CENSUS OF INDIA 1991
REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
SERIES -1
VOLUME-XV MEGHALAYA
Planning &Supervision Dr. R.P. SINGH ASSISTANT REGISTRAR GENERAL (MAP)
General Direction & Editing J.K. BANTHIA of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General &Census Commissioner, India 2 - A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi. • All the maps included in this publication are based upon Survey of India Map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.
• The Territorial waters of India 'extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line (applicable to India Map only)
• The interstate boundaries shown between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya are as interpreted from the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 yet to be verified.
• ~ Government of India copyright, 2002.
(ii) FOREWORD
"Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis", of each State and Union Territory Volume, 1991 is undertaken by the Map Division of this office. The project is in continuation of a similar 'Occasional Paper' published during the 1981 Census. In this study, regions arc delineated at macro, messo, micro and sub-micro level in each state! union territory. While delineating such regions, the physio-geographic factors are taken into account. These physio-geographic factors consist of (i) Physiography; (ii) Geological Structure; (iii) Forest Coverage; (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. The Sub-micro regions are delineated within the district keeping in view the above physio-geographic factors. The regional boundaries delineated earlier at different levels are retained as such. However, the jurisdictional changes at the district level during 1981-1991 were added in the respective regions. A few more tables and maps on educational level of primary and secondary schools and availability of medical facilities at the villages, have been appended in this volume.
This publication consists of three parts. Part - I contains the brief introductory note on Regional Divisions of India along with a map of India showing the regional boundaries at micro level. This part is common for all the States and Union Territories Volume. Part - II deals with the description of Regional Divisions of each State and Union Territory. In this section, there are nearly 21 maps related to different
themes e.g. density, sex ratio, growth of popUlation, workers, literacy and the Scheduled. . Castes and Scheduled Tribes. These maps are prepared at the sub-micro level. Part - III is mainly devoted to presentation of data and maps of the districts. The districts are divided into sub-micro regions of the fourth order and brief analysis of each of these sub-micro regions is written and supported by tables relating to the main demographic theme of the districts.
This project is executed under the technical supervision of Dr. R.P. Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map) and other officers and staff of the Map Division of this office and Directorates of Census Operations of StateslUnion Territories. The officers and staff associated with this project are acknowledged separately. An effort is made to published this volume on Compact Discs also for the convenience of the users. I hope this publication will be useful for administrators, geographers, demographers and others interested in different field of population study.
New Delhi Dated: 30.01.2001 J.K. Banthia Registrar General and Census .Commissioner , India
(iii)
PREFACE
"Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis", 1991 of Meghalaya state is undertaken by this office. The project was brought out for the first time on the basis of 1981 Census and have been widely appreciated and acknowledged by the data users. Considering the utility of this publication for planners, Scholars, Government and Semi-government agencies who are actively involved in the preparation of developmental plans at micro level, it is very essential to update the publication by adding data and maps on the various aspects of popUlation, growth of popUlation, Scheduled Castes and tribes and availability of basic amenities in rural areas at sub-micro level on the basis of jurisdiction at the 1991 Census.
The project is in continuation of similar "Occasional Paper" published during the 1981 Census. In this project study, regions are delineated upto 4th tier hierarchial order at macro, messo, micro and sub micro level. Data showing physio-geographic regions of the state which are modified further by adding male/female breakup of total, rural and urban population as per 1991 Census. Physio-geographic factors consist of (i) Physiography; (ii) Geological structure; (iii) Forest Coverage; (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. Since the jurisdictional changes not been occurred during the 1981-9·1, the Sub-micro regional boundary remain the same as per 1981 pattern. A few more table and maps on educational level of primary and secondary scholls and availability of medical facilities at the villages have been appended in this volume.
The publication consists of three parts. Part-I contains the brief introductory note on Regional Divisions of India along with a map of India showing the regional boundaries at micro level. Part-II deals with the description of Regional Divisions of Meghalaya State which covered along with nearly 25 maps at State level related to different themes e.g. Density, Sex Ratio, Growth of Population, Workers, Literacy, Schedulcd Castes and Scheduled Tribes etc. These maps are prepared at the Sub-Micro Level. Part-III is mainly devoted to the Regional Divisions at district level are described along with the data tables and concerned district map of "Regional Divisions". Description of districts into Sub-micro level of the fourth order and brief analysis of each of these Sub-micro regions is written and supported by tables relating to the main demographic theme of the districts.
The ardous task of this project done by the officers and officials is commendable. I would like to put on record the unstinted and dedicated work done by Shri A.K. Das, Sf. Draughtsman and his colleague to complete this project. The work of this project was started during the tenure of Shri A. Pyrtuh, Ex-Dy. Director, Shri A. Medhi, Ex-Assistant Director of Census Operations, Meghalaya, who deserved all credit in preparation of this volume.
(v) 1 am thankful to Shri B.L. Sarmah, Dy. Director and Shri A. Roy Choudhury, Assistant Director of Census Operations, Meghalaya for the efforts they made to fmalise this important and useful publication.
I record my sincere gratitude to Shri A.R. Nanda, Ex-Registrar General & Census Commis-sioner, India and his worthy successor Dr. M. Vijayanunni, the present Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, Shri J.K. Banthia has been guiding and encouraging me in bringing out this volume. lowe deep sense of personal gratitude to him. I am thankful to Smt. Minati Ghosh, D.R.G (Map) and Dr. R.P. Singh, A.R.G (Map) for their constant teclmical guidance provided and scrutinizing the report in time. The contribution of the other officers and staff of Map Division and this Census Directorate who were associated with this project is acknowledged separately.
Dated, Shillong, The 3rd January, 2002. N.K.LASKAR Director of Census Operations Meghalaya Shillong - 793003.
(vi) REGIONAL DIVISIONS - MEGHALA YA TECHNICAL STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PROJECT
Registrar General, India's Office Planning & Supervision Dr. R.P. Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map)
Progress & Monitoring Shri R.N. Chhipa, R.O (Map) Shri R.K. Chourajit Singh, R.O. (Map
Computer mapping of India and other Computer work Shri Pooran Singh, Sf. Geographer Shri Dinesh, D/man (Photo) Shri Anil B. Dhengle, Sr. D/man
Cover design Shri Mohd. lshaque, Sr. Drawing Asst.
Secretariat Shri A.K. Jain, P.A. Shri P.K. Ajmani, P.A.
Directorate of Census Operations, Meghalaya.
Initial Editing & Supervision Shri A. Pyrtuh, Ex. Deputy Director
Final Checking and Supervision Shri\B.L. Samah, Deputy Dircc~qr
Initial Drafting, Analysis of Maps, Preparation of Data, Shri A.K Das~ Sr. D/man Tables & Cartographic work
Mapping and Art work Shri A.K Das, Sr. D/man Shri KS. Ryntathiang, Sf. D/man
Shri P.K Das, Sr. D/man Mrs. B. Lyngdoh, Sr. D/man Mrs. S. Talukdar, D/man, upto 17.8.99 Mrs. S. Kharmalki, D/man
Secretariat Smti L. Lyngdoh, Sf. Stenographer
Computer work Shri D. Nongkhlaw, U.D.C. Shri H. Nongkhlaw, L.D.C.
Reprographic work Shri. D.R. Pandey, Jr. G/Operator.
(vii)
CONTENTS
Page Foreword iii Preface v
PART-I Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis - General Note 3-6 Brief Chamctcristics of Regional Divisions 7 - 15 India: Physio-Geographic Regions (Map) 17 India: Inventory of Three Tier Regions 19 - 25
PART - II REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF MEGHALA YA
Meghalaya: General note on regionalization 29 -34 Meghalaya: Regional Divisions - 1991 (Map) 35 Meghalaya: Data on Regional Divisions 37 -38
GENERAL MAPS
Position of Meghalaya in India - 1991 41 Administrative Divisions of Meghalaya - 1991 43 Relief and Drainage 45 Normal Monthly and Annual Rainfall 47 Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature 49 Geology 51 Soils 53 Distribution of Population - 1991 55 Growth of Population - 1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 57 Density of Population - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 59 Variation in Density of Population -1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 61 Rural Density of Population - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 63 Variation in Rural Density of Population - 1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 65 Urban Density of Population - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 67 Variation in Urban Density of Population -1981-91 (Sub-micro level) 69 Sex ratio - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 71 Main Workers - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 73 Literacy - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 75 Scheduled Castes - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 77 Scheduled Tribes - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 79 Proportion of villages without primary schools - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 81 Proportion of villages with high/higher secondary schools - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 83 Proportion of villages with medical facilities - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 85 Proportion of villages with medical facilities within a distance of 5 km - 1991 (Sub-micro level) 87 Basic Amenities in Rural Areas, 1991 (Sub-micro level) 89
(ix) PART-III
REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS
1. District Jaintia Hills (i) Regional Divisions of laintia Hills 93 -96 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions of lainlia Hills - Table - I 99 (iii) Region-wise village codes of lainlia Hills - Table - 2 100 (iv) Data on Regional Divisions of laintia Hills (WorkersINon-Workers) - Table - 3 101 (v) Data on Regional Divisions of laintia Hills (SC/ST) - Table - 4 102
2. District East Khasi Hills (i) Regional Divisions or East Khasi Hills 103 - 107 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions of East Khasi Hills - Table - 1 III (iii) Region-wise village codes ofEasl Khasi Hil1s - Table - 2 112 (iv) Dala on Regional Divisions of East Khasi Hills (WorkersINon-Workers) - Table - 3 113 (v) Data on Regional Divisions of East Khasi Hills (SC/ST) - Table - 4 114
3. District West Khasi Hills (i) Regional Divisions of West Khasi Hills 115 - llS (ii) Data on Regional Divisions of West Khasi Hills - Table - I 121 (iii) Region-wise village codes of West Khasi Hills - Table - 2 122 (iv) Data on Regional Divisions of West Khasi Hills (WorkersINon-Workers) - Table - 3 123 (v) Data on Regional Divisions of West Khasi Hills (SC/ST) - Table - 4 124
4. District East Garo Hills (i) Regional Divisions of East Garo Hills 125 - 128 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions orEast Garo Hills - Table - 1 131 (iii) Region-wise village codes of East Garo Hills - Table - 2 132 (iv) Data on Regional Divisions orEast Garo Hills (WorkerslNon-Workers) - Table - 3 133 (v) Data on Regional Divisions orEast Garo Hills (SC/ST) - Table - 4 134
5. District West Garo Hills (i) Regional Divisions of West Garo Hills 135 - 140 (ii) Data on Regional Divisions of West Garo Hills - Table - 1 143 (iii) Region-wise village codes of West Garo Hills - Table - 2 144 (iv) Data on Regional Divisions of West Garo Hills (Workers/Non-Workers) - Table - 3 145 (v) Data on Regional Divisions of West Garo Hills (SC/ST) - Table - 4 146
APPENDIX 149 - 154
(x) LIST OF MAPS
Mal' Page!! No. I. Regional Divisions ofIndia ... '" ...... '" ..... , .. , .. , ...... , .. , ...... 17 2. Regional Divisions of Mcghalaya ...... , ...... '" ., .. , .. , .... . 35 3. Position of Meghalaya in India ...... '" ., ..... , ... , ..... , ...... '" ...... 41 4. Administrative Divisions, 1991 ...... '" ...... , .. , ...... '" ...... , ...... 43 5. Relief and Drainage ...... '" ...... '" ... '" ...... , ... , .. , ...... 45 6. Normal Monthly and Annual Rainfall .... , ...... , ...... '" ...... '" .. , .. , .. , " ...... 47 7. Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature ..... , .. , ...... '" ... '" ., .. , .. , ...... '" .. . 49 8. Geology ...... 51 9. Soils ...... 53 10. Distribution of Population, 1991 ., .. , ... , .. , .. , '" '" ...... , ...... " ...... ,. 55 11. Growth of Population, 1981-91 (Sub-Micro Icvel) ...... '" ., .. , ... , .. , ...... 57 12. Density of Population, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... , .. , ...... , .. , '" '" ...... , .... '" ... . 59 13. Variation in Density of Population, 1981-91 (Sub-Micro level) ..... , ..... , ...... '" '" .,. 61 14. Rural Density of Population, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... , ...... , ...... 63 15. Variation in Rural Density of Population, 1981-91 (Sub-Micro level) ... '" ...... ,. '" .. , ... . 65 16. Urban Density of Population, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... , .. , ...... 67 17. ,{arialion in Urban Density of Population. 1981-91, (Sub-Micro level) ...... '" ...... , .. , ... . 69 18. Sex Ratios, 1991, (Sub-Micro 1evel) ...... 71 19. Main Workers, 1991, (Sub-Micro level) ...... '" ...... , ...... , ...... '" ...... , ..... ,. 73 20. Literacy, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... , .. , ...... '" .... . 7S 21. Schcduled Castes, 1991, (Sub-Micro level) ... '" ...... , ...... , .. , ...... '" ...... 77 22. Scheduled Tribes, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... '" ...... , ...... '" '" ...... , ... . 79 23A. Villages without Primary School, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... '" '" '" '" ., ... . 81 238. Villages with HighlHigher Secondary School, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... ,. '" ...... 83 23C. Villages with Medical Facilities, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... , ...... , ...... 85 230. Villages having Medical Facilities within a distance of 5 Km, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) .... . 87 24. Basic Amenities in Rural Areas, 1991 (Sub-Micro level) ...... '" ..... , ..... , ...... 89 25. District Jaintia Hills Regional Divisions ...... 97 26. District E (xi) PART -1 REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA - A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS GENERAL NOTE Region is a complex phenomenon which varies according to purposes but must have 2 homogeneous characteristics. To delineate a region in a eountry like India with an area of 3287,263 Km , extending between latitudes of 8° 4' 28" and 37° 17' 53" North and longtitudes of 68° 7' 53" and 97° 24' 47" East and having a great range of geographic variations is a gigantic task. In the changed scenario of planning where emphasis is being laid on grass root level planning, the delineation of sub-micro region having village as unit, is significant. For carving out such natural regions, the following considerations, inter-alia, are to be kept in view : (i) Contiguous geographical area; (ii) Homogeneous administrative machinery capable of formulating and implementing integrated area plans ; (iii) Reliable statistical data base; (iv) Existence of nodal regions; and (iv) Amenability of the natural boundaries to marginal adjustments so that the former, by and large, conform to administrative boundaries at given points of time. In India, district is a defined administrative unit which is planning unit also. The district boundaries do coincide with regional boundaries and have reliable statistical data base. Hence, district has been taken as a basic unit of delineation. A number of scholars have delineated the natural regions of the country which was mainly based on physical factors. Accordingly they divided the country into traditional regions of mountains, plateaus and plains. In Census of India, A. Mitra and late P. Sengupta attempted the regionalisation of the country taking into consideration district as basic unit of data presentation but they have not taken into consideration the intra-district variations. Hence this study was undertaken during 1981 to delineate sub micro region in each district based on physio-geographical characteristics. While delineating the sub-micro region, village was taken as a basic unit of demarcation. Since each sub-micro region has been clearly delineated in rural and urban constituents, the demographic characteristics and other statistical data can be generated for the post-census period also to the extent to which village-wise / town-wise data are available. The scheme was the first of its kind in the history of the Census in India and would serve as a useful framework for administrators, planners, researchers and other data users for area specific planning. The basic work of delineation of sub-micro region at district level was undertaken during 1981 Census as a plan project and separate volumes for each State I Union Territory was published during 1981 3 Census. Present study is in continuation of the 1981 project in which sub-micro regions delineated during 1981 Census and published in the respective volume were adopted in the same pattern without any change . • The code structures of the sub-micro regions are also the same used in 1981 Census. A detailed description of code structure is given in the Macro and Meso regional divisions of India. However, the new administrative changes during 1981-91 were added in the respective sub-micro regions as per list given herewith : Region Micro Region Newly Created Districts No. (1981-91) 1 2 3 1.4.3. Western Arunachal Pradesh - Himalaya (i) Tawang 1.4.4. Eastern Arunachal Pradesh - Himalaya (i) Changlang 1.5.2. Manipur Hills (i) Ukhrul (ii) Senapati (iii) Tamenglong (iv) Churachandpur (v) Pocket of Imphal 1.5.3. Imphal Valley (i) Imphal (ii) Bishnupur (iii) Thoubal (iv) Chandel 1.5.7. Cachar Plain (i) Haila Kandi (ii) Karimganj 2.2.1. Eastem Haryana Plain (i) Yamuna Nagar (ii) Kaithal (iii) Panipat 2.2.3. Southern Haryana Plain (i) Rewari 2.4.1. Northern Upper Ganga Plain (i) Hardwar 2.4.2. Southern Upper Ganga Plain (i) Firozabad 2.5.1. Middle Ganga Plain - West (i) Kanpur Dehat (ii) Kanpur Nagar 2.5.2. Middle Ganga Plain - East (i) Mau (ii) Siddhart Nagar (iii) Maharajganj 2.6.1. North Bihar Plain (i) Madhepura (ii) Araria (iii) Kishanganj 2.6.2. South Bihar Plain (i) Khagaria (ii) lehanabad 4 1 2 3 2.6.5. Proper Delta (i) North 24 Parganas (ii) South 24 Parganas 2.7.1. Western Brahmaputra Valley (i) Kokrajhar (ii) Bongaigaon (iii) Barpeta (iv) Nalbari (v) Dhubri 2.7.2. Central Brahmaputra Valley (i) Sonilpur (ii) Marigaon 2.7.3. Eastern Brahmaputra Valley (i) Dhemaji (ii) Tinsukia (iii) Jorhat (iv) Golaghat 3.1.3. Banas Chambal Basin (i) Dhaulp'ur 3.2.2. Mirzapur Uplands (i) Sonbhadra 3.3.1. Ranchi Plateau (i) Gumla (ii) Lohardaga 3.3.2. Hazaribag Plateau (i) Dumka (ii) Deoghar (iii) Godda (iv) Sahibganj 3.3.4. Singhbhum Plateau (i) Paschimi Singhbhum (ii) Purbi Singhbhum 3.7.2. Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain (i) Gadchiroli 3.8.1. Eastern Plateau (i) Jalna (ii) Latur 3.9.3. Southern Karnataka Plateau (i) Ballgalore Rural (ii) Bangal,ore Urban 3.10.1. Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri (i) Dindigul-Anna 3.10.2. Tamil Nadu Uplands (i) North Arcot-Ambedkar (ii) Tiruvannamalai - Sambuvarayar 5 t 2 3 4.2.1. Maharashtra Littoral (i) Sindhudurg 4.2.2. Goa Coast (i) North Goa South Goa 4.2.4. North Kerala Coast (i) Kasaragod (ii) Kannur 4.2.5. Central Kerala Coast (i) Palakkad (ii) Thrissur 4.2.6. South Kerala Coast (i) Alappuzha (ii) Pathanamthitta (iii) Kollam (iv) Thiruvananthapuram 4.3.2. Sandy Littoral (i) Pasumpon Muthu Ramalinga Thevar (ii) Kamarajar (iii) Chidambaranar 4.3.3. Coromandel Coast (i) Chengalpatta M.G.R. 6 BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL DIVISIONS THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS The Northern Mountains corresponding with the Himalayan zone facing the northern frontier of thc sub-continent comprise Jammu and Kasllmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, 'Northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh;Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and part of Assam. The Northern Mountains have been divided primarily according to the geology and forest cover. The relief and drainage however, have also played a dominant role in establishing various sub-divisions within the Himalayan zone. This micro region has been divided into 5 sub-regions (meso) and 24 divisions (micro) on the basis of above mentioned factors. These sub-regions are: 1.1 Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya This Sub-region covers the entire Jammu & Kashmir and is further divided into following three divisions (micro regions) : 1.1.1 Ladakh 1.1.2 Kashmir Valley 1.1.3 Jammu In these divisions, the relief presents remarkable variations. The grouping of the districts has been made in conformity with the geological structure, elevation and forest cover. Other factors do not play significant role in delineating these divisions. However, sub montane soil (Podsolic) is dominant in the Kashmir Valley and brown hill soil is seen in the southern part of Jammu and Kashmir. Ladakh region is fully predominated by mountain meadow soils as well as glaciers and eternal snow. Forest is almost alpine type in the northern regions and sub-alpine in the southern regions. 1.2 Himachal Pradesh Himalaya Himachal Pradesh state entirely falls under this sub-region. It has been further divided into the following 4 divisions : 1.2.1 Northern Himachal Pradesh 1.2.2 Trans-Himalayan Zone ] .2.3 Central Himachal Pradesh 1.2.4, Southern Himachal Pradesh Geologically, it is almost similar to that of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya. However, this sub region is characterized by marked variations in the relief features, mainly on the consideration of micro relief and little variations in soils. 1.3 Uttar Pradesh Himalaya This sub-region has been divided into three divisions, viz : 1.3.1 Kumaon Himalaya - North 1.3.2 West Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons 1.3.3 Kumaon Himalaya - East. 7 In these areas, the elevation has been taken as the main basis for classification. Geology and forest have also been takcn into account. The soils are mostly of brown hill type in the sub-region with marked differences in the southern Siwalik zone, locally known as 'Tarai' and 'Bhur' soils. The Kumaon Himalaya - North has important peaks like Nanda Devi, Kamet and Badrinath. The Ganga and the Yamuna have their sources in this region. The Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons cover Dehradun, Garhwal and Tehri Garhwal districts and have an elevation of 900 to 1000 m. The Kumaon Himalaya-East which comprises Almora and Nainital districts is marked with some narrow valleys on high altitudes. 1.4 North Eastern Himalaya This region includes 4 sub-regions extending over Sikkim, Darjiling and 'Duar'areas of West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The Darjiling section of the Himalayan zone rises abruptly from 'Duar' plains of West Bengal. Three high peaks namely, Siwalik Phu (3630 m), Sabargam (3546 m) and Phalut (3596 m) are located in this section of Himalayan zone. Similarly, the lofty range of about 5000 m with intermitten sumits are the chief characteristics of Arunachal Pradesh. Weather is damp and cold and the forest are dense. Annual rainfall ranges between 250 and 350 cm. The drainage is in evolutionary stage and immature. This region has been divided into 4 divisions as below: 1.4.1 Sikkim Himalaya 1.4.2 Darjiling Himalaya including 'Duars' 1.4.3 Western Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya 1.4.4 Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya 1.5 Eastern Hill Zone This region represents the eastern section of Himalayan zone extending over Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, part of Assam and Meghalaya. This region is interspersed with plains especially in Silchar, North Cachar Hills and adjoining areas. Topographically it is rugged. The slopes are quite steep. Over the Tripura region the topography has interspersed ranges and valleys. Consequently communication is difficult. The Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya is like a table land. Geologically it is 3n eastward extension of the massive block of the peninsular region broken by the alluvium of Bengal basin. In its long geological his tory this region is said to have submerged during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times due to marine transgression which was further uplifted at the time of Himalayan orogenesis. The region has been divided into 10 divisions as below: 1.5.1 Nagaland Hills 1.5.2 Manipur Hills 1.5.3 Imphal Valley 1.5.4 Mizo Hill Zone 1.5.5 Tripura Plains 1.5.6 Tripura Hills 1.5.7 Cachar Plains 1.5.8 Karbi Anglong & North Cachar Hills 1.5.9 Eastern Meghalaya 1.5.10 Western Meghalaya. 8 2. THE GREAT PLAINS This is the most important zone in view of human concentration and it stretches from Rajasthan via Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal to the eastern section of Brahmaputra Valley. It is an enclosed vast basin of various small and large rivers separated by 'alluvial divides'. The Western section comprising arid Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh is slightly higher in elevation over 150 m than the eastern section of the plain. However, according to elevation, this plain shows three levels of relief configuration, between 0 to 75 m in the Central Uttar Pradesh and 150 to 300 m in the western zone with the exception of small zone in eastern laisalmer district where the elevation is below 75 m. Geologically the whole region is made of alluvium brought by rivers from the Himalayas and this is a gradational plain formed during Pleistoecne and Recent geological times. On the basis of drainage, soils and rainfall, the region has been divided into 7 sub regions and 24 divisions :- 2.1 Punjab Plain In this plain 4 divisions as listed below have been delineated on the basis of soils and rainfall. Soils are alluvial with variations of 'banger' and 'Khadar'. Agriculturally, this is the most important region. 2.1.1 Ravi -- Beas Inter-Fluvial Plain 2.1.2 Hoshiarpur-Chandigarh sub-montane Plain 2.1.3 Beas - Satluj Doab 2.1.4 Punjab Malwa Plain 2.2 Haryana Plain In this region which also includes Delhi- three divisions have been delineated on the basis of topography and distribution of soils which are sandy and calcareous. 2.2.1 Eastern Haryana Plain 2.2.2 Western Haryana Plain 2.2.3 Southern Haryana Plain 2.3 Arid Rajasthan Plain This meso region received an average rainfall of less than 40 em. It has been divided into four micro regions mainly on the basis of distribution of rainfall which are :- 2.3.1 Ghaggar Plain 2.3.2 Rajasthan Bagar 2.3.3 Extremely Arid Tract 2.3.4 Luni Valley 2.4. Upper Ganga Plain This is a vast stretch of the Ganga Plain where the rivers are playing important role in carrying out definite influence area of their own. In general, the soil is alluvial but variations have developed on the upland and the low land areas. The Upper Ganga Plain has been divided into 2 divisions, viz: 9 2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Plain 2.4.2 Southern Upper Ganga Plain 2.5 Middle Ganga Plain This is the transitional zone between the Upper Ganga Plain and the lower Ganga Plain and has been divided into two divisions, viz: 2.5.1 Middle Ganga Plain - West 2.5.2 Middle Ganga Plain - East 2.6. Lower Ganga Plain The characteristics of the landscape in the Ganga Plain change abruptly in Lower Ganga Plain extending over Bihar and West Bengal due to high rainfall. It has an elevation of below 75 m and has been further divided into following six micro regions :- 2.6.1 North Bihar Plain 2.6.2 South Bihar Plain 2.6.3. Barind Tract 2.6.4 Moriband Delta 2.6.5 Proper Delta 2.6.6 Rarh Plain 2.7 Bramaputra Valley The Bramaputra Valley presents typical geographical features. In general, the valley has an elevation of below 75 m. The eastern section is more undulating. Rainfall is very high and river pattern is braided in various sections of the Brahmaputra. The tributaries joining the main river Brahmaputra discharge large amount of water during the monsoon period and hence cause floods in the valley region. It is also covered with luxuriant vegetations throughout. Hence, on these basis this valley has been divided into three divisions with definite characteristics. 2.7.1 Western Brahmaputra Valley 2.7.2 Central Brahmaputra Valley 2.7.3 Eastern Brahmaputra Valley 3 THE DECCAN PLATEAU The Deccan Plateau represents the whole of South Indian tableland., From the point of view of geology, the whole region is composed of metamorphic rocks of pre-Cambrian age. Considering drainage, elevation, forest cover, soils and rainfall, sub-divisions were delineated. In general, the elevation rises to over 1000 m in the south while it hardly exceeds 500 m in the north. The rivers of this region have mostly reached their base level of erosion which have carved wide valleys in various regions of considerable importance. This regions has been divided into 12 sub-regions and 33 divisions. 3.1 Semi-Arid Rajasthan 111is portion of Rajasthan is marked with intervening valleys where the soils are red, yellow and mixed red-black in character. The regional characteristics of this region ate different from those of the arid zone of the Rajasthan (2.3). The annual rainfall here varies from 35 to 45 em. Besides, the vegetation is partly developed over the hills and slopes which mostly belong to semi arid type; while the arid plains are infested with thorny serub and bushy vegetation. This region has further been divided into three divisions: 10 3.1.1 Aravalli Range and the Associated Uplands 3.1.2 Semi Arid Uplands of Eastern Rajasthan 3.1.3 Banas Chambal Basin. 3.2 Uttar Pradesh Uplands Uttar Pradesh Uplands represent well defined zone of Vindhyan System in the south. The average elevation is 500-600 m and slopes towards the plain in the north. The divisions made in this meso region are: 3.2.1 Jhansi Uplands 3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands Jhansi Uplands arc comparatively dry while the Mirzapur Uplands arc wet. 3.3 Bihar - West Bengal Uplands Bihar - West Bengal Uplands region is one of the most interesting regions for the studies in geomorphology and cultural geography. The whole region belongs to the unclassified crystalline rocks. The elevation of the Bihar Highlands known as Chotanagpur Plateau, is in the range of 300-900 m which is often high above 900 m at places in the form of rounded hills. Soils in this region are mainly red and yellow, and red sandy. Red and black soils are predominant in Singhbhum region. The drainage is radial. Forest are dense in Palamu, Ranchi and Hazaribagh areas, while it becomes spars~ in Puruliya on account of degynerated soils on the uplands. On the basis of elevation and nature of topography the region has been divided into 4 divisions: 3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau 3.3.2 Hazaribagh Plateau 3.3.3 Puruliya Uplands 3.3.4 Singhbhum Plateau 3.4 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands region has been sub-divided into three divisions. In general, the elevation is between 300-600 m with numerous hills which are thickly forested. The Northern Madhya Pradesh is typically a ravine and derelict land zone on account of erosion by the tributaries of Chambal system. The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands - East region represents the Vindhyas with well developed scraps. Three divisions made in this meso region are: 3.4.1 Northern Madhya Pradesh Ravine Uplands-West 3.4.2 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands - Central 3.4.3 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands - East 3.5 Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau The Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau inherits a complex geology. In general, gneisses, Vindhyans and Gondwanas are fairly represented here. Forest is decidous and presents large varieties of Sal. Soils are primarily medium black to deep black types. The region has been sub-divided into three divisions: 3.5.1 Sagar Plateau 3.5.2 Bhopal Plateau 3.5.3 Ratlam Plateau II 3.6 Souther Madhya Pradesh Uplands The region in general represents black soil. Annual rainfall varies between 200-300 cm. Thc whole region is densely forested in general. According to the elevation, drainage and micro-orographic characteristics the region has been divided into three divisions : 3.6.1 Narmada Region including Flanks ofVindhya and Satpura 3.6.2 Mahanadi Basin 3.6.3 Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya 3.7 Northern Maharashtra The Northern Maharashtra represents the major soil regions developed over 'Deccan Flows'. In this region average annual rainfall ranges between 40 and 80 cm. The altitudinal characteristics are quite pronounced and hence the delineation of above regions is based on the 'Valleys and Divides' concept of orography of the region. It has been further divided into following two divisions: 3.7.1 Tapti - Puma Valley 3.7.2 Wardha - Penganga - Wainganga Plain 3.8 Maharashtra Plateau This meso region in general, has an altitude ranging bctween 300 and 900 m and cxtends over basalts. Some ranges like Ajanta range. Harischandra range, Mahadeo range and Balaghat range break the monotomy and thus fonn a mosaic of plateau with protruded h\lls. Annual rainfall in general, varies between 80 and 100 cm except in the central region of Maharashtra Plateau which generally sets tess than 80 cm rainfall. Forest cover, in general, is sparse and at places dense which is of dry deciduous type. Consequently two divisions have been made in this region, viz: 3.8. ) Eastern Plateau 3.8.2 Western Plateau with Protruded Hills 3.9 Karnataka Plateau The Karnataka Plateau is a well defmed plateau region of the Deccan over the unclassified crystalline rocks. In general, the northern portion is having an elevation of about 300 m with a west ward slope, while the southern portion is high (over 900 m) and slopes towards southeast. Tungabhadra river cuts it into two regions. Average annual rainfall is around 80 em in major part of this region. Soils in the northern Karnataka arc black, while in the south these are mostly laterite, red sandy and red loamy. Forests are dense only in Malnad bordering Sahyadri where the main elevation reaches 1000 m with heavy rainfall of 150 em per annum. Three divisions made on the above considerations in the region are: 3.9.1 Northern Karnataka Plateau 3.9.2 Central Karnataka Plateau 3.9.3 Southern Karnataka Plateau 3.10 Tamil Nadu Uplands This region is the southern extensions of unclassified crystalline rocks of Cambrian period and is marked with fairly wide valley of Cauvery and its tributaries. In general, the elevation is over 900 m in the west due to southern Sahyadri and Nilgiri Hills. The western and the eastern flanks get an annual rainfall 12 of about 80 - 200 cm but the central part of the uplands is alm9st dry. Due to comparatively high rainfall the hilly areas arc forested. On the basis of elevation two divisions have been carved out which arc: 3. 10.1 Eastern Flanks of Sahydri 3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands 3.11 Andhra Plateau Andhra Platcau is another well defined plateau region over the Archaean gneissic rock of Southern India which is drained mostly by Godavari, Krishna and Penner river system. Over the western margins, the soils arc mostly medium black with intmsion of deep black soils in Krishna valley. The rest of the region is characterized by red sandy soils. The average annual rainfall is below 80 em in this region. The region is covered with deciduous forest. On the basis of elevation and other consideration the region has been divided into four divisions and identified as : 3.11.1 Godavari Depressions 3.11.2 Telengana Plateau 3.11.3 Krishna Piedmont Plain 3.11.4 Rayalaseema 3.12 Orissa Highlands The Orissa Highlands region is comprised of the north eastern extensions of unclassified crystalline rocks of the Deccan Plateau. Hee the topography is rugged and elevation is about 1200 m in Koraput Plateau. The Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers have carved out well defined valleys. Soils of the region are mo~tly red and sandy interspersed with red and yellow soils in some areas. The western portion of the region consists of deep valleys with spurs. In general, the southern portion is much more dissected and higher than the northern, where the range of elevation is between 300 and 900 m. Average annual rainfall of the region is between 200 and 300 cm. The region has been divided into two well marked divisions according to elevation, viz : 3.12.1 Northern Orissa Highlands 3.12.2 Southern Orissa Highlands (Orissa Dandakaranya) 4. THE COASTAL PLAINS AND ISLANDS Geologically, the Coastal Plains adjacent to the Peninsular region are mere 'Shore Facies' of the Deccan Trap. The region has attained a definite regional approach for classification on account of coastal alluvium characteristics hemmed in between the Sahyadri and Arabian sea in the weat and the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal in the East. The rainfall varies in the sections which is high (above 300 cm) in the western Coastal Region and low (100 cm) in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Coastal Plain has been sub-divided into 4 sub-regions and 20 divisions. 4.1 Gujarat Coastal Plain This region represents almost the whole of Gujarat state. This region is composed of 'Deccan Flows' and coastal Tertiary deposits. Gujarat Plain is drained by Sabarmati and Mahi rivers. Eastern Hilly Region is comprised of Panch Mahals and the Dangs districts., Kathiawar Peninsula is partly rocky having an elevation of above 75 m. Radial drainage is the chief characteristic feature of this zone. 13 Kachchh Peninsula solely corresponds with Kachchh district. The chief characteristic feature of the region is the sandy plain with isolated rocky hills. All these regions may typically be said as semi-arid while the Kachchh Peninsula is arid. The above mentione four regions are as follows: 4.1.1 Gujarat Plain 4.1.2 Eastern Hilly Region 4.1.3 Kathiawar Peninsula 4.1.4 Kachchh Peninsula 4.2 Western Coastal Region lJ1e Western Coastal Region lies just bordering the Sahyadri (the Western Ghats). The width of the region of often very narrow in Karnataka Coastal Region which broadens further south in Kerala., Rainfall is quite heavy over 300 cm per annum. Six divisions have been demarcated in this region which covers portions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Mahe district of Pondicherry and Goa district of Goa, Daman & Diu. The six divisions are: 4.2.1 Maharashtra Littoral 4.2.2 Goa Coast 4.2.3 Karnataka Coast 4.2.4 North Kerala Coast 4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast 4.2.6 South Kerala Coast 4.3 Eastern Coastal Region The Eastern Coastal Region can be distinguished from the western Coast because the basis geographical factors of these two regions vary to great extent. The 100 cm isohyetal line separates the eastern and western coastal areas at the district level at Kanniyakumari. The Eastern Coastal Region is wide and the soils differ appreciably within this region. The big rivers carve out broader valleys or deltas which give further help in establishing the division in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Eastern Ghats are broken as they do not run as continuous geographical barrier. The region has been divided into 8 divisions, viz: 4.3.1 Kanniyakumari Coast 4.3.2 Sandy Littoral 4.3.3 Coromandel Coast 4.3.4 Southern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.5 Krishna Delta 4.3.6 Godavary Delta 4.3.7 Northern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.8 Mahanadi Delta 4.4 The Islands The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian sea vary between themselves in the geographical location as well as in human geography and form two micro regions. 4.4.1 The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are composed of more than 300 named and unnamed Islands. Out of them 33 major islands are inhabited, while the remaining islands are uninhabited. 14 Geologically, sandstone and shales of Eocene period predominated. Due to hot and humid climate, soils arc lateritic and degenerated with luxuriant growth of vegetation cover. Coral formation is the chief characteristics of the islands and so the group of islands forms a definite entity of a region on these considerations. 4.4.2 The Lakshadweep :: These Islands have developed very near to the continental shelf of the Indian coast. The total number of Islands is 27 out of which 10 are inhabited and the remaining 17 are uninhabited. These two present a particular geographic environment, ecology and cultural zone of India. 15 92 ° INDIA .~ PHYSIO-GEOGRAPHIC "O:t' Boundary, Inlernaliona l Boundary, Slale/ Boundary, Dislfl cl (...., KILO MET RES 10050 0 100 200 300 400 500 0, ...... I N 't 8 E New Moore f (INDIA) BAY o F BENGAL A R B I A N Name of Di stricls STATE I DISTRICT Kh Khl:lgaria (BIHAR) Ki Kishanganj (BIHAR) MA NIPUR M. MlI.hendragarh (HAR YANA ) I Senapa ti Mo Mokokchung \NAGALAND) Z. Uk hrul SEA " UZ Muzaffarpur BIHAR) 3 Chfl ndel Pa.C Pashchim Champaran 4. rhoubal (TAM IL NADU) P.M.T. Pasumpon Muthuramalinga 5. Im ph. al Thevar 6 Tarn englong Po Pathanamthitta \KERA LA) 7. Bishn upur Pu.C Purba Champaran BIHAR) 8. Churtlchandpur Sa S6hibganj ( B!~AR) Sam Semaslipur SIKKIM T.S. Tiruvannamalai Sambuvaraya r (TAMIL NADU) Tu, Tuensang 1. North Di strict \NAGA LA N~ West Dist rict 'HKH West Khasi Hills MEGHA LA A) 2. 3. South Distric t WO Wokha (NAGAI AND) 4. Ea,t Oi!l tricl Zu Zunhebolo (NAGA L IND) o K Kapurlhala (PUNJABI o REGIONS (MA CRO' ••._ ... _...... SUB - REGION S (MESO) ...... DIV iSiONS (MICRO)_ ..•._ ..•. _.• MACRO RffilONS INDIA: INVENTORY OF THREE TIER REGIONS PHYSrO-GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF INDIA {REGIONAL DIVISIONS Sub-Regions Regions wilh Divisions with Code SlatclUnion with Code No. Districts Code No. No. {Micro} Territory {Meso} {Macro} The Northern Jammu & Ladakh Ladakh & Kargil Jammu & Kashmir Mountains Kashmir {l.l.I} {I} Himalaya Kashmir Valley Anantnag{K.S.}, Baramula{K.N}, Jammu & Kashmir { l.l} Pulwama, Badgam, Kupwara and Sri nagar. Jammu Doda, Jammu, Kaihua, Punch, Jammu & Kashmir {1.1.3} Rajauri and Udhampur Himachal Northern Himachal Chamba Himachal Pradesh Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya {1.2.1} { 1.2} Trans I;limalayan Kinnaur and Lahul & Spiti Himachal Pradesh Zone {1.2.2 } Central Himachal Kangra, Kullu, Una, hamirpur and Himachal Pradesh Pradesh Mandi { 1.2.3} Southern Himachal Bilaspur, Solan, Shimla and Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh Pradesh {1.2.4 } Uttar Pradesh Kumaon Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Uttarkashi Uttar Pradesh Himalaya Himalaya-North • { 1.3} {1.3.1} Western Kumaon Dehra Dun, Garhwal and Tehri Uttar Pradesh Himalaya, Siwalik Garhwal & Doons {1.3.2} Kumaon Almora and Nainital Uttar Pradesh Himalaya-East {1.3.3} 19 North-Eastern Sikkim Himalaya North District, West District, South Sikkim Himalaya {1.4.1} District and East District {1.4 } Darjiling Himalaya Darjiling and Jalpaiguri West Bengal including Duars { 1.4.2} Western Anmachal Tawang, West Kameng, East Arunachal Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya Kameng, Lower Subansiri, Upper {1.4.4 } Subansiri, West Siang and East Siang Eastern Arunachal Dibang Valley, Lohit, Changlang and Arunachal Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya Tirap {l.4.4 } Eastern Hill Nagaland Hills Kohima, Mokokchung, Mon, Wokha, Nagaland Zone {I.5.I} Zunheboto, Phek and Tuensang { l.5} Manipur Hills Ukhrul, Senapati, Tamenglong, Manipur {1.5.2 } Pocket of Imphal and Churachandpur Imphal Valley Imphal, Bishnupur, Thoubal and Manipur {1.5.3 } Chandel Mizo Hill Zone Aizawl, Lunglei and Chhimtuipui Mizoram {1.5.4} Tripura Plain South Tripura and West Tripura Tripura {1.5.5 } Tripura Hills North Tripura Tripura {1.5.6} I Cacllar Plain Cacllar, Hailakandi and Karimganj Assam { l.5.7} Karbi Anglong & Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Assam North Cachar Hills Hills {l.5.S} Eastern Meghalaya West Khasi Hills, East Khasi Hills Meghalaya { 1.S.9} and Jaintia Hills Western Meghalaya West Garo Hills and East Garo Hills Meghalaya { l.5.10} The Great Punjab Plain Ravi-Beas Amritsar and Gurdaspur Punjab Plains {2.1} Interfluvial Plain {2} {2.1.1} Hoshiarpur- Chandigarh, Hoshiarpur and Chandigarh U.T. & Chandigarh Sub- Rupnagar Punjab Montane Plain {2.1.2} Beas-Satluj Doab Jalandhar and Kapurthala Punjab {2.1.3} Punjab Malwa Plain Bathinda, Firozpur, Ludhiana, Punjab {2.1.4} Patiala, Sangrur and Faridkot 20 Haryana Plain Eastern Haryana Ambala, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra, Haryana {2.2} Plain Kaithal, Jind, karnal, Rohtak, Panipat {2.2.1} and Sonipat Western Haryana Hisar, Sirsa and Bhiwani Haryana Plain {2.2.2} Southern Haryana Delhi, Gurgaon, Mahendragarh, Delhi U.T. and Plain Rewari and Faridabad Haryana {2.2.3} Arid Rajasthan Ghaggar Plain Ganganagar Rajasthan Plain {2.3.1 } {2.3} Rajasthan Bagar Churu, Jhunjhunun, Nagaur and Sikar Rajasthan {2.3.2} Extremely Arid Bikaner and Jaisalmer Rajasthan Tract {2.3.3 } Luni Valley Barmer, Jalor, Jodhpur and Pali Rajasthan {2.3.4 } Upper Ganga Northern Upper Bijnor, Ghaziabad, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh Plain Ganga Plain Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Rampur, {2.4} {2.4.I} Saharanpur and Hardwar Southern Upper Aligarh, Agra, Firozabad, BareiIly, Uttar Pradesh Ganga Plain Budaun, Bulandshahr, Etah, Etawah, {2.4.2} Farrukhabad, Kheri, Mainpuri, Mathura, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur Middle Ganga Middle Ganga Allahabad, Bahraich, Bara Banki, Uttar Pradesh Plain Plain-West Faizabad, Fatehpur, Gonda, Hardoi, {2.5} {2.5.1 } Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Rae BareH, Sitapur, Sultanpur and Unnao Middle Ganga Azamgarh, Ballia, Mau, Uttar Pradesh Plain-East Siddharthnagar, Basti, Deoria, {2.5.2} Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Varanasi, Jaunpur and Ghazipur Lower Ganga North Bihar Plain Pashchim Champaran, Purba Bihar Plain {2.6.1} Champaran, Darbhanga, {2.6} Muzaifarpur, Purnia, Madhepura, Saharsa, Araria, Kishanga~, Saran, Sitamarhi, Begusarai, Madhubani, Katihar, Samastipur, Vaishali, Siwan and Gopalganj South Bihar Plain Bhagalpur, Gaya, Munger, Khagaria, Bihar {2.6.2} Patna, Bhojpur, NaJanda, Jehanabad, Nawada, Rohtas and Aurangabad Barind Tract Koch Bihar, Maldah and West West Bengal {2.6.3 } Dinajpur Moriband Delta Murshidabad and Nadia West Bengal {2.6.4} Proper Delta Barddhaman, Calcutta, Hugli, Haora, West Bengal {2.6.5} North Twenty Four Parganas and South Twenty Four Parganas Rarh Plain Bankura, Birbhum and Medinipur West Bengal {2.6.6} 21 Brahmaputra Western Koknyhar, Barpeta, Kamrup, Assam Valley Brahmaputra Bongaigaon, Nalbari, Goalpara and {2.7} Valley Dhuburi {2.7.1} Central Darrang, Sonitpur, Nagaon and Assam Brahmaputra Valley Morigaon {2.7.2} Eastern Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Tinsukia, Assam Brahmaputra Sibsagar, Dibrugarh, Jorhat and Valley Golaghat {2.7.3} The Deccan Semi-Arid Aravalli Range and Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Rajasthan Plateau Rajasthan The Associated Chittaurgarh{Part}, Dungarpur, {3} {3.1 } Uplands Jaipur, Sirohi and Udaipur {3.1.1} Semi-Arid Uplands Bhilwara, Bundi, Kota, Jhalawar, Rajasthan of Eastern Rajasthan Tonk and pocket aof Chittaurgarh {3.1.2} Banas-Chambal Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Sawai Rajasthan Basin Madhopur {3.1.3} Uttar Pradesh Jhansi Uplands Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh Uplands {3.2.1} and Jhansi {3.2} Mirzapur Uplands Mirzapur and Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh {3.2.2 } Bihar-West Ranchi Plateau Palamu, Ranchi, Gu~a and Bihar Bengal {3.3.1 } Lohardaga Uplands Hazaribag Plateau Dhanbad, Hazaribag, Giridih, Bihar {3.3} {3.3.2} Dumka, Deoghar, Godda and Sahibganj Puruliya Uplands Puruliya West Bengal {3.3.3} Singhbhum Plateau Pashchimi Singhbhum and Purbi Bihar {3.3,4 } Singhbhum Northern Madhya Bhind, Dalia, Guna, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh Northern Pradesh Ravine Morena and Shivpuri Madhya Uplands-West Pradesh {3.4.l } Uplands {3.4} Northern Madhya Chhatarpur, Panna and Tikangarh Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Uplands- Central {3.4.2} Northern Madhya Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi and Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Uplands- Surguja East {3.4.3 } 22 Central Sagar Plateau Damoh, Sagar and Vidisha Madhya Pradesh Madhya {3.S.1} Pradesh Bhopal Plateau Dewas, Indore, Raisen, Bhopal and Madhya Pradcsh Plateau {3.S.2} Schore {3.S} Ratlam Plateau Dhar, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Rallam, Madhya Pradesh {3.5.3 } Rajgarh, Shajapur and Uiiain Southcrn Narmada Region Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, Madhya Pradesh Madhya including Flanks of Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, West Nimar, Pradcsh Vindhya and East Nimar, Mandla, Narsimhapur Uplands Satpura and Seorn {3.6} {3.6.l } Mahanadi Basin Bilaspur, Durg, Raigarh, Raj Madhya Pradcsh {3.6.2} Nandgaon and Raipur Madhya Pradesh Bastar Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya {3.6.3} Northern Tapti-Puma Amravati, Akola, Buldana, Dhule and Maharashtra Maharashtra Valley Jalgaon {3.7} {3.7.l} Wardha Penganga- Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra Wainganga Plain Nagpur, Wardha and Yavatmal {3.7.2} Maharashtra Eastern Plateau Aurangabad, Jalna, Lalur, Bid, Maharashtra Plateau {3.S.I} • Kolhapur, Nanded, Osmanabad, {3.g} Parbhani, Sangli and Solapur Western Plateau Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Pune and Maharashlra with protruded Salara Hills {3.8.2} Karnataka Northern Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur and Karnataka Plateau Karnalaka Plateau Gulbarga {3.9} {3.9.1} Central Karnataka Bellary, Chikmagalur, Raichur, Karnataka Plateau Chitradurga, Dharwad, Shimoga and {3.9.2} pocket of Tumkur Southcrn Karnataka Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Urban, Karnataka Plateau Kodagu, Hassan, Kolar, Mandya, {3.9.3} Mysore and Tumkur {part} Tamil Nadu Eastern Flanks of Coimbatore, Madurai, Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu Uplands Sahyadri Dindigul-Anna and Periyar {3.l0} {3.l0.1} Tamil Nadu Uplands Tiruvannamalai,Sambuvarayar, North Tamil Nadu {3.IO.2} Arcol Ambedkar, Dharmapuri and Salcm 23 Andhra Plateau Godavari Karimnagar, Khammam and Andhra Pradesh {3.11} Depression Warangal {3.1U} Telangana Plateau Adilabad, Hyderabad, Medak, Andhra Pradesh {3.11.2} Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad and Rangareddi Krishna Piedmont Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh Plain {3.1l.3} Rayalaseema Anantapur, chittor, Cuddapah and Andhra Pradesh {3.11.4} Kurnool Orissa Northern Orissa Dhenkanal, Kendujhar, Mayurhhanj, Orissa Highlands Highlands Sambalpur and Sundargarh {3.12 } {3.12.1 } Southern Orissa Phulabani, BaJangir, Ganjam, Orissa Highlands {Orissa I Kalahandi and Koraput Dandakaranya} {3.12.2} The Coastal Gujarat Region Gujarat Plain Ahmadabad, Bharuch, Banas Kantha, Gujarat, Dadra & Plains and {4.1} {4.1.1} Gandhinagar, kheda, Mahesana, Nagar Haveli U.T. Islands Sabar Kantha, Surat, Vadodara, and Daman & Diu {4} Valsad, Daman and Dadra & Nagar U.T. Haveli Eastern Hilly Panch Mahals and the Dangs Gujarat Region {4.1.2} Kathiawar Amreli, Bhavnagar, Jamnagar, Gujarat and Daman Peninsula Junagadh, Surendranagat, Rajkot and &DiuU.T. {4.1.3} Diu Kachchh Peninsula Kachchh Gujarat {4.1.4} Western Maharashtra Greater Bombay, Raigarh, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra Coastal Region Littoral Sindhudurg and Thane {4.2} {4.2.1} Goa Coast North Goa and South Goa Goa {4.2.2} Karnataka Coast Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Karnataka {4.2.3} Kannada North Kerala Coast Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, Kerala and {4.2.4} Wayanad and Mahe Pondicheny U.T. Central Kerala Emakulam, Kouayam, Idukki, Coast MaIappuram, PaIakkad and Thrissur KeraIa {4.2.5} South Kerala Coast Alappuzha, PathanamthiUa, Kerala {4.2.6} Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam 24 Eastern Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu Coastal Region Coast {4.3} {4.3.1} Sandy Littoral Pasumpon Thevar Thirumagan, Tamil Nadu {4.3.2} Ramanathapuram, Kamarajar, Chidambaranar and Tirunelveli Coromandel Coast Chengalpatlu M.G.R., Madras, Tamil Nadu and {4.3.3} Thanjavur, Tiruehirappalli, South Pondicherry U. T. Areol, Pudukkollai, Karaikal and Pondieherry Southern Andhra Nellore and Prakasam Andhra Pradesh Coastal Plain {4.3.4} Krishna Delta Guntur and Krishna Andhra Pradesh {4.3.5} Godavari Delta East Godavari, West Godavari and Andhra Pradesh and {4.3.6} Yanam Pondieherry U.T. Northern Andhra Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Andhra Pradesh Coastal Plain Visakhapatnam {4.3.7} Mahanadi Delta Baleshwar, Cuttaek and Puri Orissa {4.3.8} The Islands Andaman and Andamans and Nieobars Andaman and {4.4} Nicobar Islands Nieobar Islands {4.4.l } U.T. Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep U.T. {4.4.2} PART-II REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF MEGHALAYA REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF MEGHALAYA (GENERAL NOTE) 'Meghalaya, meaning the "Abode of Clouds, is situated in the north eastern part of the country and lies between 25° 02' and 26° 06' North latitudes and 89° 50' East longtitudes. The state is bounded on the north, east and north-west by the state of Assam and on the south and south-west by Bangladesh. Meghalaya has a total area of 22,429 Km2, out of which 22,275.18 Km2 are in rural and 153.82 Km2 in urban. The total population of the state is 1,774,778 persons consisting 907,687 males and 867,091 females as per the 1991 Census. Out of the total Population of the state, 1,444,731 are rural and 330,047 urban. Among the rural population, 734,865 are males and 709,866 females while urban population is comprised of 172,822 males and 157,225 females. In terms of percentage, the area and population of Meghalaya account for only 0.68% and 0.21% of the total area and population of India respectively. Meghalaya consist of five districts, tcn sub-divisions and thirty community development blocks. The community development block is the smallest administrative unit having several villages and urban areas with defined boundaries within its jurisdiction. Meghalaya is a part of Eastern Hill Region and located on north-western comer of this region. On the basis of the physical conditions like topography, relief and drainage, geology, soils, rainfall, temperature, forest coverage and its types, the state is delineated into two micro-regions - (l) The Eastern Mcghalaya and (2) The Western Mcghalaya. The Eastern Meghalaya comprising three districts of Jaintia Hills, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills covers an area of 14,262 Km 2. The entire region is hilly except in some small areas in the northern part where the region faces the Brahmaputra valley and the southern part where it merges with the plain of Bangladesh. This region is mainly composed of gneissic complex (sela group) and Shillong group of rocks. However some pockets in the northern and central part are made of granetic rock. The rocks of Jaintia series, Disang series (with ultra basic) constitute the central part of laintia Hills. Limestone is widely available in the south-eastern area of the region. The rock deposit found in this region ranges from Archaean to Pliocene age. The Shillong plateau, which lies in the central part, is the most remarkable feature of this natural region. The highest peak of Meghalaya known as the Shillong Peak is also located in this part at an altitude of 1693 metres from mean sea level. The Shillong plateau is the watershed of almost all the rivers that flow in all directions depending on the slope of the area forming a radial type of drainage pattern. A large number of perennial streams, viz. the Umtrew, the Umngi, the Umiam, the Umngot, the Umkhri, the Umsaiser, the Kynshi, the Myntdu, the Kopili and the Umkareng and numerous small streams flow down towards the Assam Valley and the plain of Bangladesh. As these rivers pass through the hilly 29 regions, they carry large quantity of boulders, pebbles and sand. The southern part of the Shillong plateau is an area of low hills & valleys and this belt gradually merges with the Surnla valley of Bangladesh. The hills with east-west alignment constitute the eastern part of this micro-region. The districts of East Garo Hills and West Garo Hills covering an area of 8,084 Km 2 constitute western Meghalaya region. Unlike the eastern Meghalaya, this region is conspicuous with low hills and plains are fonned in the northern, western and southern parts. The region faces the Brahmaputra valley in the north and north west and touches the plains of Bangladesh in the south and south-\vest. It is mainly composed of gneissic rocks in the north ,and Dihing and Jaintia series and Simsang, Chengapara and Baghmara formations in the south. The age of the rock deposits of the regions ranges from Archaean to Rcccnt. The ccntral part of this natural sub-division can also be callcd a "Water shed" where numerous rivers, streams and springs, etc. have their souryes of origin. Tura and arbela are the main ranges of this region. The Arbela range lies in the north of Tura range and remains almost parallel to the latter. The Nokrek Peak (1,411 m.) is the highest peak of Western Meghalaya and is situaMd two kilometers away from Tura Town. A large number of rivers and streams originate from the central highland and flow down to all directions forming a radial drainage pattern. The Krishnai, ,the Dudhnai, the Simsang, the Dareng, etc. are the important rivers. During rainy seasons these rivers cause flood in some areas and carry large amount of sediments as they drain through the barren land caused by extensive Jhum cultivation. The climate of Meghalaya is sub-tropical in nature due to its location. Due to thc high hills and plateaus the sununer is quite comfortable and it is not so wann. The winter season which starts from October till February is quite cold. The western Meghalaya is comparatively warmer than the eastern Meghalaya. The most important features emerging from the rainfall distribution is that there is high rainfall in the south-central part of the state and it gradually decreases towards north, south-west and south-cast. The southern part of the state is bounded by the isohyet of 5,000 mm which gradually decreases towards the north where it comes down to 2,500 mm. Mawsynram and Cherrapunjee are the wettest patches of the world where the annual rainfall records above 10,000 mm. The southern part of Meghalaya which touches Bangladesh receives the maximum rainfall while the northern part which faces the state of Assam gcts less rainfall. The climate of Meghalaya is influenced by long wet months and short dry months. The temperature plays a key role in the climate of an area. It is interesting to note that the central part of Meghalaya is bounded by an isotherm of 20°C which gradually increases towards all directions. The sharp constrast between the rainfall and temperature has played a vital role for enabling the cultivator to grow variety of crops. From the tropical to temperate, all kind of crops can be grown in this state due to its special location and climate. The normal temperature variation is also not so high throughout the year. Because of its suitable climatic conditions, variety of vegetable crops can be grown 30 throughout the year. However, the cropping pattern is not similar in the micro-regions of this state as the physio-geographic factors vary from one region to other.The relationship between rainfall, temperature and farming method should be studied by employing water balance technique, keeping sub-micro region into account as they represent homogeneity in their physio-geographic conditions. It may be mentioned here that rainfall, type of soils are not the only determining factors of vegetation in the hilly areas, but temperature, altitude and slopes are also additional influencing factors. The natural vegetation found in the state ranges from tropical wet-evergreen to sub-tropical pine forest. The tropical moist deciduous forest is widely found in Garo Hills. The geological features and distribution of soils also support to some extent the natural sub divisions made in respect of Meghalaya as depicted on the maps showing "Soils" and "Geology" of the state. The economy of the state is primarily based on agriculture. The entire state of Meghalaya is hilly with the only exception in the northern and southern fringe areas which are the parts of Assam valley and Bangladesh plain respectively. Most of the villages are concentrated along the banks of the rivers, streams, etc., as the cultivators need sufficient water to raise their crops and rain water is available only during rainy seasons. The entire district of West Khasi Hills, the northern part of East KhRsi Hills, Baghmara sub division of West Garo Hills and the south-eastern part of Jaintia Hills, where dense forests cover most of the areas, have a very low density (41.96 persons per Km 2) of the population. The overall density of population of the state is only 79 persons per Km 2 in 1991 which is much below as compared to the national average of 267 of 1991. The factors like climate, topography, productivity of soils, industrial development, urbanization, irrigation facilities and other factors of economic development are playing a vital role to restrict the population growth and density. In view of this, the density is strikingly uneven in the statc as it is clear from the map. The overall growth of population of the stte is 32.86% during the decade 1981-91 slightly higher than that of the national average growth rate of23.85%. There is no large scale industry in Meghalaya except the cement factory at Cherrapunjee and some saw mills, beverages factories and flour mills. So the economy of the state is not much influenced by industries. The pace of urbanization is also slow in comparison to other states. Nearly 81.43% of total population live in rural areas. Among them, approximately 27.14% population, practice Jhum (shifting) cultivation. Because of the undulating and rough topography, regular cultivation is not possible in the hilly region. As a result, large tract of virgin land has been brought under Jhum cultivation or slash,;,or-burn method of cultivation. This system of farming not only affects the ecological balance but also creates great havoc to soil productivity and ultimately leads to soil erosion. On the other hand, during rainy season, the 31 rivers/streams originating in the hills carry large amount of loose materials caused by extensive Jhum cultivation in the form of sediments and release the same in the bed of the river in the plain areas. If the process continues for long period of time the bed of rivers in the plain will rise and the river in tum will not be able to accommodate excess water during rainy season and this will ultimately lead to flood in the plain areas. Among the districts, the density of population is 128 persons per Km 2 in East Khasi Hills, 42 persons per Km2 in West Khasi Hills, 58 persons per Km2 in Jaintia Hills, 73 persons per Km2 in East Garo Hills and 86 persons per Km2 in West Garo Hills. The density therefore varies from one district to another. It is found that the density of population is the highest in East Khasi Hills where the capital of thc state "Shillong" is located. The large concentration of the population in the Shillong Urban Agglomeration and Cherrapunjee town is mainly responsible for high density of population in this district. Topography and dense forested areas are mainly responsible for sparse population in other parts. The maps of density (total, rural and urban) by sub-micro region reveal large variations among sub-micro regions which may be considered as an important parameter for area-specific planning. Among the districts, the growth rate of population during 1981-91 is 40.96% in Jaintia Hills, 30.07% in East Khasi Hills, 36.26% in West Khasi Hils, 38.29% in East Garo Hills and 29.80% in West Garo Hills. It is se¢n that the growth of population is the highest in Jaintia Hills district (23.85%). The map of growth of population by sub-micro rcgion clearly shows the character of the areas, where extra planning is required. to check the population growth. According to the Sample Registration Scheme, the average combined birth rate, death reate and infant mortality rate during 1991 in the state is 32.70, 9.50 and 57.00 respectively. In rural areas, these rates are 36.00, 10.70 and 60.00 respectively while in urban areas these are 17.70,4.00 and 29.00 respectively. As such the government should take appropriate measures to check the population growth as well as the infant mortality ratc. The Scheduled tribes constitute a major portion of the total population of the state while the Scheduled castes are negligible in comparison to the Schedule tribes. According to 1991 Census the total Scheduled tribe population consists of 1,517,927 persons accounting for 85.53% of the total population of Meghalaya. The percentage of Scheduled tribe population living in rural and urban areas are 86.44% and 13.56% respectively to the total Scheduled tribe population in the state. It is therefore clear that they are mainly confined to rural areas. The distribution of Scheduled tribes throughout the state is not uniform as J East Khasi Hills district alone claims for 34.35% of~~e total Scheduled tribe population of the state followed by West Garo Hills district with 25.50%. The percentage of Scheduled tribes in the remaining districts to total Scheduled tribe population of the state is 14.23% in West Khasi Hills, 13.87% in Jaintia 32 'Hills and 12.04% in East Garo Hills. Among thc c.O. Blocks, the proportion of Scheduled tribe population to total population is the highest in Mawkynrew (99.93%) and the lowe~t in ScI sella (55.30%) C.D. Block of East Khasi HiIls and West GaTo Hills District respectively. There are only 9072 persons in the state who have returned themselves as Scheduled castes and they account for 0.51 % of the total population. Among the 5 (five) districts of the state the proportion of Scheduled castes to the total Scheduled caste population of the state varies from a mere negligible 0.34% in West Khasi Hills to a significantly high 62.05% in West Garo Hills. The proportion of Scheduled caste population living in rural and urban areas is 54.81 % and 45.19% respectively. Literacy rate is generally considered as one of the important criteria to study and analyse the socio-cultural development of an area. The percentages have been calculated on the total population, excluding the population in age-group 0-6. The overall proportion of the literates to the total population excluding those in the age group 0-6 is 49.10% in the state. The percentages of literates in rural and urban areas are 41.05% and 81.74 respectively. The literacy rate of males is 53.12% as against 44.85% for females. It is therefore clear that the literacy rate is higher in urban areas than in rural areas and the literacy rate among the males is higher than that among the females on both rural and urban areas. In the districts, the percentage of literates varies considerably. The highest literacy rate of 60.04% is recorded in East Khasi Hills, followed by 50.52% in west Khasi Hills, laintia Hills has recorded the lowest literacy rate of 35.32% in the state. Among the C.D. Blocks, Mylliem has the highest literacy rate of 78.89% and Khliehriat, the lowest of28.06%. According to the 1991 census, there are 757322 total workers forming only 42.67% of the total population of Meghalaya of which 40.32% are main workers and 2.35% are marginal workers. The proportion of male main workers to the total male population in the state is 49.54% of which 25.14% are cultivators, 5.75% agricultural labourers, 0.18% household industry workers and 18.47% other workers. The proportion of female main workers to total female population in the state as a whole works out to 30.67% out of which 19.33% are cultivators, 4.30% are agricultural labourers, 0.14% household industry workers and 6.00% other workers. Within the broad frame of regions as delineated at the district level with two micro regions viz. (1.5.9) Eastern Meghalaya and (1.5.l0) Western Meghalaya, the entire state has been further divided into II sub-micro regions as per the table given below. Further details of these sub-micro regions are given in Part.1II of this Volume.IThese regions may scrve, a step further in the planning process of the district in particular and the state in general, for integration in the multi-level development programme of the state. 33 Within the broad frame work of physio-geographic regional plan for different regions of the state, the framework of an, area development plan at the district level should illustrate two things - one is a landuse plan and the other one is of the proposed integration of villages around some important settlcments as the local points. l11is should convey the nature of services and amenitles need by the peoplc in the local point and its surrounding villages. The regional planning takes note of the two way process in which the national plan ought to be fommlated i.e. translating the national plan downwards through different ladders of administrative hierarchy and simultaneous aggregation upwards. We have delineated the sub-micro regions within the district keeping in view the C.D. Block boundaries and rivers and other natural boundaries with some minor adjustments. Micro Rc~ion with Code No. I Distri_ct with Code No. Sub-micro regions with Code No. _ (Fourth ticr_r_c_,_._gi_o_,n)'---___---t ~~~~--__~~~~_2~~----~~~-~~~~--~3~--~~------J Eastern Mcghalaya {1.5.9} laintia Hills {O I} 1.5.9.1 East Shillong Plateau Region 1.5.9.2 Narpuh-Saipung Forest Region East Khasi Hills {02} 1.5.9 I North--East Khasi Hills 1.5.9.2 Central Shillong Plateau Region West Khasi Hills {03} 1.5.9.1 West Shillong Plateau Region 1.5.9.2 Kynshiang-Umngi Basin Western Meghalaya {!.S.10} East Garo Hills {04} 1.5.10.1 Krishnai Basin 1.5.10.2 Dudhnai Basin West Garo Hills {OS} 1.5.10.1 North-West Garo Hills 1.5.10.2 South-West Garo Hills l.5.10.3 Someswari Dareng Basin 34 ... .; ~~ .,; t- Z ~ ;{.., ~~ '* • ~ • • ..., .. . f .... . '* •• • • c( -r0 > U> ~ c( .- Q 0 L1J (f) " o - ..I~ 0 > ~O ...... 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I i i I .i'j .~ bdi~ w G ~ a: ex: ~ a: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E ~ , I I 0 I I I • I i i I ..0 i i i I i i ~: PART - III REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DISTRICTS DISTRICT JAINTIA HILLS (REGIONAL DIVISIONS) The district of Jaintia Hills is located in the extreme eastern part of Mcghalaya. It is bounded in the north and east by the state of Assam, in the west by East Khasi Hills district and by Bangladesh in the south. The district covers an area of 3819 Km2 with 381l.20 Km2 as rural and 7.80 Km2 as urban. The district is inhabited by 220,473 persons as per 1991 Census. It shares 17.03% area and 12.43% population of the state. Out of the total population, 199,872 (90.66% are rural and 20,601 (9.34%) urban. There are 111,753 males and 108,720 females in the state. The district is divided into to sub-divisions and four Community Development Blocks. The relief of the district is hilly having plateau structures in general. The central part of this plateau forms a part of the Shillong plateau. The highest peak of the district is Iakorsingh with a height of 1753 metres from mean sea level, followed by Maryngksih, 1627 metres. The mountain range of this peak is known as Lum Bah-Bo-Bah-Kong, which is parallel to the Barail ranges. The central upland area gradually slopes down towards the north, east and south. It separates the two river systems in the districts one flowing towards the north and the other towards south. Geologically, the area has complex features and is mainly made up of Jaintia series / Disang series, gneiss of Scla group. Barail series and Simsang formation (Garo Hills). The district has promising deposits of coal and limestone. Red loamy, red and yellow soils occupy the entire district except a tract in the north-west and south-west. The district has rich forest ranging from tropical to temperate. The southern part of the district is occupied by Narpuh and Saipung reserved forests. There are altogether 459 villages in the Jaintia Hills district. Jowai, the district headquarters, is the only town. The settlement pattern of the district is very dispersed due to its terrain conditions, as well as forest coverage. Settlements in the form of hamlets are also very common in the district. The major settlements are located either along the roads or rivers. Agriculture and other primary activities are the main economic activities of the people. The northern part of the district has a good network of surface roads. Most of the important places in the northern part are connected with the National Highway (NH 44) or by other motorable roads. But the southern part is still backward in term of surface road or communcation. Taking the natural factors like physiography, soil, geology, rainfall, temperature and forest coverage into account, the district has been delineated into to sub-micro divisions : viz., East Shillong Plateau Region and Narpuh-Saipung Forest Region. 93 1.5.9.1 EAST SHILLONG PLATEAU REGION The region spreads over the northern and south-western parts of Jaintia Hills district. There are 372 villages and one town; Jowai as per the 1991 Census. The region has an area of 2,550 Km2, covering the whole C.D. Blocks of Thadlaskein, Laskein and Amlarem and part of Khliehriat C.D. Block. The region has a total population of201,777 in 1991 of which 181,176 are rural and 20,601 urban. The density 2 of population of the rction is 79 persons per Km • The region is dominated by hilly and dissected terrain which is mainly composed of Jaintia series / Disang series and Shillong group of rocks. There is a good deposits of minerals like coal, limestone, etc., in this region. The central highland of this region forms a watershed where most of the rivers of the region find their sources. The important river like Kharkor along with its tributaries drains through the region to join the Kopili river in the east. Other important rivers of the region are Myntang and Mynsar. Hari is an important river among the rivers flowing southwards., The region is occupied by red loamy soils except a limited belt on the north and south. It has a rich vegetation ranging from tropical to tempcratc. The major settlements are confined either along the rivers or roads. Most of the settlements are small in size. Villages are not uniformly distributed due to topographic conditipns. The region has a good network of surface roads. The National Highway (NH - 44) passes through the region touching the important places; viz., Jowai town, Thadlaskeill, Khliehriat etc. Another important road from lowai joins the NH-40 at Dawki. 111is regIon exhibits a hilly type landscape in general with numerous rivers, streams and interspersed by plateaus. It is an extension of the Shillong plateau with an elevation of 800 - 1,200 m. However, the region has low hills and peaks in comparison to central Shillong plateau region (1.5.9.2) of East Khasi Hills district. The presence of peaks like Nongjngi (1389 m), Shillong Myntang 1195 m), Larmaiphlong (1307 m), Nongkyllcp (1255 m), Tyrshang (1340 m) Nongbah (1333 m) and Jarain (1225 m) etc. brings out a clear picture of the region. The hills of the eastern part extend towards Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills districts of Assam. The southern foot-hills ultimately merged with the plain of Bangladesh. The rivers of the region make two distinct drainage system: (1) rivers flowing towards the north and (2) rivers flowing towards the south. The river Umkhen along with its tributaries flows along the part of northern boundary to meet the river Kupli on the north-east in Karbi Anglong in Assam, whereas the river Myntang and Kharkor along with their tributaries join the river Kopili in the eastern part of the region. Among the south flowing rivers, Umngot and Myntdu are important. A narrow belt along the central part of the region, which runs from west to east is a watershed which separates the north flowing and south flowing rivers. The region has a rich vegetal cover from tropical west evergreen to sub-tropical pine. 94 The region is mainly underlain by Jaintia series I Disang series (with ultrabasic in deep shades) rocks, while the northern part of the region is made up of ShiIIong group and gneissic rocks. The other group of rocks like Barail seires-Simsang formation (Garo Hills), granites and Khasi group, Axial group etc. appeared in some patches. Most of the area of the region is occupied by red loamy soils. A narrow belt in the northern part is composed of laterite soils. Red and yellow soils are found in the southern belt. , According to NBSS and LUP (lCAR), Nagpur, the region has three types of soils, (1) Udalfs-Ochrepts, (2) Ustalfs-Ocherepts-Orthents and (3) Udalfs-Ochrepts-Fluvents-Orthents. The region is characterized by dispersed and hamleted settlements obviously due to its terrain conditions. Major settlements are located either along the road or river. The density of the population of 2 the region is 79 persons per Km , which indicates that the region is moderately populated. The important settlements of the region with a population of 1,000 and above are Bapung (2425), Khliehriat (2113), Jalaphet (2327), Sutnga (1920), Ladrymbai (1551), Jalyiah (1052), Narwan (1865), Sohkynphor (1385), Rymbai (2363), Tuber Kmaishnong (1258), Dkhiah East (1485), Byndihati (1344), Bataw (1052), Thadumthlong (1964), Madankynsaw (l093), Khliehrangnah (1335), Mynska (1325), Iooksi (1317), Shangpung Pohshnong (1841), Saphai (1320), Mookhap (1454), Raliang (1661), Pasyih (1143), Pammanik (l015), Kyndong Tuber (2360), Mynsoo (1939), Mookroh (1152), Mootyrshiah (1639), Mookaiaw (1618), Shasniang (1619), Thangrain (1119), Barato (2387), Moostem (1001), Sohrnynting (1740), Mihmyntdu (2189), Ialong (1794), Moodymmai (1591), Kukhla (1055), Nangbah (3562), Wahiajer (2996), Ummulong (2250), Nartiang (1413), Jonglait (l095), Moolyngkdein (1019), Sonaro (1025), Bakur (1418), Nongtalang (2754), Darang (1443), Lamii (1318), Khonglah (1683) and Jarain (1009). From the communication point of view, the region is criss-crossed by so many motorable roads. It is not connected by railway and air servi~es. The National Highway (NH-44) which originates from Shillong, the state capital, passes through the southern portion of the region. From this highway, many 11l0lor:lblc roads spring lip conllccling thc [;lI--nlJllg arcas of the region. From Jowai, a road COllllccts NII- 44 with NH-40 at Dawki. Besides, most of the important places like Amlarem, Shangpung, Nartiang, Nongbah, Thadlaskein, Dawki, Sutnga, Garampani etc. are connected by motorable roads. 1.5.9.2 NARPUH-SAIPUNG FOREST REGION Lying on the south-eastern part of laintia Hills district, the region spreads over 1,269 Krnz. It extends over a part of Khliehriat C.D. Block only. The region is characterized by hilly and rugged terrain which reflects its geology consisting of rocks of Jaintia series I Disang serie~ and Barail series and Simsang formation (Garo Hills). The region is traversed by numerous rivers and streams. Laterite and red 95 and yellow soils cover the entire area of the region. The region is heavily forested throughout. Tropical vegetation occupies almost the entire area of the region. It has only 87 villages of Khliehriat C.D. Block, inhabited by 18,696 persons of which 9,681 are males and 9,015 females, as per 1991 Census. Therefore, the density of population is 15 persons per Km2 whieh indicates that the region is thinly populated. Dispersed settlements supplements the characteristics of the population distribution of the regions. The region has poor surface roads and communications. National Highway (NH-44) and other motorablc roads connects only few places in the region. This region is dominated by hilly and irregular landscape criss-crossed by numerous rivers and streams with an average altitude of 500-1,200 m. The region has several high pcaks viz., Lakadong (781 m), Lumpdeng (1330 m), Tharanyang (976 m), Mobyrtap (1269 m) Tangpui (1482 m), Didasip (1585 m) and Maryngksih (1627 m) etc. The rivers of the region can be classified into two groups: (I) North flowing rivers and (2) South flowing rivers. The central highland is a watershed and it is the originating source of most of the rivers. The river Kopili along with its tributaries, Umtalang, Umphung, Wah Khynriam and dikisim flow along the eastern boundary of the region and ultimately meets the river Brahmaputra, whereas the river Hari and Lubha along with their tributaries, Prang, Wah Lariang, Umlunai, Umsngat, Lenju etc., flow to the south in Bangladesh. The region is characterized by rich vegetation coverage of tropical evergreen type. Almost the entire area of the region is occupied by the Narpuh and Saipung rescrved forests. Geologically, the region is mainly composed of rocks of Barail series, Simsang formation (Garo Hills) and Jaintia series, Disang series (with Ultrabasie in deep shades). Other group of rocks like gneiss with Old inliers Sela group, Khasi group/Axial group, Tipam series and Chengapara formation (Garo Hills) and Surma series and Baghmara formations (Garo Hills) etc. appear in some parts. The region is mostly covered by Ustaifs-Ochrcpts-Orthents type of soils. A small area in the north-eastern and north western parts ofth region has Aqualfs-Aquepts and Udalfs-Ochrepts-Fluvents-Orthents soils. This rcgion has dispersed and hamlctted settlements. The population is very thinly distributed which is evident by the fact that Umkiang is the only village having a population of 1,498 (maximum in this region). With the total population of 18,523 as per 1991 census, the region has a density of only 15 2 persons per Krn • The low density of population indicates that the region is very thinly populated. Unlike the East Shillong plateau region (1.5.9.1), it is not traversed by so many roads. The region is still backward in temls of surface roads and communication network. National Highway (NH-44) passes through a fcw places of this region. 96 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 25 MEG HALAYA DISTRICT JAINTIA HILLS CENSUS CODE 01 REGIONAL DIVI SIONS 5 s .... u G () ~ 1.5.9.1 EAST SHILLONG PlATEAU REGION 1.5.9.2 NAAPUH-SAIPUNG FOREST REGION BOUt«lARY. INtERNATIONAL . .. .. -..----- STATE '" .. • DISTRICT ••. C: O. BLOCK •• , ,. RESERV£O FOREST ' " VI~LAGE HAVING 1000 AND AaoVE POPUlAHOtol. . • URBAN AREA .. ~@~m~~"":%i~~~0"0""$-m~ NATIONAL HIGHWAY .. . NH" STATE HIGHWAY. OTHER ROAD. .. .. -1!!- __ IP 0 • 3'~ RIVER AND STREAM REGl()lU.l DIVISION ...... I . S. 9. 1 MACRO______• ______• _ • __ - fc:t MESO_. ___ • ______== .. MICRO. ______• ______SUB-MICRO WITH aOUNOA RY______-_ _.;__ 1_ lho .""fII" ., r..... clivi .ions willi ..,..-. to !he .. Indio ""'" cod .. "" t. 3 I;',) Il""J,lOO .....on on , ~'" OMr- _ , -; I'- Ir> ..... 00 Q'\ 0\ 0\ 0 0\ 0\ ecu 0\ 00 ..... ~ c: 0 <'I ...... , .'. I ~ '"~ I'-""'M 00 00 00 0\0..". \0\0 Ci1 <'1 ...... 0 0\ 0\ 00\ ..... ~0 :E ..... ~ 1'-\0 ...... \0\0 , '"C I'-r-o 0\ 0\ I 0 r- ..... \O \0\0 r- ...... 0 00 00 '"loo 000<'1 ~ <'I ...... ~ ~~~ 1.0 f-;P::;:::;' f-;P::;:::;' c 000 00 I o <'I 00 00 I In ONr-: ~~ .~~ Ir> ..". \0 \0 Ir> Ir> <'I <'I -< <'1<'1 ...... U) ...,. z ~~~ E- 99 ~I ~I Vl E -.;;: r oo o 00 .8 o cj 100 , N -.::t 00 -.::t -.::t I '"Q) \0 <') N Cil N r- or) 0- 0- .... ON r- --" E:-<~;;;J NE- Q) ~ Z '0 ~ 0 Z - 0 ~ = I=: CI] .~ gp.~ ~ o IU 0 ~ ::::P::- ~ ,.,._, :El:s"""'! .g 0l)1=:~ 00<'30\ §OO\ e- 0...... ori 1n~vi <'3'<;3 ~,....; ~--Cl...... , Zoo~_ 101 ...., r- \0 'f"l 'f"l 4J I '" ~;z:g " I o I£> or> NN I '"4J ...... 00 I"- l"- "@ r- l"- VI I"-'" \0...... \0M ...... NN e4J ~ I"- 'f"l I '"4J N NN I CI,j 000- ~ '" 1"-1"-0\ a.." I NNO " E-t~~ ME-<~~ E-<~~ 4J ~ Z "Q ~ z0 - IS bl) ..... I bl) N t:i '&il '"'"' '"'"' 'C =o CI:S;::s 0'"= ' "3§t;;§o; ...... Q) '50 ' ~ ",]~ "1 8- c. Q) 'Sb'f"l '" CI:S ...... v ..... CI:S ';::a 8 v ..... a ~ent:l-t~_ Zent:L.~-..,..., 102 DISTRICT EAST KHASI HILLS (REGIONAL DIVISIONS) The East Khasi Hills district is situated in the eastern part of the state of Meghalaya. It occupies a 2 land surface of 5,196 Km • The district is a part of Eastern Meghalaya Micro Region (1.5.9). It is bounded in the north and north-east by the state of Assam, in the west by the district of West Khasi Hills and in the east by Jaintia Hills district. In ,the south, the district faces the international boundary with Bangladesh. According to the 1991 Census, the population of the district is 665,218 of which 341,670 are males and 323,548 females. There are seven towns in the district. It registers a moderately high density of population (128 persons per Km2). The high density is mainly due to large number of towns with regard to other districts of the state. TIle district presents a hilly and rugged landscape. It is evident as it has elevation ranging from 200,to 1500 m. from mean sea level. The northern part of the district consists of the series of hills with gentle slope up to the plain of Assam. The Hill ranges in the central part of the district extend from east to west, whereas the southern hills and ranges have steep slope towards the plain of Bangladesh. Shillong platcau is thc most remarkable feature of the district which lies in its central part. Shillong peak (1963 m) which is the highest peak in the state, is located in this part. The Shillong plateau fomlS the watershed of all the principal rivers of the district. The main rivers of the district are Umtrew, Umsiang, Umiam, Umkhen, Umngot, SheIla and Umsohra. The district has a rich vegetation ranging from tropical to \ temperate. Many good forest areas have already been cleared for the purpose of shifting cultivation. From the geological point of view, the district has Shillong group of rocks, except the northern part, which is composed of Jaintia series / Disang series and Granite group of rocks, while other groups of rocks like Khasi group, Axial group, Sylhet trap etc. appear in patches in the southern part. The district is rich in mineral deposits. The vast deposit of limestone in the southern part around Cherrapunjee area is responsible for the. setting up of cement factory at Mawmluh. Predominent coal deposits are located at Sheila, Cherra, Laitryngew, Pynursla, Balat and Mawsynram etc. Other minerals like Copper" Uranium, and Gold are also discovered in some parts of the district. There are four types of soils found in this district, e.g. alluvial soil in the northern part, laterite, red and loamy soils in the central part and red and yellow soils in the southern part. The major settlements are concentrated in the central part of the district where Shillong city is situated. Some settlements are found in the vicinity of Cherrapunjee town, along the Bangladesh border and in the north-central part. The rest of the district is characterised by sparse sei.tlement having hamlets. Agriculture is the main economic activity of the people. A part of population is depending on mining 103 activitics. But a considcrablc number of persons in urban arcas are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, where many government offices, private/commercial establishments, factories, industries etc., are located. The surface transport and communication network are not up the mark in the northern part of the district due to its rugged topography. However, the central and southern parts have good surface roads and transport facilities. The district is not connected by railway. Shillong, the capital of the state, is connected by air. The National Highways NH-44 and NH-40 passes through the district connecting important places. Other motorable roads connect most of the important villages. Yet connection to more places with the capital city is required. On the basis of natural factors like topography, drainage, soil, geology, forest coverage, rainfall, temperature etc. the district has been divided into two sub-micro regions viz. (i) North-East Khasi Hills and (ii) Central Shillong Plateau. 1.5.9.1 NORTH-EAST KHASI HILLS \ This sub-micro regions extends over the northcrn part of East'Khasi Hills district. Nongpoh C.D. 2 Block and part of Bhoi Area C.D. Block constitute this region covering a total arp_.a of 1892.45 Km • The region is entirely rural and inhabited by 88,561 persons in 406 villages according to the 1991 census. The region is characterized by rugged and irregular landscape. It slopes down to join the plain of Assam. The region is drained by many important rivers like Umtrew, Umran, Umshing and Umiam. Geologically, the region is mainly composed of gneissic, grahite and Shillong group of rocks. Alluvial (recent) and laterite soils occupy the entire area of the region. The low density of the population (47 persons per Km2) indicates that the region is thinly populated. It is obviously due to irregular and dissected terrain conditions. Scattered settlements including the hamlets are the main characteristics of the population distribution of this region. The region is very / backward in terms of surface roads and transport network. It is not connected by railway. However, those places which are nearer to Guwahati are well connected with Guwahati Railway station. The National Highway (NH-40) and other motorable roads COlU1ect some important places of this region. This regIOn is characterized by hilly and dissected terrain, except in the northern fringe. Th~ regIOn has an average elevation of 200-800 m. The important peaks found in this region are Nongbah (762 m), Kariong (696 m), Mawkyqdah (967 m), Rymi Tekphiew (728 m), Umsning (778 m). 104 Raitong (1237 01), Langhi (672 01), etc. Most of tre rivers originate in the southern part of the region. The rivers flows towards north and meet the river Bralunaputra. The important rivers of this region are Umtrew, Umran, Umshing and Umiam, etc. The region is characterized by dense forest of mainly tropical moist deciduous type. However, sub-tropical .pine forest are also found in pockets in the southern part where the region has got sufficient altitude to support pine forest.\ Geologically, the region is mainly composed of gneiss with Old inliers, the seta group, granites and the Shillong group of rocks. Small patches of Khasi group, Axial group of rocks are also appearing in the north-western part of the region. The entire area in the northern part of the rcgi~n is covered by alluvial soils. The souihern belt is composed of laterite group of soils. According to NBSS and LUP (leAR), Nagpur, the region has two type of soils (1) Udalfs-Ochrepts and (2) Ustalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents. Dispersed and hamletted settlements are the features of this dissected region. Major settlements arc found in the northern central part of it. The population density of only 47 persons per Km2 indicates that the region is sparsely populated. The absence of any urban center clearly exhibits its rural characteristic. The important villages with a population of 1000 and above are Nongpoh (2,326), Umsning (3,718) and Zero Point (1,003). Transport and communication arc not much developed which is evident by the absence of railway. However, ,the National Highway (NH-40) passes through Byrnihat, Nongpoh, Umsning etc. Guwahati (Assam) railway station is approachable from this region. 1.5.9.2 CENTRAL SHILLONG PLATEAU REGION Lying in the central and southern part of the district, the region spreads over an area of 3303.55 Km2. It comprises seven C.D. Blocks viz.,Mylliem, Mawryngkneng, Mawkynrew, Pynursla, Sheila, Bholaganj, Mawsynram and Mawphlang, and part of Bhoi Area C.D. Block. Altogether 1029 villages and 7 tOVv'l1S constitute this region. The region has a total population of 576,657 as per the 1991 census of which 345,5141ive in rural and 231,143 in urban areas. This region is dominated by hills, hillocks and rugged landscape with an altitude ranging from 200-1,500 m. above mean sea level. The Shillong plateau, which lies in the northern part of the region, is a notable feature of this region. It is a source of almost all the principal rivers of not only this region but of entire district. The southern hilly belt has steep slopes towards the plain of Bangladesh. The region is traversed by many rivers, viz., Umiam, Umkhen, Umngot, Sheila, Umsohra, etc., and most of them pass through Bangladesh before reaching Bay of Bengal. 105 From the geological point of view, the region is mainly underlain by Shillong group of rocks. Othcr group of rocks appear in patches in the eastern and southern belt of the region., The southern part of the region is very rich in mineral deposits. Limestone, coal, eopper, etc., arc among the important minerals. The region is occupied by three types of soils, the northern part by laterite soils, the central part by red loamy soils and the southern part by red and yellow soils. The high density of population in this region with 175 persons per Km2 is mainly due to existence. of many urban centers. The settlements are mainly concentrated in the vicinity of Shillong city and Cherrapunjee town and along the Bangladesh border. The rest of the district is characterized by sparse distribution of settlements. This region has better communication network. There are numerous hills, hillocks and irregular terrain having an elevation of 200-1500 m from mean sea level. There is a strip of plain area along the ,Bangladesh border in the south. Shillong plateau is' the most important feature of this region which lies in the central part of the region and extends without any break towards West Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills districts. Shillong peak (1963 m) is the highest in this region. The northern part of the region consists of series of hills having gentle slope towards north and steep slope towards Bangladesh. Other important peaks of the region are ¥awpat (1657 m), Laitkor (1961 m), Mawphlang (1871 m), Nongjrong (1504 m), Madan Lynniang n538 m), Mawsiar (1545 m), Mawkynrew (1565 m), Langkyrdem (1592 m), Laitryngew (1662 m) and Mosngi (1768 m). The Shillong plateau is the major watershed of this region. The region is drained by the rivers Umiam, Umlew, Umngi, Umiew, Umsohra etc. The rivers like Umost, Umngot, Umkhen etc., make the boundary of the region with Jaintia Hills district. The region has rich tropical to temperate vegetation. The plateau is covered by dense jungles whieh provide good habitat for wild life. Sub-tropical pine forest are found in the northern part whereas the southern part of the region is covered by tropical wet-evergreen forest with patches of pine forest in the higher altitudes. The region is mainly underlained by the Shillong group of rocks. The other types of rocks like gneiss with old inliers, Khasi group, Axial group, Granite, Sylhet traps, Surma series and Jaintia series etc. are also found in patches. Soils of this region can be classified into three types: (1) Laterite soils, (2) Red loamy soils and (3) Red and yellow soils. Laterite soils occur in the northern part of the region. These soils are generally poor in mineral contents viz. Nitrogen phosphate and potassium. The central belt is occupied by red and loamy soils. Red and yellow soils are distributed in the southern part of the region. These soils have good capacity to hold moisture and thus arc famous for rich cultivation. NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, classified the soils of this region as (Ustalfs-Ochrepts-Orthents, (2) Udalfs-Ochrepts and (3) Udalfs-Oehrcpts-Fluvents-Orthents. 106 The settlements are mainly concentrated in the central part of this region where ShiIlong city is located. Settlements are also found along the Bangladesh border. However, the region is characterized by dispersed and hamletted settlements in general. The important settlements of the region are Umroi (2276), Umiam Hydcl Project (2273), Mawbsein (1066), Nongmynsong (6087), Mawpat (2169), Nongrah (1994), RYI~ah Lapalang (2019), Umpling (3970), Lawsohtun (4502), 5th Mile Upper Shillong (1064), Mawklot (1011), 3Yz Mile Upper Shillong (1424), Lummawbah (2350), Nongkseh (3113), Umlyngka (2994), Mawnianglah (1010), Pomlakrai (3097), Laitkor Rngi (1095), Mawpynthih (1560), Diengpasoh (1174), Tynring (1024), Mawshabuit (1533), Mawlynrei (1502), Mawryngkneng (3481), Sohryngkham (3343), Umphymai (1524), Nongkrem (2070), Mawmuthoh (1263), Smit (2732), Thynroit (2270), Kharang (1082), Jongksha (1582), Laitkyrhong (1127), Nongryngkoh (1109), Nohroh (1018), Nongbsap (l 101), Mawngap Mawsmai (lIS I), Laitnongrim (1244), Mawsynram Dongrum (1131) Dewsaw (1557), Balat Bazar (1105), Laitryngew (2026), Urnkhabew (1046), Kalatek (1264), Laitlyngkot (1953), Nongkynrih (2441), Langkyrdem (1410), Pynursla (2279), Nongshken (1399), Nohwet (1376), Lapalang (1254) etc. The region has seven towns according to the 1991 census and represents the urban population of 231,143. Shillong is the main center for activities like education, trade and commerce, government offices and small industries, while the town Cherrapu~ee is important for cement factory. Agriculture is the main activity of the people, however, considerable population is engaged in mining and other activities. The region is relatively developed in the state in terms of surface communication and transport. Though the region is not connected by railway, yet it has better network of surface roads. The district headquarters: Shillong (also capital of thc state) is connected by air route. The National Highways (NH-44 and NH-40) pass through many important places, while some places are connected by district motorable roads. But further development of transport and communication system is necessary to facilitate the infrastructure for trade and commerce and industry. 107 .. i i· , , , , , , , , .. .. . , . ·:; o ;;; , It' ~ .c ,f , ,I I · 5 , D.. , , f I I I >oJ , ' ''' !· , ! : ~ ! I I , = ... , I ' Ii! 'i , , , e , '"% .! , j: · ."=' , .. ~ ~ , : ~ ~ I I I Z - :> ~ ~ - I J a , ' II:e I!! : : _,gOuu:; ~ 5~ i ~· ... '" 0 «:l[ ... !:i ;;:l[ . · .... it ~ ~e· ...... , \0\0' V')V') r-- 00 00 0000 '" '"= u=Q) J I J ; 'fool j;;J -I--- -='"'t-N ~ ~ ...... ~ 1--1- '-0 tr) 00 0\ ...... N ori'''''; <")0\ ...... N\O 00 0\ 0 N N t- tr) tr) 0\ tr) B~'~S; \D \0 ...... ~ ~ ON'"OO g s .s .8 S B 8B~'::: r"""'4 ...... t-:-C ...... f"""'4 ~ 112 0\ 0\ '1") ...... '<1" '"~ 0\ 0\ • 000 -; ...... · ' 00 00 , I'--ID '"~ '<:I"" ~~;;:. NE-o,:x:~ E-o,:x:~ ~ ~ 0 8 '5h Z"" ~ "0 ~ ; ~ .....QJ 0 ...... ~ p:;'" Z U> Q.() C ~ 0 0 °Sti ~..... U> ] ~ '" ,..__ en ,.,...., ~- ...... N . !:1~'" ~~ ~'I") z::::::o . u::::::QJ • 113 r- r- 1 r- 0-. 00 ;oJ 0\ 0\ r- \0 0 -; c<) M 0\ ...... 00 !") 0\ 0\ MOO 11"\ .... c<) M 1"'111"\\0 eu 1"'1 ...... '"U ~ ·c,Q I E-4 \0 \0 I 1"'1 r- 11"\ '"Q) 00 O\OM '0 N ...... 000 ...... Q) ca 00 oor-o ~I .... ' E.. q~ i:l 0.... E-q:C:) [:-op:::;::::> 00 I 00 ...... r- '"Q) NN I NMO\ ca 0...... 0\ .., S 0\ Q) u ~ rn II) Z -~ I u II) r- r- I 0\ \OM 0 '0 Q) 1"'11"'1 ' I II) 00 00 Or-r.-. 0\ 0\ I \OMN 0 ...... r-r-O = !") r- r- ...... 00 M ~ NN 0\ 1"'1 \0 U C"l ...... ~ E-4~::;J N [:-oP:::::> bP:::;::::> Q) ...... II) Vl ~ ~ ~ Z 114 DISTRICT WEST KHASI HILLS REGIONAL DIVISIONS The District of West Khasi Hills lies in the central area of Meghalaya state. It covers a total area of 2 5,247.00 Km • The district is bounded in the north by the state of Assam, in the east by East Khasi Hills district, and in the south-west by West Garo Hills districts and in north-west by East Garo Hills district. Its southern border is Bangladesh. The district has a total population of 220,157 of which 112,860 are males and 107,297 are females, according to the 1991 census. The district has only one urban unit Le. Nongstoin, which is also the district headquarters. This town is spread over 76 Km 2 and inhabited by 14,339 persons, of which 7,391 are males and 6,948 are females. The density of population of the district is 42 persons per 2 Km • This shows that the district is thinly populated as compared to other adjoining districts. From physiographic point of view, the district is characterized by rugged and irregular landscape with plateau like structure in general. Geologically, the district is mainly constitute by gneiss with Old inliers of Sela group of rocks. Other group of rocks like Granite, Jaintia series / Disang series, Shillong group, Khasi group/Axial group and Sunna series, etc. appear as out-crop in some area. The central part of the district is a highland area from where numerous rivers and streams originate. The important rivers of the districts are Riangdo, Kynshi, Umwaiser and Umkhri. Tributaries of these rivers form radial drainage pattern. The river system of the district is. separated by the central upland area and thereby bringing out two distinct systems by the rivers which flow northwards and those which flow southwards. The district has three types of forests. The northern part is covered by tropical moist deciduous forest. These three types of forest are affected mainly by the intensity of rainfall and temperature which considerably vary from place to place. Most of the areas of the district are occupied by laterite soil which is very poor for cultivation. However, the northern and the southern parts are covered by alluvial, red and yellow soils respectively. The distribution of settlements in the district is also not uniform. Settlements are dense along the Bangladesh Border. Hamlets are also found in scattered manner. People of this district depend mainly on agriculture and other primary activities for their livelihood. The districts is not well developed in terms of transport network. It is not connected by railway. The National Highways also do not pass through the district. However, important places including the district headquarters are connected by motorable roads. Considering various factors in the districts, viz., physiography, soil, geology, forest type, distribution of rainfall and temperature, the district is divided into two sub-micro regions: (I) West Shillong Plateau Region and (2) Kynshiang-Umngi Basin. 115 1.5.9.1 WEST SHiLLONG PLATEAU REGION 2 Covering an area of 3696.00 Km , the region extends over the northern part of the district. This sub-micro region consists of altogether 592 villages (261 villages in Mawshynrut, 110 villages in Mairang, 215 villages in Nongstoinn and 6 villages in Mawkyrwat C.D. Blocks) and one town i.e., Nongstoin, thc district headquarters. The region is inhabited by a population of 158,750 of which 144,411 reside in rural areas and 14,339 in urban area as per 1991 census. The density of population is 43 persons per Km2 in this region. The region is dominated by hilly and rugged terrain with plateau type landscape. Geologically this region is mainly underlain by gneissic rocks while other group of rocks appear in patches. Drainage system of this region consists of (I) North flowing rivers and (2) South flowing rivers. Predominant rivers in the region are Riangdo, Rengchi, Rongdi, Umkhri and Umwaiser. It is mainly occupied by laterite soils, except a narrow belt in the north which is formed of recent alluvial soils. The laterite group, which is relatively poor soils, permits limited agricultural activities. Both tropical and temperate forest are found in this region. Settlement pattern is dispersed having hamlets. Surface roads and transport network are not proper in this region as there is no railway and national highways. Only motorable roads connect a few important places including Nongstoin town in this region. This region is characterised by hilly and dissected topography witq an elevation of 500-1,500 m \ above the mean sea level. The South-eastern part of the region has relatiyely higher altitude than the western and northern parts. There are several peaks in this region like Lawbyrsad (1694 m), Lawstait (1764 m), Kyllang rock (1774 m), Laitdom (1685 m), and Kynshi (1768 m). The region is drained by a number of rivers and streams viz., Rongdi, Rengchi, Riangdo, Umkhri and Umwaiser etc. Geologically, the region is made up mainly of gneiss with old inliers Sela group. Granite group of rock is found in patches in the northern and southern parts of the region, while Jaintia series, Disang series (with Ultra basic in deep shades) rocks occupy the south-western part. Besides, Shillong group of rocks also appear in pockets in the central and eastern parts. The region is composed of only two type of soils : ..... (1) Udalf-Ochrepts, (2) Udalfs-Ochrepts-Fluvents-Orthents. It has rich tropical moist deciduous to sub- tropical Pine forest. The region is sparsely populated with a density of only 43 persons per Km2 which indicates the predominance of rural characteristics. It is characterized by hamletted settlements mainly due to its topography and dense forested areas. Most of the settlements are small in size. The important villages having 1000 and above population are Kynshi 'A' (l088), Kynshi 'B' (1163), Nongdom (1033), Pyndeng Umiong 'B' (1039), Pyndeng Umiong 'c' (2374), Umthlong (1865), Nongthliew (1335), Mawnai (1202), 116 Nongum (1280), Wahrit (1325), Nongkhlaw (1159), Mawphanniew (1246), Mawkarah (1834), Laitkseh (1333), Mawdoh (1043) ctc. Transport and communication facilities are poor in this region. Neither railway nor national highway passes through this region. Only district motorable road passes through the region connecting a few important places. 1.5.9.2 KYNSHIANG - UMNGI BASIN The region consists of southern part of the district and spreads over the Mawkyrwat C.O. Block and parts of Nongstoin and Mairang C.O. Blocks. It covers an area of 1551.00 Km2. Topographically, the region is hilly uplands and drained by Kynshiang and Umngi rivers and their tributaries. The general slope of the region is towards the south, and therefore, almost all rivers and streams drain towards south. The geology of the region reveals the presence of granites, gneisses and laintia series / Oisang series of rocks. Few other group of rocks are also found in patches as outcrops. Red and yellow soils occupy almost the cntire region, except a tract in the north. The region has dense forests of tropical wet evergreen type as it receives heavy rainfall during summer season. Temperate forest are also found at high altitudes of the northern part of the region. The region consists of 226 villages (as per 1991 census), of which 194 villages are in Mawkyrwat, 27 villages in Nongstoin and 5 villages in Mairang C.O. Blocks. There are 61,407 persons in the region \ 2 with density of population of 40 persons per Km . The absence of town in the region maintains its rural character. The major settlements are confined to the areas along the Bangladesh border. The settlements are scattered. Regarding the transport network, the regIon has no exception. Neither railway nor national highway passes through this region. Only few places are connected by motorable roads and border roads. This region is dominated by hilly and rugged terrain with an altitude of 200-1,200 m above the mean sea level. A plain narrow belt exists in the south along the Bangladesh border. The important peaks of the region are Lumkohkhalam (1008 m), Kohjingrang (1079 m), Oom Solamat (1525 m) and Pinrang Mawpat (1219 m). Since the general slope of the rcgion is towards south, most of the rivers therefore flow southwards. It is drained mainly by Kynsruang, Umtham, Urnraliang, Umsurata rivers. The river Umngi makes boundary with East Khasi Hi\\s district and the river Maheshkhola with West Gam Hills district. Most of the area of the region is covered by dense mixed vegetation with predominance of Bamboos and grass on the northern part. Temperate forests are found at high altitude. 117 The region is mainly underlain by granite. Gneiss with Old inliers, Sela group and laintia seriesl Disang series (with ultrabasic in deep shades) while some patches in the central and south-eastern parts are composed of Khasi group, Axial group, Surma series and Baghmara formation (Garo Hills) and Sylhet traps. Udalfs-Ochrepts soils occupy the north-eastern part of this region. The western part is covered by Udalfs-Ochrepts-Fluvents-Orthents type of soil while a small area in the south-eastern part is composed of Ustalfs-Ochrcpts-Orthents type of soils. Thc region is characterized by dispersed and hamletted settlements. However, southern part of the regIOn has dense settlements in comparison to other parts. The population is mainly dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The density of population in this region is only 40 persons per Km2 which exhibits that the region is thinly populated. There is no town in this region which clearly indicates the rural characteristics of the region. Settlements found in this region are very small in population size. The important settlements with a population of 1000 and above are Mawkyrwat (l172), lakrem (2020), Rangmaw (1376), Ngunraw (1312), Marshillong (1125), Mawten (1243), Mawlangwir (1215) and Mawpud (1110). The region is very backward in terms of surface transport and communications. Neither national highway nor railway passes through the region. Only Mawkyrwat, the headquarters of Mawkyrwat C.D. Block.. is connected by motorable road. The border road starting from Rongara (West Garo Hills) passes along the international boundary to reach Balat. This road passes through a few irnrortant places. 1 18 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 27 MEGHALAYA DISTRICT WEST · KHASI JoILLS CENSUS ·CODE 03 REGIONAL DIVIS~S '!I!!fI"-- . ' . ~ "" , DISTRICT " E'4$ r Irlj S S .q.r (). -4 / At j 1-,.. << 'V'" i oJ' x-<" ~(;J ~'t- ~~'" "' ..., c., t."' , .' ~' , '" ,,"' ~ " (;)' c.,". ~ ~ VI ...J ...J .-, *" X -\. 0 c., 0: « C) .- V"I u1 -\. "7 c:...... t 5.9.1 WEST SHILLONG Pl.TEAU· REGION I.,) .... 1.0;.'12 KYHSHI.NG-UMNGI B.SIN t:J,. 'f" I.!' ,.. (;) " 0 .... B A N G L A 0 E S H BOUNO.RY, INTERNAfIONAl...... STATE DISTRICT ...... C. D. BLOCI( ...... VILLAIiE HAYINIi 1000 '.BOVE POPULATiON ...... " • URSAN . REA ...... "...... _ ... .. _. .• . _ W@%WM StATE HlGHWIIl'...... •...... _. - ...... " ... , ---":::."-- OTHER ~O...... _-- -- ~ ~If:~~~~in:th_rg RIVER A ND STREAM ...... ". ~ R EG IOMAL DIVISION ...... _ ...... I. 5. 9. I W.CRO _ _ . .. _ . _ . .. _. ____ .. _ •• ___ ...... _ ...... _ _ .. . .. I mID r:i:,Ii~~~O:::::=.. ME50 __ • ______... __ _ _ . .. _ .. .. _ ...... ______...... _ ~~lllilll~r '/ mfftIIl :::::'fi:~Ot~~""ac tUIi' 6r..... A . .. 'nup UPP£JlC." AC EOUS WICRO _ .. .. _.. __ .. ______.. _ " __ ' ___ __ • ______, . II!ITI 5 ..... 11'... L(lW ER ' filEfACEOU$ SUB- MICIIO WITH BOUNDARY .. ______• ______• : 1=::3 Gr...... UPP e. R PAOtt ROZl)tC d. f£l_lireu, ~ ::'~==N"':n.. "..... h' =~~~\"CI:-DOL £ _ - FIIUIl./Tllrulta II) 0\ ...... 00 0000 I ~ o:t"O-t" -r-r I M>;tO\ 0\0\ ca 0\ 1'--0\0 8 t--t-- 0\0\ ~ NN ~ 0= II) ...... 0 ...... 0\0\ I ;tOM 1(')1(') ca 00 ...... " II) 0 ...... 0\ t--I'-- I 1(') ...... (V1 , =0 00 I'--" t"'q:=: t;J \0 E- 000 00 , = 000 , ~~ I/") IClOICl ...... ~~ O\Nt-- .,., .,., \0\0 ""1(') -< (V1 M ...... V1:z; ....0 E-o~t;J " I=: 0 ~ '6h ! ~ .S Z ;:l III -= ro0::1 :; '6h 0 ...... I ~ S :z: 1:1 ;:> 0= ..9 ~ .Q ]~ U') • §~ 0\ ~ 'tl . :Eo-: U"'! '" . ~::::: ~; )2) .S .s M 00 ..... N ..... N 9 B O\C"! N<"'! 00- <:> 0- N ...... vi ",IT) '"0 ...... 0 ..... ~I Z s::: Z s::: .0 .0 U·6h U·6h ~ ~ ....l~ o ...... ~ ,~ ...... <:>...... 00 M N ...... N ...... s .s ...... No o0"> N ..... ci Q U U .s 2 ~~o 0 za5 122 VJ Z 91 0:) z """1" -"""1" --V'", -r. , IE'III IZ'. 'w; ii jzcS ... -~ 1l1li1·1 ~ jc.= , c_CG .§'! "'! .~ ! -::-III • cor. I > . ...; ~ ::.::- 123 , ..I • I :: ~ i i ; i ! \ a ~ "d .!II i !z, '1 ~= j 1 81 ,,c , " .. ~ 0 Ii: 1 z: It.... ; Q.) I~ f "C <:> &t I U J "" i-&:.:;;;;!-=I III= i C .. !, : f ~ • I a 'Wl' 1 "e ; '1 « ~ ! .1 E- I l < :J ! Q - I Q'~I 12~ DISTRICT EAST GARO HILLS REGIONAL DIVISION The District of East Garo Hills is situated in the western part of Meghalaya state. It is bounded on the north by the state of Assam, on the cast by West Khasi HiI\s and on the west and south by West Garo 2 Hills district. With a total area of 2,603.00 Km , the district is inhabited by l88,830 persons, out of which 96,444 are males and 92,386 females according to the 1991 census. Altogether 93.64 % of the population are rural which exhibits a purely rural character of the district. The district is characterized by dissected and rugged hilly terrain which is mainly composed of gneissic rocks. The relief indicates its slopping pattern towards the north and hence most of the rivers flow towards the north. The Krishnai and the Dudhnai rivers along with their tributaries drain the water through the district to the river Brahmaputra in the north. The district is mostly covered by dense tropical mixed vegetation with a small patch of temperate vegetation on the higher altitude. The district has dispersed settlements. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. The district does not have good transport or communication network. The National Highway (NH-51) passes through the western part of the district to connect Tura, the headquarters of West Garo Hills district. Other motorable roads connect some important places like Bajengdoba, Resubelpara, Mendipathar, Cheran, Megagiri and Willianmagar town. On the basis of relief, drainage, soil, geology, vegetation, climate etc., the district has been delineated into two sub-micro regions - (1) Krishnai Basin (2) Dudhnai Basin. 1.5.10.1 Krishnai Basin The region spreads over the western part of the district occupying a total area of 1510.00 Km2. It consists of 518 villages (118 villages in Samanda, 148 villages in Songsak and 252 villages in Resubclpara C.D. Blocks) and one Town, Williamnagar, the district headquarters. The region is inhabited by 115,464 persons of whom 103,460 reside in rural and 12,004 persons in the urban areas (in 1991). The density of population, which is only 76 persons per Km2, indicates that the region is thinly popUlated. The region is characterized by hilly and dissected topography which is composed of gneissic (old inliers Sela group) rocks. The general slope is towards the north. The southern part has a rich deposit of coal. Among other minerals, pyrite is located in the north-western part and iron in the southern parts of the region. The region is drained by the river Krishnai, Simsang, etc and their tributaries. Udalfs-Ochrepts type of soils are found 125 in most of the areas, except a narrow belt in the western part. Transport network is not so much developed in this region. It is not connected by railway. The National Highway (NH-5I) passes through the north western part, while only few important places are connected by district motorable roads. This region is characterized by the dissected and irregular terrain with an elevation of 150-600 m above the mean sea level. The region has a narrow plain along the Brahmaputra valley. There are several peaks in this region viz., Mongiri (695 m), Bansamgiri (613 m), Megagiri (489 m), Rading (447 m), Nongchran (530 m), etc. Tura range is conspicuously located on the southern part of this region. The region is drained by the Krishnai and Simsang rivers. The rivers in this region make two distinct drainage systems due to presence of Misikokdok (688 m) and Thongbolgiri (714 m) peaks. The Krishnai river along with the tributaries Chidrang, Rongre, Bangje etc. joins the Brahmaputra river in the north, whereas the Simsang river flows to the south':east through a gorge. Topography of the region is extensively dissected. It is fornled of gneissic rocks with old inliers, Sela group, while some patches in the northern and southern parts are formed of recent alluvium and laintia series/Simsang series (with ultra-basic in deep shades) rocks respectively. There is a vast deposits of coal in the southern part. Other important minerals found in the region are pyrite, clay and iron. I Udalfs-Ochrepts soils occupy almost the entire region, except the south-western part which IS covered by Udalfs-Orthents type of soils. The region has dense bamboo forests with patches of miscellaneous trees. Besides, temperate forest are also found at the high altitudes. The region exhibit dispersed and hamlet type settlements obviously due to its dissected plateau terrain. Most of the settlements in this region are of very small size. The presence of only one town Williamnagar having a population of 12,004 clearly indicates the poor urbanization. The important rural settlements arc Resubelpara (1135), Gokolgre (1005) and Damash (1145)., Agriculture is the main economy of the people. However, considerable number of persons are engaged in mining and quarrying also. This region is not very much advanced in terms of surface roads and communications. No railway has reached in this region. The National Highway (NH-51) passes through Bajengdoba in the western part of t~e region. Besides, there are other important roads passing through Will iamnagar, Rongrenggiri, Songsak, Resubelpara and Damash etc. 126 1.5.10.2 Dudhnai Basin The region extends over Dambo-Rongjcng C.D. Block and part of Rcsubclpara, Songsak and Samanda C.D. Blocks. The region lies in the eastern part of the district and has a total area of 1093 Km2. The region is hilly, rugged and mainly made up of gneissic rocks. The northern part is formed by alluvial sediments deposited by rivers and streams. Sinee the general slope of this region is towards the north, the rivers and streams drain their water towards the north. TIle region is traversed by important rivers like Dudhnai, Ildek, etc. with their tributaries. Alluvial soils occupy the northern part while the central and the southern part of the region are covered by laterite group of soils. This region has only 335 villages (275 villages in Dambo Rongjeng, 21 villages in Resubelpara, 25 villages in Songsak and 14 villages in Samanda C.D. Blocks) with a total population of 73,366 in 1991 of which 37,295 are males and 36,071 females. The region is entirely rural as it does not have any urban area. The density of population is. only 67 persons per Km2. This indicates that the region is thinly populated. Transport network is very poor. This region is not connected by National Highway or railway and only a few places are connected by district motorable roads. This region dominates by hilly and dissected landscape with an altitude of 150-600 m above the mean sea level. A narrow belt in the northern part of this region is a plain which c;xtends to Assam valley. There are several peaks located in this region such as Chimangiri (432 m), Darugiri (337 m), Rongjeng (627 m), Papira-Avari (735 m) and Ghorkaree etc. The general slope of this region is towards the north to the Brahmaputra valley. The region is drained by Dudhnai river and its tributaries, like Chichara, Chie, etc. The Ronga and Ildek rivers flows through the eastern part along the boundary of West Khasi Hills district. Geologically, the region is composed of gneiss with old inliers, Sela group of rocks, except in the northern part where it is formed of Recent Alluvium. Udalfs-Ochrepts type of soils occupy the western part, while the eastern part of the region is made up of Udalfs-Ochrepts, Fluvents-Orthents type of soils. The vegetal cover is similar to that of Brahmaputra valley. However, the lower hills have dense tropical mixed vegetation with pre-dominance of Bamboos. But a small patch of temperate vegetation is also found in the higher parts of the region. The region is characterized by dispersed and hamletted settlements. The soil cover permits limited arable lands. Most of the settlements are located on the northern and southern parts. The presence of only one important village viz. Rongjeng Bazar having a population of 1419 persons clearly indicates that most of the settlements are small in size. There is no town in this region which clearly brings out the rural 127 characteristics of the region. Though the region is not very suitable for agriculture due to rocky and rugged surface configuration but still the people of this region have to depend upon agriculture and allied activities. Since the top soil is very thin, the fertility of the soil is lost very soon. The people of this region are therefore compelled to practice the shifting cultivation which is commonly known in Meghalaya as .!hum. The means of transport and communication are not developed in this region. It is not connected by railway. The network of surface roads is poor and no National Highway passes through this region. A few motorable roads are found in the southern part of the region. 128 CENSUS OF IND!A. MAP 28 MEGHALAYA DISTRICT EAS T GA RO HILLS CENSUS CODE 0 4 REGIONAL DIVISIONS .,.,..DlMln"lS ." A s ..... III LLJ ~ ..... (.,) 1.5.IO .t KRISH NAI BASIN I.5J0.2 OUOHNAI BASIN D I S T RI CT W ES T GA R O Hi lLS SOILS .. DISTRICT ..- -_._._ .. C. O. BLOCK .. . .. RESERVEO FORES I . . VILLAGE HAVING tOOO ANt) ABOVE POPULATION .• • URBAN AREA .. '" .. W/ff$wd NATIONAL HIGHWAY . . -- .. " STATE HIGHWAY. . . ' SM' .. OTHER ROAD ... ' " ". GE OL OGY ' to 0 10 %OK", RIVeR ANO STREAM ..~ .;, REGIONAL DI.VIS ION ...... , ...... :~ t 5 .10 . 2 MACRO __ ._ .• - ___ _ _ ._. __ _ _ ------)4 td ",ESO _ _ __ _ :... ~ ______. ' __. ,,:, .'... _ '-_ _ MIC'RO ______~ __ :..~ _ _._ REali' SUB- ",ICRO WITH Bg_GNOAR'f______._'" ~, _ • :.._ rnnn~,=lo...~. :'! ~:::~... 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I =0 0\ \0 ...... --0\'""" " E-o~i::l NE-<,:x::::::> E- II) ~ z -=; .... ~ 0 .S "fii z '"ell ell lJ:l,..... lJ:l'"'"' =Q , "6ii ]~ ~ "'on !~ ~:i- 8:i- 134 DISTRICT WEST GARO HILLS REGIONAL DIVISIONS The district of West Garo Hills is located in the western part of the state of Meghalaya. It spreads over 5,564.00 Km2 area which accounts for 24.81 % of the total area of the state. The district faces the state of Assam in the north and north-west. It shares a common international boundary with Bangladesh in the south and south-west., The district is bounded in south-east by West Khast Hills district and in north east by East Garo Hills district. According to the 1991 census, it is inhabited by 480,100 persons, of which 244,960 are males and 235,140 females. The district has been divided into 9 (nine) C.D. Blocks for administrative purpose. The district exhibits a hilly and rugged landscape. Tura and Arbela ranges are lying parallel in the central and eastern part of the district. This central highland part offers the source of all major rivers of the district and it continues towards East Garo Hills district. Geologically, the district is predominantly having Gneiss, Jaintia series / Disang series, BaraH series / Simsang formation, Surma series and Baghmara formation, group of rocks. Narrow belt in the north is composed of Alluvium (recent) while Tipam occupy the south-western part. Coal, limestone and phosphorite are the important minerals of the district. Oil and gas is also located near Baghmara area. The district is covered by three types of soils viz., laterite soils in central part and red and yellow soils in western and eastern parts. The district has rich forests with predominance of Sal, Bamboos and other mixed trees of tropical type. But many forested areas have been cleared for human habitation and Jhum cultivation. Most of the settlements arc confined along the Assam and Bangladesh borders. The rest of the district is characterized by small dispersed settlements. This pattern is due to its rugged terrain and dense jungles which are not much suitable for human habitation. The economy of the district is predominantly agricultural. Transport and communication nctwork is not very much developed. The border roads connect only those places which are situated near Assam and Bangladesh border. National I£ghway (NH-51) passes through the district touching only few places viz., Rongram, Tura Town, Adugiri, Kherapara, Dalu. Most of the interior villages are still not connected by any motorable road. 135 Considering all natural factors i.e. physiography, soil, geology, forest coverage, rainfall, temperature etc., the district has been divided into three sub-micro divisions: (I) North-West Garo Hills, (2) South-West Garo Hills, (3) Someswari-Dareng Basin. 1.5.10.1 North-West Garo Hills The region is situated in the north-western part of West Garo Hills district. It extends over Dadenggiri and Selsella C.D. Blocks and part of Rongram C.D. Block. There are 729 villages in the region which spreads over an area of 2155.37 Km2. According to the 1991 census, the region has a total population of 194,890 persons of which 99,036 are males and 95,854 females. The region is entirely rural. It presents a dissected and rugged hilly topography mainly composed of gneissic rocks with old inliers. The northern belt of this region is composed of recent alluvium. Most of the rivers of the region originate form the Southern Highland area. The important rivers which traverse through the. region are Ringgi, Didak and Ganol. It is mainly occupied by alluvial soils, except a narrow belt in the south which is covered by laterite soils. The region is covered with rich forests of which Sal and Bamboos are predominant. Most of the forests in the western part have now been cleared for human settlements and cultivation! The major settlements are confined to the plain area along the Assam state. Sparse settlements including the hamlets are found in the remaining part of the region. Transport and communication network \ is not developed in the region. The places situated along the Assam state are cohnected by border roads. Most of the important places in the western part of the region are also connected By motorable roads. The National Highway (NH-51) passes through the south-eastern part of the region connecting a few important places like Asananggiri and Rongram to reach Tura. Many of the interior villages still do not have any motorable road or transport facility. The region is a dissected and irregular landscape with an elevation of 100-800 m from the mean sea level. The north-western part is a plain area along the Brahmaputra valley. The region gains gradual altitude towards the south-east, where a series of hills are noticed. Most of the high peaks are located in the south-eastern part, viz., Jingrith (420 m), Grimshong (491 m), Rongira (673 m), Barwakhot (568 m), Arbela (996 m), Garai (771 m), Jogogiri (491 m) and Rathang (333 m). Almost all the principal rivers of the region originate in this part of the region and flow towards the north. The important rivers are Ringgi and Didak. The river Ganol separates this region from the South-West Garo Hills (1.5.10.2). Besides, the rivers Jingiram pass~ through some parts of the region in the north-west along the state boundary. The region is rieh in vegetation. It is covered by tropical mixed deciduous forests predominantly Sals and Bamboos. However, the forest areas of the northern and western parts along the Assam border have been cleared for human habitation. Considerable areas offorested land are under shifting cultivation (Jhum). 136 Geologically, the region is mainly composed of gneiss with old inliers, Scla group of rocks, except the northern part which is formed of recent alluvium. Other group of rocks of laintia series, Disang series (with ultra basic in deep shades are also found in patches. Soils found are alluvial and laterite. According to NBSS & LUP (ICAR), Nagpur, the region has two group of soils: (1) Udalfs-Ochrepts and (2) Udalfs-Orthents. The major settlements are concentrated in the north-western plain where this narrow belt merges with the Brahmaputra valley. Other areas are characterized by small and dispersed villages mainly due to 2 its rugged terrain and hilly topography. The dcnsity-of population is 90 persons pcr Km • This indicates that the region is moderately populated. The important settlements (villages) with more than 1000 of population are Dadenggiri (2516), Tikrikilla (1233), Patharkata (1629), Paham (2004), Haribhanga (1176), Maulakandi (1732), Chaboatpara (1649), Bholarbhita (1967), Shyam Nagar (1400), Phulbari (2117), Shyamding (1249), Magurmari (1151), Bhaitbari (Old)(l163), Sidakandi (1802), Phcrsakandi (1617), Haripur (1199), Selsella (1222), Madhupara (1234), Gormara (1002), Garobadha (1885), Rongram (1355), Chibra Agal (2095). The region is not much developed in terms of surface transport. The absence of railway makes it more backward in communication system. The National Highway (NH-51) passes through a few important places like Asanarggiri (Headquarters of Rongram C.D. Block) and Rongram to reach Tura town. 1.5.10.2 South-West Garo Hills In the south-western part of the district of West Gara Hills this region covers a total area of 1551.63 Km2. Betasing, Zikzak and some parts of Rongram, Dalu and Chokpot C.D. Blocks constitutes this region. The region has 771 villages and a town Tura. There are 208,610 persons in the region of which 162,544 are rural and 46,066 urban. Further, there are 106,855 males and 101,755 females in the region. The northern part of the region is characterized by hilly and dissected landscape. The Tura range is located in the north-eastern part of the region which forms the watershed of almost all rivers of the region. The southern part of the region is dissected plain which ultimately merges with the plain in Bangladesh. The region is composed of various types of rocks, like gneiss, Jaintia series / Disang series, Surma series, Baghmara formation, Barail series / Simsang formation and Dilling series I Duptila series. Laterite and red and yellow soils occupy the entire area of the region. The region does not have rich vegetation as the forested areas have been cleared for human habitation and agricultural purposes. The major settlements are found in the western and southern parts along the Bangladesh border. The National Highway (NH-51) passes through the region connecting the important places like'Tura town, Adugiri, Kherapara, etc., and 137 upto Dalu in the south. Few important places in the western part are also connected by motorable roads. Border road passes along the international boundary to serve those places situated along the Bangladesh border. The northern part of this region exhibits a rugged hilly landscape whereas south-western part consists of plain area. The region has an elevation of 100-500 m above the mean sea level. Tura hill range is situated in the north-eastern part where the highest peak of the region, Nokrek (1411 m) is located .. Unlike the North-West Garo Hills region (1.5.l0.1), it does not have so many high peaks. Important peaks found in the region are Okhapara Aphalgiri (208 m), Samonpara (262 m), Dewali (243 m) and Kherapara (205 m). The important rivers like DiIni, Sanda, Bandra and Norang originate in the northern highland and flow towards Bangladesh except river Dilni which flows towards Assam. The river system of the region combined with that of North-West Garo Hills region (1.5.10.1) forms.a typical radial pattern of drainage system. The region is not rich in vegetation as most of the forest areas have been cleared for human habitation and cultivation. The type of forest found in this region are tropical mixed deciduous predominantly of Bamboos and palms. The region is very complex because it is formed of various group of\rocks. The northern part of the region is composed of gneiss with old inliers, Sela group and rocks of Jaintia series I Disang series (with ultrabasic in deep shades), the central part is constituted by the rocks of Surma series and Baghmara formation, Tipam series and Chengapara formation and Barail series. The southern part is made up of Dihing series and Dupitila series of rocks. Red and yellow soils are found in almost the entire southern part of the region whereas the northern part of the region is covered by laterite soils. NBSS & LUP (lCAR), Nagpur has classified the soils of the region into two groups: (I) Udalfs-Ochrepts and (2) Udalfs-Orthents. The settlements are mainly concentrated in the western and southern parts along the Bangladesh border and also along the important rivers and roads. The important settlements with a population of 1()()O and above are Manabari (1121), Ampatigiri (1232), Nandichar II (2510), Bagicha (1084), Majerchar Bramanpara (3074), Nandirchar Babupara (1752), Tongrurchar (1597), Chandobhui (1242), Thibapara (1012), Koinabhui (1001), Choipani (1126) and Kilapara (East)(1218). Most of the settlements are small in 2 population size. With the total population of 208,610 persons (1991) and density of l34 persons per Km , the region is moderately populated. The existence of only one town i.e. Tura, with a population of 46,066 indicates that the region is predominantly rural in character. People of the region mainly depend upon agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. 138 Transport and communication network are not much developed in this region. Rail and air· services are not available. However, the National Highway (NH-51) passes through the region connecting the Tura Town with some important places like Adugiri, Kherapara etc. Other motorable roads pass through the western part of the region connecting few important places like Betasing, Zikzak and Mahendraganj. 1.5.10.3 Someswari-Dareng Basin The region spreads over south-eastern part of West Garo Hills district. It comprises of 564 villages and one town; Baghmara and covers an area of 1857.00 Km2. This region has 76,600 persons of which 70,706 are rural and 5,894 urban. The region is very rugged and dissected. The northern part of the region has series of hills whereas the southern part is more or less a plain area with the general slope towards the south. The region is drained by Someswari (Simsang) and Dareng rivers and their tributaries. The northern part forms a watershed of almost all rivers. The region is composed of mainly rocks of Jaintia series I Disang series, BaraH series and Simsang formation and Surma series and Baghmara formatioIf. The entire region is occupied by red and yellow soils,except a narrow belt in the north which is formed of laterite soils. The region is characterized by dense mixed tropical vegetation. Scattered settlements are the main characteristics of the population pattern of this region. The presence of only one town indicates the predominance of rural character of the region. The region does -not have good network of surface roads and communication. Only a few places are connected by metalled roads and other motorable roads. No National/State Highway passes through this region. This regions is characterized by hilly and dissected terrain with a general slope towards the south having elevation of 200-1000 m above the mean sea level. There is a series of hills in the northern part, whereas the southern part of the region is more or less plain interspersed by hillocks. , There are several high peaks in this region notably Kylas (1025 m), Balphakrarn (856 m), Dikonggiri (275 m) and Gowangdara (lOll m) etc. Most of the rivers of the region have their origin in the northern upland area in Tura range and flow towards south. The I rivers of the region make two distinct systems separated by small hills. The rivers Dareng and Someswari (Simsang) along with their tributaries flow towards the south becoming wider. The region has a high density of forest area with tropical mixed vegetation. There are a number of faults/thursts in this region having their direction towards south-east. The northern part of the region is composed of gneiss with old inliers/Sela group. The rocks of Barail series and Simsang fonnation form the central and south-eastem part of the region. Other group of rocks like 139 Surma series, Baghmara formation, Tipam series and Chengapara formation and Dihing series, Dupitila series occupy a considerable part of the region in the south. The Red and Yellow soils cover almost the entire region, except a tract in the north. According to NBSS & LUP (lCAR), Nagpur, there are two types of soils in this region : (1) Udalfs-Ochrepts and (2) Udalfs-Orthcnts. The region is characterised by dispersed and hamletted settlements. Some forest are so dcnse that even human beings could not disturb them so far. Most of the villages are concentrated in the southern narrow belt along the Bangladesh border. Some settlements are also found in the north-western part. nlere is only one village, Genuapara, having a population of 1000 and above (1077). All the remaining villages are smaller than this in population size. The region has a total population of 76,600 persons according to 1991 census with a density of only 44 persons per Km2 and is thin1y populated. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of 0e region. However, a small portion of the population is engaged in mining and other activities also. The region is very backward in terms of surface roads and communications. It is neither connected by railway nor by National Highway. Only a few places including Baghmara town, Chokpot etc., are connected by motorable roads. 140 C[NSUS OF INDIA MAP29 . MEGHALAYA DISTRIC T WEST GARO HILLS CENSUS CODE 05 REGIONAL DIVISIONS 'ILOMIIIII l t , 1 \ • , "'1 U Y H Y! 1.5.10.1 HORTH-WEST GARO HillS I. S.l0.2 SOUTH-WEST GARO HILLS 1.5.10.3 SOMESWARI-DARENG BASIN (1 A N G l A 0 E 5 H SOILS 10==== 0 10 lOK .. BOUNDARY, TNTERNATIOtl.t.L.. STATE UCA~FS·OCHR'PIS UOALFS'ORIHENIS DISTRICT ., . . UOALFS-OCHRE PI S-FLU YEN IS-ORI HEN IS C. D.BlOCK .. RESERVED FOREST... VILLAGE HAVING 1000 AND ABOVE POPULATION . • URBAN AREA .. GfOL06Y NATIONAL HIGHWAY .. 10 0 10 201<'" ""== STATE HIGHWAY. . ,1111U1lum RECENI OTHER ROAD ... DiMn; 5,,1 ... Oufltllo Sfrl" PLEISIOCENE Tlpo.m Suits InCi Ch,n,opOJ. RIVER AND STREAM .. ~ F.rft'lilitn (G .... Hill., PLIOCENE Sur".o S"~ •• In' BOI'UMrG REGION"L DIVISION ... " ""." .. " .. 1. S. 10.1 FontIlti.,. ,G.to Hill.» NIOCENE M"CRO _____ • _ • • __ •• ___ •• ____ • _ ...... 8ar.il Sui" In" 5""011, MESO. ___ •••• _ • _ • _ ••• ____ •• _ • __ F.rmoliDn (ilore HIli. J OLIGOCENE MICRO_ • ______" _ • ______t:lr~'~~~'~::1tDrna~.~'~i::d"' EOCENE '''tin with old Inlittl, ARCHAEAN NIDDlE SUB-MICRO WITH BOUNDARY. _ • _ • _ •••• ___ •• _ StIle G,.", (itl 4rUMthai P,d.. h) PRO! E.~ZOI C FIUII./ltlry,11 [R.ad Itlt ItqUfnct CI' "9;"'" di,i,iDnl wlll'l "'.,,net I. 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