The Navajo Code Talkers of World War Ii: the First Twenty-Nine

University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1-28-2015 The aN vajo Code Talkers of World War II: The First Twenty-Nine Zonnie Gorman Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Gorman, Zonnie. "The aN vajo Code Talkers of World War II: The irF st Twenty-Nine." (2015). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ hist_etds/32 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Approval (Signature) Page Zonnie M. Gorman Candidate History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Margaret Connell-Szasz, Chairperson Cathleen Cahill Durwood Ball ii Cover Page THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS OF WORLD WAR II: THE FIRST TWENTY-NINE by ZONNIE M. GORMAN B. A., UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, 1992 M.A., UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2014 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2014 iii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my parents. My father, Carl Nelson Gorman, was a member of the original group of Navajo Code Talkers. He taught me the beauty and dignity of being Diné and instilled a fierce pride in the accomplishments of this first group of men, the “first twenty-nine.” My mother, Mary Excie Gorman, was the personification of commitment and service to others, and in her own right, a historian par excellence. She devoted nearly thirty years of her forty-two-year marriage to support, advocate, promote, and assist directly the Navajo Code Talkers in their many endeavors and was often the quiet, strong organizing force behind many of the accolades they received over the years. iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank the members of my committee. I offer my sincerest thanks to my Committee Chair, Margaret Connell-Szasz for her encouragement and her helpful dialogues throughout this process. Her support and faith in me never faltered, even when I needed extra nudges to finish. I would also like to extend a thank you to Durwood Ball, whose conversations and support about my topic was encouraging. His wealth of knowledge on U.S. military history proved very helpful in guiding me to sources I otherwise would not have considered. And finally, I want to thank Cathleen Cahill, whose cheerfulness and open door always greeted me when I needed specific advice, or just great conversation. A large portion of new material I used in this thesis would not have been available without the 2013 regional residency fellowship awarded to me by the National Archives. The staff at the National Personnel Records Center in St Louis was extremely helpful during my two visits to the archives. I would especially like to express a heartfelt thank you to the archivists, Ashley Mattingly and Theresa Fitzgerald, who found everything I requested and more. Also a special thank you to Eric Kilgore, Research Room supervisor, and his staff for their knowledge and assistance. Doris Sander, too, was helpful in accessing materials for me in the nonarchival research room. And finally, a special thank you to Bryan McGraw, the director for the National Archives at St Louis, for his cordiality, enthusiasm, and sincere love for his work that was truly inspiring. I also want to thank my sons, Anthony and Christopher, for their love and encouragement. Their help, from research assistant at the archives to fixing computer v glitches, assisted me in innumerable ways. A special thank you goes to my oldest son, Michael, who unselfishly took on the task of reading my drafts and offering very concrete and valuable suggestions. I also would like to thank John and Jenny Crouch of Silver Cloud Video Productions for their assistance in collecting the interviews with members of the “first twenty-nine,” and with Frank Shinn, during my undergraduate studies at the University of Arizona. I also want to extend a sincere thank you to Donna Monette, a diligent researcher in her own right, who loves these men and their story almost as much as I do. And lastly, I give a special and heartfelt hug to my partner, Ellis Tanner. Without his love and support and unwavering faith in me, I would not have started – or finished – this journey. vi THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS OF WORLD WAR II: THE FIRST TWENTY-NINE by ZONNIE M. GORMAN B. A., UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, 1992 M.A., UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2014 ABSTRACT The Navajo code is considered to be one of the only U.S. military codes never broken by an enemy combatant. Its use in the Pacific campaigns during World War II and the now famous men, the Navajo Code Talkers, owe their success to the original group – the “first twenty-nine” - who volunteered in the spring of 1942 to join the U. S. Marine Corps for a “special assignment.” Unbeknownst to them at the time of their enlistment, they would serve as a pilot to develop a code in their native language and test its feasibility for combat communications. Very few details have been available about this initial phase of the first group, even though it was vital in establishing the program. This thesis on the “first twenty-nine” broadens and reinterprets the traditional historical narrative, employing newly discovered material and several undisclosed interviews with both members of the original group as well as former Marines who were involved in this decisive phase. vii Table of Contents Approval (Signature) Page ........................................................................... i Cover Page .................................................................................................... ii Dedication .................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................ iv Abstract ........................................................................................................ vi Figures ........................................................................................................ viii Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One: The Idea ............................................................................. 12 Chapter Two: The Recruitment ............................................................... 37 Chapter Three: Swearing-in & Boot Camp ............................................ 61 Chapter Four - The Code .......................................................................... 91 Conclusion ................................................................................................. 108 Bibliography ............................................................................................. 112 viii Figures Figure 1 Members of the "first twenty-nine" group shot on May 4, 1942 ……3 1 Introduction On a clear, crisp spring morning in 1942, a group of young men clustered together for a photo opportunity. There were no particular physical characteristics that identified them as unique, or that they even belonged together as group. They ranged widely in age. Some were in their early to mid-thirties, but most were in their late teens and early twenties. Some knew one another, classmates from a couple of the larger federal Indian boarding schools located in and around Navajo country. The majority, however, were strangers. On this particular day, they had come together at Fort Wingate, New Mexico, to be sworn in to the United States Marine Corps. They formed four tight, neat rows - two rows standing, and two rows kneeling - and waited for their picture to be taken. My father, Carl Nelson Gorman, dressed in a suit jacket and turtleneck, stood in one of the back rows. His gaze looks out, and he is slightly turned from the camera, as if something, or someone, to his left had caught his attention just moments before the shutter clicked. Another young man on the far end of the same row, Wilsie Bitsie, has a broad smile on his face, and he, too, looks in the same direction as my father. The others steadfastly stare ahead toward the camera. In all, there are twenty-four men in the photograph. A twenty- fifth, who stands to my father’s left, is only half in the frame. These men, who would ultimately number twenty-nine, were part of the initial pilot group who volunteered for a “special assignment” in the United States Marine Corps in the spring of 1942. Unbeknownst to them, this “special assignment” was to create in their native language a voice code that they, and later, some 350 more Navajo Marines would 2 effectively utilize to send and receive vital combat messages in the Pacific theatre during World War II, thus greatly assisting in the Allied victory over Japan. The original of this image is a small, crumpled snapshot that was taken by a family member of one of the men in the photograph, and years later it was given to my father. Dad had it copied and enlarged, and like many other photographs of the Navajo Code Talkers, it became part of the growing collection in the family photo albums. Most of these other images were a hodgepodge of historic combat correspondence photographs

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