1
Works Cited
Primary Sources
119th Infantry. Native American Veteran and Canadian Aboriginal,
nativeveterans-en.e-monsite.com/pages/native-american-veteran-history/cherokee-code-t
alker.html. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020. This source provided me with information about the
looks of the first Cherokees code talkers. The Cherokees were established in 1918 which
was set as an example/idea for the creation of the Navajo.
Anderson, Ralph. Letter to Navajo Tribal Chairman. 1943. National Archives Catalog,
catalog.archives.gov/id/7863696. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. Page one of a three-page letter
written in 1943 by Private Ralph Anderson and sent to the Navajo Tribal Chairman and
the Navajo Service Superintendent demanding the right to vote, on behalf of "the Navaho
Soldier boys." This document expresses the feeling of how the Navajo felt about not
being able to vote.
Battle of Guadalcanal. 1942. Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Guadalcanal.
Accessed 18 Jan. 2021. This image helps the viewer of the website get a visual of the
island and what the landing looks like. You can see soldiers getting off a boat which is
how the Navajo arrived too.
Battle of Guadalcanal: Henderson Field. 1942. Britannica,
www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Guadalcanal. Accessed 18 Jan. 2021. This image
shows the Henderson field which I referred to on my website when talking about
Guadalcanal. This image is a good visual and references for the viewer of my website.
Choate, John N. Richard Henry Pratt [version 2],1899. 1902. CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL
DIGITAL RESOURCE CENTER MAIN MENUHOME CONTACT MISSION, 2
carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/images/richard-henry-pratt-version-2-1899. Accessed 20
Nov. 2020. Studio portrait of Richard Henry Pratt in military uniform with sword,
holding a helmet. This image appears in John N. Choate's Souvenir of the Carlisle Indian
School (Carlisle, PA: J. N. Choate, 1902). Richard Pratt was the first man to start and
establish an Indian Reform school. He ran Carlisle Indian Industrial School at Carlisle,
Pennsylvania.
---. Studio portrait of Richard Henry Pratt in military uniform with sword, holding a helmet.
1902. CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL DIGITAL RESOURCE CENTER,
carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/images/richard-henry-pratt-version-2-1899. Accessed 13
Nov. 2020. This image appears in John N. Choate's Souvenir of the Carlisle Indian
School (Carlisle, PA: J. N. Choate, 1902).
---. Tom Torlino. 1885. CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL DIGITAL RESOURCE CENTER,
carlisleindian.dickinson.edu/images/tom-torlino-1882-and-1885. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020.
This image is perfect for my project/website because it shows what Indian reform schools
did to the natives and in addition it was Navajo. This image is perfect to show how these
Indian reform schools exactly reformed Native Americans it also shows the perfect
comparison of before and after.
Choctaws Code Talkers Men. Choctawnation.com,
www.choctawnation.com/history-culture/people/code-talkers. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020.
This source provided me with information about the looks of the first 20 Choctaws code
talkers. The Choctaws were established in 1940 which was set as an example/idea for the
creation of the Navajo. 3
Cohen, Solicitor Felix. Letter to Mr. J. M. Stewart. 1 May 1946. National Archives Catalog,
text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2019/11/12/the-war-after-the-war-the-american-indian-fi
ght-for-the-vote-after-wwii/#:~:text=On%20May%206%2C%201946%2C%20two,Mexi
co%20to%20register%20to%20vote.&text=The%20issue%20of%20voting%20is,for%20
much%20of%20U.S.%20history. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. Acting Department of Interior
Solicitor Felix Cohen acknowledges the Navajo Service Superintendent's plan of having
tribal members attempt to register to vote in order to challenge the validity of the Arizona
and New Mexico laws and offers his own suggestion. Soon after leaving government
service, Cohen would be instrumental in overturning the suffrage restrictions. This
document shows legal action and fighting for the right of Navajo code talkers to vote.
Colburn, George. Telephone interview. Conducted by Srihan Adabala, 31 Dec. 2020. This
interview I conducted with George Colburn helped me a lot. George Colburn is a
historian and Documnterian he spent around 20 years with the code talkers trying to
perfect a film. his expertise on the topic and as a historian has helped me a lot. This
interview will provide quotes I can place throughout my website supporting multiple
claims.
Comanche Code Talkers, Ft. Benning, Georgia. 19 Nov. 2013. D-Day,
www.dday.org/2013/11/19/native-american-heritage-month-comanche-code-talkers/.
Accessed 22 Oct. 2020. This is a picture of the Comanches code talkers. The Comanches
code talkers are one of the more famous code talkers that were preexisting before the
Navajo. This picture is very helpful in explaining the historic circumstance of the
preexisting code talkers. 4
The Commanding General. "Headquarters Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, Camp Elliot, San
Diego, California." Received by The Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 6 Mar. 1942.
Nothren Arizona University, archive.library.nau.edu/digital/collection/cpa/id/44718/.
Accessed 28 Oct. 2020. Memo. The following memo was what recruited the other 200
Navajo code talkers after the first 29. The memo was really helpful in getting more
Navajo people working for the navy to do communication. This memorandum not only
requests the recruitment of more Navajo but also talks about the grat accomplishments of
the first 29.
Department of Defense. Department of the Navy. U.S. Marine Corps. Photograph of Navajo
Indian Code Talkers Henry Bake and George Kirk. Dec. 1943. Digital Public Library OF
America, catalog.archives.gov/id/100378136. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020. This is a primary
source image that is my favorite because it captures the concept of communication very
well. It shows a radio which is very famous in communication and also captures my topic
of the Navajo. The Image shows two Navajo code takers Corporal Henry Bake, Jr., (left),
and Private First Class George H. Kirk.
Department of Heritage and Arts. Navajo Indians P.42. Digital Public Library of America,
utah-primoprod.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=digcoll_uuu_
11dha_cp/449748&context=L&vid=MWDL. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020. This image is
showcasing the first 29 Navajo code talkers. This image is important because these
people were the inventors of the Navajo code. I also mention these 29 people in my thesis
which makes this picture even more important. this picture helped learn that the first 29
Navajo code talkers were in the 382nd platoon. 5
Fredricks, Charles DeForest. Brig. Gen. James H. Carleton. NPS.gov,
www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/hh/35/hh35m.htm. Accessed 21 Nov. 2020. Brig.
Gen. James H. Carleton was the charge of Fort Defiance and many more he served as the
in-charge of all-new Mexican territory. He protected new American settlements from
native Americans he also captured natives and oversaw many forts. Brig. Gen. James H.
Carleton was the man who recruited and assisted Kit Carson with the defeat of the
Navajo Indians.
---. Kit Carson. 23 May 1868. Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S. History,
www.si.edu/object/kit-carson:npg_NPG.2005.115. Accessed 21 Nov. 2020. Brig. Gen.
James H. Carleton commanded the Department of New Mexico from 1862 to 1866 was
in charge of Fort defiance but during the civil war his presence was absent at fort
defiance, conditions got out of control with the Navajo Indian. So Kit Carson was
recruited he brutally murdered and burned much of the settlement he made the Navajo
starve till they surrendered. Kit Carson was the reason for the long walk to take place he
made the Navajo surrender and move to a reservation.
Gibbons, J. Smith. Letter to Mr. R. E. Karigan. 10 Apr. 1946. National Archives Catalog,
catalog.archives.gov/id/7863696. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. Apache County Attorney J.
Smith Gibbons reiterates that no one residing on the reservations should be allowed to
register to vote. This document proves that the government is preventing the Navajo from
voting legally.
Karigan, R. E. Letter to J. M. Stewart. 3 May 1946. National Archives Catalog,
catalog.archives.gov/id/7863696. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. R.E. Karigan writing the
Navajo Service Superintendent listing whom he refused to register to vote. This 6
document proves the government was denying the right of the Navajo code talkers from
voting.
MacDonald, Peter, Sr. "Navajo Code Talker Shares Story About Enlisting in the Marines at 15."
Interview conducted by Arizona Republic. YouTube, edited by Azcentral, Google, 8 Sept.
2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozagAlQulZM. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020. There are
only five living code talkers as of September 2019: Peter MacDonald, Joe Vandever Sr.,
Samuel F. Sandoval, Thomas H. Begay, and John Kinsel Sr. The interview shows the
dedication and the risk these young men are willing to take to join the navy. Even though
people like Peter didn't know what they were going to do they were still extremely
excited to join the navy.
Manuelito, James, and Howard Nez. "128 Indian Suffrage 1928-1953." National Archives
Catalog, catalog.archives.gov/id/7863696. Accessed 3 Nov. 2020. Affidavits of James
Manuelito and Howard Nez attesting to the fact they were denied the right to register to
vote. This document helps me prove that government officials prevented the Navajo from
voting. This was the first action took for the fight for these voting rights.
Mason City Globe-Gazette. A newspaper that declares the war between U.S. and Japan.
Worldwar2facts,
www.worldwar2facts.org/united-states-declaration-of-war-upon-japan.html. Accessed 21
Oct. 2020. This source is a primary source from December 1941. It is a picture of a
newspaper announcing the declaration of war between the U.S. and Japan after the pearl
harbor attack. This source is needed for my project because the need for a new group of
code talkers(Navajo) only rose after pearl harbor. 7
Navajo. U.S. Navy, 1945. Northren Arizona University,
archive.library.nau.edu/digital/collection/cpa/id/44806/rec/1. Accessed 29 Oct. 2020. The
following source is a dictionary and training material for new Navajo code talkers. A
dictionary for all the words was made and memorized d by each code talker in order to be
able to participate in the U.S. navy.
"Navajo Code Talkers honored." YouTube, uploaded by Caltso4life, Google, 25 Dec. 2014,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aAKWUHqrjs. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020. This video is
actual visual proof of the President handing out the congressional gold medal to the
Navajo. The congressional gold medal is such a high honor and recognition. This
recognition proves the importance of the Navajo.
"Navajo Code Talkers will speak to local residents in Wisconsin." Fond Du Lac Commonwealth
Reporter [Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin], 25 Apr. 2020, p. 3. Newspapers.com,
www.newspapers.com/clip/47389626/navajo-code-talkers-will-speak-to-local/. Accessed
27 Nov. 2020. This newspaper article shows a great example of how the Navajo were
publicized through newspapers. The Newspaper also was published in 1976 which was
after the declassification of the Navajo in 1968 further proving my claim that the Navajo
weren't known to the public till after the declassification. The newspaper article also
shows how honored cities and towns are to get a chance to meet these heroes.
"Navajo Indians on a Rampage Leave New Mexico Reservation Raid Cattle ,Terroize the
People." ARIZONA GAZETTE [Phoenix], 17 Sept. 1906. Timothy Hughes Rare & Early
Newspapers,
www.rarenewspapers.com/view/653062?list_url=%2Flist%3Fq%255Bdate_range_end%
255D%3D2020-11-19%2525q%255Bdate_range_start%255D%3D1500-01-01%2525q% 8
255Bquery%255D%3DNavajo%2525q%255Bsearch_method%255D%3DAll%2BWords
. Accessed 21 Nov. 2020. The newspaper is perfect proof showing that the Navajo fight
back. The Navajo leave the Mexican reservation on a rampage meaning they fought to
leave the reservation they are a tribe loyal to their land they will fight and fight. They
fought from the time of fort Defiance 1951 to 1968.
Nez, Chester. "Chester Nez: The Last of the Original Navajo Codetalkers." Interview conducted
by AmericanlegionHQ. YouTube, Google, 22 July 2014,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JU7H4-_OAs. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020. This is an interview
with Chester Nez one of the first 29 Navajo code talkers. this source is abundantly
credible and useful. It is a first-hand account of the incident. This Person was the last
living Navajo of the first 29 who died in 2014.
O'Sullivan, Timothy H. NAVAJO INDIANS AT FORT DEFIANCE, ARIZONA. 1873. NATIONAL
ARCHIVES CATALOG NATIONAL ARCHIVES CATALOG,
catalog.archives.gov/id/524282. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020. This image is visual proof of
fort Defiance and Navajo Indians at it. This source shows how the Navajo Indians were
suppressed and imprisoned by the generals of the government. This image also captures
the traditional clothing and habitat of the Navajo tribe at the time.
Philip, Johnston. "Indian Jargon Won Our Battles!" Indian Jargon Won Our Battles!, os, 1932,
pp. 1-9. Northren Arizona University,
archive.library.nau.edu/digital/collection/cpa/id/39511/. Accessed 29 Oct. 2020. This
source is a journal kept by Philip Johnston during WW II. Many historians credited
Phillip Johnston with the idea of the Navaho Code talkers. He kept a record of dates and 9
wrote down the whole story of how he convinced the general at cam Ellioto recruit the
Navajo.
Philip Johnston Papers. 1892. Northren Arizona University,
archive.library.nau.edu/digital/collection/cpa/id/6339. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020. This an
image of Phillip Johnston recruiting Navajo code talkers. Phillip is the man credited by
historians for coming up with the idea of the Navajo. After his first presentation to the
navy, he was sent back to recruit more members repeatedly.
President Obama meeting Navajo Code Talkers. 2 Dec. 2011. photos.state.gov,
photos.state.gov/libraries/austria/62520/zoom/zoom%20in%20on%20america_may2012.
pdf. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020. This source is perfect proof/visual that former president
Obama actually met the Navajo code talkers. This meeting that Obama started led to
president Trump doing so too this hopefully would set off a chain reaction where the
presidents continue to meet the Navajo. This will be a really big deal for the Navajo.
Rosenthal, Joe. Raising the US flag atop Mount Suribachi. 23 Feb. 1945. World War II Database,
ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=350. Accessed 29 Oct. 2020. This source is a picture
of the flag-raising at Iwo Jima. The last person in the picture is Ira Hayes and Native
American, which proves that the participation of native Americans at Iwo Jima. Even
though Ira Hayes isn't a Navajo he is still part of the Native American community.
The standoff between students and a Native American man reveals who gets compassion, and
who doesn't. The Guardian,
www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/23/native-american-racism-video-covingt
on-school-nick-sandmann. Accessed 18 Jan. 2021. This image shows a racist interaction 10
that blew up on social media between a teenager and a native veteran. The teenager and
his friend can be seen smirking and laughing.
United States, Congress, House, Congress, Senate, Committee on Indian Affairs (Senate). Indian
affairs : laws and treaties compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Volume 3: , laws
and treaties. Government Publishing Office. govinfo,
www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-Y4_IN2_11-570486df8fb6a68106beac8437c1ca
c3. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020. 62nd Congress, 2nd session-76 Congress, 3rd session, House
Treaty Document Y 4.IN 2/2:L 44/V.3. This legal document states the law which made
Native American children go to Indian Reform Schools. The document states that parent
or guardian consultation isn't required to force children to attend these schools. Many
native children who attend these schools go through torture and severe punishments for
using their language or culture.
---, ---, Senate. To authorize the President to award a gold medal on behalf of the Congress to the
Navajo Code Talkers in recognition of their contributions to the Nation. Government
Publishing Office, 12 Apr. 2000. govinfo,
www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BILLS-106s2408is. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020. 106th
Congress, 2nd Session, Senate Bill S. 2408. This bill is actual undeniable proof that the
government accepted to recognize the Navajo for their work. Earning the congressional
medal is no small task this now makes the whole country learn just how important these
Code Talkers were. The government apart from the gold medal also awarded the silver
medal to all the non 29 original Navajo.
---, Executive Office of the President [Ronald Reagan]. Proclamation 4955: Captive Nations
Week. 30 July 1982. Code of Federal Regulations, vol. 3, pp. 1-2. govinfo, 11
www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-96/pdf/STATUTE-96-Pg1752.pdf#page=8.
Accessed 18 Nov. 2020. this document is the PROCLAMATION 4953—JULY 19, 1982
written by president Ronald Regan. This source is helpful to my project because it shows
evidence of Ronald Reagan declaring August 14 as Navajo Code Talker day. This
proclamation shows the recognition received by the Navajo while also showing their
importance.
"Victory of Kit Carson over the Indians." NEW YORK TIMES [Leavenworth], 3 Sept. 1863.
Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers,
www.rarenewspapers.com/view/653127?list_url=%2Flist%3Fq%255Bdate_range_end%
255D%3D2020-11-19%2525q%255Bdate_range_start%255D%3D1500-01-01%2525q%
255Bquery%255D%3Dnavajo%2525q%255Bsearch_method%255D%3DAll%2BWords.
Accessed 21 Nov. 2020. This source is first hand and especially focusses on the victory
of Kit Carson over the Navajo Indians. This is very strong proof and evidence that
Navajo was defeated by Kit Carson and to know that news like this was published in a
newspaper shows the importance of this event. Kit Carson has battled many other
settlements too but it's really helpful for me to have such clear and strong visual evidence
for my website.
Wolfenstein, Valentin. Portrait of Chief Barboncito. 1868. Smithsonian Primary Sources in U.S.
History, www.si.edu/object/archives/components/sova-nmai-ac-126-ref8. Accessed 21
Nov. 2020. The Navajo leader Barboncito played was critical in helping the Navajos
return to their homeland in 1868. As the lead Navajo negotiator, he met with General
William T. Sherman and established a treaty that allowed the Navajo r to return to the 12
reservation in the Four Corners region. This made the Navajos unique--the only Indian
nation to use a government treaty to return to their homeland.
Secondary Sources
Actor Quinton Kien. talking-feather.com,
talking-feather.com/meet-12-year-old-navajo-lead-actor-in-nemo-hadeistii-finding-nemo/
. Accessed 2 Jan. 2021. This is a picture of Actor Quinton Kien, who gave the voice of
Nemo in the Navajo version of the movie. Such projects show how the nation is still
struggling to get its younger generations to be interested in the language. Making movies
is one of the many ways the nation is trying to teach the language and raise its awareness
to the public. Such an image will help me prove this claim.
Arizona Navajo Republican Carlyle Begay will run for Congress. azcentral,
www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2016/03/07/arizona-navajo-republican-ca
rlyle-begay-run-congress/81387158/. Accessed 26 Dec. 2020. This image shows a
political leader who was elected due to the greater acceptance of the Navajo people
caused by the Code Talkers. It is evidential even though other factors were present a key
role that led to the public know and accepting the Navajo was because of the Code
Talker. Republican Carlyle Begay was a state senator.
Arizona State, Legislature. Honoring Hopi Code Talkers. Ariz. Sess. Laws, vol. 20111, 14 Apr.
2011, p. 1. LegiScan Bring People to the Process,
www.legiscan.com/AZ/text/SCR1009/id/86501. Act no. 1009. This website provided me
with the names of the original Hopis nation code talkers. Their names were necessary to
show the historical circumstance of preexisting code talkers. 13
Battle of Guadalcanal. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1943. Britannica,
www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Guadalcanal. Accessed 18 Jan. 2021. Map. This
map of Guadalcanal is very detailed and lets the viewer see many locations on the island.
Chen, C. Peter. Hand-drawn map of Guadalcanal, 6 Mar 1944. 13 Oct. 2014. World War II
Database, ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=22046. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020. This
source is an image of a drawing of Guadalcanal. This source serves as a visual map for
those who want to understand what exactly happened at Guadalcanal. It gives the viewer
of of my website an visual source of information necessary to understand the Navajo's
accomplishment. The map shows where the Henderson field is on Guadalcanal: the
headenderson field was where the flank maneuver was executed.
"Code Talkers." genealogytrails, genealogytrails.com/ww2/codetalkers_index.html. Accessed 28
Oct. 2020. This website provided me with the names of my first 29 Navajo code talkers.
The First 29 working so hard and impressing the navy is what led to the recruitment of
the other 200 Navajo men. These people were the most hardworking and the best because
they developed the code that was used for communication.
Eric Descheenie. navajotimes.com),
navajotimes.com/politics/election2014/082214descheenie.php. Accessed 26 Dec. 2020.
This image shows a political leader who was elected due to the greater acceptance of the
Navajo people caused by the Code Talkers. It is evidential even though other factors were
present a key role that led to the public know and and accepting the Navajo was because
of the Code Talker. Eric Descheenie was a State representative from 2017–2019.
"Fort Defiance, Fort Defiance, AZ." Google Maps,
www.google.com/maps/place/Fort+Defiance/@35.7418942,-109.0805807,17z/data=!3m 14
1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x87253397f726087b:0xddeb8eb4eabddf5b!8m2!3d35.7418899!4d-1
09.078392. Accessed 17 Jan. 2021. Map. This map allows for people to see where fort
defiance is in relation to other reservations along with the Navajo.
Fred Begay. physicscentral.com, www.physicscentral.com/explore/people/begay.cfm. Accessed
26 Dec. 2020. This image shows a nuclear physicist and a Korean War veteran who was
recognized due to the greater acceptance of the Navajo people caused by the Code
Talkers. It is evidential even though other factors were present a key role that led to the
public know and accepting the Navajo was because of the Code Talker. Fred Begay was a
nuclear physicist and a Korean War veteran.
Gosling, Daniel. "The War after the War: the American Indian Fight for the Vote after WWII."
National Archives, National Archives and Records Administration, 12 Nov. 2019,
text-message.blogs.archives.gov/2019/11/12/the-war-after-the-war-the-american-indian-fi
ght-for-the-vote-after-wwii/#:~:text=On%20May%206%2C%201946%2C%20two,Mexi
co%20to%20register%20to%20vote.&text=The%20issue%20of%20voting%20is,for%20
much%20of%20U.S.%20history. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020. This source is an article
published by a historian at the national archive. The article talks about the fight for the
Native Indians especially the Navajo for their right to vote after WWII. Such important
var veterans who crucial for victory were denied basic human rights such as voting.
"Headlines at 8:30: Last Navajo code talker from WWII dies at age 93." YouTube, uploaded by
CBS this Morning, Google, 5 June 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nG8GdQYafwQ.
Accessed 28 Nov. 2020. Even though CBS just mention this for 1minute, this source is
still important because of the credibility and the popularity of a source such as CBS.
Many people watch CBS and mentioning the Navajo really increases their popularity and 15
raises awareness in people's minds. SO a quote from this video is really good for my
website in terms of credibility and proving my claim.
Indigenous Anarchist Klee Benally In Paris. indiancountrytoday,
indiancountrytoday.com/archive/indigenous-anarchist-klee-benally-in-paris-CoW8Tg2pO
0-o-oCFi6LQCQ. Accessed 26 Dec. 2020. This image shows a musician and
documentary filmmaker.It is evidential even though other factors were present a key role
that led to the public know and accepting the Navajo was because of the Code Talker.
Klee Benally was a Navajo musician and documentary filmmaker. injured U.S. marines at the Battle of Iwo Jima. Britannica,
www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Iwo-Jima. Accessed 17 Jan. 2021. The injured
soldiers at Iwo Jima add the realistic scenario of what happens on the battlefield. The sick
and dead shows the trauma that the veterans go through.
Iwo Jima. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica,
www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Iwo-Jima. Accessed 18 Jan. 2021. Map. This map
lets the viewer of my website see the basic layout of Iwo Jima and a few locations on the
island. the map also in the bottom right corner lets the viewer see the location of the
island on the world map.
Jack C. Jackson, Jr., a member of the Navajo Nation. State.Gov,
2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/pix/lgbt/243189.htm. Accessed 26 Dec. 2020. This image
shows a political leader who was elected due to the greater acceptance of the Navajo
people caused by the Code Talkers. It is evidential even though other factors were present
a key role that led to the public know and accepting the Navajo was because of the Code
Talker. Jacoby Ellsbury, was a New York Yankees outfielder. 16
Jacoby Ellsbury. nytimes.com,
nytimes.com/2019/11/20/sports/baseball/yankees-ellsbury-bird.html. Accessed 26 Dec.
2020. This image shows a New York Yankees outfielder who was popularized due to the
greater acceptance of the Navajo people caused by the Code Talkers. It is evidential even
though other factors were present a key role that led to the public know and accepting the
Navajo was because of the Code Talker. Jacoby Ellsbury was a New York Yankees
outfielder
Kammer, Jerry. "Navajo Code Talkers: Stories of Valor and Patriotism." The Gallup Independent,
11 Aug. 1976, p. 29. Newspapers.com,
www.newspapers.com/clip/47389158/navajo-code-talkers-stories-of-valor/. Accessed 27
Nov. 2020. This newspaper article shows a great example of how the Navajo were
publicized through newspapers. The Newspaper also was published in 1976 which was
after the declassification of the Navajo in 1968 further proving my claim that the Navajo
weren't known to the public till after the declassification.
Karalus, Dan. "Code Talkers." Northerner University of Arizona Days of Archives: A Real Life
Soap Opera, edited by Richard Quartaroli, 2010,
library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/daysofarchives/codetalkers.html. Accessed 22 Oct.
2020. This website provided me with information about Philip Johnston. And the history
of how he and 4 Navajo code talkers were able to accomplish the task of initiating the
recruitment of the Navajo.
Kolker, Claudia. "Navajo Code Talkers march in inaugural parade." Arizona Daily Star [Tucson,
Arizona], 20 Jan. 1989, p. 5. Newspapers.com,
www.newspapers.com/clip/47389188/navajo-code-talkers-march-in-inaugural/. Accessed 17
27 Nov. 2020. This newspaper article shows a great example of how the Navajo were
publicized through newspapers. The Newspaper also was published in 1989 which was
after the declassification of the Navajo in 1968 further proving my claim that the Navajo
weren't known to the public till after the declassification. The newspaper also highlights
the Navajo's accomplishments along with the secrecy of their mission.
Kowal, Eric. "Classified code mission delayed recognition for Navajo Marines." U.S. Army,
ARMY UNIVERSITY PRESS, 15 Dec. 2011,
www.army.mil/article/70903/classified_code_mission_delayed_recognition_for_navajo_
marines. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020. This website talks about how the Navajo were denied
the right to talk about their mission and how it took many years for them to even get the
recognition they deserved. It also talked about how the Navajo never received the
benefits of being a veteran such as health care insurance and etc. Although the website
focuses on how their recognition was delayed it did mention how they got recognized
after.
Leal, Reynaldo. "The Battle of Iwo Jima and the Unbreakable Navajo Code." U.S. Department of
Veterans Affairs', Feb. 2020,
www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/71737/the-battle-of-iwo-jima-and-the-unbreakable-code/.
Accessed 29 Oct. 2020. This source is an article commemorating The Battle of Iwo Jima
and the unbreakable Navajo Code. This source had a first-hand account of Peter
MacDonald a war veteran's personal account at Iwo Jima. Peter MacDonald stated the
exact message communicated during Iwo Jima in both Navajo and English.
Locke, Katherine. The Navajo Code Talker Memorial in Window Rock, Arizona. nhonews.com,
www.nhonews.com/news/2016/sep/20/navajo-nation-mourns-loss-another-navajo-code-ta 18
lk/. Accessed 26 Dec. 2020. The Navajo Code Talker Memorial in Window Rock,
Arizona honors those who saved the Nation by their use of the Navajo language during
WWII to create an unbreakable code. this monument is one of the only 2 known
monuments honoring the Navajo.
McGowan, Laura. "Interview with Navajo Code Talker Dr. Samuel Billison." Pensacola News
Journal [Pensacola, Florida], 11 Nov. 2005, p. 55. Newspapers.com,
www.newspapers.com/clip/47389463/interview-with-navajo-code-talker-dr/. Accessed
27 Nov. 2020. This newspaper article shows a great example of how the Navajo were
publicized through newspapers. The Newspaper also was published in 1976 which was
after the declassification of the Navajo in 1968 further proving my claim that the Navajo
weren't known to the public till after the declassification.This article is a perfect example
of how the children are getting to learn about the Navajo and their accomplishments.
Molina, Genaro. World War II veteran Tom Jones Jr. Los Angeles Times,
www.latimes.com/nation/la-xpm-2014-mar-08-la-na-ff-navajo-vets-housing-20140309-st
ory.html. Accessed 6 Jan. 2021. This image helps me prove the poor condition that the
Navajo were facing. Due to the lack of proper veteran benefits and job opportunities after
the war.
Morgan, Thomas D. "Native Americans in World War II." Army History, no. 35, 1995, pp.
22–27. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26304400. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020. This Journal
gave full insight and reasoning behind why the Navajo and code talkers joined world war
2. It explains the impact of Pearl harbor on Native Americans. The journal also gave
insight on how different tribes used their advantages to help the Americans in WW 2 19
"Navajo code talker, Joe Kellwood, laid to rest in Phoenix." YouTube, uploaded by News Now
from Fox, Google, www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FwFdu8qVjo. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020.
This video shows how the Navajo became famous and how society now honors and
recognizes each and every one of their deaths. The video apart from honoring the death
of Navajo code talker, Joe Kellwood also explains and educates people of their
achievements. It's important to raise this wasn't just a Youtube video it was initially
broadcasted on a countrywide news channel.
Navajo Code Talkers, A Journey of Remembrance. Directed by George A. Colburn, screenplay
by George A. Colburn, performance by Albert Smith, Teddy Draper, Sr, Samuel
Sandoval, Albert Jesse Smith, Keith Little, and Samuel Tso, Star Bright Media. This
documentary was very helpful in providing quotes for my whole website and helped
prove my thesis consistently. this Documentary is what provided me an interview. I was
fortunately able to interview the director. And this Documentary was very fact-filled and
was produced after about 20 years of contact with the code talkers.
"Navajo Code Talkers Honored in New York." YouTube, uploaded by VOA News, Google, 13
Nov. 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DWvW7tVxLo. Accessed 28 Nov. 2020. This
video majorly concentrated on the Navajo's recognition apart from showing the parade it
talked about how their recognition was delayed. The video mentions how the Navajo
gained fame and how their intention was to start a museum with all the money. VOA
News in addition mentions the events at which they were the guests of honor and how
their future generations continue to participate in the army/navy.
"NAVAJO CODE TALKERS KEPT FROM GUESSING." THE NEW YORK TIMES, pp. 1-44.
Timothy Hughes Rare & Early Newspapers, 20
www.rarenewspapers.com/view/668027?list_url=%2Flist%3Fq%255Bdate_range_end%
255D%3D2020-11-19%2525q%255Bdate_range_start%255D%3D1500-01-01%2525q%
255Bquery%255D%3Dnavajo%2525q%255Bsearch_method%255D%3DAll%2BWords.
Accessed 21 Nov. 2020. This newspaper recognizes and mentions all the efforts of the
Navajo against the enemy Japan. The newspaper article mentions the battles against japan
with examples such as Iwo Jima which really helps enrich my website. In my website, I
mention the presence of Navajo at Iwo Jima and a newspaper as such really supports
what I have said.
Navajo Code Talkers of World War II. Amazon.com,
www.amazon.com/Navajo-Code-Talkers-World-War/dp/B07GGD6LS2. Accessed 1 Jan.
2021. This source is the title cover of a documentary directed by George Colburn. Such
sources help prove the amount of fame gained by the Code talkers and proves my claim
that films and monuments have been established in their recognition.
Navajo Gathering on National Navajo Code Talker Day. 14 Aug. 2019. indianz.com,
www.indianz.com/News/2019/08/14/news-from-the-navajo-nation.asp. Accessed 5 Jan.
2021. This source proves that Navajo Code Talkers day is celebrated yearly helping
recognize the code talkers. Such Source show evidence that such day exists and it's
impact.
Notah Begay III. mymotherlode.com,
www.mymotherlode.com/news/local/665686/golfing-legend-to-visit-sonora-course.html.
Accessed 26 Dec. 2020. This image shows a professional golfer who was popularized
due to the greater acceptance of the Navajo people caused by the Code Talkers. It is
evidential even though other factors were present a key role that led to the public know 21
and accepting the Navajo was because of the Code Talkers. Notah Begay III is a
professional golfer.
Papich, Bill. "The secret is out on WWII Navajo code talkers." Chicago Tribune [Chicago], Mar.
2020, sec. 1, pp. 1-214. Newspapers. com,
www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=20733645&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs
InR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjE3MDUyNzIxMSwiaWF0IjoxNjA0
NDk5ODUyLCJleHAiOjE2MDQ1ODYyNTJ9.QiuTlhLFxPLi-H5WhFiaS9q_kBnLbzIS
_pfEJrQePgk. Accessed 4 Nov. 2020. This newspaper proved that the Navajo were
actually considered to be a secret that nobody knew about. This source also shows how
the media published the code talkers through newspapers. The following newspaper's title
says it all it shows how communication was crucial for the success of America in the war.
Schupman, Edwin. "Native Words, Native Warriors." National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian, edited by Martha Davidson, 2020,
americanindian.si.edu/education/codetalkers/html/chapter4.html#:~:text=Beginning%20i
n%201940%2C%20the%20army,in%20Oklahoma%20who%20would%20enlist.&text=T
he%20Marine%20Corps%20recruited%20Navajo%20Code%20Talkers%20in%201941
%20and%201942. Accessed 1 Dec. 2020. This website has been the most helpful because
it was filled with lots of primary sources and analysis. This website gave me the idea of
which topic to further research to enrich my website more and further in-depth. This
website talked about the before and after of the war, it focused on the bigger picture.
Silversmith, Shondiin. Navajo Code Talkers created an unbreakable code. It helped win World
War II. azcentral, 11 July 2018,
www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2018/07/11/navajo-code-talker-facts-unbrea 22
kable-code/460262002/. Accessed 28 Oct. 2020. This article had a lot of specifics
including quotes, names, and detailed descriptions. It provided me with the exact names
of the first 29 Navajo code talkers and also the information on which Navajo code talkers
were still alive. It explained the different wars the Navajo played a key role in too.
Veterans Affairs. "Indian Health Service / Tribal Health Program (IHS/THP)." U.S. Department
of veteran affairs, 10 Oct. 2019,
www.va.gov/COMMUNITYCARE/programs/veterans/ihs/index.asp. Accessed 6 Jan.
2021. This the VA's website and they themselves admit that their presence and access is
hard to reach. this just blew me and I decided I had to make this addition immediately.
Walker, Willard. "The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II." International Journal of
American Linguistics, vol. 66, no. 4, 2000, pp. 563–564. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/1265850. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020. This source provided me with
information about the looks of the first 14 Comanche code talkers. The Comanche was
established in 1940 which was set as an example/idea for the creation of the Navajo.
Walker, Willard. "The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II." International Journal of
American Linguistics, vol. 66, no. 4, 2000, pp. 563–564. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/1265850. Accessed 22 Oct. 2020. This source is an interview
/journal with Charles Chibity one of the original Comanche Code Talkers of World War
II, this source also provided me with the name of the initial members.
"Windtalkers (6/10) Movie CLIP - Call in the Code (2002) HD." You Tube, uploaded by
Movieclips, Google, 6 Feb. 2014,
www.youtube.com/watchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrZxBMTQO0ch?v=zQHhb
htpJ3M. Accessed 31 Dec. 2020. This video is a snippet from the movie wind talkers. 23
Having a movie made in honor or recognition of the code talkers is great recognition.
This recognition is not one to be dismissed and will enrich my website greatly and
supports the claim about the recognition received by the navajo.
Uncategorized Sources
"Directions to Explore Navajo Interactive Museum, Dine College and Navajo Nation Museum."
Google Maps,
www.google.com/maps/dir/Explore+Navajo+Interactive+Museum,+10+Main+St,+Tuba+
City,+AZ+86045/Dine+College,+Tsaile,+AZ+86556/Navajo+Nation+Museum,+Window
+Rock,+AZ/@36.1980429,-111.2494336,8z/data=!4m20!4m19!1m5!1m1!1s0x8733d183
c89f6125:0x13dda438e8c6f9fe!2m2!1d-111.2409345!2d36.1301065!1m5!1m1!1s0x873a
8c94b9ad904f:0x35861f1e21084d6f!2m2!1d-109.2161569!2d36.2938846!1m5!1m1!1s0
x8725317eab11cbcf:0x5a891bab641a27e8!2m2!1d-109.0510193!2d35.6644485!3e0.
Map. The location of these museums all in one map takes up less space and is more
efficient it also lets the viewer see the locations of each in respect to the other.
Navajo code talkers. Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, Navajo code talkers. Saipan, Northern
Mariana Islands. June 1944. History Is Now Magazine,
images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/50adfa2ae4b0cc1d786569eb/1612116175080-8
GOKNOMKEJ1M6PJ71CCX/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kDKfbXVLdrpMNffEM0zrXl
VZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWEtT5uBSRWt4vQZAgTJucoTqqXjS3CfNDSuuf31e0tVE
p4PAO-yPzdhwdHbueYbMoxg_h66dx770gqheb4_kKa0xzePH6oPLL_BarSuaiRJs/2021
0131+Navajo_Code_Talkers.jpg?format=500w. Accessed 29 Mar. 2021. This image 24
shows proof of the Navajo's participation in other battles on the pacific island such as
Saipan.
Pacific Battles. NPS.gov, National Park Service, 4 Aug. 2017,
www.nps.gov/perl/learn/historyculture/pacific-battles.htm. Accessed 30 Mar. 2021. This
map shows all the pacific island battles, helping the viewer of my website view all the
specific locations mentioned.