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En Egen Röst Stockholms universitet Institutionen för kultur och estetik Litteraturvetenskap EN EGEN RÖST EN LÄSNING AV TVÅ UNGDOMSROMANER AV JOYCE CAROL OATES UTIFRÅN JULIA KRISTEVAS PSYKOANALYTISKA TEORIER Lisa Sundström kandidatuppsats handledare Janina Orlov VT 2015 ABSTRACT I denna uppsats kommer jag analysera flickskildringen i två ungdomsromaner, Freaky green eyes och Two or three things I forgot to tell you av Joyce Carol Oates. Romanernas flickor bär på pendlande känslor av begär och avsky både inför sig själva och sina föräldrar. Därför har Julia Kristevas teorier kring abjektion som förklarar dessa motstridiga känslor som en del av subjektets tillblivelse varit fruktsamma för min analys. Flickorna söker tillgång till språket och makten genom en identifikation med sina pappor och manliga värden samt ett bortstötande av sina mammor och allt som representerar det kvinnliga. Men för att må bra och kunna uttrycka sin egen sanning krävs ett omfamnande av mammorna och den egna kvinnligheten vilket när de tillslut fullbordas får flickorna att hitta inre harmoni och sin egen röst. 2 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING INLEDNING ...................................................................................................................................... 4 SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNING.......................................................................................................5 UNGDOMSROMANEN............................................................................................................................5 BEGRÄNSNINGAR...................................................................................................................................6 TIDIGARE FORSKNING ........................................................................................................................6 TEORI OCH METOD ...............................................................................................................................7 ANALYS ...........................................................................................................................................10 HANDLING............................................................................................................................................... 10 FADERNS LAG ....................................................................................................................................... 11 FRUKTAN FÖR OCH LÄNGTAN EFTER MODERSKROPPEN............................................. 14 DEN FALLISKA MODERN...............................................................................................................................17 DET ABJEKT KVINNLIGA................................................................................................................. 19 EN EGEN RÖST ...................................................................................................................................... 23 SLUTDISKUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 29 KÄLL-OCH LITTERTURFÖRTECKNING.................................................................................... 31 3 INLEDNING (Perhaps no one recalls pencil boxes? They were about the size of a lunch pail, with several drawers that slid out, revealed freshly sharpened yellow ”lead” pencils, Crayola crayons, erasers, compasses. Lunch pails, which perhaps no one recalls either, were about the size of pencil boxes but, unlike pencil boxes, which smelled wonderfully of Crayolas, lunch pails quickly came to smell awfully of milk in Thermos bottles, overripe bananas, baloney sandwiches, and waxed paper.)1 Så i en parantes beskriver Joyce Carol Oates ett av sina tidiga skolminnen i en essäsamling om skrivandet och författarskap. Pennskrinet som är fyllt av ordning och reda med redskap för att skriva och skapa doftar underbart gott. Matlådan däremot rymmer ett för henne vämjeligt innehåll och ger en vedervärdig lukt. Dessa motstridiga känslor tycker jag speglar ett tema som finns i båda de romaner jag i den här uppsatsen ska analysera. Ett tema där harmonisk ordning ställs mot kaosartat äckel här representerat av pennor och kritor ställt mot en avskyvärd matsäck men som i andra fall tar sig olika uttryck och skepnader. Oates (född 1938) är en av Amerikas mest berömda och lästa författare. Hon är professor i litteratur och har gett ut mängder av romaner, noveller, pjäser och faktatexter. Främst är Oates förknippad med sina texter för vuxna men hon har även publicerat tre bilderböcker för barn och fem romaner samt en novellsamling för ungdomar. Oates framhålls ofta för sina skildringar av det amerikanska samhällets politik, maktstrukturer, klass- och könsskillnader. De som speciellt intresserat mig är hennes kvinnoporträtt som ofta lämnat kvar en ambivalent känsla av obehag. Oates visar gång på gång hur kvinnor faller offer för ett grymt och patriarkalt samhälle där deras kvinnlighet och i synnerhet deras kropp och kvinnliga former beskrivs som något negativt som begränsar. Detta tema är något som även återkommer i hennes ungdomsromaner, här kanske på ett än mer blottlagt och tydligt vis. Oates har själv sagt att: ”The young adult genre is for me an arena in which to dramatize ethical issues in a manner that would be too obvious or obtrusive for ”adult fiction”; also, it’s a genre that allows for quite plausible happy endings/positive resolutions.”2 Därför har jag funnit det extra 1 Joyce Carol Oates, The faith of a writer (New York 2003), s. 4. 2 Greg Johnsson, ”Fiction of the new millennium: An interview with Joyce Carol Oates”, Michigan quarterly review, volume 45, 2006:2, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.act2080.0045.221, 2015-04-01. 4 intressant att undersöka porträtten av flickorna i Oates ungdomsromaner och vad de står för. Jag tror att man här ännu tydligare kan se mönster och förklaringar till dessa återkommande kvinnoporträtt som jag ser som en av grundpelarna i hela Oates författarskap. Även de relativt lyckliga sluten tycker jag förstärker bilden av Oates motiv och vad hon vill säga med sina texter. SYFTE OCH FRÅGESTÄLLNING Mitt syfte är att utifrån ett psykoanalytiskt perspektiv undersöka två av Oates ungdomsromaner Freeky Green Eyes (2003) och Two or three things I forgot to tell you (2012). Mina frågeställningar är 1. Hur ser flickskildringen i romanerna ut och hur förhåller sig de unga kvinnliga protagonisterna till sin egen och andras kvinnlighet och kropp? 2. Vad har flickorna för relation till sina pappor respektive mammor och vad kan föräldrarna utifrån psykoanalytiska teorier tänkas stå för? UNGDOMSROMANEN Ungdomslitteratur brukar definieras som texter för en publik från tretton år upp till övre tonåren.3 Begreppet ungdomsroman är en egen konstnärlig form med underliggande genrer som till exempel fantasy och samtidsrealistisk ungdomsroman.4 Oates alla ungdomsromaner är samtidsrealistiska. Realism är också den vanligaste formen för ungdomsromaner där ofta en identitetsutveckling står i centrum där problem av personlig och social karaktär tas upp.5 Här följer Oates mönstret då teman som finns i hennes ungdomsromaner bland annat är drogproblem, homosexualitet, självmord, skilsmässor och identitetssökande. De av Oates romaner som jag benämner som ungdomsromaner är de som hon medvetet skrivit och som av förlagen getts ut som ungdomslitteratur. Det är vanligt att vad som betraktas som en ungdomsroman skiftar i olika kulturer och tider, och till och med inom samma kultur och tid.6 Det är också flera av Oates romaner för vuxna som precis som hennes ungdomsromaner handlar om tonåringar i skolmiljö. Ett exempel är Foxfire: Confession of a Girl Gang (1993) som flera bokhandlare väljer att placera i hyllan för ungdomslitteratur men som av Oates är 3 The Oxford encyclopedia of children’s literature, volume 4, red. Jack Zipes (New York 2006), s. 214. 4 Maria Österlund, Förklädda flickor. Könsöverskridning i 1980-talets svenska ungdomsroman (diss. Åbo 2006), s. 32. 5 The Oxford encyclopedia of children’s literature, s. 216 f. 6 Österlund, s. 31. 5 skriven som och av förlaget getts ut som vuxenlitteratur.7 Samtidigt tycker jag att hennes ungdomsromaner är så pass intressanta och komplexa att de mycket väl också kan passa för en vuxen publik. BEGRÄNSNINGAR Jag har valt att undersöka två av Oates fem ungdomsromaner. Jag har begränsat mig till dessa två då de har tydligast tema kring kvinnlighet och flickskildring vilket är de ämnen i Oates författarskap som jag velat undersöka. Det finns intressanta vinklar på samma tema i flera av de övriga böckerna men hade jag även tagit med dessa hade jag riskerat att fastna i upprepningar och dessutom inte haft utrymme att gå på djupet med min undersökning på det sätt som jag velat. TIDIGARE FORSKNING Oates är en av världens mest produktiva författare och litteraturen och forskningen kring henne och hennes texter är väldigt omfångsrik. Därför har jag inte kunnat få en komplett överblick men jag har försökt gå igenom något av det som verkat väsentligt för mitt ämne. Mycket av forskningen om Oates är av biografisk karaktär, där Invisible writer: A biography of Joyce Carol Oates (1998) av Greg Johnson är det mest omfattande verket. I min analys har jag dock valt att helt lägga den biografiska aspekten åt sidan. Det finns också många analyser av varför Oates producerar så mycket samt undersökningar av de ofta förekommande våldsinslagen i hennes litteratur. Mycket av det som skrivits om Oates är producerat innan hon gav ut sin första ungdomsroman år 2002. En text
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