DOCSLIB.ORG

CJ Greyling Orcid.Org/0000-0001-8505-8583

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CJ Greyling Orcid.Org/0000-0001-8505-8583 Trophic transfer of metals and OCP’s in organisms from a warm temperate and a subtropical intertidal rocky shore CJ Greyling orcid.org/0000-0001-8505-8583 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Environmental Sciences at the North-West University Supervisor: Prof V Wepener Co-supervisor: Prof Y Ikenaka Graduation May 2018 23599235 Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation takes determination and patience and most of all support. This research would not have been completed without the contributions and assistance of many. I want to extend my greatest appreciation to the following people and institutions: To my supervisor, thank you for providing me with the opportunity to do research in a field that I love. Thank you for your support during fieldtrips and in the laboratory, for all the knowledge and encouragement to finish this project and all the long hours of reviewing. The NWU Water Research Group for funding of the project and every opportunity to further my knowledge and passion in this field. Prof. Mayumi Ishizuka, Prof. Yoshinori Ikenaka, Dr. Shouta Nakayama, Dr. Yared Beyene, Ichise-san, Ishii-san, Aksorn-san, Mizukawa-san, Lesa and everyone from the Toxicology Laboratory at the Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University, for their hospitality, assistance, the opportunities and organization to analyse samples for stable isotope analysis. Prof. van Vuren for advice and the organization of my travels to Japan. Claire Volschenk (neé Edwards) for her assistance, advice and early mornings in Japan. Prof. Rialet Pieters, Tash Vogt, Suranie Horn and Nico Wolmarans for their assistance during the organic extractions. Thank you for taking the time to guide me on the right track and opening your laboratory for my analysis. Dr. Wynand Malherbe for his unconditional unofficial supervision. Thank you for always being willing to help. I would also like to extend my appreciation to colleagues and friends Dr. Kerry Hadfield Malherbe, Dr. Ruan Gerber, Elané, Anrich, Uané, Lizaan, Marelize and everyone at the NWU Water Research Group for their support and advice during the course of my project. Also, great thanks to my family for their endless support and the opportunity to finish this research with a smile on my face. To Hannes Erasmus, thanks for your constant love and support, advice and guidance during the past few years. You inspire me in everything you do. Thank you God for the opportunity and willpower to complete this project. pg. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements _____________________________________________________________ i Table of Contents _____________________________________________________________ ii Summary ____________________________________________________________________ v List of Figures ________________________________________________________________ viii List of Tables _________________________________________________________________ x 1. CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION _________________________________________ 1 1.1. Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 1 1.1.1. South African coastal diversity __________________________________________ 1 1.1.2. Study rational _______________________________________________________ 3 1.2. Hypotheses, aims & objectives _____________________________________________ 4 1.2.1. Hypotheses _________________________________________________________ 4 1.2.2. Aims _______________________________________________________________ 4 1.2.3. Objectives __________________________________________________________ 5 2. CHAPTER 2: STUDY AREA AND SPECIES DESCRIPTION _____________________________ 6 2.1. Tsitsikamma National Park, Marine Protected Area ____________________________ 6 2.1.1. Background _________________________________________________________ 6 2.1.2. Climate and oceanography _____________________________________________ 7 2.1.3. Significance of the study area ___________________________________________ 8 2.1.4. Map and site characteristics ____________________________________________ 9 2.1.5. Tsitsikamma species classification ______________________________________ 11 2.2. Sheffield Beach ________________________________________________________ 18 2.2.1. Background ________________________________________________________ 18 2.2.2. Climate and oceanography ____________________________________________ 19 2.2.3. Significance of the study area __________________________________________ 20 2.2.4. Map and site characteristics ___________________________________________ 21 2.2.5. Sheffield Beach species classification ____________________________________ 23 3. CHAPTER 3: A COMPARISON OF FOOD WEB STRUCTURES OF THE INTERTIDAL ROCKY SHORE USING STABLE ISOTOPES ________________________________________________ 29 3.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 29 3.2. Materials & Methods ___________________________________________________ 31 3.2.1. Field survey and sample collection ______________________________________ 31 3.2.2. Laboratory preparation _______________________________________________ 32 3.2.3. Stable isotope analysis _______________________________________________ 32 3.2.4. Statistical analysis ___________________________________________________ 33 3.2.4.1. Stable isotope signatures__________________________________________ 33 pg. ii 3.2.4.2. Trophic level and food chains ______________________________________ 34 3.2.4.3. Group assessments according to functional trophic groups _______________ 34 3.3. Results _______________________________________________________________ 35 3.3.1. Stable isotope signatures _____________________________________________ 35 3.3.2. Trophic level and food chains __________________________________________ 39 3.3.3. Group assessments according to functional trophic groups __________________ 43 3.4. Discussion ____________________________________________________________ 45 3.4.1. Stable isotope signatures _____________________________________________ 45 3.4.2. Trophic level and food chains __________________________________________ 46 3.4.3. Group assessments according to functional trophic groups __________________ 49 3.5. Conclusions ___________________________________________________________ 55 4. CHAPTER 4: TROPHIC MAGNIFICATION OF METALS AND ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS FROM TWO ROCKY SHORES ALONG THE SOUTH AFRICAN COASTLINE _________________________________________________________________ 56 4.1. Introduction ___________________________________________________________ 56 4.1.1. Metals ____________________________________________________________ 57 4.1.2. Organochlorine pesticides ____________________________________________ 57 4.1.3. Trophic magnification factors __________________________________________ 58 4.2. Materials & Methods ___________________________________________________ 59 4.2.1. Field survey and sample collection ______________________________________ 59 4.2.2. Laboratory analysis __________________________________________________ 59 4.2.2.1. Metals ________________________________________________________ 60 4.2.2.2. Organochlorine pesticides _________________________________________ 62 4.2.2.3. Trophic magnification factors ______________________________________ 64 4.2.3. Statistical analysis ___________________________________________________ 64 4.3. Results _______________________________________________________________ 65 4.3.1. Metals ____________________________________________________________ 65 4.3.2. Organochlorine pesticides ____________________________________________ 69 4.3.3. Trophic magnification factors __________________________________________ 72 4.3.3.1. Metals ________________________________________________________ 72 4.3.3.2. Organochlorine pesticides _________________________________________ 74 4.4. Discussion ____________________________________________________________ 75 4.4.1. Metals ____________________________________________________________ 75 4.4.2. Organochlorine pesticides ____________________________________________ 77 4.4.3. Trophic magnification factors __________________________________________ 79 4.5. Conclusions ___________________________________________________________ 80 5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS _____________________________ 82 pg. iii 5.1. General conclusions _____________________________________________________ 82 5.2. Recommendations ______________________________________________________ 84 References __________________________________________________________________ 85 Appendix A ________________________________________________________________ 102 Appendix B ________________________________________________________________ 104 pg. iv Summary Globally, of all the services and functions that ecological systems provide to human welfare, ± 63 % comes from the marine domain. Pollution of the ocean by means of metals and organochlorine pesticides pose a great threat to the biodiversity of intertidal rocky shores, especially sedentary filter-feeders since they are well known to accumulate a wide range of metals in their soft tissues, as well as to consumers of these species. Past research focused on the use of bio-indicator species to determine concentrations of compounds found within the environment. This hinders the comparison of uptake and transfer between species and results in a knowledge gap in terms of most intertidal rocky shore food webs and species. By examining sites that are as near as possible to a natural
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: the Genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina
    © Copyright Australian Museum, 2004 Records of the Australian Museum (2004) Vol. 56: 75–122. ISSN 0067-1975 The Subfamily Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: The Genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina DAVID G. REID* AND SUZANNE T. WILLIAMS Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom [email protected] · [email protected] ABSTRACT. The littorinine gastropods of the temperate southern continents were formerly classified together with tropical species in the large genus Nodilittorina. Recently, molecular data have shown that they belong in three distinct genera, Austrolittorina, Afrolittorina and Nodilittorina, whereas the tropical species are members of a fourth genus, Echinolittorina. Austrolittorina contains 5 species: A. unifasciata in Australia, A. antipodum and A. cincta in New Zealand, and A. fernandezensis and A. araucana in western South America. Afrolittorina contains 4 species: A. africana and A. knysnaensis in southern Africa, and A. praetermissa and A. acutispira in Australia. Nodilittorina is monotypic, containing only the Australian N. pyramidalis. This paper presents the first detailed morphological descriptions of the African and Australasian species of these three southern genera (the eastern Pacific species have been described elsewhere). The species-level taxonomy of several of these has been confused in the past; Afrolittorina africana and A. knysnaensis are here distinguished as separate taxa; Austrolittorina antipodum is a distinct species and not a subspecies of A. unifasciata; Nodilittorina pyramidalis is separated from the tropical Echinolittorina trochoides with similar shell characters. In addition to descriptions of shells, radulae and reproductive anatomy, distribution maps are given, and the ecological literature reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania: Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry
    Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania: Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry J.P. Keane, J.M. Lyle, C. Mundy, K. Hartmann August 2014 FRDC Project No 2011/024 © 2014 Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-86295-757-2 Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania: Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry FRDC Project No 2011/024 June 2014 Ownership of Intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies. This publication (and any information sourced from it) should be attributed to Keane, J.P., Lyle, J., Mundy, C. and Hartmann, K. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, 2014, Periwinkle Fishery of Tasmania: Supporting Management and a Profitable Industry, Hobart, August. CC BY 3.0 Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logods and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. Inquiries regarding the licence and any use of this document should be sent to: [email protected]. Disclaimerd The authors do not warrant that the information in this document is free from errors or omissions.
    [Show full text]
  • INVENTORY of ROCK TYPES, HABITATS, and BIODIVERSITY on ROCKY SEASHORES in SOUTH AUSTRALIA's TWO SOUTH-EAST MARINE PARKS: Pilot
    INVENTORY OF ROCK TYPES, HABITATS, AND BIODIVERSITY ON ROCKY SEASHORES IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA’S TWO SOUTH-EAST MARINE PARKS: Pilot Study A report to the South Australian Department of Environment, Water, and Natural Resources Nathan Janetzki, Peter G. Fairweather & Kirsten Benkendorff June 2015 1 Table of contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Methods 5 Results 11 Discussion 32 References cited 42 Appendix 1: Photographic plates 45 Appendix 2: Graphical depiction of line-intercept transects 47 Appendix 3: Statistical outputs 53 2 Abstract Geological, habitat, and biodiversity inventories were conducted across six rocky seashores in South Australia’s (SA) two south-east marine parks during August 2014, prior to the final implementation of zoning and establishment of management plans for each marine park. These inventories revealed that the sampled rocky seashores in SA’s South East Region were comprised of several rock types: a soft calcarenite, Mount Gambier limestone, and/or a harder flint. Furthermore, these inventories identified five major types of habitat across the six sampled rocky seashores, which included: emersed substrate; submerged substrate; boulders; rock pools; and sand deposits. Overall, a total of 12 marine plant species and 46 megainvertebrate species were recorded across the six sampled seashores in the Lower South East and Upper South East Marine Parks. These species richness values are considerably lower than those recorded previously for rocky seashores in other parts of SA. Low species richness may result from the type of rock that constitutes south-east rocky seashores, the interaction between rock type and strong wave action and/or large swells, or may reflect the time of year (winter) during which these inventories were conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base
    WMSDB - Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base Family: TURBINIDAE Author: Claudio Galli - [email protected] (updated 07/set/2015) Class: GASTROPODA --- Clade: VETIGASTROPODA-TROCHOIDEA ------ Family: TURBINIDAE Rafinesque, 1815 (Sea) - Alphabetic order - when first name is in bold the species has images Taxa=681, Genus=26, Subgenus=17, Species=203, Subspecies=23, Synonyms=411, Images=168 abyssorum , Bolma henica abyssorum M.M. Schepman, 1908 aculeata , Guildfordia aculeata S. Kosuge, 1979 aculeatus , Turbo aculeatus T. Allan, 1818 - syn of: Epitonium muricatum (A. Risso, 1826) acutangulus, Turbo acutangulus C. Linnaeus, 1758 acutus , Turbo acutus E. Donovan, 1804 - syn of: Turbonilla acuta (E. Donovan, 1804) aegyptius , Turbo aegyptius J.F. Gmelin, 1791 - syn of: Rubritrochus declivis (P. Forsskål in C. Niebuhr, 1775) aereus , Turbo aereus J. Adams, 1797 - syn of: Rissoa parva (E.M. Da Costa, 1778) aethiops , Turbo aethiops J.F. Gmelin, 1791 - syn of: Diloma aethiops (J.F. Gmelin, 1791) agonistes , Turbo agonistes W.H. Dall & W.H. Ochsner, 1928 - syn of: Turbo scitulus (W.H. Dall, 1919) albidus , Turbo albidus F. Kanmacher, 1798 - syn of: Graphis albida (F. Kanmacher, 1798) albocinctus , Turbo albocinctus J.H.F. Link, 1807 - syn of: Littorina saxatilis (A.G. Olivi, 1792) albofasciatus , Turbo albofasciatus L. Bozzetti, 1994 albofasciatus , Marmarostoma albofasciatus L. Bozzetti, 1994 - syn of: Turbo albofasciatus L. Bozzetti, 1994 albulus , Turbo albulus O. Fabricius, 1780 - syn of: Menestho albula (O. Fabricius, 1780) albus , Turbo albus J. Adams, 1797 - syn of: Rissoa parva (E.M. Da Costa, 1778) albus, Turbo albus T. Pennant, 1777 amabilis , Turbo amabilis H. Ozaki, 1954 - syn of: Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863) americanum , Lithopoma americanum (J.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Checklist of Marine Fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the Proposed Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf
    European Journal of Taxonomy 73: 1-73 ISSN 2118-9773 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2014.73 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2014 · Carneiro M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Monograph urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9A5F217D-8E7B-448A-9CAB-2CCC9CC6F857 Updated checklist of marine fishes (Chordata: Craniata) from Portugal and the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf Miguel CARNEIRO1,5, Rogélia MARTINS2,6, Monica LANDI*,3,7 & Filipe O. COSTA4,8 1,2 DIV-RP (Modelling and Management Fishery Resources Division), Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Brasilia 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 3,4 CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] * corresponding author: [email protected] 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:90A98A50-327E-4648-9DCE-75709C7A2472 6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:1EB6DE00-9E91-407C-B7C4-34F31F29FD88 7 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:6D3AC760-77F2-4CFA-B5C7-665CB07F4CEB 8 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:48E53CF3-71C8-403C-BECD-10B20B3C15B4 Abstract. The study of the Portuguese marine ichthyofauna has a long historical tradition, rooted back in the 18th Century. Here we present an annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Portuguese waters, including the area encompassed by the proposed extension of the Portuguese continental shelf and the Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). The list is based on historical literature records and taxon occurrence data obtained from natural history collections, together with new revisions and occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • TNP SOK 2011 Internet
    GARDEN ROUTE NATIONAL PARK : THE TSITSIKAMMA SANP ARKS SECTION STATE OF KNOWLEDGE Contributors: N. Hanekom 1, R.M. Randall 1, D. Bower, A. Riley 2 and N. Kruger 1 1 SANParks Scientific Services, Garden Route (Rondevlei Office), PO Box 176, Sedgefield, 6573 2 Knysna National Lakes Area, P.O. Box 314, Knysna, 6570 Most recent update: 10 May 2012 Disclaimer This report has been produced by SANParks to summarise information available on a specific conservation area. Production of the report, in either hard copy or electronic format, does not signify that: the referenced information necessarily reflect the views and policies of SANParks; the referenced information is either correct or accurate; SANParks retains copies of the referenced documents; SANParks will provide second parties with copies of the referenced documents. This standpoint has the premise that (i) reproduction of copywrited material is illegal, (ii) copying of unpublished reports and data produced by an external scientist without the author’s permission is unethical, and (iii) dissemination of unreviewed data or draft documentation is potentially misleading and hence illogical. This report should be cited as: Hanekom N., Randall R.M., Bower, D., Riley, A. & Kruger, N. 2012. Garden Route National Park: The Tsitsikamma Section – State of Knowledge. South African National Parks. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................2 2. ACCOUNT OF AREA........................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductive Biology of Two Species Congregation of Adults in Groups Clearly Ensures the of Turbinidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
    World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 2 (1): 14-20, 2010 ISSN 2078-4589 © IDOSI Publications, 2010 Annual Cycle of Reproduction in Turbo brunneus, from Tuticorin South East Coast of India 1R. Ramesh, 2S. Ravichandran and 2K. Kumaravel 1Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, Salem, India 2Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, India Abstract: This research work mainly focus on the reproductive and spawning season of Turbo brunneus a mollusk in the south east coast of India. Random samples from Turbo brunneus were collected from littoral tidal pools in Tuticorin coast, during May 2002 to April 2003. The number of male and females in the monthly samples was counted to determine the male: female ratio in the population and chi-square test was applied to test whether the population adheres to 1:1 ratio. The overall male and female ratio is found to be 1: 0.96 indicating only a slight variation in the evenness of male and female in the population. Both sexes of T. brunneus attain sexual maturity between 23 and 27mm. The mean gonadal index (G.I) was high (21.82%) in males during May, 2002 and then it decreased gradually and reached 15.52% during October 2002, which showed the low mean GI value in males for the whole study period. While for females it was high during May 2002 (23.09%) and low during September 2002(14.83%). The GI values for both the sexes were generally low until December 2002. The limited percentage of matured oocytes which exists even after spawning indicates the high possibility for partial spawning in T.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dissertation Entitled Evolution, Systematics
    A Dissertation Entitled Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Ponto-Caspian gobies (Benthophilinae: Gobiidae: Teleostei) By Matthew E. Neilson Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biology (Ecology) ____________________________________ Adviser: Dr. Carol A. Stepien ____________________________________ Committee Member: Dr. Christine M. Mayer ____________________________________ Committee Member: Dr. Elliot J. Tramer ____________________________________ Committee Member: Dr. David J. Jude ____________________________________ Committee Member: Dr. Juan L. Bouzat ____________________________________ College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2009 Copyright © 2009 This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. _______________________________________________________________________ An Abstract of Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of Ponto-Caspian gobies (Benthophilinae: Gobiidae: Teleostei) Matthew E. Neilson Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biology (Ecology) The University of Toledo December 2009 The study of biodiversity, at multiple hierarchical levels, provides insight into the evolutionary history of taxa and provides a framework for understanding patterns in ecology. This is especially poignant in invasion biology, where the prevalence of invasiveness in certain taxonomic groups could
    [Show full text]
  • Four Marine Digenean Parasites of Austrolittorina Spp. (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in New Zealand: Morphological and Molecular Data
    Syst Parasitol (2014) 89:133–152 DOI 10.1007/s11230-014-9515-2 Four marine digenean parasites of Austrolittorina spp. (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in New Zealand: morphological and molecular data Katie O’Dwyer • Isabel Blasco-Costa • Robert Poulin • Anna Falty´nkova´ Received: 1 July 2014 / Accepted: 4 August 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract Littorinid snails are one particular group obtained. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out at of gastropods identified as important intermediate the superfamily level and along with the morpholog- hosts for a wide range of digenean parasite species, at ical data were used to infer the generic affiliation of least throughout the Northern Hemisphere. However the species. nothing is known of trematode species infecting these snails in the Southern Hemisphere. This study is the first attempt at cataloguing the digenean parasites Introduction infecting littorinids in New Zealand. Examination of over 5,000 individuals of two species of the genus Digenean trematode parasites typically infect a Austrolittorina Rosewater, A. cincta Quoy & Gaim- gastropod as the first intermediate host in their ard and A. antipodum Philippi, from intertidal rocky complex life-cycles. They are common in the marine shores, revealed infections with four digenean species environment, particularly in the intertidal zone representative of a diverse range of families: Philo- (Mouritsen & Poulin, 2002). One abundant group of phthalmidae Looss, 1899, Notocotylidae Lu¨he, 1909, gastropods in the marine intertidal environment is the Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939 and Microphallidae Ward, littorinids (i.e. periwinkles), which are characteristic 1901. This paper provides detailed morphological organisms of the high intertidal or littoral zone and descriptions of the cercariae and intramolluscan have a global distribution (Davies & Williams, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Behaviour and Climate Change in Intertidal Ectotherms: Insights from 1 Littorinid Snails 2 3 Terence P.T. Ng , Sarah
    1 Linking behaviour and climate change in intertidal ectotherms: insights from 2 littorinid snails 3 4 Terence P.T. Nga, Sarah L.Y. Laua, Laurent Seurontb, Mark S. Daviesc, Richard 5 Staffordd, David J. Marshalle, Gray A.Williamsa* 6 7 a The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The 8 University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China 9 b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d’Oceanologie et de 10 Geosciences, UMR LOG 8187, 28 Avenue Foch, BP 80, 62930 Wimereux, France 11 c Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, U.K. 12 d Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, U.K. 13 e Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, 14 Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam 15 16 Corresponding author: The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong 17 Kong, Cape d' Aguilar, Shek O, Hong Kong; [email protected] (G.A. Williams) 18 19 Keywords: gastropod, global warming, lethal temperature, thermal safety margin, 20 thermoregulation 21 22 Abstract 23 A key element missing from many predictive models of the impacts of climate change 24 on intertidal ectotherms is the role of individual behaviour. In this synthesis, using 25 littorinid snails as a case study, we show how thermoregulatory behaviours may 26 buffer changes in environmental temperatures. These behaviours include either a 27 flight response, to escape the most extreme conditions and utilize warmer or cooler 28 environments; or a fight response, where individuals modify their own environments 29 to minimize thermal extremes. A conceptual model, generated from studies of 30 littorinid snails, shows that various flight and fight thermoregulatory behaviours may 31 allow an individual to widen its thermal safety margin (TSM) under warming or 32 cooling environmental conditions and hence increase species’ resilience to climate 33 change.
    [Show full text]
  • Turbo Sarmaticus Linnaeus 1758 CONTENTS
    GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND FEEDING BIOLOGY OF TURBO SARMA TICUS (MOLLUSCA: VETIGASTROPODA) ALONG THE COAST OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA THESIS Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of RHODES UNIVERSITY by GREGORY GEORGE FOSTER November 1997 Turbo sarmaticus Linnaeus 1758 CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abstract ii CHAPTER 1 : General introduction 1 CHAPTER 2 : Population structure and standing stock of Turbo sarmaticus at four sites along the coast of the Eastern Cape Province Introduction 12 Materials and Methods 14 Results 20 Discussion 36 References 42 CHAPTER 3 : Growth rate of Turbo sarmaticus from a wave-cut platform Introduction 52 Materials and Methods 53 Results 59 Discussion 62 References 69 CHAPTER 4 : The annual reproductive cycle of Turbo sarmaticus Introduction 80 Materials and Methods 81 Results 84 Discussion 100 References 107 CHAPTER 5 : Consumption rates and digestibility of six intertidal macroalgae by Turbo sarmaticus Introduction 118 Materials and Methods 121 Results 126 Discussion 140 References 149 CHAPTER 6 : The influence of diet on the growth rate, reproductive fitness and other aspects of the biology of Turbo sarmaticus Introduction 163 Materials and Methods 165 Results 174 Discussion 189 References 195 CHAPTER 7 : Polysaccharolytic activity of the digestive enzymes of Turbo sarmaticus Introduction 207 Materials and Methods 210 Results 215 Discussion 219 References 227 CHAPTER 8 : General discussion 236 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am extremely indebted to my supervisor and mentor, Prof. Alan Hodgson, with whom I am honoured to have had such a successful association. His continued confidence, guidance, integrity and friendship throughout this study were a source of reassurance and inspiration.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Fishes from Galicia (NW Spain): an Updated Checklist
    1 2 Marine fishes from Galicia (NW Spain): an updated checklist 3 4 5 RAFAEL BAÑON1, DAVID VILLEGAS-RÍOS2, ALBERTO SERRANO3, 6 GONZALO MUCIENTES2,4 & JUAN CARLOS ARRONTE3 7 8 9 10 1 Servizo de Planificación, Dirección Xeral de Recursos Mariños, Consellería de Pesca 11 e Asuntos Marítimos, Rúa do Valiño 63-65, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. E- 12 mail: [email protected] 13 2 CSIC. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas. Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo 14 (Pontevedra), Spain. E-mail: [email protected] (D. V-R); [email protected] 15 (G.M.). 16 3 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, C.O. de Santander, Santander, Spain. E-mail: 17 [email protected] (A.S); [email protected] (J.-C. A). 18 4Centro Tecnológico del Mar, CETMAR. Eduardo Cabello s.n., 36208. Vigo 19 (Pontevedra), Spain. 20 21 Abstract 22 23 An annotated checklist of the marine fishes from Galician waters is presented. The list 24 is based on historical literature records and new revisions. The ichthyofauna list is 25 composed by 397 species very diversified in 2 superclass, 3 class, 35 orders, 139 1 1 families and 288 genus. The order Perciformes is the most diverse one with 37 families, 2 91 genus and 135 species. Gobiidae (19 species) and Sparidae (19 species) are the 3 richest families. Biogeographically, the Lusitanian group includes 203 species (51.1%), 4 followed by 149 species of the Atlantic (37.5%), then 28 of the Boreal (7.1%), and 17 5 of the African (4.3%) groups. We have recognized 41 new records, and 3 other records 6 have been identified as doubtful.
    [Show full text]