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Parasitological Society of Southern Africa Parasitological Society of Southern Africa The following are abstracts of papers and posters presented at the 35th Annual Congress of the Parasitological Society of Southern Africa (PARSA), 24–26 September 2006, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Windhoek, Namibia Keynote Addresses snail species. The life cycle of the latter was experimentally com- pleted in rats and thus identified as Echinoparyphium elegans. Malaria in South Africa: A success story Xiphidio cercariae were often secreted by other snail species and their life cycles are still unknown, but snails, fish and freshwater L Blumberg shrimps were found to harbour xiphidio cysts. In a changing envi- ronment, this field still holds many challenges in future to solve the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa. life cycles of many known and unknown trematode parasites. E-mail: [email protected] Malaria is the most important parasitic disease in Africa with Vaccination against Taenia solium infection in pigs: a new regard to morbidity and mortality. Challenges to malaria control method for control of cysticercosis include ongoing parasite drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and vector resistance to insecticides. M W Lightowlers In South Africa, malaria transmission is restricted to 3 provinces. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant species accounting for at Veterinary Clinical Centre, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, least 95 % of cases and all malaria-related mortality. Furthermore Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] chloroquine resistance is widespread. Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with Malaria case notification rates have decreased from 64 622 cases in the larval stage of the cestode Taenia solium. The disease is an 2000 to 13 399 cases in 2004 and 7755 in 2005, largely as a result of a important cause of human morbidity and mortality in many number of initiatives. These include intensive indoor residual non-Islamic parts of the developing world. Despite the availability spray ing programmes, including the use of DDT to combat insecti- of effective anthelmintics, the disease remains prevalent and there is cide resistant Anopheles funestus, the introduction of Artemisinin a need for new and improved measures for control of the infection. Combination Therapy (ACT) for the treatment of uncomplicated The parasite is transmitted zoonotically, with pigs acting as the natural malaria and the Lebombo Spatial Development Initiative, a animal host. We have sought to develop an effective practical cross-border collaboration, targeting malaria control in eastern vaccine to prevent infection in pigs as a new option to assist with Swaziland, southern Mozambique and northern KwaZulu-Natal. T. solium control. Previous research in our laboratory has demon- As well as being highly effective and improving cure rates, ACT strated the potential for use of recombinant oncosphere antigens to has the advantage of diminishing the chances of further parasite be used as vaccines to prevent cysticercosis caused by Taenia ovis and drug resistance to sequential monotherapy. The artemisinins also Taenia saginata in sheep and cattle, respectively, as well as for preven- decrease gametocyte development and hence potentially reduce tion of hydatid disease caused by infection with Echinococcus malaria transmission. Diagnosis using highly sensitive and specific granulosus. This success has encouraged the adoption of a similar rapid malaria antigen tests has facilitated point of care testing in strategy for T. solium. Two oncosphere proteins were cloned from rural clinics. Programmes to monitor drug resistance in vivo are on- mRNA obtained from T. solium oncospheres and expressed in Esche- going and are essential to monitor the development of resistance richia coli as GST fusion proteins. To date, 5 vaccination trials have and guide further treatment decisions. been undertaken in pigs against an experimental challenge infection with T. solium eggs. These trials were undertaken by collaborating Snail-transmitted trematode parasites scientists in Mexico (two trials), Peru, Honduras and Cameroon. In every trial a vaccine, comprising the recombinant protein TSOL18, P H King induced complete or near complete protection against infection with the parasite (individual experiments: 100 %, 100 %, 99.9 %, Department of Biology, PO Box 139, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, 0204, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] 99.9 % and 99.5 % protection). Current research is assessing the duration of protection that is afforded by the vaccine prior to under- Trematode parasites have a life cycle with potentially 3 hosts. taking small-scale field trials which are scheduled for endemic Freshwater snails serve as 1st intermediate host and produce regions in 3 countries. The ultimate objective of this research is for cercariae that penetrate the 2nd intermediate host to form these recombinant oncosphere vaccines to play a major role in the metacercariae. Adults only develop once these infected hosts have global eradication of neurocysticercosis. been eaten by suitable final hosts. In a few cases cercariae penetrate the final host directly. In order to study the trematode parasites of Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in southern Africa: Gauteng and the Free State, water bodies were surveyed for fresh- water snails, which were placed in glass containers for natural shed- new insights – new challenges ding of cercariae, and thereafter studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Other organisms were simultaneously P van den Bossche collected during the study and examined for metacercariae. In the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Veterinary Department, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Free State the snail Bulinus tropicus was found to be the most abun- Antwerp, Belgium, and Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of dant, whereas Lymnaea natalensis and B. tropicus were found in most Veterinary Sciences, Onderstepoort, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] ponds in Gauteng. A variety of cercariae were produced: apharyn- Tsetse flies occur over large parts of southern Africa and are a geal-brevifurcate-distome forktail cercariae on the one hand, considerable threat to sustainable livestock production. However, formed Schistosoma mattheei, as well as a Trichobilharzia sp., in experi- the impact of the disease (Nagana) on production depends largely mentally infected rats, whereas apharyngeal-brevifurcate-mono- on the epidemiological situation in a particular area. In southern stome forktail cercariae resulted in Clinostomum tilapiae meta- Africa, 4 epidemiological situations can be distinguished that have cercariae in a few Tilapia fish. The pharyngeal-longifurcate-distome repercussions for the impact and control of the disease in livestock. cercariae (mostly single tailed) on the other hand, penetrated fresh- The epidemiological circumstances can vary in space and in time water fish where these encysted. Bulinus tropicus secreted and are the consequence of changes in the distribution and density amphistome cercariae of Calicophoron microbothrium that encysted on of people and their livestock and concomitant changes in the distri- plants and were eaten by cattle and sheep. Echinostome cercariae bution and density of tsetse flies and tsetse host availability. with 27-spines (Petasiger variospinosus) were found to encyst in tad- The pressure for land for agriculture (e.g. Malawi, South Africa), poles of Xenopus laevis whereafter the experimental life cycle was resettlement schemes (e.g. Mozambique, Zimbabwe) or restocking completed in the reed cormorant, Phalacrocorax africanus. Another programmes (e.g. Mozambique) have especially important reper- echinostome cercaria with 43-spines was also encysted in the same cussions on the epidemiology of Nagana. The impact of the disease 0038-2809 Jl S.Afr.vet.Ass. (2007) 78(2): 99–113 99 on livestock production is highest where tsetse flies are highly within 1 Argulus species as observed in Argulus japonicus. Species dependent on game animals for their survival and where game specificity is a characteristic that evolved over generations and animals constitute an important reservoir of trypanosomes. Despite involves the development of specific proteins indicating that high prevalence in livestock, the impact of Nagana is much lower in Argulus is a recent addition to the Branchiura. areas where cattle have become the main host of tsetse and consti- Pre-oral structures occur only in Argulus and Dipteropeltis, imply- tute the main trypanosome reservoir. Maintaining or creating such a ing a closer relationship between these 2 genera. trypanosomosis endemic situation may be another tool in the trypanosomosis control strategies. If tsetse control is considered an Effect of water levels on parasite infestations in the option, epidemiological circumstances will have to be considered Okavango Delta, Botswana when determining the most appropriate control strategy. L Basson and J G Van As From discovery to development: current industry Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, perspectives for the development of novel methods Bloemfontein, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected] of helminth control in livestock The Okavango Delta is a dynamic ecosystem that is driven by an annual flood, which takes approximately 6 months to flow the P J Waller distance of around 250 km as the crow flies from Mohembo (at the SWEPAR,
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