus, ix, 1, 3–5, 13, 16, 23, 30, in Northern Ireland, 106 32, 40, 43, 45–6, 49, 83, 86–7, Bronze Age, 241 101–3, 105–6, 109, 116, 120 Brown, Archie, 251 Armenian-Azerbaijanian struggle in Brunei, 142 the, 50 Buddhism, 10, 31, 104 autonomous republics of the, 118, Budyennovsk, 105 122–4, 127, 128, 130, 132, 144, Buhara, 214 145, 148, 149, 156, 166, 267 Bukeihanov, 160 Center for Contemporary Arab and Bukhara Emirate, 75, 148, 158, 211 Islamic Studies, xii, xiii Bulgar al-Jadid (the new Bulgar), ix Center for Russian Studies, xii Bulgaria, 100, 210, 214, 222 Central Asia, ix, xi, xii, 1, 4, 5, 8, 12, Bulgarian government, 63 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23, 30, 33, Bulgar runes, x 36–40, 43–4, 46–7, 49, 50, 52, 53, Bulgars, ix, x, 18, 157 55, 59–66, 72, 226 Bulgar state, 157, 158, 170, 224, Central Asia, rail network, 54 234 Central Asian Turkic republics, 54, Bulgar-Tatar identity, 169 144–8, 150–1, 158, 161, 170–1, port city of, 169 192, 213, 265, 269, 279 Burachas, Antanas, Lituanian Central Asia’s Russian population, scientist, 252 secularism in, 32, 56, 62, 67–71 Burakow, A., 289 post-Soviet 32, 73, 77–9, 101, Burbolis, Gennady, Yeltsin’s state 107–9, 115, 120, 122–4, 127–8, secretary, 175, 178 130–2 Burkanova, Rosa Gafarovna, 240 Russia’s relations with Kazakhstan Buryat, 284 and, 153 Buryatia, 129 Central America, 53 Bush, President, 47, 54 Central Committee of the Russian Bushehr, a nuclear power station in, Communist Party’s Politburo, 172 70 Central Muslim Council of Russia, Byzantine, 2 162 Index 295 centralised distribution system, Chernomyrdin, Viktor, Prime collapse of, 203 Minister, 94, 121, 125 Century of the Turk, 63 Chernyshev, Albert, deputy foreign Ceyhan, port of, 46 minister of the Russian CFPRF, 62, 69 Federation in charge of relations Chah Bahar, 54 with Turkey, Iran, Central Asia, Chandran, Ramesh, 57 Afghanistan and Pakistan, 67, 68 Chaudhry, Muhammad Ali, xiii Chevron Corporation, 45, 46, 130 Chaudhry, Zaheer, xiii China, 3, 13, 54 Chechen
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