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Yearbook of Muslims in Europe the Titles Published in This Series Are Listed at Brill.Com/Yme Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 6

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Yearbook of Muslims in Europe the Titles Published in This Series Are Listed at Brill.Com/Yme Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 6 Yearbook of Muslims in Europe The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/yme Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 6 Editor-in-Chief Jørgen S. Nielsen Editors Samim Akgönül Ahmet Alibašić Egdūnas Račius LEIDEN | BOSTON This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1877-1432 isbn 978-90-04-27754-0 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28305-3 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Preface ix The Editors xiii Editorial Advisers xiv List of Technical Terms xv Counting Muslims: Censuses, Categories, Policies and the Construction of Islam in Europe 1 Kerem Öktem Country Surveys Albania 19 Olsi Jazexhi Armenia 35 Sevak Karamyan Austria 45 Thomas Schmidinger and Alev Çakır Azerbaijan 67 Bayram Balci and Altay Goyushov Belgium 83 Nadia Fadil Bosnia and Herzegovina 108 Aid Smajić Bulgaria 126 Aziz Nazmi Shakir Croatia 144 Dino Mujadžević vi contents Cyprus 153 Ali Dayıoğlu and Mete Hatay Czech Republic 176 Štěpán Macháček Denmark 189 Brian Arly Jacobsen Estonia 210 Ringo Ringvee Finland 218 Teemu Pauha and Tuomas Martikainen France 229 Franck Frégosi Georgia 244 Satenik Mkrtchyan and Ketevan Khutsishvili Germany 262 Mathias Rohe Greece 288 Konstantinos Tsitselikis Hungary 300 Norbert Pap Iceland 308 Göran Larsson and Kristjan Thor Sigurdsson Ireland 317 Oliver Scharbrodt and Victoria Montgomery Italy 334 Stella Coglievina Contents vii Kosovo 352 Besa Ismaili Latvia 364 Valters Ščerbinskis Liechtenstein 370 Thomas Schmidinger Lithuania 378 Egdūnas Račius Luxembourg 388 Sylvain Besch Macedonia 398 Muharem Jahja Malta 409 Martin R. Zammit Moldova 416 Aurelia Felea Montenegro 429 Sabina Pacariz Netherlands 439 Martijn de Koning Norway 459 Oddbjørn Leirvik Poland 472 Agata S. Nalborczyk and Stanisław Grodź Portugal 487 José Mapril and Nina Clara Tiesler viii contents Romania 498 Irina Vainovski-Mihai Russia 511 Elmira Akhmetova Serbia 529 Almir Pramenković Slovakia 540 Jaroslav Drobný Slovenia 547 Christian Moe Spain 555 Jordi Moreras Sweden 570 Göran Larsson Switzerland 582 Andreas Tunger-Zanetti and Mallory Schneuwly Purdie Turkey 596 Ahmet Yildiz Ukraine 614 Elmira Muratova United Kingdom 625 Dilwar Hussain Preface This is the sixth volume of the now well-established Yearbook of Muslims in Europe, covering the calendar year 2013. This year the volume includes only 45 countries, as contacts with our Belarus author have failed—we hope to have it back next year. We have as usual omitted the Vatican and the three mini-states, Andorra, Monaco and San Marino. While the continuing financial crisis has drawn media and political atten- tion away from Islam and Muslims, much attention returned to the question during 2013 after something of a lull the previous year. The great political changes which have taken place in the Middle East and North Africa since the beginning of 2011 continue to remain mostly absent, beyond the occasional appearance in the section on public debate and the media. Even in those coun- tries where there traditionally has been a close connection between Libya and local Muslim organisations it has not been possible to register the impact of the fall of the old Libyan regime. The impact of the civil war in Syria has been more marked with a significant rise in the number of Syrian refugees, espe- cially into southern and south-eastern Europe. We have happily been able to continue the practice started in vol. 5 of invit- ing a scholar to comment on the issues arising out of an aspect of develop- ments which are common across most of the continent. This time we are grateful that Kerem Öktem has accepted the invitation to reflect on the ques- tion of numbers following the large number of official censuses which were published during 2012 and 2013. The structure of the country reports remains unchanged. The information is presented under the same headings for each country, so that users who wish to make comparisons across countries can quickly find the information they seek within the same numbered section of each country report. Although, of course, much of the material is of a more general nature, special attention is given to developments during the year. The statistics provided in the first sec- tion usually state clearly which year they apply to, which is not necessarily 2013, as there are many countries where such statistics are not gathered regu- larly. Any significant developments that have taken place in a country since the beginning of 2014 have been held over to the next volume. In the process of copy editing, all the web sites cited in source references were tested, and they were functioning at the beginning of April 2014. It goes without saying that the situations in the various countries differ enormously in terms of numbers, complexity and occasionally the peculiar- ity of one aspect or another, usually to do with legal status. We have therefore x preface not imposed any strict guidelines for the length of individual country entries, except to keep within a guideline maximum—and even that we have had to breach in certain, in our view, justified cases. Sections 1–12 in each country report have a focus that allows for the presentation of factual data, but it is inevitable that, in deciding what information to include and what to exclude, judgments have had to be made. This is the case especially in section 3, where we have had to choose which national Muslim organisations to include. In countries with smaller populations, two organisations may be all that exist in the country, while in other, larger countries some provincial organisations may have national impact. The same goes for Muslim media, covered in section 12. On the other hand, the last three sections, 13–16, are more evaluative in their intent. Given that the situation is so varied among the countries covered, sec- tion 13, on family law, can only touch very briefly on those aspects that are particular to the country in question and which especially have impacts on Muslims and on public awareness. Readers interested in more detail will need to go to the extensive and technical legal literature. To help readers use the country reports, especially if they intend to make thematic comparisons across Europe, a more detailed indication of what each section of the country reports is intended to include may be helpful: 1. Muslim populations: Muslim populations, including their history within the country and ethnic composition, with overview statistics covering current numbers and ethnic and geographical distribution. This will include, as appropriate, an indication of the nature of the sources and a discussion of strengths and weaknesses of the statistics. Any statistics here and later, should specify the basis on which they have been worked out, including reference to ranges of uncertainty. 2. Islam and the state: A summary of the general relation between state and religion, including questions of official recognition where relevant, and data on the place of Muslims and Muslim organisations within this struc- ture, their place in the public sphere, and access to public funding. 3. Main Muslim organisations: Identification of the main national and, if rele- vant, regional or ‘sectarian’ Muslim organisations, including contact details, indication of their relative importance and ethnic, religious (Sunni, Shiʿi, Sufi, or other theological trend) and national allegiance. This will include as appropriate charities, cultural organisations, political parties and links with transnational and/or foreign organisations and movements. 4. Mosques and prayer houses: This section will provide an overview of mosques and prayer houses, including identification and locations of the main concentrations and overall numbers analysed according to local Preface xi practice. Prayer rooms in public institutions. Legal issues, especially as regards official planning processes, will be referred to when relevant. 5. Children’s education: The place of Islam and Muslims in the general edu- cation system, including the teaching of Islam within the curriculum, any special arrangements for Muslim pupils, and provision for separate (private or public) Muslim-owned or -managed schools. 6. Higher and professional education: The history and place of Islamic stud- ies in further and higher education institutions, including the provision of private or public professional training for imams. 7. Burial and cemeteries: Provision of facilities for Muslim burial both in terms of meeting ritual expectations and provision of space for Muslim cemeteries. 8. ‘Chaplaincy’ in state institutions: Provision of Muslim religious coun- selling and/or ritual services for Muslims in public institutions such as health services, prisons, and the armed forces. 9. Religious festivals: The status of the main Muslim religious festivals, how they are celebrated, and the extent to which they are publicly recog- nised, for example, in employment law or school holiday arrangements. Numbers of pilgrims on the annual hajj. 10. Halal products and Islamic services: Access to halal food and its sale, whether halal slaughter is permitted, and whether halal food is avail- able in public institutions; special arrangements for hajj travel, access to Islamic banking and finance.
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