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Ground Water Scenario of Himalaya Region, India

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Ground Water Scenario of Himalaya Region, India Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k dk Hkwty ifjn`'; Ground Water Scenario of Himalayan Region, India laiknu@Edited By: lq'khy xqIrk v/;{k Sushil Gupta Chairman Central Ground Water Board dsanzh; Hkwfe tycksMZ Ministry of Water Resources ty lalk/ku ea=kky; Government of India Hkkjr ljdkj 2014 Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k dk Hkwty ifjn`'; vuqØef.kdk dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k i`"B 1- ifjp; 1 2- ty ekSle foKku 23 3- Hkw&vkd`fr foKku 34 4- ty foKku vkSj lrgh ty mi;kst~;rk 50 5- HkwfoKku vkSj foorZfudh 58 6- Hkwty foKku 73 7- ty jlk;u foKku 116 8- Hkwty lalk/ku laHkko~;rk 152 9- Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k esa Hkwty fodkl ds laca/k esa vfHktkr fo"k; vkSj leL;k,a 161 10- Hkkjr ds fgeky;h {ks=k ds Hkwty fodkl gsrq dk;Zuhfr 164 lanHkZ lwph 179 Ground Water Scenario of Himalayan Region of India CONTENTS Executive Summary i Pages 1. Introduction 1 2. Hydrometeorology 23 3. Geomorphology 34 4. Hydrology and Surface Water Utilisation 50 5. Geology and Tectonics 58 6. Hydrogeology 73 7. Hydrochemistry 116 8. Ground Water Resource Potential 152 9. Issues and problems identified in respect of Ground Water Development 161 in Himalayan Region of India 10. Strategies and plan for Ground Water Development in Himalayan Region of India 164 Bibliography 179 ifêdkvks dh lwph I. iz'kklfud ekufp=k II. Hkw vkd`fr ekufp=k III. HkwoSKkfud ekufp=k d- fgeky; ds mRrjh vkSj if'peh [kaM [k- fgeky; ds iwohZ vkSj mRrj iwohZ [kaM rFkk iwoksZRrj jkT; IV. HkwtyoSKkfud uD[kk d- fgeky; ds mRrjh vkSj if'peh [kaM [k- fgeky; ds iwohZ vkSj mRrj iwohZ [kaM vkSj iwoksZRrj jkT; V. fgeky; {ks=k dk Hkwty xq.koRrk ekufp=k d- Hkwty esa DyksjkbM [k- Hkwty esa oSn~;qr pkydrk x- Hkwty esa vk;ju ?k- Hkwty esa ukbVsªV p- Hkwty esa ¶yksjkbM N- Hkwty esa vklsZfud LIST OF PLATES I. Administrative map II. Geomorphological map III. Geological map A. North and Western section of the Himalaya B. Eastern and North Eastern section of the Himalaya and North Eastern States IV. Hydrogeological map A. North and Western section of the Himalaya B. Eastern and North Eastern section of the Himalaya and North Eastern States V. Ground water quality map of the Himalayan region A. Chloride in Ground Water B. Electrical conductivity in Ground water C. Iron in Ground Water D. Nitrate in Ground Water E. Fluoride in Ground Water F. Arsenic in Ground Water lkjka'k Hkkjr dh mÙkjh lhek ds lkFk yxHkx 418357 oxZ fd-eh- ds fo'kky {ks=k esa QSys oØkdkj fgeky; dk N% Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa uker% tEew vkSj d'kehj] fgeky; izns'k] mÙkjk[kaM] if'pe caxky] flfDde vkSj if'pe ls iwohZ v#.kkpy izns'k ds eq[; Hkkxksa esa foLrkj gSA ;g {ks=k euksje Åaph ioZr Jsf.k;ksa] xgjh ?kkfV;ksa] fupys fxfjin ds ?kus m".kdfVca/kh; ouksa] Åijh [kaMksa esa ioZr f'k[kjk; ,oa mi ioZr f'k[kjh;&ouLifr rFkk iwoZ esa o"kkZ ouksa ls ysdj catj ijk fgeky; esa BaMs e#LFky ls f?kjk gqvk gSA igkfM+;ksa esa vkcknh de vkSj ?kkfV;ksa esa vf/kd gSA fgeky;h {ks=k ls lVs gq, Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj Hkkx esa vle] es?kky;] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj] fetksje] f=kiqjk vkSj v#.kkpy izns'k ds dqN fgLls ¼pkaxykax vkSj frji ftys½ 'kkfey gSaA bl {ks=k dk HkkSxksfyd {ks=kQy 1]78]370 oxZ fdyksehVj gS] ftlesa 60% {ks=k igkfM+;ksa ls <dk gqvk gS vkSj 'ks"k {ks=k esa vle esa czãeiq=k ?kkVh] f=kiqjk esa cjkd ?kkfV;ka vkSj ef.kiqj] ukxkySaM] es?kky; vkSj fetksje ds igkM+h jkT;ksa esa rygVh vkSj NksVh vUr% ioZrh; ?kkfV;ka gSA fgeky; dk Hkkjrh; miegk}hi vkSj frCcrh iBkj dh tyok;q ij xgjk izHkko gSA ;s bl miegk}hi esa nf{k.k dh vksj cgus okyh 'khr] 'kq"d vkdZfVd gokvksa dks jksdrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i nf{k.k ,f'k;k vU; egk}hiksa dh rqyuk esa T;knk xeZ jgrk gSA ;g ekulwu gokvksa ds vojks/k ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gS] rFkk bu gokvksa dks mÙkj dh vksj cgus ds dkj.k igkM+h rygVh {ks=k esa Hkkjh o"kkZ gksrh gSA ÅapkbZ esa cnyko ds dkj.k fgeky;h jkT;ksa esa tyok;q esa txg txg cnyko gksrk gSA eSnkuh {ks=kksa esa lqgkuh vkSj 'kq"d lfnZ;ka rFkk Hkh"k.k xehZ ds lkFk mi m".kdfVca/kh; ekulwu tyok;q gSA igkM+h {ks=k esa] tyok;q esa mi&d".kdfVca/kh; ekulwu ls m".kdfVca/kh; viySaM ds :i esa fofo/krk gSA fgeky; esa nf{k.k ifj'pe ekulwu ds dkj.k yxHkx 80% okf"kZd o"kkZ gksrh gS vkSj iwoksZÙkj ekulwu dh otg ls okf"kZd o"kkZ yxHkx 20% gksrh gSA jkT;ksa ds vf/kdka'k mÙkjh fgLls iwjs o"kZ cQZ ls <ds jgrs gSaA Hkkjr dk iwoksZÙkj Hkkx] fgeky; {ks=k ls lVs gksus ds dkj.k mi m".kdfVca/kh; vknzZ tyok;q vkSj nf{K.k if'pe ekulwu ls izHkkfor gSA bl bykds ds psjkiwath ¼lksgjk½ vkSj es?kky; esa ekoL;uje tSls {ks=kksa esa ns'k esa lcls T;knk o"kkZ gksrh gSA psjkiwath esa yxHkx 11430 feeh vkSlr okf"kZd o"kkZ gksrh gS vkSj psjkiwath ds if'pe esa ,d xkao] ekoL;uje esa izfro"kZ yxHkx 17]800 feeh o"kkZ gksrh gSA Hkw&vkd`frd :i ls] fgeky; dks f'kokfyd rygVh] fuEu fgeky;] o`gr fgeky; vkSj ijk fgeky; esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fla/kq vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;ksa] vyduank] HkkxhjFkh ¼varr% xaxk unh ds :i esa cgrh gS½ vkSj czãeiq=k tSlh izeq[k ufn;ka bu {ks=kksa ls cgrh gSA Hkkjr dk iwoksZÙkj Hkkx] fgeky; {ks=k ls lVs gksus ds dkj.k bues igkfM+;ka] vUr% ?kkfV;ka vkSj czãiq=k vkSj cjkd ?kkfV;ka tSlh fo'kky unh ?kkfV;ka gSA fgeky; esa izksVsjkst+ksbd ls prq/kkZrqd dh HkwoSKkfud lajpuk, gSA izksVsjkst+ksbd lajpuk, laHkor% Hkkjrh; izk;}hi esa fla/kq&xaxk eSnku ds nf{k.k vkSj if'pe ls mÙkj dh vksj foLrkj dj jgk gSaA eq[; dsanzh; iz.kksn ¼,elhVh½ fuEu fgeky; ds esVk&volknksa dks dsanzh; fØLVyh; 'kSyksa ls i`Fkd djrk gSA vf/kdka'k 'kSyksa esa fofo/k fodkj ,oa dk;kUrj.k gqvk gSA Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj Hkkx esa fgeky; ds fudVorhZ {ks=kksa esa] vle&es?kky; iBkj ds LFkkbZ HkwHkkx rFkk vkfdZ;u uhl okys fef'keh ekflQ vkSj f'kykax lewg ds 'kSy lhuks;ksftd 'kku@cekZ@eyk;k dkcZfud lapyu ls izHkkfor ugha gq, gSaA r`rh;d volkn Hkw&vfHkufr esa fu{ksfir gS rFkk buesa yxkrkj ioZru gksrk jgrk gSA czãiq=k] cSjkd rFkk vUrjkioZrh; ladjh ?kkfV;ksa esa uohu tyks<+ izkIr gq, gSaA tfVy lajpuk lfgr fofo/k HkwoSKkfud lajpuk] fgeky; {ks=k ds HkwtyoSKkfud ifjn`'; dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA bl {ks=k esa Hkwty ds mnxe vkSj cgko esa Hkw&vkd`fr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA {ks=k dk cM+k fgLlk fØLVyh;] f'kLV] esVk ryNVh }kjk vkSj eslkst+ksbd ls iwoZ dsfEcz;u ;qx ds Tokykeq[kh pêkuksa }kjk vkPNkfnr gS] ftles ux.; izkFkfed laj/kzrk gS vr% Hkwty dsoy lajpuk@pêkuksa esa gksrk gS rFkk ek/;fed laj/kzrk fodflr gksrh gS mnkgj.kkFkZ tksM+ksa] foHkax] detksj leryksa vkSj lek/kku xqgk,a vkfnA dbZ LFkkuksa ij laHkkfor foHkax 70 ,echth,y dh xgjkbZ rd ik, x, gSa tcfd nksgu ds le;] cksj dqvksa ls 1&5 ,yih,l ty izkIr gks ldrk gS vkSj ftldh vf/kdre lhek 15 ,yih,l gSA bl bykds esa eq[;r% QSyh gqbZ vkcknh dh otg ls Hkwty dk fodkl de vkSj lhfer gSA r`rh;d dky dh v/kZlaihfMr lajpuk;sa eq[; :i ls if'peh fgeky; ds if'peh iwohZ Hkw&miufr js[kk rFkk v#.kkpy] fgeky; vkSj leLr fgek;yh {ks=k esa f'kokfyx esa mifLFkr gSA ;gka Hkwty vi{kh.k {ks=kksa ,oa f}rh;d laj/kzrk esa ik;k tkrk gSA foHkax@;qXe@Hkza'k eaMy }kjk lhfer laHkkO;rk okys Hkwty {ks=kksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] ftudk cksjosyksa ds ek/;e ls gSaMiai LFkkfir dj fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA budh ty mRiknu {kerk <1-25 ,yih,l ds yxHkx gSA vlaihfMr lajpuk;sa eq[; :i ls fgeky; ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa js[kh; csYV ds :i esa mijh vR;ar uwru ;qx ls uwru ;qx ds fxfjin volknks esa ik;h tkrh gSaA blds vfrfjDr ;g lajpuk;sa o`gn@y?kq ?kkVh Hkjko volknksa rFkk fgeks<] fgetyh; ,oa ljksoyh fu{ksiksa esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA Hkkoj {ks=k] ?kkVh Hkjko fu{ksi vkSj vUrjkiorZrh; ?kkfV;ksa ¼nwu ?kkVh½ esa uydwiksa dh mRikndrk 20&60 ,yih,l ds e/; gSA fgetyh; ,oa fgeks< fu{ksiksa esa uydwiksa dh fuLlj.k {kerk 10&28 ,yih,l ds e/; gSA vf/kdka'k fgeky; {ks=k esa Hkwty ds iquHkZj.k dk eq[; lzksr Xysf'k;j gSaA rygVh igkM+h {ks=kksa esa] dkQh mPp o"kkZ Hkh Hkw ty ds fy, izpqj ek=kk esa ;ksxnku nsrk gS] ysfdu mPp jkgr vkSj <ky pêkuh lrg ds dkj.k o"kkZ dk cM+k vuqikr cgko ds :i esa ckgj cg tkrk gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i tyHk`rksa esa bldh vYi ek=kk dk gh izos'k gksrk gSA Hkwty vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa >juksa ds ek/;e ls ckgj vkrk gS tks xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh cfLr;ksa dh ty vkiwfrZ dk izeq[k lzksr gSA >jus Hkh bl {ks=k dh lrg ty fudklh usVodZ ds fy, vfrfjDr ty dk ;ksxnku djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds iwoksZÙkj Hkkx esa] fgeky; {ks=k ls lVs gksus ds dkj.k Hkwty vkerkSj ij] lesfdr lajpukvksa esa vi{kh.k vo'ks"kksa vkSj foHkax@tksM+ksa esa gksrk gS tks vle vkSj es?kky; iBkjks] fedhj igkfM+;ksa vkSj bUlsYcsxZ esa czãiq=k unh ds nksuksa fdukjks esa gSA lHkh iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa essa Hkwty r`rh;d pêkuksa ds v)Z laihfM; lja/kz lajpukvksa esa gksrk gS vkSj czãiq=k vkSj cjkd ?kkfV;ksa vkSj dqN varjioZrh; ?kkfV;ksa esa prq/kkZrqd ;qx ds vlafiafMr lajpukvksa ds :i esa gksrs gSaA leihfMr fØLVyksa vkSj esVk volknksa ls Hkwty uydwiksa vkSj lhfer mRiknu ¼<1 ls 3 ,y ih,l½ ds cksj dqvksa ds ek/;e ls fudkyk tk ldrk gSA r`rh;d ;qx ds vYi lafifMr esa frikg lewg ds pêkuksa ds nksgu ls mPp mRiknu ¼20 ls 40 ,y ih,l½ dh mEehn gSA dkQh eksVh vkSj vR;f/kd laHkkfor tyHk`r] vlafiafMr lajpukvksa esa eq[; :i ls czãiq=k ?kkVh esa ik, tkrs gSaA uydwiksa dh mRikndrk 40&55 ,yih,l ds e/; gS rFkk lkekur;k] lhekar {ks=kksa ds fdukjs dh rjQ f'kykax iBkj] fefjd ?kkVh vkSj ukxk&iVdkbZ J`a[kyk esa de mRiknu {kerk ¼15 ,yih,l½ gSA rygVh ¼Hkkcj vkSj rjkbZ {ks=k½ ds lkFk vkSj czãiq=k unh ds mÙkjh fdukjksa ds iSp esa vlaihfMr lajpuk;sa vis{kkd`r de {kerk ¼40 vkbZih,l½ dh gksrh gSaA lekur;k] fgeky; {ks=k esa Hkw ty ihus vkSj d`f"k iz;kstuksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSA rFkkfi] xeZ >juksa ls lHkh jklk;fud ?kVdksa dh lkanzrk dkQh vf/kd vkSj Lohdk;Z lhek ls Åij gSA vuqeR; lhek ¼> 1 feyhxzke@yhVj½ ls vf/kd Hkw ty esa vk;ju tEew o d'ehj ¼1-1&12-2 feyhxzke@,y½ vkSj flfDde ¼20 feyhxzke@,y ds :i esa mPp½ ds dqN fgLlksa esa ik, x, gSaA 45 feyhxzke@,y dh Lohdk;Z lhek ls vf/kd ukbVsªsV] T;knkrj tEew ,oa d'ehj] fgeky; izns'k vkSj mÙkjk[kaM ds rjkbZ {ks=kksa esa 50&394 feyhxzke@,y mFkys tyHk`rksa esa ik;k x;k gS ftl dkj.k
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