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A MINIMUM OF GREEK
A HAND BOOK OF GREEK DERIVATIVES
For the Greek-less Classes of Schools and for Students of Science
r HENRY Wi AUDEN, M.A. PRINCIPAL OF UPPER CANADA COLLEGE, TORONTO; LATE SIXTH FORM MASTER OF FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBUKGH; FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; AND BELL UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR
A. E. TAYLOR, M.A. ASSISTANT MASTER AT UPPER CANADA COLLEGE, TORONTO
TORONTO MORANG & CO., LIMITED 1906 COPYRIGHT BY
MORANG & CO., LIMITED,
1906.
COPYRIGHT IN GREAT BRITAIN. PREFACE
THE educated man must know some Greek. What- ever his training .has been, he usually does know some Greek at middle age, i.e. he can understand and derive Greek scientific words fairly correctly, but his knowledge has often been reached by circuitous and toilsome paths. This little book is an attempt to give this knowledge in a more systematic and well-ordered fashion, and thus save trouble and an unnecessary tax on the memory. It is easier to have some system for the explanation of such words as dacryocystoblennorrliagia or cryptogenetic actinomycosis than to rely merely on the memory. Greek is the international language of science, and we are all of us scientific a few hours in nowadays ; spent acquiring a well-ordered elementary knowledge at the start are amply repaid. It is just possible, too, that this knowledge, though very elementary, might lead some to take a further interest in the Greek language because it is the most perfect of languages, and in Greek literature because it contains the thoughts of the greatest thinkers in the world, and so realize the claims of Greek to a place in any scheme of true education. If there be one such convert, we shall be content. The book does not profess to be exhaustive, or to deal with every Greek derivative, but the intelligent user will iv A MINIMUM OF GREEK not, we think, go astray. We are, of course, indebted to German predecessors, notably Dr. Hemme and Dr. Flaischel, whose little books are the most successful of the many German books on this subject. In Ger- many no boy passes through a secondary school of any sort without following a course of work such as is out- lined in this booklet, and where Germany leads, educa- tionally, we may usually follow with advantage. HENRY W. AUDEN. ALLAN E. TAYLOR. TORONTO, 1906. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A MINIMUM OF GREEK THE GREEKS AND THEIR LANGUAGE
THE Greeks, or the Hellenes as they called them- selves, were a small nation inhabiting the southern part of the Balkan peninsula, a mountainous country with a large seaboard. The genius of the people, with its instinct for beauty, its versatility, its keen sense of pro- portion, raised them to such a high degree of civiliza- tion, that in art, philosophy, literature, and all the higher spheres of thought, their influence on the world has sur- passed that of any other nation. Greek literature is the
fountain-head of all western literature ; the influence of Rome is only intermediate. Our tastes, our ideas, all the hidden motives of modern thought, and art, all the moulds of our expression of thought in speech are in we are the the main of Greek origin ; intellectually direct descendants of the ancient Greeks. Greek civ- ilization has made us what we are in thought and feel- ing. The fact, too, that the Greek language more than and any other possesses flexibility, delicate precision, the capability of expressing fine shades of meaning, has caused it to become the international language of scien- tific thought. Any knowledge that we can gain of the Greeks, their genius, and their language makes intellec- tual life easier. A MINIMUM OF GREEK
THE GREEK ALPHABET
NOTES
are The Consonants divided into ("i) mutes, (2) liquids and nasals, with the spirant Labial or TT lip-sounds, /3 LIQUIDS, X, p. NASALS, p, v. SPIRANT, a, s. Of the two signs for Sigma, s is used at the end of a word, a everywhere else. In early Greek {e.g. inscriptions), the sign p was used for the sound A MINIMUM OF GREEK 3 this is i.e. This sound of w ; called Digamma, Double-gamma. gradually the of a later disappeared, especially at beginning word, e.g. ptpyov, epyov (ergon), -work. Note the different order of the letters compared with the of certain = = r. English alphabet, also the peculiar form letters, e.g. H e, P The Greek letters were used, and are still used, in Mathematics and to mathematical of the Physics designate dimensions, e.g: angles ; by in to indicate the various stars in ancient Greeks for numbers ; Astronomy in because of its cross- a constellation. A, hence Delta Geography ; X, x> like form, produces such words as Chiasmus, Chiasolith ; y produces the " French la gamine, gamut," g being the lowest letter in the old musical scale, abcdefg. In Medicine the various kinds of aphasia have been named according to the badly pronounced sound : Lambdacism, Rhotacism, " " Sigmatism. Not a jot (iota, i.e. the smallest, because i is the smallest letter) comes from Matthew v. 18. Alpha and Omega, i.e. the beginning and the ending, from Rev. xxii. 13, "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the ending." (In omega, omicron, epsilon, upsilon, mega denotes large, micron small, psilon bare.) PRONUNCIATION 1. p at the beginning of a word is almost without exception represented by rh, but has the sound of r; e.g. rheuma-, rhythm ; in combinations r is doubled after a short and rrli vowel represented by ; e.g. dia-rrhcea, cata-rrh. 2. The Greeks made a very marked distinction be- tween e and e, o and d\ in English e and $ are long falls Gr. but when the accent on them ; e.g. TJitodoros, e d short Eng. Theodore ; on the contrary, Greek and are fall Gr. when the accent does not on them ; e.g. elektron, Eng. ettktron. of n before 3. The letter 7 (gamma) has the sound K Thus ; . 7> % a77eAo? messenger, angel 1,(f>iyj;, Sphinx. Diphthongs. at, at (aither), is represented by ce, 4 A MINIMUM OF GREEK e ei i oi (ether); , (Aristeides), by (Aristides); 01, (Phoibos), by ce, ^(Phoebus); et by eu or ev (euange- lion, Evangelist); ov (Ouranos) by u (Uranus). In all other combinations each vowel is to be pronounced aer hieros cf. separately ; e.g. aijp (air), te/ocfe (holy, hierophanf). iota The subscription ("written underneath"), e.g. q>8r/, does not affect the sound of the vowel, therefore it need not be taken into consideration at all = ; e.g. wBij ode. This iota is written after letters (not under) capital ; "AtS/;? = Hades. Breathings. All vowels at the beginning of words have either the soft or the hard breathing and are accord- ingly marked with either the soft breathing (spiritus ' or lenis} (" "), hard breathing (spiritus asper) ("' "). The last to our letter h = corresponds ; e.g. "Efcrwp Hector = eras = ; e/ow? (love); ^//>&>9 hcros (hero). Every word beginning with p or v has the rough : = rhetor breathing prjrcop (orator) ; "T'jr^p{(av= Hyperion. " The Accents (acute "'/' grave \" and circumflex ") were first written about 200 B.C. The acute accent can stand on any one of the last three syllables. The grave can stand on the last syllable only. The circumflex can stand on one of the last two syl- lables. Some small words have no accent, or lose them when incorporated into a sentence. For our purpose accents are of small importance be- cause we now generally follow the Latin accentuation. According to this, words of two syllables are always accentuated on the first syllable, while in words of three A MINIMUM OF GREEK or more syllables the accent is determined by the quantity of the last syllable but one. Thus in Latin, Greek Hellas becomes //>'//#.$; Achilleus becomes Achilles ; Sokrdtes, Alexandras Alexander. In Socrates ; Urdnds, Uranus ; ', the majority of cases the English accent has been adopted where the Greek word has already been incorporated into the English language. Especially is this the case if at the same time there has been a displacement of accent, and more particularly when the last syllable has been dropped. In many cases the French form occurs. Instances WRITING EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE IN WRITING, COPY OUT IN GREEK (#) Words which transliterate exactly climax (c = K) martyr lychnis = analysis ( y u) canon calyx character psalter (ps = ^) panther hypothesis (/*=') basis colon apocrypha panorama comma dogma criterion idea = ode metropolis haemorrhage (< at) A MINIMUM OF GREEK orchestra crater acme asthma phlox hydrophobia acropolis genesis diphtheria paralysis crisis polypus (u = ov) pathos to is to () Words which rj be added nymph music ( = ov) physic arithmetic mathematic (V) Words to which os is to be added method synod dialect parallel caustic hyacinth myth period psalm graphic angel (ng =. 77) monarch rhythm mechanic dactyl hymn presbyter (cf) Add ov organ symbol (e) Add 175 (names of men) prophet patriSt aristocrat anarchist despot gymnast democrat idi5t (/) Words which change their final syllable to to. harmony dynasty geography sponge phantasy anarchy orthography agony theology academy geometry polygamy (g) Words changing final syllable to os chor-us apost-le (o\os) crocodil-e cycl-e thron-e sycamor-e catalog-ue technic-al polyanth-us = cylind-er (pos) pedag5g-ue ( (z) Words changing to various terminations pyramid diadem magnet dose system syntax architect A MINIMUM OF GREEK FOR PRACTICE IN READING Some Greek proverbs : piffTov ptv vdup (ariston men hydor) Water is best. PINDAR. iD0t ffeavrbv (gnothi seauton) Know thyself. Inscription on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. ' els Ad^vas (glauka eis Athenas) Owls to Athens, i.e. "to carry coals to Newcastle." The owl was the symbol of Athens, and was stamped on all coins. (heureka) I have found it. Said to have been spoken by Archi- medes when he discovered the law of specific gravity. TO. Ka\d (chalepa ta kala) 7 he beautiful is hard. Koiva. TO, rCiv HaO-fi/MTa /j.a6r)fj,ara Suffering is learning. Ger. Leiden (sind} Lehren. "A burnt child dreads the fire." "Ei/ Tofoy vlKa. Conquer in this (sign of the cross). Lat. in hoc signo vinces. Inscription on the cross which appeared to Emperor Con- stantine before his campaign against Maxentius. AtJirijs la,Tp6$ iffriv dvOpuTrois A6yos Speech is to mankind the physician of their woes. An iambic line. The iambic metre (iambus = ^ ) is that used by the Greek tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Cf. also page 168. THE MORE IMPORTANT SOUND LAWS Gradation of Vowel (ablaut), i.e. change of vowel (espe- cially a, e, 0) in words of the same stem (cf. English steal, stole; drink, drank, drunk, etc.); e.g. Xeyo> say, ^0709 word ; o-reXXco send, o-ro'Xo? tJiat which is sent (cf. apo-stle and sy-stole} ; $>epw to bear, fjLTa Assimilation of the first consonant to the second. Aspirated consonants assimilate to aspirated, hard to hard, soft to soft. Thus : (1) Before dentals, only the following combinations occur : chtk, kt, get; phth, pt, bd; e.g. root leg say, added to termination -tos Xe/cro? cf . gives ; SmXe/rro? (-Tr/oaft?, from the stem cf . Trpdjfjia Trpay- ; practical, pragmatic}. (2) Before m, k and ch become g; e.g. stalagmite, but stalactite. The labials TT, /3, , /, b, ph, become m ; e.g. stem ypa(j>- gives ^pdpiia line for jpa^-^a; stem KOTT- cut gives Kappa that which is cut (later = a short clause} for icoTr^a. (3) Before an aspirated consonant an aspirated one is not placed ; e.g. diphthong, diphtheria (t may follow p/i, so th must be used). The 11 of trvv with melts into / or s (4) ; e.g. syllo- and before a labial gism, system, becomes m ; eg. symbol, symptom. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 9 (5) Before // (rough breathing)/, k, t always become tJi one from ///, ch, ; e.g. KaOoXitcds universal from KaT(a*)o\itc6 The chief members of the Aryan or Indo-Germanic family, to which Greek belongs, are shown below : ARYAN .______- __ __ ( Indian Celtic Latin Germanic "Greek Slavonic and (Sanskrit, (Gaelic, Irish, Lithuanian Zend, etc.) Welsh, etc.) (Russian, etc.) Romance German, Languages English, etc. These six members of the family may be regarded as dialects of one great language. The degrees of nearness vary, owing to the fact that, as the nations separated, the differences grew greater. The usual view of the Aryan problem is briefly this : When we find a great number of words, especially such as denote family relations and the usual features of home life, common to a number of languages, under slightly different forms, we can find no satisfactory explanation of the fact unless we suppose that the nations speaking those languages sprang from a common stock. All the great nations of Europe, as well as the Persians and Hindus, are probably descended from one stock, called the Aryan race, which dwelt in Asia, north of the Himalayas, or, according to others, in the-north of Europe, and which sent out tribe after tribe of settlers, into Hindostan and Persia first, and afterward into Europe. The Hindus, who settled in northern India, and the Persians were the earliest offshoots. The Celts were the first Aryans who crossed into Europe, travelling westward and settling in Italy, Spain, Gaul, and the British Isles. Later, the Greek and Latin tribes crossed into Europe together, and after journeying and dwelling together for a considerable time, finally settled in the Greek and Italian peninsulas respectively, driving out or conquering the Celts who had already settled there. The Teutons settled in the north and west of Europe, and in the Scandinavian peninsula. 10 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Substitution of Sounds. Greek word-stems frequently correspond to English stems, though often with an altered meaning. The English accent has, however, gone through regular changes, especially with respect to the Mutes and Aspirates. These changes (some- times called Grimm's law) may be thus summarized : If we divide the Aryan (Indo-European) languages into Classical (Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin), Low German (Gothic, Scandinavian, Eng- lish), and High German, we find generally that where the same word occurs in all these languages, (1) A sonant in the Classical languages corresponds to a surd in Low German, and to an aspirate in High German. (2) A surd in the Classical languages corresponds to an aspirate in Low German, and to a sonant in High German. (3) An aspirate in the Classical languages corresponds to a sonant in Low German, and to a surd in High German. The following arrangement shows the order of interchange more readily : : th ch CLASSICAL b, p, f d, t, g, k, Low GERMAN : p t k HIGH GERMAN : f th ch The following words exemplify the changes represented in the above table : LABIALS CLASSICAL: K.6.vva.$i* irar^p ^par-ftp (clansman) Low G. : hemp father brother HiGHG.: Hanf- Vater pruoder (O.H.G.) DENTALS CLASSICAL : Low G. : ten thatch (O.E. thak) door : Thiir HIGH G. zehn dach (/// pronounced GUTTURALS CLASSICAL : "yivos KapSla Low G. : kin heart goose HIGH G. : chunni (O.H.G.) Herz kans (O.H.G.), Mod. Ger. Cans. A MINIMUM OF GREEK II Similarly : rpets, Eng. three, High G. drei. dvydrrjp, Eng. daughter (Scotch, dochter}, High G. tochter. /cXi/r6j {famoui), Old Eng. hltid (Eng. /# Trotfs, 7ro56s, Eng. foot. Ttipfiri, crowd, Eng. Thorp, High G. dorf. 65ofa, 656j/Tos, Eng. tooth, High G. zahn. Dialects. The most important Greek dialect is the Attic, i.e. that spoken in Attica round Athens. In this distinguish an older and a more recent form. In the former are found, e.g., forms like y\a)(rcra beside the New Attic 7XwTra tongue (glossary, polyglot). To the older form belong the writings of ^Eschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Thucydides (about 400 B.C.); to the and Demosthenes the newer, Xenophon ; between two stands Plato. Herodotus, the "Father of His- tory," wrote, about 440 B.C., in the Ionic dialect. The older Ionic is the language of the Homeric poems (900-700 B.C.). ELEMENTARY ACCIDENCE Substantives. In Greek there are three genders, indicated the article masculine, feminine, neuter, by o, 97, TO, the, and there are five cases : Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, and Vocative (the case of address, e.g. tcvpie from icvpios Lord or Sir}. There are three : and Dual the latter numbers Singular, Plural, ; number, denoting two or a pair, was little used. There are three declensions : (i) the A-Declension, (2) the O-Declension, the Declension : (3) Consonant ; e.g. Sing. Nom. y oltcia house o \dyos word TO veicrap nectar Gen. TT)< otVaa? TOU \6yov rov 12 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Adjectives. The adjectives have three, two, or one : -6v termination to denote gender /caivos, -rj, new ; fiapvs, fiapela, (3apv heavy ; evyev^ (cf . pliocene}, 7rXeto-ro5 (cf. pleisto-cene). From Trpd before we get TrpoTepos earlier, Trpwros earliest or first (cf. proto- from e out we and outer- plasm) ; get e nal adjectives are : aXXo5 other, a\\r)\wv one another (ci. irav all . far-allel), a/i<^o're/305 both ; Trds, Trdaa, (cf Pan- theon), ere/305 other (cf . heterogeneous}. Verbs. The Greek verb, like the English, has three persons, but it has three numbers: Singular, Dual (vide supra), Plural; three voices: Active, Passive, and Mid- dle the reflexive sense / wash (with ; e.g. Xouoyucu my- six tenses : self} ; Present, Perfect, Future, Imperfect, to and four moods : Aorist (akin Preterite), Pluperfect ; Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, and Optative (the of three Verbal Nouns : Par- mood wishing) ; Infinitives, Verbal and two ticiples, Adjectives ; lastly conjugations, named from the termination of the First Person Present : in in Indicative Active, namely the first &>, the second (u. No auxiliary verbs are used in the formation of the A MINIMUM OF GREEK 13 tenses. The sign of the past is the augment consisting of the prefix e; the stem of the perfect is formed by from the verb TratSevetv to reduplication ; e.g. bring up, we have Ind. Act. First Per. Sing. Pres. Trai&eva), Fut. A or. Perf. eVe- , eTraiSevo-a, TreTraiSevtca, Plup. Pres. Mid. Pass. , and TraiSevopai, Pres. Part. Pass. Trai&evo/jievos. Some well-known verbs are: First Conj. : ayco lead, ap%(o begin, fiatva) go, (3d\\co throiv, fiidco live, jpd^co write, e%co have, evpia-Kco find (Perf. evpijKa), live, Kivea) move, K\iva) lean, Kpivw arrange, decide, KpvTrro) conceal, Xeyco say, \va) let go, unloose, navOdvw learn, opdco see, Trda^a) suffer, Trveco breathe, Trpdrrco do, cr/eo7re'a> look upon, crreXXoo send, <7Tpe FORMATION OF WORDS A. DERIVATION OF ENGLISH WORDS FROM GREEK i. Substantives. Note particularly the following suffixes : (a) -asmos, -isinos, Eng. -asm, -ism, indicating inten- sified action, and often a perverted, one-sided course or or cn-thu-siasm theory passion ; e.g. (fr. t/ieos, God) 14 A MINIMUM OF GREEK "full of God." Many are new formations; e.g. scepti- cism doubt, idealism striving after the ideal, grammati- cism placing an inordinate value on grammar. () -tron, Eng. -tre, a tool or a means of working, also the work is a the place where performed ; e.g. plektron fret for striking the strings of a musical instrument, the- a abstracts wit- atron playhouse, -ion, ; e.g. martyrion for a cause or ness, testimony ; buildings, e.g. gymnasion for the a a place training body, gymnasium ; or, finally, diminutive a small bibl-ion ; e.g. tra-pez-ion table, trapeze, a booklet, book, elSv\\Lov a little picture, idyll, -eion -oon mus-eion the seat of the (eum), (oum) ; e.g. muses, a museum, hero-on the temple of heroes, -tenon place, mon- an instrument, means ; e.g. baptisterion baptistry, asterion hermitage, cloister, monastery, criterion means of judging. a of action orchestra (c) -tra, place ; e.g. dancing place, palaistra wrestling-place. dosis (d} -tis, -sis, an abstract thing, a process; e.g. gift, dose, skepsis doubt, praxis (from prak-sis) action, of illnesses narkosis stu- practice, -osis, especially ; e.g. por, state of insensibility, neurosis affection of nerves. -itis inflammation bronchitis inflammation denotes ; e.g. of the bronchial tubes, epitypJilitis inflammation of the = top of TO TV of the quence action; e.g. dog ma (from stem dok) opin- thema stem ion, precept ; (from the, place, lay down) theme rheuma law, ; (from rheo) a river. Especially is to be noticed the designation of tumours and ulcers in by forms -oma ; e.g. carcinoma cancer, sarkoma a tumour, etc. ~ as (<") i Gen. -ados, -ad, with reference to numerals also with (see p. 19); reference to feminine beings; e.g. Naiads, Dryads. (h) Similarly -id; e.g. Nere-id daughter of Nereus, Tantalid a descendant of Tantalus. A considerable number of substan%ves is formed by non-Greek suffixes to adding Greek word-stems ; to these belong among others the terminations -an, -en, -in,- -on, -at in Chemistry. Other terminations appear to be suf- fixes and are mutilations of independent words whose has often been original meaning forgotten ; e.g. -yl from Jiyle wood, stuff, e.g. methyl ; -ol from Lat. oleum oil, e.g. phenol ; -al from Arabic alkoJiol, e.g. chloral* 2. Adjectives. Of adjectival endings note espe- cially : (a) -inos, of origin, material, etc., occurs often sub- in the new keratinos stantively terminology ; e.g. horny (keratin}, antJiropinos human. (b) -ios (-aios, -eios, -oios, -oos) = Lat. -ins having ref- erence to or belonging to, very numerous forms, which are often used uran-ios substantively ; e.g. heavenly * Chemical terminology is very unscientific and full of hybrid forms. " Several words are formed on what may be called a compressed formula" system, e.g. formaldehyde from alcohol dehydrogcnatum + formic acid (Lat. formica an ant). l6 A MINIMUM OF GREEK (Urania the heavenly one); xcn-ios. hospitable (xenion a present); Jiesper-ios evening (Hesperia western or evening land). (c} -ikos and from verbal stems -tikos = Lat. -icus relative pertaining to, to, adapted to, capable of; e.g. kyr-iakos belonging to the Lord (hence kirk church); phys-ikos belonging to nature (physicist, physics, physi- cal}; prak-tikos clever in working, practical (practice); kaustikos combustible, burning (caustic}. NOTES 1. -ikos added to substantives in -ma forms numerous adjectives in -matikos, -matic, e.g. problematic, symptomatic, systematic. 2. The feminine termination -ike (supply tec/me art or episteme knowl- often makes a edge) noun (cf. English -ic} ; e.g. musike music, tactike tactics, arithmetike arithmetic. same occurs with 3. The the neuter -ikon, pi. -ika, especially in medi- cal nomenclature narkotika narcotics of ; e.g. soporifics, ; many these are new formations. (d} -ides, -o-ides, and -odes (from eidos form, likeness), English -aid, and as a noun -o-id, -id, -d, express simi- ; often new formations io-ides larity by analogy ; e.g. like a violet, hence iod-ine in Chemistry, sphcero-idic like a ball (spheroid}, cellulo-id ( Latin with a Greek ter- mination), alkalo-id, and many more. B. COMPOUND WORDS : THEIR FORMATION Greek is a very plastic language. Compound words are easily formed, and this is perhaps the main reason why it has become the international language of science. The chief rule as to union of words is as follows : The first part is joined to the second in its stem form with- A MINIMUM OF GREEK 17 out case-ending, etc. A connecting vowel is sometimes the placed between two parts of the compound, viz. : a (1) (only occasionally): e.g. oct-a-hcdron an eight- sided figure, oct-a-gon having eight corners. (2) o (very frequently, especially when the second with a part begins consonant) ; e.g. herm-o-glyphos sculp- tor (but herm-aphrodite)) pJiil-o -logos (but phil-anthro- pos\ mis-o-gynos (but mis-anthropos). Only in a few cases is o not when two consonants are present joined ; e.g. plios-pJioros light-bearer, pyr-pJioros fire-bearer (but o e = u with the o into pyro-technic\ + on, ; ergos melts urgos ; e.g. cheir-urgos (surgeon). i before an initial consonant is (3) frequent ; e.g. arch-i-tekton (architect), but arch-iatros (Ger. Arzt phy- sician) and arch-angehs archangel, by the side of arcJi-i- episkopos archbishop. Important Prefixes. a privativum (i.e. a which de- prives or negatives), before vowels av, = un- not, nega- tives the idea, anorganic = inorganic, and occurs in numerous combinations : a-sylum, a-sbestos, a-mnesty, a-neroid, am-brosia (cf. list of words). There is besides an a copulativum, expressing union and intensifying : acolyte accompanying, from /ce'Xev^o? way. This last use of a is rare. ev indicates a condition of well-being : euayyeXiov evangel = joyful tidings (ofyyeXo? a messenger, angel}. The of ev- is Svcr- : it is opposite dys-pepsia indigestion ; not to be confounded with St' NOTE The beginner will find that some words apparently similar give rise to confusion; note and distinguish: 1 8 A MINIMUM OF GREEK at> = un-, not and the preposition dvd up, upon. (fdrf song and 656j roaa ; cf. epode, but kathode, episode. TTO\IJS much and ir6Xis a city ; polytechnic, polytheism, but policlinic, acropolis. ffrevbs narrow and icrip6s wax and /c^pas horn ; ceromel, cerosin, but keratoid, rhinoceros. a and fj.erpov measure fJ-^Tjjp mother (also /j.rjTpa womb) ; barometric, metritis, metroscopy, Xe/7rw to leave \iira. lip- from and fat ; ellipse, lipomatosis. asm- from OCT/UTJ smell and wfffj.6s a blow ; osmidrosis, exosmosis. ozo- from 6w to exhale perfume and 6os a twig. 6pit-, rpixbs hair and rplxa threefold ; trichinosis, trichotomy. THE FIRST PART OF COMPOUND WORDS Under this head come the Numerals and the Prepo- sitions. Numerals ( 2 Syo : hen-dia-dys (one through two). 3 T/oet 4 recro-a/oe?, reWapa, and rerr . . . : tetrameter. 5 TreWe : pentameter, Pentateuch. 6 e : hexameter. 7 eTTTct : Heptameron, Heptarchy. 8 o/cTw = : ( Lat. e?c/^) octagon, octahedron. 9 ewea : enneagon. 10 Setca: dekaliter, Decalogue. 11 evBefca: hendecasyllabic. 1 2 SwSe/ca : dodecahedron. 20 eiKoai : icosahedron. 30 TpidicovTa. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 19 40 50 trevrrjKovra (see below). 100 etcarov : hecatomb, hektograph. 500 TrevraKoaioi. 1000 %iA,tot : kilogram (through French). 10000 fjivpioi : myriad. (b) Ordinal Numbers : first, TTyxwro? : Proto-evange- lium : second law ; second, Sevrepos Deutero-nomy (the = fifth of book Moses) ; third, rpiTos ; seventh, efi&o- : hebdomadal (Fr. hebdomadaire}, weekly ; fiftieth, la s : Pentecost (Fr. Pentecote}. (c) Numeral Adverbs : once,aira%\ hapax legomenon, once St? : word occurring only ; twice, dilemma, diptera ; 6- thrice, rpt? ; 4-times,TeTpdw, $-times,TrevTdw, times, 6-times 8-sided ea'/a : aTrXoO? (e] Numeral Adjectives single: haplology ; &ITT\OVS double : diploma, lit. a folded document. (/) Numeral Nouns: povds a unit: monad; s : Geol. Dyas-, Trias-formation. Prepositions L about, round about: amphi-theatre. avd (opposite of /caret) on, upon (again} : Ana-basis, a march up ; ana-phora, repetition; ana-chronism, error in chronology. dvri instead, against : 6 avrC^pta-ro^, Antichrist. de- ctTTo from, hence, {separation} : apo-stle, ap-horism, tached thought. Bid througJi, over, on account of (division) : dia-gonal, dia-phanous. 20 A MINIMUM OF GREEK ets into (seldom used in combination) : is-agoge, a lead- ing in, introduction. CK (before a vowel e) out ^(completion): ec-stasy, Ex-odus, a marching out, departure. eV in, witJiin : en-thusiasm. CTTI on, toward, with, behind {upon, thereto}; used fre- quently : epi gram, epi-logue. Kara (see ava.} doivn from, along, after (back, apart, below} : cata-strophe, cat-holic, universal. fjberd with, toward (participation, variation): meta-phor, met-hod. Trapd beside, with, near (past): par-enthesis, para-graph, par-oxysm. irepi concerning, because of, about (round about) : peri- phery. 7T/30 before, for (in front} : pro-logue. at the side : 7T/909 to, of, toward (also thereto) pros-elyte, pros-ody. VTTO under, among (by degrees} : hypo-tenuse, hypothesis. Important Substantives, Adjectives, and Verbs which occur most frequently at the Beginning of Words The meaning given is the commonest. The science in which they are most frequently used is added. Before a vowel o is often dropped. The less common stems are written to the right. Aero-, air. Aktino-, ray. Phot. Akro , outermost, highest. Allo-, different. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 21 Andro-, man, male. Chloro-, yellow-green. Antho-,J?ozver. Bot., etc. Chem. Anthropo-, Jutman being. Chole-, gall. Med. Choro- Arch(i)-, axb(e);J$rstt chief, (choros), dance, beginner. choir. Archaeo-, old. Choro- (chora), district, Aristo-, best, noble. country. Arithmo-, number. Math. Chroma-, chrom(at)o-,^/ Auto-, self. Chryso-, gold. Chem., etc. Baro-, bary-, heavy. Phys. Cine-, cine(ma)to-, move- Biblio-, book. ment. Phys., Tech. Bio-, life. Med., Biol. Cosmo-, universe, ornament. Brachy-, brachisto-, short, Cranio-, skull. Med. shortest. Biol., Math., Crypto-, hidden. Bot., etc. etc. Cyano-, dark blue. Chem. Branchio-, gills (of a fish). Cyclo-, circle. Biol. Cyn-, cynos-, dog. Biol., Bronchio-, bronchial tube. etc. Med. Demo-, people, populace. Bu-, bull, ox. Biol., etc. Dendro-, tree. Bot. Caino-, kaino-, new. Geol. Derm(at)o-, skin. Med., Biol. Cako-, bad. Desmo-, binding, sinew. Calo-, calli-, beautiful. Med. Cardio-, heart. Med. Diplo-, double. Cephalo, head. Med. Dynamo-, strength. Phys., Chalko-, ore, copper. Chem., Tech. Tech. Elektro-, Chem., Phys. Chiro-, from cheir, hand. Entero-, intestines. Med., Med., Biol. Biol. 22 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Ethno-, people. Homo-, alike, the same. Gala(kto)-, milk. Med., Homoeo-, resembling, simi- Biol., etc. lar. Gastro-, gastri-, abdomen, Horo-, Jiour, time. stomach. Med., etc. Hydro-, water. Phys. Ge- (geo-), earth. Hyeto-, rain. Phys. Gene a-, birth, race. Hygro-, damp. Phys. Glosso-, tongue, speecJi. Ichthyo-,^/*. Biol. Med., Philol., etc. Ideo-, thought. Philos. Glyko-, sweet. Chem., Idio-, individual, peculiar. Nat. Ido-, picture, form , image. Glypto-, sculptor, art. Idolo-, picture, form, im- Grammo-, writing. Philol. age. Gymno-, naked. Biol. Icono-, picture, form, im- Gyne-, Gynaek(o)-, wo- age. man. Med., Biol. Iso-, equal, alike. Phys., Gyro-, circle. Phys. Chem., etc. Haem(at)o-, blood. Med., Leuko-, tvhite. Chem., Chem. Med., etc. Halo-, salt. Chem., Tech. Litho-, stone. Geol., Med., Helio-, sun. Phys., Nat., etc. Tech. Logo-, speech, word, rela- Hemi-, half. tion. Hepato-, liver. Med., Lyco-, wolf. Biol. Biol. Makro-, long, great. Hetero-, other, different. Mega(lo)-, great. Hiero-, holy. Theol., etc. Meio-, mio-, less. Geol. horse. etc. Mela black. Hippo-, Biol., , melan(o)-, Histo-, tissues. Med. Meso-, middle. Hodo-, way. Tech. Metro-, measure, meter. Holo-, entire. Metro-, mother. Med. A MINIMUM OF GRLEK Mikro-, little. Oro-, mountain. Geol. Miso-, enemy, hate. Ortho-, straight, right. Mono-, alone. Osteo-, bone. Med., Biol. WsxTifas-,figure,form. Biol., Oto-, ear. Med. Med. Oxy-, sharp, acid. Chem., Myelo-, marrow. Med. Biol. Myo-, mouse, muscle. Ozo(no)-, smell. Biol., Med., Biol. etc. Mytho-, myth, legend. Pachy-,pacho-, //>/. Biol. Nau-, ship. Paed- (ped-), child. Nekro-, corpse. Palaeo-, old. Neo-, new. Pan-, wliole, all. Nephro-, kidney. Med. Partheno-, virgin. Neuro-, nerve. Med., Patho-, suffering. Med. Biol. Patro-, father. Nomo-, law. Petro-, stone. Min. Noso-, sickness. Med. Phanero-, open, visible. Ochlo-, crowd, common peo- Bot. ple. Pharmaco-, drug. Odonto-, tooth. Med., Biol., Phenomeno-, appearance. Tech. Philo-, friend. Oeco- (eco-), dwelling, house. Phlebo-, vein. Med. Oligo-, little. Phono-, voice, sound. Phil., Onomato-, name. Tech., Med. Onto Philos. , being. Phos-, Phot(o)-, light. Phys., Oo-, egg. Biol., Med. Chem., Tech. Ophio-, snake. Biol. Phreno-, diapJiragm, hu- Ophthalmo-, eye. Med. mour, mind. Med., Organo-, instrument, organ. Phil. Biol. Phyllo-, leaf. Bot. Ornitho-, bird. Biol, Physio-, nature. A MINIMUM OF GREEK Phyto-, plant. Biol. Skia-, skio-, shadow. Pio-,/#/, milk. Chem. Phys., etc. Pleio-, plio-, more. Geol. Somato-, body, carcass. Pleisto-, most. Geol. Med. Pneumo-, lung. Med. Sperm(at)o-, seed. Bot., Pneumato-, breath, air. Biol. Med., Philos., etc. Sphaere-, ball, sphere. Podo-,/^/. Med., Biol. Math., Phys. Poli-, Poleo-, town. Sphygmo-, pulse. Med. Poly-, many. Spor-, spore. Bot. Proto-, first. Steno-, narroiv. - Stereo . ath . Pseudo-, false, apparent. , fixed, firm M , Psycho-, soul. Philos., Med. Tech., etc. Pycno-, thick. Phys. Sticho-, order, row, verse. Pyo-, matter, pus. Med. Stoma-, stom(at)o-,;;*0w//*. Pyro-, Pyri-,Jzre. Min. Med. Rheo-, stream, current. Phys. Stylo-, pillar. Arch. Rhino-, nose. Biol., Med. Tachy-, quick, prompt. Rhizo-, root. Bot. Tauro-, bull, ox, steer. Rhodo-, rose. Bot. Biol., etc. Rhombo-, square, rJiomboid. Tauto-, self, the same. Math. Techno-, art, science. Sa.rco-,J?es/i. Med., Biol., Tecno-, child. Med. etc. Tele-,/^r. Phys., Tech. Sclero-, hard. Biol., Teleo-, end, aim. Philos. Med. Theo-, God. Theol Seismo-, sismo-, trembling, Thermo-, heat. Phys. earthquake. Geol. Thio-, sulphur. Chem. Sidero-, iron. Phys., Thymo-, humour, soul, Tech. Med., Philos. Sito-, bread, nutriment. Timo-, Jionour. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 25 Tono-, sound, tension. Urano-, heaven. Phys. Xantho-, yellow. Nat. Topo-, locality, place. Geog. Xeno-, strange, foreign. Tracheo-, windpipe. Med. Xero-, dry. Nat., Med. Tricho-, hair (cf. tricho-, Xylo-, wood. Nat., Tech. threefold). Biol., Tech. Zoo-, animal, living creature. Biol. THE SECOND PART OF COMPOUND WORDS Substantives, Adjectives, and Verb-stems which occur most frequently in the Second Half of Compounds -adelphia, from adelphos, brother. Bot. -algia, from algos, pain. Med. -anthus, flower. Bot. -arch, ruler ; -archy, lordsJiip, dominion. -basis, base, area. -bat (st. ba), base, area. Arch. -bios, -bium, -be, living. Biol. -blast, germ, embryo. Bot. -blem, from blema (st. bal), throw. -bolos, -bol (st. bal), thrower. -carp(ion), -carpic, from karpos, fruit. Bot. caustic, from st. kau, to burn. Phys., etc. -cele, breaking, fracture. Med. -cene, from kainos, neiv. Geol. -cephal(ic), from kephale, Jiead. Med., Biol. -ceros, -ceras, from keras, horn. Biol. -chord(ium), stringed instrument. Mus. -chroic, -chroism, from chros, colour, flesh. Phys., Biol. -chrom(ie), -chromatic, colour. Phys., Biol. 26- A MINIMUM OF GREEK -chron, -chronic, from chronos, time. brittle Min. -clas, ', fragile. -clin(ic), -clitic, from klino, to bend. Min., Biol, etc. -coll, from kolla, adhesive matter, glue. Chem., etc. -cope, from kop, to cut, to strike. -eras, -crasy, from st. kra, to mix. -crat, ruler ; -cracy, lordsJiip, dominion. -crise, -crisy, -crit, -critic, from krino, decide, test. -cycle, -cyclic, from kyklos, circle, wheel. -demie, -demic, from demos, people. Med., etc. -dermis, -dermic, from derma, skin. Med., Biol. -dox, -doxy, st. dok, opinion, doctrine. Theol. -drom, -drome, runner, race-course. -dule, servant. -dynamic, from dynamis, strength. Phys. -edron, from hedra, side. Math. -egesis (hegeomai, to lead), leading, guidance. -egory (agoreuo, to speak), discourse. -ergy (-ergic), st. erg, exertion, strength. -gaeum, -gee, from gaia, earth. Astron. -gam, -gamy, -gamic, marriage, reproduction. Bot, etc. -gen, -geny, -genesis, -genie, from st. gen, to be born, to arise from, to beget. -glyph, -glyphic, -glyptic, from glypho, to cut. Art. -gnosis, -gnosy, -gnostic, -gnost, from st. gno, to learn, to know. -gon, -gony, from gen, to arise from, to beget. -gon, from gonia, angle. Math. -gramm, -graph, -graphy, -graphic, from graph, to write, to draw. -gyn, -gyny, from gyne, woman. Bot., etc. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 27 -iatros, doctor ; -iatry, therapeutics. Med. -later, servant ; -Iatry, service. -lect, st. leg, to read. -lepsy, -leptic, from st. lab, to take, seize. Med., etc. -lipse, -liptic, from st. lip, to leave, to leave out. -lith, from lithos, stone. Min. -log, -logy, -logic (st. leg), speech, knowledge, etc. -lysis, -lytic, from st. luo, to loosen, to solve. Philos., Chem., etc. -machy, from mache, battle. -mania, insanity, mania. Med. -mant, -mancy, -mantic, from mantis, soothsayer. -mat (st. ma), to move. Tech. -mer, -mery, from meros, part, portion. Chem., etc. -meter, -metry, -metric, from metron, measure. -morph(ic), -morphy, from morphe, form, shape. Biol. -naut, sailor. -nesos, -nesia, from nesos, island. Geog. -nome, -nomy (st. nem), law, distribution. road. etc. -tfd(e), from hodos, way, Phys., -ode, -ody, from ode, song, melody. -odont, from odus, tooth. Biol., Tech. -ol, from Lat. oleum, oil. Chem. -onym(y), from onoma, name. -opy, -ops, -opsy, -opt, -opter, etc., from st. op, see. Med., Phys. -Srama, from horao, to see. -paed(ia), -paedeutic, from paides, boys, education. -pathy, -pathic, from pathos, suffering. Med. -peptic, -pepsia, st. pep, cook, digest. Med. -phag(y), st. phag, eat. Zo., Med. 28 A MINIMUM OF GREEK -phan(y), -phasis, st. phan, show, appear. -phase, -phatic, st. phe, speak. -phil, love. -phobia, from phobos, fear. -phon(e), from phone, voice, sound. Phys., Tech. -phor, -phoric, from phero, / bear, cany. Phys., etc. -phylax, -phylactic, from phylax, a guard. Med. -physis, -physic, from physis, nature. -phyt, from phyo, to grow. Nat., Bot. -plasma, -plastic, from plasso, / mould or build. Biol. Bot. -plexy, -plectic, st. pleg, to strike. -pod, pus, podos, a foot. -polis, from polis, a city. -psychosis, from psyche, a soul. -ptero(s), from pteron, a zving. Zo., Arch, -ptom, -ptote, from pipto, Ifall. Math., Med. -ptychon, st. ptych, -fold. -rhaphy, from rhapto, I stitch. -rrh, -rrhoea, from rheo, I flow. Med. -scope, -scopic, st. skep, skop, look, see. Phys., Med< -sophy, -sophic, from sophos, wise. -sperm, -spermic, from sperma, seed. Bot. -spor, st. sper, sow. -stat, - stasy, st. sta, make to stand still. -sthen(ic), from sthenos, strength. Med. -stich(on), -stichic, from stichos, a series, line. -stom(y), from -stoma, g. stomatos, mouth. -strophy, -strophic, from strepho, / turn. -style, from stylos, a pillar. -tasis, st. ten, I stretch. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 29 -taxis, -tactic, from tasso, / draw up in order. -technic, from techne, art. -therapy, from therapeuo, I help, heal. Med. -therm, from thermos, hot. Phys. -thesis, -thetic, st. the, place, set. -tomy, -tomic, st. tern, to cut. -ton(y), -tonic, st. ten, to stretch. -trophy, -trophic, from trepho, / nurture. -tropy, -tropic, from trepo, / turn. -typy, -typic, from tupto, / strike, imprint. -urgy, -ergic, st. erg, work. -yl, from hyle, wood, substance. Chem. -zobn, -zoic, -zot, from zo, / live ; zoon, an animal. PROPER NAMES There is a large number of proper names formed from roots are useful as the student to Greek ; they helping remember a number of Greek words. Examples : Agatlia from a Berenice (orig. Macedonian) from and fa'pco to carry. CJirysostom = %/afcro? gold, and o-ro'/ia mouth. Denis, shortened from Dionysus^ the god of wine. Bwpov a gift, in Dons, Iso-dor, Pan-dora, Theo-dore {Doro-tJied} (tfeo? God). Eric, epitcr) heather, heath. Combination with et> well : Eu-doxia (So'a opin- ion), Eugene, Eugenia (well born), Eu-lalia (XaXew to talk), Eu-pJiemia, Eu-menides (-/-lez^ disposed), Eu- phrasia, Eu-phrosyne (from (f>pr)v sense), Eu pJiorion, Eu-sebius (W/30 to honour), EustacJiius {Eustace} ( /oo9 pure. /cXe'o after a narcotic plant, from vdptcij numbness. ^eoV new, in Neander, Nea-polis {Naples}. Trav all : Pan-dora, Pan-cratius (icpaTeco to rule), Panta-leone (\ecov lion), the patron saint of Venice, hence pantaloon. Pelagius, 7re\ayos the sea. Peter, irerpa rock. ^>t\w love, in Phil-adelpliia (aSeX^o? brother), Phil-alethes (a\r)6ij^ true), PJiilip, Philippine. ?roXv? many, in Polybius (/Sto? life), Poly-dor, Poly-carp (KapTrds fruit), Poly-phemus (folfjhftQ say), Poly-xenos (|eVo? strange). Phyllis {$v\- \ov a leaf) = a green shoot. Pro-metlieus, the one who foresees or thinks beforehand, from navddvw to learn = (st. fj-aO). ScJiolastica, o-^oX?; leisure, school. RJioda roses. = in Sophia cro TimotJiy, rifjida) honour, and #eo'?. Urania from ovpavos heaven. Agate (Achates, river of Sicily), chalcedony (Chalce- don), magnet (stone from Magnesia), currants (Ger. Ko- rinthen, i.e. fruit from Corinth), copper (acs cyprium, mineral from Cyprus), have their origin in place names. 2o'\ot, a town in Cilicia where bad Greek was spoken, gives solecism, French le sotecisme, an error in language. BORROWED WORDS Since A.D. 597, when Augustine introduced Chris- tianity and civilization into Britain, several Greek words (often Latinized) have become part of the English lan- guage. Their development is interesting, as their deri- vation is often an epitome of the history of the country. A few noteworthy instances follow. = Alms eleemosyna (st. eleeo to pity) compassion, Fr. anmonc, Ger. almosen. Amethyst = a-metJiystos (inetliyo = to intoxicate) a pre- cious stone, supposed to cure drunkenness. Anchor, fr. Lat. ancora = Gr. ankyra, Fr. ancre. Apostle (st. stcllo- to send), Gr. apostolos, Lat. -us, Fr. apotre. = = Apothecary (st. the to store), apothcca a storeroom. = Arsenic, fr. Lat. arsenicum arsenikon (fr. arsen manly, strong). = Bishop epi-skopos (st. skep to see) overseer, Lat. epis- copus, Fr. eveque. 32 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Bomb, fr. Fr. bombe ; cf. Lat. bombus drone, related to the Gr. bombos = a dull sound. Bombast, high-flown talk, originally wadding ; Fr. bom- bace fr. Gr. and Lat. bombyx. Box, fr. Gr. pyxis fr. pyxos = boxwood, Lat. buxiis. Buffalo, Fr. buffle fr. Lat. bubalus = Gk. bubalos a spe- cies of African deer. Butter, fr. Gr. butyron, lit. cow-cheese, Lat. butyrum, Fr. beurre. r. Camel, f Lat. camelus = st. kamelos, Fr. cJiamean ; cf . : Camelopard (camelopardus) a giraffe, fr. camelus and pardus, a leopard. Camlet, Fr. camelot material made from camel's hair. Card, Fr. carte (Ital. carta) fr. Lat. ckarta, Gk. chartes a page of made papyrus (hence paper); cf. chart, charter. Celery, fr. Fr. celeri, Ital. selleri, fr. Lat. selimtm = Gr. selinon parsley. Chalk, fr. Lat. calx, calcis = Gr. chalix, Fr. chaux. Cherry, fr. Gr. kerasion cherry, kerasia cherry tree, either fr. keras horn, on account of the hardness of the fr. in Lat. Fr. wood, or Kerasus Pontus ; cerasus, cerise. Chest, fr. Lat. cista = Gr. kiste, Fr. ciste. Chestnut, fr. Lat. castanea, Gr. kastanon, after Kastana, a in or of Fr. cha- town Pontus, Armenian origin ; taigne ; so castanets fr. resemblance to chestnuts. Church, fr. Gr. kyriaka belonging to the Lord, st. kyrios (the Fr. eglise is fr. Gk. ekklesia ; cf. Welsh eglws\ Clergy, fr. Lat. clems Gr. kleros a lot, a divided inher- itance, then a special class or rank. A OF GREEK MINIMUM . 33 Colossus, Lat. colossus = Gr. kolossos a gigantic statue, that of Rhodes Fr. colossal. particularly ; colosse, fr. Lat. Comet, cometa, Gr. kometes a star with a tail ; cf. st. kome hair ; Fr. comete. Copper, fr. Lat. (aes) cuprium = Gr. kyprion, i.e. metal from Fr. cuivre. Cyprus ; Crystal, fr. Lat. crystallus Gr. knistallos properly ice Fr. cristal. (kruos] ; Date, fr. Ital. dattilo, and this fr. the Gr. daktylos finger (from its fingerlike leaves); Fr. datte. Devil, O.H.G. tiuval, fr. Gr.-Lat. diabolus, originally one slanders Fr. diable. who separates, ; Dragoon, fr. Gr. drakon snake (a knight whose ^standard was decked with the picture of a dragon or snake). Elephant, fr. Lat. elephantos Gr. elepJias. fr. Lat.-Gr. Fr. Epistle, epistola (st. stello} ; epitre. Gillyflower, fr. O. Fr. giroflce fr. fcapvo Ink, Dutch inkt ; Ital. inchiostro ; Lat. incaustum = Gr. eyicava-Tov (fcaico burn) vitriol and oak galls mixed under heat. Lamp, fr. Fr. lampe fr. Lat.-Gr. lampas light. Layman, fr. Lat. laicus = Gr. laikos belonging to the Fr. people (st. laos) ; laique. Licorice, fr. Lat. liquiritia = Gr. glykyrrhiza sweet root (glykys sweet); Ital. legorisia and regolizia, Fr. reglisse. Litany a prayer, a monotonous complaint, fr. Lat. lita- nia = Gr. litaneia (lite request). Marmalade, Fr. marmalade ; Portug. marmelada fr. marmelo a Lat. melimelum = a quince ; \ie\i^i]\ov honey-apple, an apple grafted on a quince. Migraine, megrim, fr. Lat. Jiemicrania (Gr. ^/u half and Kpdvtov skull) orig. a nervous headache of one side of the head. Monk, fr. Lat. monachus Gr. monacJios living alone, Fr. moine ; cf . Munich and the proper name Monk, etc. Minster a cathedral, also in place names, fr. Lat. mona- sterium = Gr. monasterion. Music, fr. Lat. musica = Gr. musike. Organ, fr. late Lat. organum, Gr. organon a tool, imple- ment Fr. (st. crg\Q work) ; orgue. fr. Lat. ostremn = Gr. ostreon osteon Oyster, (cf. bone) ; Fr. huitre. Paradise, f r. Lat. paradisus Gr. paradcisos a pleasure ground, a park (orig. a Persian word), Fr. paradis ; cf. also parvise (Fr. parvis) an outer court before a church. Parchment, fr. Lat. pergamena (= Gr. pcrgamenos) = A MINIMUM OF GREEK 35 hides from town of prepared Pergamos ; Yr.parche- min. Parish, f r. late Lat. parocJiia for paroecia = Gr. par-oikia the district or houses near a bishopric (st. oikos] ; Fr. paroisse. Parsley, fr. medieval Lat. pctrosilium for Lat.-Gr. /^ra$^- lin-um fr. Gr. sclinon celery, Fr. persil / cf. celery. Pheasant, f r. Lat. pJiasianus = Gr. phasianos f r. Phasis ; Fr. faisan. Planet, f r. Lat.-Gr. planetes, planaomai to wander, move round Fr. ; planet. Police, fr. late Lat. politia, Gr. politeia state organization, Fr. police cf. policy a form, an invoice fr. Ital. polizza and this f r. poly-ptycJia (st. ptych to fold) a folded document. Pomp, f r. Fr. pompe show fr. Lat. pompa = Gr. pompe a festive procession. Hence pump (a thin-soled shoe), because used for or ornament cf . Ger. pomp ; Pump- Jiosc, wide trousers worn at festivals. fr. Lat. = Gr. elder Priest, presbyter presbyteros ; Fr. pretre. Purse, fr. Ital. borsa, Fr. bourse, allied to Gr. byrsa skin, leather. Quince, M.H.G. kiitine fr. Lat. cotonia = Gr. Cydonia a town in Crete Ital. Fr. ; cotogna, coing and cognassc. Rice, fr. Ital. riso (Fr. riz) fr. Lat.-Gr. oryza. Rhubarb, fr. late Lat. rJia = rheum ponticnm, i.e. the river = and barbaros = Ger. RJia- Rha Volga, foreign ; barber. Scandal, fr. Lat.-Gr. scandalum properly a snare, a trap, Fr. scandale (-iser} and esclandre. 36 A MINIMUM OF GREEK School, fr. Lat. schola = Gr. scliole properly leisure de- voted to study, then study, a learned disputation, then of Fr. ecole. place study ; Shalot, fr. Fr. ecJialotte, fr. Lat.-Gr. Ascalonia an onion from Ascalon. fr. Lat. sceletus Skeleton, Gr. skeletos, a mummy (fr. skello to Fr. dry) ; squelette. Sketch, fr. Ital. schizzo fr Lat. schedium = Gr. schedion done in a Fr. something hurry ; esquisse. Squirrel, Old Fr. esquirel (mod. Fr. faurenil} from late Lat. sciuriohis, dim. of sczurus, fr. Gk. ovcioupo?, lit. shadow-tail. Talisman = Arabic telsam from Te\eo-/ia i) an imitation, 2) a second object. Treacle, Old Fr. triacle (orig. triacque), Span, teriaca, Lat. theriaca fr. Gr. theriaka (Oijpiatca zest; v. schist-, p. 138. Zither, fr. Lat. cithara = kithara, whence Fr. guitarre, Ital. chitarra. GREEK DOUBLETS Several words borrowed directly from Greek during the Middle Ages had previously been introduced into English (often through Norman-French) by less edu- A MINIMUM OF GREEK 37 cated people, and have naturally undergone various changes in form, thus POPULAR EARLY FORM Alms Balm Blame Diamond Fancy Palsy Phantom Priest Slander LIST OF GREEK DERIVATIVES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE The parts of a compound word containing different roots are sep- both should be as the arated by hyphens ; parts consulted, explanation of a word is given usually under only one heading. Words whose meanings are quite evident from their formation are not explained. Wherever part of a word is given with a hyphen after a semicolon, the rest is to be supplied from the last complete word in Italics preceding it. The words under each heading are in alphabetical order where the stems are the same, but compounds whose first part contains a different root are put at the end. For abbreviations, see p. v. A-, an- (a-, av- "a" privativum or negative = not, non-, un-, in-), a-chromatic ; -diathermic, impervious to radiant heat -catalectic ; -diapliorons ; ; -cotyledon ; -mnesty (afjLvrja-ria a forgetting, from /jLe/jivr)/j,ai to without form am-brosia remember) ; -morpJwus, ; food not for mortals an-acolu- (/3/ooroV mortal), ; tJion ; -aemic (v. haem~)\ -archy ; -ecdotc (v. st. do}\ -omalous (v. /wm-); -onymous ; a-orist (v. horos) ; a-rgon (v. erg-) ; a-septic (O-^TTTO? putrid) ; a-tom (v. tem-\ Ac- (arcr) a point), acacia (axa/cia), an-acaceous ; acan- tha a (aicavOa), thorn, prickle ; acantlius, -ine, -oid\ acantho fruit covered with carpous, having prickles ; branches with -cladous, having spiny ; -pterous, fins a spiny ; trag-a-canth, leguminous plant. Academia ('A/eaS^/iem the Academy, a grove near Athens, belonging originally to a hero named Aca- 38 A MINIMUM OF GREEK 39 demus, where Plato used to teach his philosophy). academ-y, -ic, -ism, -ist. Acaleph (a/ca\^rj a nettle), a stinging jellyfish. Acme (atc/jir)), point, top. Acol- (afcoXovOeco follow, fr. a- copulative + Ke\ev6o struction to another in the same sentence (lit. not following). Acou- (CLKOVO) to hear), aeon-meter, an instrument for of -stic. measuring power hearing ; Acron the -ic (atcpov top), aero-bat, (/3atW) ; acro-cepJia- a skull a statue with lic, having pyramidal ; -litJi, extremities alone of stone ; -logy ; -nychal, rising at of stars a at the sunset, ; -polis ; -spire, sprout end of a seed acro-stic a acro- ; (ern^o? line, verse) ; terium, in Arch, a pedestal for statuary on the apex of a pediment. Actin- (d/cTtV, gen. ctKrlvos a ray, beam). Actin-ia, a of radiate the radiation genus polyps ; actin-ism, of or heat to actinism actino- light ; -ic, pertaining ; mycosis, disease of cattle caused by ray-fungus, " a radiated form lump jaw" ; actin-i(form\ having ; actino-grapli ; -lite, the raystone, -litic ; -logy ; -meter. Adelphos (deX Aeolos (cuoA,o9 quick moving, changeful, hence Aeolus, of the a god winds). Aeolian, harp ; aeolo-tropy (rpeTreiv to turn), change of physical properties due to change of position. Aer (arip air), aero-biotic, living on atmospheric oxy- gen (Bot); aero-cyst, air-bladder; aero-dynamics; -grapJiy ; -lite, -litic, -HtJi ; -logy ; -meter; -nant, -ic, -ism ; -phoby ; -phyte, a plant living in and deriving its support from the air; -scopy ; -stat; aer-ated, -ial, -ator, etc., through Lat. aer, fr. arjp. -aeresis, v. haer-. Aesthes-, aesthet- (alaQ^vis perception, feeling). aestJie- sio-meter, an instrument for measuring the sensibil- of the skin aesthete that ity ; (one perceives what is beautiful), -ic, -icism ; aesthophysiology, the science of the senses ; an-aestJiesia, -aesthetic, (a priv.). Aether-, ether- (alOtjp, gen. -epo?, also aWpa the upper air, aWo) the heavens ; light up, kindle). aitJirio-scope, instrument for measuring heat radiated from the a sky; ether, -ize, -ic ; -eal, -ealize ; -gram, message sent by wireless telegraphy; ethyl, the radical of ether a alcohol and ; -ene, gas ; Ethi-opian (i.e. burnt face). -act a Ag , -eg-, (ayco lead, drive), chor-agns (xopayos), in leader of a chorus Athens ; strat-egy (o-r/oaro? army), science of directing great military move- Fr. and ments; -egist, -egic ; -agent (thr. Lat.); cp-act (e7ra/cTo' Agath- (ayadds good), agath-ism, the doctrine that all tend toward ultimate things good ; Agatha, n.p. Agog- (aywyij leading, a training, education), dcm- agog-iie, -ic, -ism ; ped-, -y (-TratSe? children); syn- ; is-agogic (etv an assembly to see games, a contest). agon ism, -ist, -istic ; -y, -ize ; ant-agonist ; prot- agonist, the leading actor in the Greek drama. Agonic, v. gon-. market to a Agora-, -egory (ayopd place ; ayopevco make speech in the market place, hence to assert), agora- dread of pJiobia, crossing open places ; cat-egory,-ical Lat. f r. a de- (thr. tcarrjyopia} ; all-egory (a\\r)jopia scription of one thing under the image of another, fr. a\Xo?) ; pan-egyr-ic (vavqyvpK, Trd? + ayopd = an assembly of a whole nation, especially for a public festival, at which orations were made in praise of dead soldiers and statesmen), -ist, -ize ; par-egoric (TraprjyopiKds addressing, soothing), and so applied to drugs. Agra- (aypa a catching, an attack), chir-agra, gout in the hand ; -agrical ; pod-, -agric. a Agro- (aypo's field), agro-nomy (W'/X-G)), agriculture ; a of agro-stis, genus grasses ; agrosto-graphy ; -logy. " Alg- (aA/yo? pain), -algia, -algy, a medical suffix = pain of"; ncur- ; cardi- ; my-; gastr- ; nepJir- ; nost- (Vo'crro? a return home), home-sickness. Aliph- (aXeifap, -aro? fat, oil, etc), aliphatic. Allo- another cf. Lat. (a'XXo? ; alins\ allo-, combining in a form ; -cheiria, a diseased state which touch on one side of the body is felt at the corresponding 42 A MINIMUM OF GREEK point on the other; -chroic, changeable in colour, -chroous ; -gamy, cross fertilization (Bot); -graph, one for another a signature made by person ; -merism, change in chemical composition without of form i.e. of medi- change ; -pathy, employment cines to produce different effects from those of the disease a mineral that shows a ; -phane ( tre ; -allactic. Amethyst, v. p. 31. Ammon ("A^/ituy Egyptian god = Zeus or Jupiter). ammonia (originally made from camel's dung near the temple of Ammon). -ium, hypothetical base of ammonia; -iac ; am-ide ; ammon-ite, a fossil shell of an extinct cuttle-fish (thr. Lat, horn of Ammon, from their shape). Amphi- (apfyi on both sides, around). ampJii-bia, -bious a fossil (/3to9) ; -biolite, amphibian ; -biology ; -bole, hornblende (thr. Lat. fr. a/*0i/3o\o? doubtful (v. bal-\ often mistaken for a rock because augite) ; -bolite, consisting chiefly of hornblende; -bology, an am- sentence -brack = \*> ^ biguous ; ; -carpic ; -ctyony A MINIMUM OF GREEK 43 = dwellers around) ; -gamous ; -macer = ^ -oxus the ; (6y ing rivers to spawn (Ichth.); -glyph, -glyptografli ; -agnorisis ; -gram, -grammatic ; -lects ; -lepsy ; -logne, -logism, -logize, -logons ; -lysis ; -mnesis ; -morpliosis ; -paest (avdiraKnos struck back, re- bounding), i.e. a dactyl reversed ww_; pJiora ; -plasty ; -static ; -strophe; -thema, -tise ; -tomy ; anchorite (ava^wpea) retreat) ; aneurysm (avevpvvw widen), dilatation of artery. Andr- (avijp, avSpds a man, hence in Bot. a stamen). andr-oecium (ot/co? a house; v. sub oec-} (Bot.), the stamens taken collectively ; andro-gyny (&&..}, being both male and female, -gynous ; -petalous, having that as the stamens become petals, water-lily ; -id, a machine in human form; -pliagous ; mon-andry ; poly-; etc. Alex-ander ; Phil-ander, n.p.; also piiil-ander, verb, to flirt. Anemo- (ai^o? wind), anemo-graph, instrument for direction of the wind recording ; -gram ; -logy ; 44 A MINIMUM OF GREEK -meter; -ne, wind-flower; hence -nin, a drug; -pkilous (Bot.), fertilized by wind; -scope = -graph. a hence Angel (a77eXo authors the of flowers on the ; -taxis, arrangement axis. galantJins ; Jiaem-anthus. Anthrax (av6pa% charcoal, coal; a precious stone, car- buncle then a a ; pustule, carbuncle). anthrax, disease of cattle; antJirac-ite, -itic ; -aid; -onite, black marble ; -osis, chronic inflammation of the lungs due to inhaling coal-dust; -ine, from coal (Chem.). Anthropo- (avOpoyrros man), anthrop-ic ; anthropo-geny ; -graphy ; -id; -lite, a petrified human body; -logy ; -metry ; -morphism, representation of the Deity as form and attributes sub- having human ; -patJdc, ject to human passions; -phagy, -pJiagous ; -tomy ; phil-antJiropy ; mis-. ant- to instead Anti, (avri against, opposite ; of), anti-, form v. second of word, ant- combining ; part arctic ; -arcJdsm, -acid, -agonist, -epileptic, anti-bil- ious ; -climax; -cJirist ; -dote ; -logy, a contradiction in terms or ideas ; -patJiy ; -pJion ; -pode ; -septic. Aorist, v. hor-. Aorta (aopr-q the aorta or great artery), aort-ic, aort-itis. Aphro- (a Apo-, ap(h)- (avro from, in comp. has often idea of sepa- ration v. second of ; part word), apo-calypse ; -carpous ; -cope; -crypha ; -dictic ; -logy; -plexy ; -siopesis ; -stasy ; -stle (v. stel}; -strophe ; -thecary ; -tJieosis ; ap-helimn ; -korism ; -Jiaeresis. 46 A MINIMUM OF GREEK -aract (apdaa-w dash to pieces), cat-aract Arch- a (apxr) beginning, rule; ap^a to rule, be first). a = head arch-, prefix chief, ; arch-angel ; -bishop -deacon -diocese (v. scop-) ; (v. diac-] ; ; -iery, high orders of in ecclesiastics the Russian Church ; -iator, chief physician. Added to many purely English words, as -enemy; -fiend, etc. archi-dia- conal ; -episcopacy; -grapJier, a chief secretary; -pelago, originally the Aegean Sea, i.e. the chief sea to the Greeks, hence any sea, like the Aegean, studded with islands master workman -tec- ; -tect, ; tonic, -tectnre. arche-biosis, production of living from non-living matter; -gony, spontaneous gen- eration ; -logy ; -type ; an-archy ; Jiept-; hicr-; olig-; mon-; polem-; tetr-. archo-zoic. archae- (ap^alo? ancient), archae-an ; -o-logy, -ist ; archa-ic ; ar- chaism. archon (dp^wv, -ovrot a ruler), archon-tic. Arct- (ap/cros a bear), arctic, ant-; arct-urus (thr. Lat., fr. ovpo Argon, v. erg-. Argyr- (apyvpos silver). Jiydr-argyrnm, water silver, quicksilver. Aristo- (apiaro? best), aristo-cracy, -crat, -ic ; -archy ; Aristo-tle, n.p. Arithm- divination (apiQ^o^ number). aritJi-mancy , by numbers; -metic ; -ma-meter; log-aritJim. Arom- (apwfjia spice), aroma, -tic, -tize ; -tons. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 47 Arsen, arren (apai]v or cipprjv male), arsen-ic, owing to its arsenic powerful properties ; -ions, containing ; -iate or -ate, a salt of arsenic acid ; -ite, arsenious oxide males. ; arrenotokos, producing only Arsis (apats a raising or lifting, rise of the voice on the accented of a foot to the syllable ; opposed thesis, unaccented part). Arter- (aprrjpia the windpipe), artery (thr. Lat.), sup- posed by the ancients to be a ramification of the because found after death arteri- windpipe empty ; al ; -alize ; -o-logy ; -o-tojny ; arter-itis. Arthr- (apdpov a joint). artJir-itic ; -itis ; -odynia (o&vvr) pain); -osis, articulation in a joint. Asc- (aoveo? a leathern bag, bladder), ascus, pi. asci (be- cause thr. late Lat.), a spore case. Ascidium, (i) a genus of tunicates to which sea-squirts belong; (2) (Bot.) a pitcher-shaped organ or appendage (acrtciSiov dimin. of aoveo'?); ascidian. asco-gonium, the in which the asci are organ developed ; -spore, a spore produced in an ascus. exercise Ascet- (aatcea) ; ao-K-qr^ one who exercises, trains), ascct-ic, -icism. Aster, astr- (aa-Tijp a star), aster, a genus of plants with radiated composite flowers (i.e. starlike); aster-ia, a of a fossil starfish -isk variety sapphire ; -ialite, ; ; -ism, (i) a small cluster of 'stars; (2) three aster- isks -oid to starfish be- ; ; -oidea, the order which a fossil fish the long ; -o-lepis, huge ; Astraea, goddess of justice; the fifth planetoid; astral ; as- a the meteoric evolu- trite, star-stone ; astro-gcny, tion of the bodies an instrument heavenly ; -labe, 48 A MINIMUM OF GREEK used for taking altitude of stars; -lithology, study of meteorites -er ; -logy, -ic, ; -metry ; -nomy ; -scope, an instrument on which the constellations were de- lineated. Cf. dis-aster (Lat. dis and astrum, fr. Gr. aa-Tijp), arising from unlucky planet. Asthma (aa-0/j.a a panting, gasping); -tic. Athen- ('AO^vrj Athene, goddess of knowledge, arts, = etc. Lat. Minerva; according to tradition 'AOf/vai Athens was named after her). Athenaeum, Lat. fr. 'AOyvaiov temple of Athene, hence any institu- tion or club for encouragement of art or literature. Atla- ("ArXa?, -ai>roAtlas Atlas ; of used atlantes, figures men, as columns ; A tlantic. Atmo- (aryuo' Auto -(auT0? self), aut-archy ; -hentic (from avdevrr]^ the real or ; form perpetrator doer) auto-, -combining ; auto -biography ; -carpous (Bot), consisting of peri- -crat carp alone; -chthon, q.v. ; -cracy, ; -gamy, self-fertilization; -genous ; -graph; -math, a self- taught person ; -maton, -matic, -matism ; -mor- phism, the description of one's own characteristics to another; -nomy; -phagy ; -type. aut-opsy,\>ox- A MINIMUM OF GREEK 49 sonal observation a ; hence, post-mortem examina- tion. tauto (ravro = TO avro the same), tauto-logy, -logize, -logic, -logons ; -pJiony. Many hybrid words, e.g. auto-mobile. Axiom (a^lw^a a claim, a self-evident proposition). axiom-atic. Bacchus (Ba/e^o? god of wine). Derivatives through Lat. BaccJms, baccJiic ; bacchanal, a devotee of Bacchus, a reveller, a riotous bacchanalian, -ian, -ianism. Bacterion ((3aKTr)piov a staff, stick, diminutive of /3a;- a rpov). bacteritim, micro-organism ; bacteriology. Ball-, bol-, blem- (/SaXXety to throw, /3Xr)/ia something St. Vitus's dance an thrown), ballismns, ; ballista, engine for hurling stones in ancient and medieval warfare ballistics cf. ; ; dia-bolical, p. 33 ; Jiyper- bole -boloid a simile ; para-bola, ; para-bole, \ para- ble ; symbol ; embolism, -bolic, -ise, referring to (i) obstruction of a blood-vessel, (2) insertion of days or months in a year, bolide, a meteoric stone, emblem ; problem ; bclemnite, a fossil found in chalk rocks (/3eXo? a tiart). Baptizein (/3a7rTt'&> to dip). Baptist; Ana-baptist ; etc. baptism, -ise, ; baptistry. Barbara- (iSdpftapos one who speaks unintelligibly, a barbarian}. Derivatives through Latin, barbarism, the use of foreign or obsolete words, rhu barb (thr. Fr. and Lat, lit. the barbarian plant from the Rha, i.e. the Volga). an Baro- (/Sapo? weight, /3a/au etc. pheric pressure ; -logy ; -meter, -metric, ; -scope ; bary-centric, pertaining to the centre of -tone. gravity ; Bas-, bat-, bet (root /3a in /3amo to go, /3ao-t fructification of mushrooms; ana-basis; cata- basis ; dia- betes ; aero-bat; stylo-bat; a-dia-batic (i.e. not to be passed through), without gain or loss of heat, used of bodies volume a changing ; hyper-baton, fig- ure by which words are placed in an unusual position. Basil- a crested snake basilica (/3a built); basilicon, a kind of ointment; so named from its reputed sovereign virtues. Biblio- (fiiftXiov a book). Bible, -lical ; biblio-grapky ; -la try, book worship; -mancy ; -mania; -phile ; -phobia, a dread of books; -pole, a dealer in rare books a ; -tJieca, library. Bio- (/3tb Blasphem- (/3\a(T(f>rifjLia evil speaking), blasphem-e, -ous, -my. Cf. blame, through O.Fr., blame. Blast- (/SXao-To? bud, germ), blasto-derm ; odonto-blast ; osteo- ; piano- ; sarco-, zoo-. Blem-, v. ball-. Blenn- (/3XeWa mucus). blennorrJiagia. blenny, a fish with mucous-covered scales. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 51 Bol-, v. ball-. Boreas (ftopeas the north wind), hypcr-borean. Botan- (ftoTcivri grass, herbs), botan-y ; -ical ; -ist. Brachy- (/3/ja^w short), brachy-cephalic ; brachy-logy, conciseness in tri- expression ; amphi-bracJi ; brach www. Brom- (/3/9&>/u,o Broma (fipwfjLa -aro? food), broma, a preparation of chocolate a on foods ; bromato-grapJiy, disquisition ; tJieo-bromine, a substance found in the chocolate bean. Bronchia (fipoyxia the bronchial tubes), bronch-ial, -itis ; broncJio-cele, a goitre; -tomy. Bryo- (fipvw be full of, swell), em-bryo ; -logy; -geny, science dealing with the formation of embryos. Bu-, bos- (/Sou? an ox), bu-centaur, a fabulous monster, half ox and half the state of Venice man ; barge ; the horse of Alexander the Great Bucephalus^ ; bn-colic a (/3ou/coXo? ox-herd) ; bu-crane, sculptured ox-head lit. ox ; bosphorus, passage, originally applied to straits cf. a sacrifice several ; Oxford ; hecatom-b, of a hundred oxen number of victims. ; any large Bub- (ftovjSdw the groin), bubo ; bubonic. will. Bui- (/rtoiA,?; will; plan, council), a-bulia, loss of Butyr- (ftovrvpov butter, /3oi)9 + rvpds cheese), butyr-ic, to or derived from butter -in or a pertaining ; -ine, in butter -ous. butter liquid occurring ; -aceons, (thr. Lat. butyruni). state of the blood Cac- (icaKof, bad), cac-hacmia, bad ; 52 A MINIMUM OF GREEK coco-demon; -graphy ; -logy, bad choice of words; -phonous ; -trophy. Cain-, cene- (icaivd?, new), caino-zoic (Geol.), tertiary; eo-cene (dawn of the recent) (Geol.), a division of the tertiary system, in which first traces of of shells are found mio- existing species ; (/-teiW the middle strata less), tertiary ; plio- (TrXetW more), the more recent kainite. tertiary deposits ; Cal- (/mXe'co call), ecclesia, v. -clete. kal- beautiful /caXXo? calli- Cal-, call-, (/caXoV ; beauty), graphy ; calli-sthenic ; calo-type, a photographic process; -mel (/u,e'Xa li-ope (+ o-fy voice), n.p., Muse that presides over eloquence and heroic poetry. Calyc- (/caXu, gen. -VKOS the calyx of a flower), calyc- anthemous (Bot.), having petal-like sepals; calyx and its derivatives are often confounded with Lat. calix, a cup, which is derived from Kv\ig a drinking- cup. Calyp-, calyb- (/caXuTrreo cover, hide), calyb-ite (fr. ica- \vj3r) a hut), one of a class of early Christians who lived in huts a veil -ate ; calyptr-a, ; (Bot.), having a calyptra ; apo-calypse (aTroKaXtiTrro) uncover), -calyptic. Canister (tcdvicrrpov, Lat. canistrum, a wicker basket). Canon a or ruler (icavwv, gen. -o^o Cardi- (tcap^ta the heart, the stomach), cardia, the open- that admits food into the of ing stomach ; -c, or to the heart or cardia heart- pertaining ; cardi-algia, burn; card-itis ; cardio-id ; cardio-grapJi, instrument for motions of the heart recording ; endo-cardinm, the of the heart -cardiac lining ; ; peri-cardium ; peri- card-itis ; myo-carditis, v. my-. Observe for- mation of these medical terms -itis = inflamma- ; tion of. Carpo- (/ca/37ro? fruit), carpo-lite, a fossil fruit; -logy ; -phagous ; endo-carp, the inner wall of a pericarp the outer skin of fruits the (Bot.) ; epi-, ; peri-, ripened ovary or fruit covering. amplii-carpic, producing two kinds of fruit. Castanets (fr. resemblance to chestnuts) and Chestnuts. Both words corrupted thr. Fr. and Lat. fr. icdcrTavov a chestnut, fr. Kda-rava a city of Pontus, noted for its chestnut trees. cat- often a cata-, (Kara down, against ; merely strength- ening prefix, v. second part of word), cata caustic ; -clysm ; -comb ; -lectic; -lepsy ; -logne ; -lysis ; -peta- lons ; -phonics ; -plasm; -pult (thr. Lat. fr. Gr. v. rJieo- -stasis cat- KaraTreXrrj^) ; -rrh, ; ; -strophe ; acoustics ; -anadromons ; -aract ; cat-echism, -ise, -ist, -umen ; cat-egory, -ical ; -optrics ; cat-hedra, -I ; -heretic; -Jieter ; -hode ; -Jiolic, -ism, -ize ; -holicon = panacea. Cathar- (tcaOapo's pure), cathar-sis, a purging, -tic ; -tine, the purgative principle of senna; Katharine, n.p. Caust-, caut- (/caiw burn, adj. /cafo-ro? burnt), caust-ic, a iron -icity ; canter, hot, searing ; -ant, -ism, -ize, 54 A MINIMUM OF GREEK -y ; cata-caustic, a caustic curve formed by reflec- tion that which is caustic as ; dia-, by refraction, the sun's rays through a convex lens; en-, pertain- to art of in colours on etc. ing the burning glass, ; ink (Gr. eyfcavarov = Lat. incanstum = vitriol and oak galls mixed in heat; Ital. inchiostro ; Dutch inkt). holo-caust. Centaur (K&Tavpos a monster half man and half horse). bti-centaurt a monster half ox and half man. Centre- (tcei/Tpov a goad, point, centre of circle). Lat. centrum, from which come many derivatives. Cephal- (Ke<$>d\r) the head), cephal-algy ; -ate, having a distinct head as a -ic inflam- (Zool.), mollusk ; ; -itis, mation of the brain. cephalo-meter ; -tomy ; -pod, a mollusk tentacles attached to the head having ; -id; Bu-cephalus. cephalic, -cepJialons, suffixes used in Zool., etc. brachy- ; dolicho- ; macro- ; micro- ; etc. Cer- (/cejoa?, gen. /ce/>aro -plastic, modelled in wax; ccro-tic ; -xylon, the wax palm. Chaos (%ao? space), chaos; chaotic. Character character lit. (^apaKrr^p ; impress, print, character), -isfie, -ize. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 55 Chads (x<*P L s favour, thanks), cn-charist, -istic. Chem v. , chyl-. Chili kilo- , (^I\LQL, adj., %tXta9, noun, a thousand). a chiliad, thousand, especially of years; chili-arch ; kilo-gram (thr. Fr.), -litre, -metre ; -stere. Chir the (%et'jQ hand). chir-urgeon, surgeon ; -agra ; -er chiro-graph, ; -gymnast ; -logy; -mancy ; -nomy, the art of gesticulation; -plast ; -podist ; allo-chiria. Chloros (%X Choi- (%oX?7 gall, bile, anger), chole-ic, pertaining to bile cJwler -aic the ; ; cholera, ; cJioler-ine, precur- of cholera sory symptoms ; melan-choly. Chondr- a chondritis (^oVS/ao? corn, grain ; cartilage), ; a treatise on cJiondro-logy ; -grapJiy, cartilage ; -id, a for -meter, steelyard weighing grain ; kypo-chon- drium, that part of the abdomen beneath the false ribs -iac. ; Jiypo-cJiondria, Chor- (%(bpa, %copo? a country, place). cJioro-logy ; -graphcr. Chor- (%o/oo9 a dance, choral dance). cJior-agus ; chor-al ; chor-iainbus _ w ^ _; chor-ist, ister; chor-ic ; choir (thf. Lat); Terpsi-chore, n.p. 56 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Chord- (%o/)8?7 a string). Lat. chorda, chord, mono- instrument with one chord, string only ; poly-chord, harpsi-chord; cord (thr. Lat.); cordage ; cordelier, a Franciscan friar r. his cordite. (f girdle) ; Chris- oil chrismal chri- (%/> anoint), chrism, holy ; ; som, linen anointed with oil; Christ, -en, -endom, -ening, -ian, -ianity, -ianize, -ology; Christopher, n.p. Chrom- (%/ow/ia, -aro? colour). chromo-scope ; -logy ; a chrome ; chromium, metal ; c/iromate, a salt of chromic acid chromato-meter ; ; -phore, one of the cells in animals discoloration of pigment ; -sis, the skin an in a ; chroma-trope, arrangement magic lantern for colours chromo- producing changing ; lithograph, hence chromo ; chromo-sphere, gaseous the sun envelope surrounding ; chromo-typograph ; chromnle, colouring matter in plants, except chloro- phyll; chromatic (Mus.) proceeding by semi-tones (the intermediate tones were originally printed in colours); mono-chrome ; mono-chro-matic, presenting of of one colour -atic rays light only ; poly-chrome, ; photo-chromy ; iso-chromatic ; di-chromatic ; a-chro- matic. Chron- (xpovos time), chron-ic ; chroni-cle, -cler ; cJirono- barometer ; -gram, inscription in which date is expressed by letters, -grapJi, -er ; -logy ; -meter, -metric, -metry ; -pher, a contrivance for conveying time by electricity; -scope; ana-chronism, -istic; iso-chronism ; tauto-chrone, a curve such that a body rolling down it from any point in it will reach the lowest in the time always point same ; syn-chronize, -ism, -istic. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 57 Chrys- (x/>ucro' Chyl-, chym-, chem- (%eo> pour; hence, %uXo digestive juice ; xvpos juice, liquid), c/iyl-e, -ons and numerous hybrid words, cJiyli-faction, -ferous, etc. (Lat. facio, fero}. chym-e, -ons ; cliymi-(ficatioii), etc. cellular ; par-en-chyma, soft, tissue, pith of plants. syn-chysis (Rhet), confusion. c/iem-ical, -ist, -istry, etc. (older form, alchemy, etc. These words came thr. Fr. and Arab. fr. late Gk. %77/xeia). Cin-, Kin- (/az>ea> move, Kivrjfia a motion), cinemato- graph, also kin-; cin-enchyma ( + ey^o/ua an infu- sion, eV-f-^eiw pour) Bot, sap-bearing tissue, -tons; kinemat-ics, the science of motion, -ic,-ical ; kin-etic, causing motion. Clas- (/cXao) break, /cXao-t? a breaking), ana-clastic, per- to the refraction of little taining light ; oligo-clase (a fracture), a kind of felspar; ortJio-, potash fel- an oxide of a spar ; peri-, magnesium ; icono-clast, breaker of images, -ic. Clept- (/cXeTTTto steal, fut. K\e\Jr(o). cleps-ammia (a/i/^o? an instrument for time sand sand), measuring by ; -ydra (v8(i)p water), instrument for measuring time by flow of water through an aperture, the water clock of the ancients -c. a ; kle-pto-mania, klepJit, Greek brigand. Cler- a lot an inheritance the (ic\rjpo clergy), clergy (thr. O. Fr. and Lat. clericia ; Old Eng. clerisy); cleric, -al ; clerk (thr. Lat.), clero-mancy, divination by lot; -noiny (W/ia> dis- tribute), heritage. clet3 in Paraclete called to one's in (7rapdfc\r)To<; aid) ; N.T. = the cf. ecclcsia. helper (/caXecw call) ; Clim-, clin-, clit- (i. K\ivw slope, lean, recline, K\ivr) a bed 2. -aro? a climate K\I- ; icXi^a, slope; region, ; 3. -a/co? a ladder hence in a fjia%, ; rhetoric, gradual ascent, climax), (i) clino-meter, instrument for determining the slant or dip of strata, -metry ; tri- clinic (Min.), having three axes obliquely inclined to one another iso -clinic the same slant or ; ^ having dip, -al; tri-clinium (thr. Lat.), a set of three couches used in ancient dining Rome ; clinic, -al, to a sick bed a bedside exami- pertaining ; clinique, nation of a patient (these words thr. Fr. and Lat.); en-clitic, a word which leans its accent upon the one before; (2) climate (thr. Fr. and Lat.); climat-al ; -archie, presiding over climates; -ic ; -izc ; climato- graphy ; -logy. (3) climax ; climact-cric, pertaining to a critical period or crisis. Clys- (/cXu&> wash over), clyster ; clysmic, washing, cleaning; cata-clysm, deluge, catastrophe. Cocco- a a kind of (KOKKOS berry), cocco-lite, pyroxene ; -liths, minute disks, fossil remains of algae found in Atlantic ooze a mass of cocco- ; -sphere, spherical liths coccus one of the divisions of ; (Bot), separate a schizocarp (a lobed fruit with one-seeded cells); cochineal (because Gr. KOKKOS was used to obtain a scarlet dye; thr. Sp. and Lat.). A. MINIMUM OF GREEK 59 Col- (KO\OV the large intestine, the colon). colic (thr. Lat); col-itis. Coll- (/co'XXa glue), coll-odion (eZSo -ic ; comedy (/ctu/Lu8ta, /CCO/AO? + aet'8&> sing). -arc? a cf . to lull to Coma (/cw/ia, deep sleep ; Koi^dco rest), comat-ose ; cf. cemetery (thr. Fr. and Lat. fr. KOi/jiT)T)jpiov a sleeping-room). Comb, v. cymb. a comet to have Comet (/co/*?7T?7? ; Ko^aa long hair). Comma-, v. cop. cut a short clause in Cop- (/coTTTco cut, Kofji/^a, something ; a sentence), apo-cope, the omission of the last letter or of a word elision of syllable ; -copate ; syn-cope, letters or a syllable from the middle of a word, -copate, -copist, -copize ; peri-cope, an extract from the Scripture. comma. fossil Copro- (/coVpo? dung). coprolite, dung ; copro- etc. pJiagan, dung-beetle, ; ornitJiocopros, guano. Cord, v. chord. 60 A MINIMUM OF GREEK order hence the world or from Cosmo- (/coV/^o? ; universe, its to perfect arrangement ; Kocr^ea) adorn), cosm-ic, to the universe the of -a!, pertaining ; -ism, theory the universe or cosmos, esp. the doctrine of evolu- tion. cosmo-gony, origin of the universe, -gonist, -gonic ; -graphy ; -latry ; -logy ; -metry ; -plastic, to the formation of the world pertaining ; -polite, -politan ; -sphere, an instrument for showing posi- to the fixed stars tion of the earth with respect ; -theism an exhi- pantheism ; cosm-orama, optical bition of drawings of the world. cosm-etic. Cothurn- (/coOopvos the cothurnus or buskin, a kind of shoe worn by Gr. and Rom. tragedians), cothnrn- ate, tragical, stilted. hollow f r. Cotyledon (KOTvXrjBwv any cup-like ; KOTv~\.r) a cup), one of the seed-lobes of the embryo plant; a seed lobe -ous, having ; a-cotyledonous ; mono-, di-, poly-. cranium cranial Cranio- (Kpdvwv skull), (thr. Lat.) ; ; cranio-logy, -logist ; -meter, -metry ; -scopy, exami- of the skull nation ; migraine, me~grim (corrupted fr. rjpiKpavia, thr. Fr. and Lat.), nervous headache on one side of the head. crasis the Cras- (tcepavvv/jii mix, /cpaais a mixing), (i) of the blood the coalescence of constitution ; (2) two vowels into one long one or diphthong. dys- crasy, distemperature of the bodily juices. poly- erase, a mineral. Crat- (Kpareco be strong, rule), aristo-crat, -cracy ; auto- ; mob-rule the doc- demo- ; kiero- ; ochlo-, ; physio-, trine that wealth consists entirely in land and its A MINIMUM OF GREEK 6l thco- a state in which products ; ; pluto-; timo-, honours are awarded according to the amount of property one has (jwf] honour, assessment). pan- cratium, in ancient Greece a gymnastic contest and ath- that combined wrestling boxing ; -cratic, letic -cratist. not unfre- ; Hybrid compounds quent; e.g. burean-cracy. cf. a Crater (icpar-ijp, eras-, mixing vessel, cup; hence the crater of a volcano). Crea-, creo- (repeat, gen. -aro? flesh), creo-sote (crambo saviour; hence preserver of flesh, from its antisep- tic qualities). creat-ine, an organic substance ob- tained from muscular tissue. pan-creas, -creatic. Cris-, crit- (icpivw separate, judge; Kpi etc. hypo-crite (irn-oKpiT^ an actor). dia-critic, -ical, separating, distinctive. frost Cryo-, crystal- (/cpvo? ; KpvaraXXos ice), cryo-gen, mixture a fluoride of sodium and a freezing ; -lite, an instrument for aluminium ; -phorus, showing in water fall of temperature by evaporation ; crys- the science of tal ; crystall-ine, -ize ; crystallo-geny, the production of crystals; -genie; -graphy, -ic ; -id ; palaeo-crystic ; micro-crystalline. Cryph-, crypt- (/C/OUTTTW hide), crypt ; cryptic, hidden, secret -ist, -ous, ; ; crypto-gam (v. -gam), -ic, -y -gram, in secret characters something written ; -graphic, -y ; secret secret name ; -logy, language ; -nym, crypto- of i.e, genctic, hidden origin ; Apocrypha^ hidden, 62 A MINIMUM OF GREEK of unrecognized writings ; krypton, one the inert constituents of the atmosphere. Grotto is really the same word as crypt, after coming through Ital. and Lat. cf . also the Fr. ; grot, grotte. Cyan- (KVCLVOS cyanos, a dark-blue substance used to adorn works in dark blue metal), cyan-ean, ; -ine, a blue colouring matter; -o-meter, instrument for of blue in etc. measuring intensity sky, ; -o-typc, a obtained the use of blue photo by prussian ; -o-gen, a gas composed of one atom of nitrogen and one of carbon to a ; -ic, pertaining cyanogen ; -ide, com- of the same a silicate of pound ; -ite, aluminium ; -osis, a disease in which the skin is of a livid blue. Cyclo- (KVK\OS a wheel, a circle). Cycl-ops (w-fy eye), one of a race of giants who had one huge eye in centre of forehead, -opean, -opic ; cyclo-grapJi ; -id, a curve described by a point in the circumference of a circle revolved on a line straight ; -meter ; -ne, 1 -nic ; cycl-omma, ^. circular panorama; -sis, circula- tion of blood or other fluid -stomous ; (Zo.), having a circular mouth instrument for ; -style, multiply- of letters = ing copies ; -paedia ( encyclo-}. bi-cycle, tri- cyclist ; ; en-cyclic ; en-cyclo-paedia (-jratSeta edu- f r. ?rat? a a circle cation, boy) ; epi-cycle, whose centre moves round in the circumference of a greater circle. Cymb-, comb (Kvpfir) a hollow, a cup), cymbal (thr. Fr. and Lat.); cata-comb (thr. Fr. and Lat.). Cyn- (KVCOV, gen. KVVO? a dog). Cyn-ic, orig. one of a school of ancient philosophers who despised A MINIMUM OF GREEK 63 riches, pleasures, science, etc. So called from their or -icism. grumbling snarling ; -ical, Cynos- ure (gen. of KVWV -{- ovpa a tail, lit. a dog's tail), the constellation of the Little Bear. It contains the Pole star often looked for hence ; by mariners, something that attracts attention. Cyst- (tcvo-Tts a bladder), cystic; cystitis; cystotomy,e\.c. Cyto- (KVTOS hollow vessel), cyto-blast, cell-nucleus; like a cell cytoid, ; cyto-genesis. Dacryo- (Sdicpvov a tear). Dactyl- (SdKTvXos finger), dactyl w (so called fr. resemblance to bones of an finger) ; dactylio-glyph, of art of engraver finger rings ; -logy, conversing with fingers ; di-dactyle, -ylous ; ptcro-dactyl. Dec, doch- (de^o/uat receive, ^0^77 reception); pan dect, a treatise that contains the whole of science any ; synec-doche, a figure in which the whole is taken for a part, or vice versa, -dochical. Deca (Betca ten). decadal; decade; deca-gon ; deca- ten gram ; deca-gynons, having pistils ; dec-androns, having ten stamens; deca-Jiedron ; -litre; -logue, -logist ; -metre; -sticli ; -style ; -syllabic. Deic-, dig-, diet- (BeiKvvjju to show), deictic, proving by direct tabular argument ; para-digm, example ; apo- absolute demon- deixis, proof ; apodictic ; cpidictic, strative. Dem- (Sfjpos people), dem-agogne, -agogism, -agogic ; a worker for the demi-urge (lit. people ; 77/^09 belonging to the people), a maker or creator, -urgic ; demo-cracy, -crat, -cratize ; dcmo-grapJiy ; demo- tic ; en-dem-ic, peculiar to a people, -ial, -ically, -icity, 64 A MINIMUM OF GREEK en-demio-logy ; epi-dem-ic, -io-grapJiy, -io-logy ; pan- demic = epi-. Demon (Sat/jLwv a deity, spirit), demon, -ism, -ize, demo- niac ; demono-latry, demon worship; -logy; pan- demonium. Dendr- (SevSpov a tree), dendr-achate (a%ar?7? agate), moss dendro-id agate ; dendri-{form)\ ; dendro-lite, a fossil RJwdo-dendron. plant ; -logy; -meter; Derma (Sep^a, -aro? skin), derma, dermis, or derm, the true skin, -al, -atic, -ic ; dermato-id ; -legist, -logy ; a that on the skin dermo- -pliyte, plant grows ; skeleton, the horny outer covering of many ani- armadillo thick-skinned mals, e.g. ; pacJiy-derm, animal, -atous ; epi-dermis ; Jiypo-dermic. Des- (BaiofjLai, distribute, measure), geo-desy ; geode- tic, -al. det- to bind desmos a bond dctos SeroV Desm-, (Se'a> ; Seo-/Lio' Despotes (Secr-TroTT?? master, ruler), despot, -ic, -ism, -ize. Deutero- (Seurepo? second). dentero-gamist, -gamy ; Dentero-nomy ; -patJiy, a sympathetic affection of one part of the body with another. Dia- (Sid through), dia-bolical, cf. p. 33; -caustic ; di- aeresis -osis (v. haer-) ; dia-gnose, ; -gonal ; -gram ; -graph; -lect, -lectic ; -meter; -pJianous ; -rrJioea; -tribe; -tonic ; -logue ; di-electric, substance through which electric induction takes place, di-orama. " A MINIMUM OF GREEK 65 Diacon- (Sidicovos a servant, minister), diacon-al ; dia- con-ate ; deacon (thr. Lat). Die- (8 tier) right, justice), dicast ; syn-dic, -ate; theo-dicy. Didakt- (Si^a/crd? taught, fr. SiSdo-fcco teach), didactic. Diet (Staira life, mode of life), diet, -ary, -ic, -ist. Diphthera (&i Diplo- (SiTrXo'o?, StTrXoO? twofold), diploma, lit. a folded a disease of the which document ; dipl-opia, eye double soft sub- makes things appear ; diploe, the of the skull stance between plates ; ana-diplosis, repetition of an initial word. Dis-, di- (i -ize ; -petalous ; -androus ; -meter ; -oxide ; -pJiyllous ; -cotyledonoiis ; -lemma (v. lab}. Disc- (3tWo? a quoit). disk(\.\\r. Lat., cf. dish}] dis-co-id. = Bvco Dodeka (SwSe/ea twelve -f e/ea). dodeca-gon, -al ; dodeca-gyn, plant having twelve styles, -ian ; dodec- twelve stamens dodeca- ander, -rous, plant having ; twelve -ral. petalons, having petals ; -Iicdron, dox- think -aro? Dog-, (BoKea) ; Bdypa, opinion ; So'|a opin- ion, glory), dogma, dogmat-ic, -ism, -ist, -ize ; ortho- dox ; Iietero-dox ; para-dox ; doxo-logy, a giving of glory. Domos (So'/^o? a house). Cf. Lat. domus, which is the source of many scientific derivatives. -dor to So'ais a w- Dos-, dot-, ((i) Si&y/u give ; giving ; (2) pov gift), dose ; dosimeter, apparatus for measur- ing doses; doso-logy ; apo-dosis (v. protasis under 66 A MINIMUM OF GREEK ten-}; an-ec-dote, not given out, hence a secret, fact anti-dote. eleventh particular ; (3) TJiermi-dor, month of the year during first French Republic, -dorian; TJico-dore, n.p. ; Doro-thea, n.p. ; Doris, n.p. ; Dora, n.p. ; Pan-dora, n.p. Dra- (Bpao) to do), drama, dramat-ic, -ist, -ise ; -nrgy ; mclo-drama ; drastic. Drom- (Bpdpos a race), dromedary (thr. Fr.). drom-ic, -al. hippo-drome ; peri-drome, the open space be- tween the columns and walls of a building sur- rounded with columns art of ; ortJio-dromy, the sailing in a direct line, -dromic ; cf. loxo-dromics. palin-drome, a word or sentence that is the same read backwards or forwards, e.g. the epitaph, " Shall we all die? We shall die all. All die shall we. Die all we shall." Dul- (SoOXo? a slave), dnlia, worship paid in the Roman Catholic to etc. Church angels, saints, ; Jiyper-dulia, special worship given to the Virgin Mary. a cf. dodcka. Dyad- (8vw two), pair ; Dyn- (Swaficu be able, have power), dynam-ic, -ics, -ical ; dynam-ite ; dynam-o ; dynamo-meter, -metric ; a unit of force dyne, ; iso-dynamic, having equal form; dynasty, -tic; a-dynamy, -ia, -ic. Dys- (Svs- un-, mis-, bad), dys-entery ; dys-logistic, cen- sorious defective vision ; dys-opsy, ; dys-pepsia ; dys- pnoea, difficulty of breathing. Dyt- (Svw enter, dive), a-dytum, shrine (not to be en- a cave -tism a tered) ; troglo-dyte, man, -tic, (rpcoyXr) hole). EC-, v. oec-. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 67 EC, ex (GK, e'f out), ec-centric ; ec-clesia, called out, sum- moned, a congregation, church, -iast, -iastic, etc. fr. Ka\ea> call ec-lcctic leave ; ; ec-lipse (e/c\eiVa) out) ; ec-stasy ; ec-zcma ; ex-arch, superior bishop, -ate ; ex- egesis ; ex-odus, -odist, -odic. Ech-, och-, uch-, ex-, hect- (in e%a> have; et? a being, condition, habit). ep-ocJi ; enn-uch ; OpJii-ncJius, a the covet- constellation, Serpent-bearer ; plcon-exia, constitutional, v. scJiem-. ousness ; hcct-ic, habitual, Echinus (e'^^o? hedgehog), echinus ; echin-ate ; -idan ; echin ite, fossil sea-urchin; echin~odermt -atous. Echo sound sound (ri'Xto ; /car^eco down, interrogate). echo, -meter, -scope ; cat-echize, -ism, -ist, istic ; cat- echetica I ; ca t- echumen . -eder, v. hedra. -egory, v. agora. -egy, v. ag-. Eido-, idol (elSo? form, shape).' eido-graph ; eido-scope ; kaleido-scope ; idyll, -ic (lit. a little picture). (et&o- \QV shape, image), idol ; ido-latry, -trous, -ize. -id and -o-id, common suffixes = like, e.g. mastoid, spheroid. icon Eikon, icon (et/ccoy figure, image, picture), cikon, ; iconic; icono-clast, -clasm, -clastic; icono-grapJiy ; icono- later, -latry ; icono-logy. Eikosi, ico- (eiKoat twenty). icos-aJicdral, twenty-sided, -ahedron ; icos-andria, class of plants having twenty or more stamens inserted in calyx. in- Eiren-, iren- (elpijvr) peace), eiren-icon, a proposal tended to bring about peace; iren-ic, -ical, peace- ful, -ics ; Irene, n.p. 68 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Elae- an eXaiov olive (eXaia olive, oil), elaeo-lite, a variety of nephelite; elaeo-meter ; elain, the liquid prin- ciple of fats and oils. elat- Elas-, (e\avvw drive, stretch), elastic, -ity ; elatry = of etc. a elasticity air, ; elatro-meter, pressure gauge for air or steam. of Eleg- (e'Xe7o? song mourning, lament). elegy, ele- giac ; elegize, -ist. Elektro (rjXeKrpov amber), electro-, a prefix denoting association with cf. electricity, electro-chemistry ; electr-ic; electr-ine, supposed principle of electricity; electr-ize, -icity; electro-cation (-cntion in imitation of the Latin derivative exe-cutioii) ; electr-ode ; elec- tro-logy ; -lysis; -lyze ; -meter, -mctry ; -pathy ; -phone ; -scope ; -statics ; thermo-electricity, electric- ity developed by heat, -trie. Eleos (e\09 pity), eleemosynary (thr. Lat. fr. e'Xe?;- poavvT] alms), given in charity, cf. Ger. almoscn, Eng. alms. Kyrie eleison, Lord have mercy upon us ! a chant. Elephant- (e\ea9 gen. eXe^avro? elephant, ivory), ele- pJiant, -ine ; elepJiant-iasis, a disease of the skin. cJirys- elephantine. Ellipse, v. lip. Elys-, Elyt- (in r)\v0a, perf. of verb meaning "to come"). Elysium, Elysian (TO 'HXvaiov TreSioi/); Les cliamps in Paris -ize. Elyse'es ; pros-clyte, -elytism, En Lat. in. (eV in). Before labial mutes em ; before 1, el. lit. on en en-clitic, leaning ; en-cyclical ; allage ; en-cephalic; en-craty, self-control, -cratic ; encaus- en- en tic; cyclopedia ; cyst ; en tomology (v. re^vw); A MINIMUM OF GREEK 69 en-demic en-tJiusiasm em- ; en-ergy ; (0eo? God) ; blem ; em-pJiasis ; em-bryo ; em-porium ; em-piric ; el-lipse. ento- within endo-car- Endo-, (evSov ; eVroV, within), diac ; -chrome; -gamy; -gen, -genous ; -parasite; -sperm; end-osmosis ; ento-phyte, plant growing within another or animal plant ; ento-parasite. Ennea (evvea nine), ennead ; ennea-gon. Enter- intestines (evrepov bowel). enter-ate, having ; enter-ic ; enter-itis ; dys-entery, -enteric ; mes-entery. -eor, v. meteor. Eos Ionic eo-zoic. (u? ; 77(09 dawn), eo-cene, Epi-, eph- (eVi, e$' before "h" sound, at, to), ep-act ; enumeration ep-anodos, ; cp-antJious, growing upon flowers; ep-cxcgesis, -getic ; cp-Jiemera, -al ; epi- outer skin of fruits carp, ; epi-ccne ; epi-demic ; epi- dermal, -dcrmis ; cpi-genesis ; epi-glottis ; epi-gram ; epi-graph ; epi-lcpsy ; cpi-logue ; epi-pJiany ; epi-sco- pal ; ep-isode v. hod ; epi-stle (o-reXXo)); epi-tapli ; cpi-thet ; epi-tome (re'/xi/ty) ; cp-ocJi (v. e'%&>); cp-ode. an Epos (eVo? word), epic ; epopee, epic poem ; ortJio-cpy, -epist, -ic. -itic her- Erem- (e/o/7/tio? desert), erem-ic ; erem-ite ; ; mit, -age (thr. Fr.). Erg-, org-, urg- (in epyov work), ergon ; cn-ergy ; syn- mutual action -al = ergy, -ergistic, -ism, ; cncrgic, en ergetic. organ (Gr. opyavov an implement, thr. Fr.\-ic',-ism, -ist, -ize ; organo-gcny ; -grapJiy; -logy ; en-ergumen, one possessed by an evil spirit; argon (a priv. + ep7-)> one ^ tne inert constituents of the atmosphere; ge orgic, relating to agriculture ' 7O A MINIMUM OF GREEK earth); Ge-orge, n.p. ; chir-urgeon ; s-urgeon (con- traction of preceding); demi-urge, a maker or creator thaumat- act of ; dmmat-urgy ; urgy, per- forming miracles; the-urgy, -ist, -ical ; lit-jirgy(\.\\r. Fr., XeiTovpyeo) perform public services) ; -urgics, -urgiology ; metallurgy (thr. Fr. and late Lat.). erot-ic eroto-mania. Eros (e/3ft)?, gen. e/xwro? love), ; Erys-, eryth- (tyvdpk red), erysi-pelas, -pclous ; eryth- a redness of the skin an ema (Path.), ; erytJir-ite, arseniate of copper. -esis, v. heter. Esthet-, v. aestJi-. Ether, ethyl, v. Aeth-. Ethno- (eOvos a race, people), ethn-ical, -ic, -ism ; etlino- geny ; -graphy ; -logy, -logist. Ethos (riOos character, habit), ctii-ic, -ical, -icist, -ize. Etos (ero? a year), etesian, blowing at certain times of the year (of winds), periodical. Etymo- (eVu/io? true), etymo-logy, -logize, -logist ; ety- mon, an original form, root. Eu, ev (e5 well), eu-calyptus (well concealed); eu-charist, the sacrament of the Lord's eu-demonism supper ; ; harmonic; -logy, -logist, -ize ; -patJiy ; pepsia, oppo- site to -ize dyspepsia ; -pJiemism, -istic, ; -phonize, a kind of -phonism, -ptionious, -phonicon, piano ; -phu- istn Gr. a book (from evtyvijs shapely, graceful ; by J. Lyly in an ornate, affected style which became fashionable in Elizabeth's reign), -ist ; -rJiythmy, har- monious order movement ; -taxy, good ; -tectic, fusing death i\\\\.r\- easily ; tlianasia, easy ; -trophy, healthy \xyn\ev~angel,-angelicy -angelism, -angelist(\hx. Lat.). A MINIMUM OF GREEK /I Eur-, v. hcnr. Ex, v. cc. Exo (eo> outside), cxo-gen, -genous, -genetic ; exo-patJiic ; outer of a cell -or- exo-plasni, protoplasm ; ex-orcise, cist ; exo-skeleton ; exo-teric ; ex-otic. F-, v. ///. Galact-(7aXa, gen. 7aXa/rro9 milk), galact-ic ; -o-meter ; milk the snow- -o-pJiorons, producing ; gal-anthus% of the drop genus plants ; galaxy, Milky Way. Gam- (7/i09 marriage), crypto-gam, a plant that has no apparent or true flower, as ferns, -ic, -ist, -ous ; poly-gamy ; mono-gamy, -gamist, -ga-mons ; bi- gamy, -gamist, -gamous (a hybrid word fr. Lat. bis\ Ganglio- (ydyyXiov a swelling, tumour), ganglion, -ic. Gastr- (yaarijp, -rpds, and -repos, the belly), gastero-pod, a molluscous animal with a ventral disk instead of feet; gastr-ic ; -itis ; -algia ; gastro-enteritis ; -logy ; -mancy ; -nomer, -name, an epicure, a glut- ton ; -tomy ; -scope. become Gen-, gon- (root gen, become, produce ; ytyvofiai ; fut. birth kin- yevrjaofjiai ; 7eVecri ninm, the organ in which the spores are devel- oped. Geo- the earth also ref- (777 ; Fata), geo-centric, having erence to the earth as a centre of ; -desy, survey earth's surface, -detic, -ical ; -cyclic, pertaining to the revolutions of the earth -de ; (eZSo? form) (Min.), a rounded nodule of stone containing a small science of the structure of cavity ; -gnosy, gnosis, the earth doctrine of the formation ; -gnostic ; -gone, of the earth -ic -ical ; -grapJiy, ; -logy, -ist, ; -mancy ; -metry, -trie ; -nomy ; -pliagism ; -ponic (TTOVOS toil), to the of the earth -tro- pertaining tillage ; -scopy ; pism, tendency of a plant to send its roots toward centre of the earth v. the ; ge-orgic, erg ; George, n.p. (yewpyds a farmer). apo-gee, that point in the orbit of a farthest from the earth heavenly body ; in moon's orbit nearest earth -geal ; peri-gee, point ; hypo-geum, a structure underground. -avros the a Gigant- (71709, gen. ; mostly plural ; Giants, race the of or v. fabulous ; sons Gaia Earth, supra}, gigant-ic, -ean (thr. Lat.),^'rt;/(thr. O. Fr. and Lat). later Attic a Gloss-, glott- (j\o)cro-a, f\Gyna (i) tongue ; dialect a difficult word (2) language, ; (3) requiring explanation), gloss, an explanatory note on a word late -ist instru- (thr. Lat.) ; -ary, -arist, ; glosso-graph, ment for recording the movements of the tongue; the of or -graphy, writing glosses glossaries ; -logy, science of language; -tomy ; glottis; cpi-glottis ; several a book writ- poly-glot, containing languages ; ten in several one languages ; who speaks many languages. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 73 Glue-, Glyc- (7\v/cv5 sweet), gluco-meter, instrument for testing the sugar in wine; glucose; glyc-erine ; glycogen, glyc-ol. licorice (thr. Fr. and Lat. cor- rupted fr. glyco-rliiza, i.e. lit., sweet-root, fr. pife a root). Glyph-, glypt- (yXvcjjaj carve), glypho-graphy, a process of means of voltaic Jiiero- etching by electricity ; glyph ; tri-glyph, an ornament in the frieze of a Doric column, -ic, -ical ; HtJio-, a carving on a precious stone; ana-, an embossed ornament worked in relief, as a cameo; glyptic, -ics. glypto-don extinct with fluted teeth en- quadruped ; -graph, graving on a gem, etc. Gnos-, gnom- (yiyvtoo-KQ) discern, know, fut. yvdtxra)). of the kind Gnosis, science, knowledge highest ; lit. the men with a sect Gnostics, higher knowledge ; in the early days of Christianity, -ism ; a-gnostic (a priv.), -ism ; dia-gnosis the art of knowing the symptoms of a disease, -gnose, -gnostic ; pro-gnosis, foreknowledge, -gnostic, -gnosticate ; gco-gnostic, v. a geo-. gnome (yva)/j,r), opinion, thought) (i) maxim, saying; (2) (thr. Fr.) an imaginary dwarfish being to live in the earth supposed ; gnomic, sententious, containing maxims; gnomon (^vw^wv) (i) one that a hence the or index on knows, judge ; (2) gnomon a sun-dial a hence in ; (3) carpenter's square ; (4) Geom., a gnomon, from its shape (v. Enc. Bk. II. 2 and survive in def.). Meanings 4 English ; -o-logy, a treatise on dialling. ana-gnorisis (yvooptl^co make known, recognize), the recognition as leading to the in a denouement tragedy ; pJiysio-gnomy. 74 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Gon-, v. gen-. Gon- (ycovia angle), gonio-meter, -metry ; dia-gonal ; tri- gono-metry ; hexa-gon ; octa- ; penta- ; poly- ; etc. Graph-, gramm- (ypdtya) write, ^pap/ia, gen. -aro? some- thing written, a letter). grapJi-ic, -ical ; -s, art of science of written characters drawing ; -iology, ; carbon used in the of a -ite, making pencils ; -turn, for a kind of slate suit- style writing ; grapJio-lite, able for on of to writing ; -logy, study handwriting judge character; -meter, an instrument used in sur- veying to measure angles. -graph, or -grapJiy, a common suffix, e.g. bio- ; epi- ; ethno- ; -geo- ; helio-; call- ; mono- ; artJiro- ; palaeo- ; pJioto- ; steno-; tele-; etc. auto- biblio- cinemato- cosmo- topo-grapJiy, ; ; ; ; ; lit/to- ; para- ; phono- ; photo- ; xylo-grapJi, etc. a grammat-ical ; -icaster, pedantic grammarian ; -icism ; -ist ; o-latry, worship of words, regard for the letter and not the ana- spirit ; gramo-phone ; gram, the interchanging of the letters of a word or sentence to form a new word or sentence ; grammat-ic, -ism, -ist ; dia-gram ; epi-, a word to the point, brief and apt remark; mono-; parallelo- ; pro-; tele-. gramma-r (thr. O.Fr.). Gymno- (717^09 naked, lightly clad, hence yvf^vaar^ a trainer of athletes). gymno-sopJiist, one of a sect of East Indian philosophers who went almost a that bears as naked ; -sperm, plant naked seeds, hemlock the for pine, ; gym-notns (VUITOV back, yvfji- a of fish with no dorsal fin vovwros}, genus ; gymn-ic, to athletic exercises -ic pertaining ; gymnast, ; gym- nasium ^ gymnasiast. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 75 Gyn- (yvvr), gen. yvvai/cds a woman), gyn-arcJiy ; gyneco- cracy ; gyne-cratic ; gyncco-logy ; gyneco-latry ; poly- gynian, -gynous, (i) (Bot.) having many pistils; several wives (2) having ; -gynist; -gyiiy ; monogy- nous, having one pistil. Haem-, hem- (al/xa, gen. -aro ; ; heretic ; di- heresy ; heresio-graphy, -logy heresy as in aeresis (i.e. taking separately, aerial) ; syn- aeresis ; cat-heretic, a mild caustic. Hagi- (ayLOS sacred, saint), hagi-archy ; -ocracy ; hagio- -er the wor- graph, a sacred writing, -/, ; hagio-latry, saints -ist. ship of ; hagio-logy, Hal- (aX?, dA.o? salt, the sea), hali-, halo-, combining scientific words forms in many ; halo-id, halo-gen, etc. har- Harmonia (ap^ovia a fitting together, harmony), mony, harmon-ic, -ica, a musical toy, -ious, -turn, -ize ; phil-harmonic. Jiebdo- Hebdomas (e/3o//.a?, -ao the Hebe (fiftr) youth, prime of life). Hebe ("H/Sr;) god- dess of a man of Greece youth ; ep-Jiebus, young between and science eighteen twenty ; ep-hebo-logy, of puberty. Hecato-, hecto- (e/earoV one hundred), hecatom-b (/3oD? an sacrifice of a oxen ox), hundred ; Jiecto-grapJi, -litre, -meter; -stere. Hect-, v. ech-. Hedra (e'Bpa seat, base). cat-Jiedra, a chair, a bishop's throne; ex catJiedra (lit. from the throne), authorita- hence to the or throne tively, referring bishop's seat, ; cat-hedral; tetra-Jiedron, a solid figure enclosed by four triangles, hexa-, octa-, rhombo-. lead a Hegemon-, lieges-, -eg- (rjjeo/jiai ; 77ye/ia>y leader). Jiegemon -y, -ic ; ex-cgesis, lead out, explain, -egesist, -egcte, -egetic, -egetist ; epex-egesis, -egetic. Helio- (^A.609 the sun). Jieliac, -iacal (Astr.), emerging or into lustre of the sun falling ; heli-antJnis, a of order a sunflower helio- genus compositae, ; centric ; -chromy ; -graph ; -latry ; -logy ; -meter ; -scope ; -sis (i) burned spots on leaves caused by sun sunstroke an instrument for ; (2) ; -stat, sig- sun's to nalling by flashing rays ; -trope (rpeira) turn), -tropism (Bot.), tendency of plants to turn to sun's of the inert light ; -type ; helium, one constituents of the earth's atmosphere ; peri-helion, the point in the orbit of a planet nearest to the sun distant from sun ; aph-, point most ; aph-helio- tropism (v. heliotropism). Helix to turn round twisted or (eXto-crct) ; eXt^ anything snail etc. helico- spiral), helix, coil, shell, ; helic-al, A MINIMUM OF GREEK 77 idal forms ; hclic-, Jiclico-, combining ; helic-ite, a fossil helicoid shell; helico-graph, etc. Hellen- -aSo? Greece a ('EAAofc, ; "EXXrjv, -771/09 Greek). Hellen-ic ; -ism, a Greek phrase or construction, -ist ; pJiil-Jicllcne ; fan-hellen-ism. Helminth- (e\/ui> Hemer- (f)/j.e'pa day). Jiemeral-opia (w\Jr the eye), inabil- to see in a a or ity strong light ; ep-Iiemera, May-fly short-lived insect any ; ep-hcmeric ; ep-hemeral ; ep- hemeris, journal, astronomical almanac. Hemi- (fat prefix = half, Lat. semi), hcmi, prefix to words many ; -cycle, -Jicdral, -opia, -sphere, -stick, -tone semitone, -trope, half inverted, a twin crys- tal; -crania, pain on one side of the head, cf. mi- graine. Hen- one f. n. Sia Svotv (efc ; pta, eV). Jien-diadys (e^ one two (idea) through (expressions)) ; Jieno-tJieism, a form of monotheism under or into ; hyp-hen (VTTO + ev one), punctuation mark making two words into one. eW>e/ca eleven, v. Seica ten. Jiendeca-gon ; -syllable. Hepat- (ryrrap, -aro? the liver), hepat-, Jiepato-, combin- ing forms; Jiepat-algia, etc.; Jicpat-ic ; -ite, an evil of barium con- smelling variety sulphate ; -ization, version of into liver-like substance lungs ; Jiepato- scopy ; hcpatica (so called from the shape of its leaves). Hept-, (eTTTa seven). Jieptade ; hcpta-glot, a book in seven order of languages ; -gon ; -gynia, plants 78 A MINIMUM OF GREEK having seven styles; -andria ; a-Jiedron ; a-meter ; -teucJi ; hept-archy. Here, v. Jiaer-. Herm- ('Ep/ij}? Hermes, Lat. Mercury, messenger and of the of arts and interpreter gods ; god sciences). henn-aphrodite, animal of the invertebrate class both male and female a flower having organs ; with both stamen and pistil in the same calyx, -ic ; /lerm-etzc ('Ep/Jifjs rpia-fjieyia-ro^ Hermes, as the inventor of to Alchemy), pertaining chemistry ; lierm-eneutic (e/o/^vev? an interpreter), pertaining to interpretation. Hero (^/w?, a hero), hero; -ic ; -ism. Hesper (eWe/ao? evening). Hespcr, Hesperus, the even- star and ing (Lat. Gr.), Venus ; Jiesper-ian (thr. Lat.); Hesperis, a genus of plants whose fragrance increases toward extinct evening ; fiesper-ornis, an form of bird. -heter, -esis (irjfu send), cat-heter ; syn-esis, construction according to the sense rather than the syntax (o-iW ovofjia ; -pJiylloits. eur- Heur-, (evpio-fcci) find). Jteur-istic, used of the pursuit A MINIMUM OF GREEK 79 " of observation eureka I knowledge by ; (elp^Ka " have found it! the exclamation of Archimedes on discovering a method of detecting amount of alloy in Hiero's i.e. crown, specific gravity) ; eurematics, the history of invention. Hex (e six). Jicxa-cJiord ; -gon ; -Jiedral ; -meter; -an- dria ; -pla (-TrXoO? -us, in StTrXoO? twofold, q.v.); -plar ; -pod ; -tench. Hiero- (tepo? sacred), hier-arch, -y, -ism; Jiiero-cracy ; -glyphic ; -gram ; -latry ; -logy ; -phant, a priest (fyaiva) to show). to Hippo- (I'TTTTO? horse), hippo-campus ( + Ka^nrrw bend), the sea horse, sea monster; -centaur; -drome; a -phagy ; -phile ; -potamus ; Jiipp-uris (ovpd tail), mare's a genus of marsh plant, tail; PJiil-ip, n.p. ; Hippo-crcnc, fount of the Muses, produced by blow from hoof of the winged horse Pegasus. Histo- (tVrd? anything set upright, fr. lo-rrj/ju to set up, then mast, beam of loom, hence the web, tissue). histo-, a combining form used in many medical the formation of terms ; Jiisto-geny, organic tissues, -grapJiy, -logy, -nomy. Histor- (taropefo learn by inquiry, narrate), history (thr. well Lat.); historio-graphy ; poly-histor, a person in of cf. read many departments knowledge ; story, thr. Fr. and Lat. Hod-, od- (080? way), hodo-mctcr, instrument for meas- distance travelled either of the uring ; elcctr-odc, poles of the voltaic circle, an-ode ^lit. a way up), the positive pole, cat-hode'i^L a way down), the met-Jiod 680? a negative ; (/ie'0oSo?, fiera + system), 80 A MINIMUM OF GREEK lit. a -ic, -ism, -ist, -ize, methodo-logy ; feri-od ( way around), a circuit, time in which heavenly bodies make their revolutions, cycle, etc., -ic ; epis-ode (ejreia-oSiov a digression, lit. an incident introduced); syn-od ( Holo- (oX-o? whole), holo-caust ; -graph, letter, deed, etc., wholly in handwriting of one from whom it -hedral -metabolism proceeds ; ; (in Entom.), entire instrument for tak- metamorphosis ; -meter, all kinds of measurements ing ; -pJiotal, reflecting all the rays of light; cat-hol-ic (KaQoKucos univer- sal). Homo- (6fjLos one and the same). Jwmo-centric ; -gene- ons ; -genesis; -geny ; -grapli, a word having same form as another, but a different meaning; -logons, -logy ; -morpJions ; -phone, a letter or word having the same sound as another; an-omalous. Homoeo- (6/ioto?, like, similar), homoeopathy, Jiomoeo- meric, -zoic, etc. Hopl- (o7r\ov weapon, arm), hoplite (oTrXtr?;?) ; pan-oply. Hor-, -or- (opdw see, opapa a view); di-orama (Siopda) see an through) ; pan- ; ep-hor (eVt + o/oa&>), overseer, an officer in ancient Sparta. -or- a to Hor-, horiz-, (6'po? boundary, o/ot'ia> bound). horizon (thr. Fr.), -tal ; a-orist (aopto-ro? without boundaries, indefinite), -ic ; ap-1wrism (afyopi^w mark off by boundaries, determine, define), hence a in a few words a precept expressed ; di-oiitc, rock of the greenstone variety. Hora (&>pa hour). horo-grapJiy ; -loge (thr. Fr. and Lat.) A MINIMUM OF GREEK 8 1 -logy, -logist ; -metry ; -scope (thr. Fr. and Lat), -scopist. Horc-, -ore- (op/to? an oath, optcifa bind by oath), ex- orcise, drive away by prayers, -orcist, -orcism. Hydr- (vSwp, -aro? water), hydra (thr. Lat.); hydr-angea, of shrubs genus showy flowering ; hydrant ; hydr- chemical argyrum, quicksilver ; hydr-ate, compound of water and an oxide; hydr-anlic (auXo? pipe); a form -aulicon, water organ ; hydro-, combining found in a great number of words: (i) = water, (2) = hydrogen, (i) hydro-barometer, instrument for finding depth of sea; -cephalous, with dropsy of the brain; -dynamic; -electric; -gen, -ize ; art of etc. -id -graphy, describing lakes, seas, ; (etSo?), resembling water; -logy; -mancy ; -met, liquor made of honey and water; -meter; -pa thy ; -phane, a kind of opal that becomes transparent in water; -phobia; -phyte, -logy ; -psy, and then by contraction dropsy ; -sphere, the aqueous envelope = of the globe; -stat, -ics ; (2) hydro-carbon hydro- 4- = chloric carbon -chloric ; gen ; hydrogen + -cy- anic = etc. hydrogen + cyanogen ; Hygien- (vynjs sound, healthy; vyiaiva) be healthy), hy- of giene, hygien-ic, -ist ; Hygeia, Greek goddess health. for meas- Hygro- (7/009 moist), hygro-meter, instrument in uring moistures atmosphere ; -scope ; -statics, science of measuring degree of moisture. the Hyl-, -yl (v\r) wood, timber, matter), hylo-pathism, the doc- doctrine that matter is sentient ; -theism, trine that matter is God, -ist ; -zoism, the doctrine 82 A MINIMUM OF GREEK that all matter possesses a species of life, -zoic, -zoist ; mct-Jiyl, the supposed radical of wood spirit, -cited ; etJi-yl, the radical of alcohol and ether (alOrjp^. This suffix -yl is the regular termination of chemical radicals cf. etc. ; carbon-yl, Jiydrox-yl, Hymen ('T^y Hymen, god of marriage, a membrane, film). Jiymen-aeal ; Jiymeno-ptcral. Hymn- (v^vos song), hymn, ~al ; -ody, art of singing hymns; -o-logy, -ist ; Poly-liymnia, one of the Greek Muses. Hyper- (vTrep, over, implying excess). For special mean- ings see second part of word, hyper-aesthesia ; -baton; -bola ; -bole; -borean ; -cata-lectic ; -critic; -dulia ; -meter; -stkene ; -trophy. Hypno- (VTTVOS sleep). Jiypn-agogic, sleep inducing ; = hypno-logy ; -genie hypnagogic ; -sis, production of -tize. sleep ; -tic, -tism, Hypo-, hyp- (UTTO under). For meaning v. second part of word, hyp-allage ; -etJiral ; -hen ; Jiypo-caust ; -chondria ; -cJiondrium ; -crisy ; -crite ; -cycloid ; -dermic ; -geum ; -gynous ; -phospliite (v. pher-} ; -stasis ; -static; -style; -tenuse ; -thec (thr. Fr.), -ary, -ate ; -thesis ; -tJietic. Hypso- (u-v/ro? height). Jiypso-meter, instrument for de- termining altitude, -metry. Hystera (varepa the womb), hysteria, -ic, -ical. Hystero- (varepos later). Jiysteron proteron, last first, an " inversion of logical order, putting the cart before the horse." i.e. ^> Iamb- (ta/Lt/3o? an iambus, ). iamb, iambus, iam- bic ; chor-iambtis. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 83 latr- (i'aT/oo? a physician), iatr-ic, -al ; psych-iatry, medi- cal treatment of mental diseases. Ichno- (Jx vo<* a footprint), ic/in-itc, a fossil footprint; ichno-graphy ; -lite, a stone with the impression of a footprint ; -logy. Ichthy- (t%#v9 a fish). icJitJiyo-grafliy; -id; -latry ; fossil fish a fossil -lite, ; -logy ; -phagy ; -saurus, marine a skin disease. reptile ; -sis, scaly IX0T2 a symbol, 'iT/croO? Xpto-ro? (DeoD Tw SWTTJ/O = Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour. Icon, v. eicon (et/cwi/). Icos, v. eicos- (et'/eocn). Id, v. eid- (etSo9, et&uXoi;). cf. ibelv to see a formed the Idea(i'Sea, ; picture by mind, an idea), idea, -I, -lism ; -list, -listic, -lize ; ideo- graph, a symbol, figure, etc., suggesting an object without naming it. Idio- (tSi09 one's own, personal, private), idio-crasy (/e/>a(m a mixture), hence a mixture that is one's own, a peculiarity, -cratic ; -graph, private or trade mark a of cf . ; -gram, peculiar mode expression ; idiom ; -pathy, a morbid condition not occasioned = by any other disease, -patliic ; -syncrasy idio- idiot a mere civilian hence a com- crasy. (t'8ttt)T7/9 ; mon, illiterate person, fool), -ic, -ism, ~cy. lod- (io-etSij? violet like, violet coloured, fr. lov the violet + etSo? q.v.). iod-ine(iv. colour when heated); hence an formed from iodine iod-al, oily liquid ; -ic, iodine a of iodine containing ; -ide, compound ; -ism, a morbid state caused iodine treat with by ; -ize, iodine r. Lat. ; -o-form (f forma). 84 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Ion (tov the violet), io-lite, a gem tinged with violet blue, v. also.zW-. Irene (elpqvr) peace), v. eir. irid- -tSo? the rainbow Iris, (fyw, ; Iris, n.p. personified). coloured membrane of the a bulbous iris, eye ; plant (fr. colour) (thr. Lat); irid-al, belonging to, or resembling the rainbow; -escent (through Lat.); -ium, elemental metallic substance found in ore of instrument for platinum ; iris-cope, showing colours irido- prismatic ; irid-, (Med.), combining forms = having to do with the iris of the eye. Irony, Lat. ironia, from elpaveta mock modesty. Iso- (tcro9 equal), v. second part of word, iso-, prefix, equal; iso-bar, -ic ; -cheim, a line on the map con- necting places that have the same mean winter -chromatic -chro- temperature (%/- winter, cold) ; ; nous, -ism; -clinal ; -dont ; -dynamic ; -gcotJierm, cf . isocheim the imitation of ; -gonic ; -grapliy, handwriting; -meric, -ism; -metric; -morphism ; -nomy, -ic ; -pod; -polity ; -sceles (ovce'Xo? a leg); -therm, cf. isocheim. -itis, a suffix = inflammation of (-m? orig. a fern. adj. suffix). K, v. C. Lab-, lemm-, leps-, lept- (Xa/u,/3aW, fut. \rf-frofjiai, aor. to take hold receive e-XaySoz;, pf. eiXrj/uyiat of, take, ; hence X?)//,/u,a anything received, Xfjtyis a taking). Lat. fr. a syl-lab-le (thr. av\\a(3r), taking together ; (TVV -+- \a/ji^dvQ), hence that which is sounded to- gether), syl-lab-ary, a catalogue of the signs repre- senting syllables of a language; syi-lab-us (Lat. fr. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 85 Gr. crvv + Xa/3), a compendium taking together the heads of a discourse. lemma (\rjpfjia, an assump- tion taken for di- an granted) ; (Sk, twice), argument that presents two or more alternatives, all of which are a difficult - disadvantageous ; hence situation. epi-lepsy (eWX?;^? a seizure, an attack), -leptic ; ana-lepsy (avd\rj\jris a taking up, recovery), recovery of strength; -leptic ; cata- (/caraX^-^rt? a seizure), -Icp- tic ; pro- (TrpdXrjtyis a taking before, a preconception), the time or -leptic, anticipating sense ; syl- (a-v\\r)- a i/rt? taking together), a figure by which we take the sense intended rather than the literal import of the words ; -leptic. Labyrinth- (\aftvpiv6os a labyrinth, maze), labyrinth, -ic, -ian, -ine ; -odont, gigantic fossil amphibian in the tooth of which labyrinthine windings are found. Lacon- (Aa'/c&w a Laconian or Spartan), lacon-ic (like a Spartan, expressing much in few words), brief, concise; -ism. Lai- (XaXeiw speak), a-lalia, inability to speak. Med. Eulalia, n.p. Fr. and Lamp- (Xa^iTTO) shine), lamp (thr. Lat.) ; lainp- yris (Lat. fr. Xa/f7rty>t'Lethe, the river of oblivion), lantlian-um, a metal found in cerite. Lethe, oblivion, -al ; -on, ether, used as anaesthetic to when an ; -onize, subject 86 A MINIMUM OF GREEK letheon. leth-argy (XyOapyia forgetfulness). -ar- gize (thr. Fr. and Lat). lit- Lao-, (Xao? people). laic,-ize. lay; laity (thr. O. Fr. and Lat.). lit-urgy (XeiTovpyia a public service, thr. Fr. and Lat. v. ; erg). ' Laryng- (Xapvyg, -1*7709 the larynx), laryng-eal ; -ismus, a disease of the glottis; -itis ; laryngo-scope ; -tomy. Latr- (Xarpeia service, worship), -latry, a suffix denot- ing "worship of"; ido-latry, helio- ; icono- ; etc.; v. first part of word. Leg-, lect-, lex- (Xeyo>, fut. Xe'&> gather, collect, pick out ; Xe/eroV said a say ; ; Xe|t? saying), pro-lego- mena (TrpoXeydpeva), foreword, preface ; hapax legomenon (aira% \e Lemma (Xe'/^a), a husk, neurilemma. Lepid- (XeTrtV, -i'So9 a scale, peeling), lepido-dendron, fossil club-moss found in coalf Lepido-ptera, order of insects with four wings covered with fine gossa- mer etc. -ist scales, butterflies, ; -pterous, ; -sauria, a group of scaly reptiles. the Lepra- (XeV/aa leprosy, the scaly disease), leper, lep- rosy, leprous. : Leps-, lept , v. lab-. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 8/ Lepto- (XeTTTo? (same root as above) peeled, nence narrow skull thin, narrow), lepto-cephalic, having ; -dactyl ; -logy, minute description. Leth-, v. lanth-. Leuko- (Xeu/eo' tained from muscular fibre; -ite, a mineral; -itic ; a form etc. leuco-, combining ; lenco-pathy, Lex, v. leg. leave fut. a Lip-^ leip- (XetTTto ; Xen/ro> ; Xenjrt? leaving). lipo-gram, a writing in which a certain letter has been left out a ; para-leipsis, pretended omission for rhetorical effect; ec-lipse (e out, hence some- left thing out, as in an eclipse of moon, etc.), -liptic ; leave leave el-lipse (eXXetTTco in, behind, omit ; to lack, want, be defective), so called from its being a defective circle ; -liptic, -lipsoid, -liptoid (etSo?) ; an infinite -liptois, ellipse ; ellipso-graph, instrument for an an omission. drawing ellipse ; el-lipsis, tumour of fat tissue Lipo- (XITTO? fat), lipoma, ; lipo- chrin, fat colouring matter. Chem. Lit-, v. sub lao-, fr. liturgy. Litan- (XtVai/o? praying, \LTJ] a prayer), litany (fr. O. Fr. and Lat.). -lite, in Min. a suffix = stone (thr. the Fr. and partly in conformation to mineralogical suffix -ite). v. above. Litho- (Xi'009 a stone). Iitk~antkrax(&v0pa1; coal), stone- coal of lead ; -arge (apyvpos silver), protoxide ; -inm (thr. Lat.). litho-carp, fossil fruit; -glyph; -graph ; -id ; -logy ; -phagous ; -pJiyte ; -tomy, opera- tion of taking stone from the bladder; -type; 88 A MINIMUM OF GREEK mono-lith; neo- ; palaeo-, and numerous others; v. first part of word. Litotes (XtroTT??, fr. Xtro Log-, v. leg-. Logo-(Xo'7o reckoning all together, a reasoning), -istic, -ize ; dia- logue, -logic, -logist, -logistic ; epi- ; cata- ; mono- ; pro-; ec- (etcXoyr) a selection (Xe'yo> to pick), a choice selection of to passages ; applied Vergil's pastoral poems, hence any pastoral poem); apo- logy (cnro\oyia a speech in defence), -etic ; ana- (ava + \6yos = ratio, proportion, hence accordign to a due proportion, resemblance between things in certain relations); necro-, a register of deaths; antJi- to dox- to (Xe'y&> gather) ; (8o' wolf; -y, a kind of madness; lyco-pod, a plant mid- A MINIMUM OF GREEK 89 between a moss and a fern a way ; -pode, drug from a with cov- preceding ; lyc-enm, gymnasium ered walks, at Athens, sacred to Apollo Av/mo?. Lyra (Xvpa a lyre), lyre ; lyr-ic ; -ist ; -ate ; Lyra, a constellation. Lys- (Xvo) to loose, fut. Xvaa, \vcris a loosing, a letting abatement of a disease ana- go), lysis, gradual ; (avdXvais a loosing, dissolving, separating into parts); dia- (8id\v Mant-, mantis (/Jiavris a prophet, lit. the man of frenzied chiro- utterance). mantian, mantic, prophetic ; mantic ; necro- ; -mancy, suffix (thr. Fr. fr. /j-dvreia prophecy) = divination by ... a Margar- (/jLapyapirr)? pearl), margar-ic, pearl-like ; a salt of m. acid -ine called m. acid ; -ate, ; (so from pearl-like colour); -ite, a pearl mica; -on, a 90 A MINIMUM OF GREEK fatty matter obtained from m. acid and lime. Margaret, n.p., Marguerite (thr. Fr. and Lat.), n.p. Marmar- (/-tap/Aa/ao? marble, pappaipa) to glisten), mar- mar-osis, conversion of limestone into marble by marmor Lat. metamorphism ; (thr. marmor), -eal, -aceous, etc. -ist Martyr- (/ia/jTW, -i//>o9 a witness), martyr; -o-logy ; ; proto-. Masto- (/-taoTo? the breast), mastoid, mastodon. -mat-, in auto-maton, -matism, etc. (/nao/*at endeavour). Math- to learn some- (/jiavOdva), fut. fiaBijcrofjLai ; pd&r)fj,a thing learnt, lesson, knowledge). matJiem-atics ; chrcsto-matJiy, a selection of useful passages with notes to one learn a -ic. help language ; pJiilo-, Median- (w^avr] an instrument or machine, contrivance, device), meckan-ic, -ical, -ism, -ist, -ize ; mechano- graphy, the art of multiplying copies of a writing by a machine. Mega- (/Aeya?, f. peydXr), n. /-teya great), meg-, mega-, megalo-, prefixes expressing greatness; mega-ce- rous -lithic etc. ; -cephalous ; ; -phone ; -scope, ; - megalo-mania, the delusion of exaggeration. O-mega, ft = d. Mela- (/Lte'Xa?, f. fjL\atva, n. peXav black). melan-cJioly, -cholia, -cJiolic ; -ism, excess of colouring matter in the skin a black of melano- ; -ite, kind garnet. chroic to dark-white a disease (applied races) ; -sis, marked by a black deposit in the tissues. calo- mel. Meli-, mel- (^e\i, -tro? honey). meli-pJiagan ; -lot, sweet clover. hydro-met ; oxy-mel ; rodo-. Cf. words A MINIMUM OF GREEK 9 1 with two /'s fr. Lat. met, mcl/is, honey ; mellifer- etc. v. melon. ous, mellifluous, ; mar-malade, Melo-, mel- (^te'Xo? song), mel-ic ; -odeon, -odious, -odist, etc., v. od- ; melo-drama, originally a performance in which were intermixed -dramatic songs ; ; -mania ; pJiilo-mel ? Melon (/z>)\oi/ apple), mar-mal-ade, v. p. 34. Mening- (wviyt;, -4770? a membrane, esp. that enclosing the brain), mcning-es, -itis, -eal. Mentor (MeW&>/> the councillor of Telemachus). Mer-, mor- (/ue/oo ing three parts. morio-plasty (/jidpiov a piece) (Surg.), restoration of lost parts. Mes- (/-leVo? middle), mes-entery (nearevrepiov, sc. Seppa), the membrane to which the intestines are attached ; -enteric, -enteritis ; meso-carp, the inner layer of a the of the colon pericarp ; -colon, mesentery ; the middle of bark -phloenm ( -carpus (/ca/aTro? wrist), the part of the hand between the wrist cf . anachronism fingers and ; -clironism, ; -morpJiosis ; -pJior ; -phrase ; -physics; -plasm ; -sta- sis ; -thesis. met-empsycJiosis, v. psych- ; -emptosis ; -hod, -Jiodist ; -Jiyl ; -onymy. 92 A MINIMUM OF GREEK Meteor- raised in mid-air (fj.erecopo'? aloft, suspended ; hence peTeapov a heavenly body, fr. perd -f- aeipco to raise cf . -ic -itic up ; arsis), meteor, ; -ite, ; meteoro-graphy ; -lite ; -logy. Meter-, -metr- (/Aerpov a measure or rule), meter, metr-e Fr. and verse that which meas- (thr. Lat.), (i) ; (2) then a Fr. measure = inches ures, 39.37 ; -ic, -ical, -ician ; metro-graph, inst. for recording the speed of a train -nome. chrono- railway ; baro-meter; ; dasy-; deka- ; dia- ; di- ; geo- ; hecto- ; hexa- ; hydro- ; kilo- ; micro- seismo- tele- tetra- ., ; penta- ; peri- ; pJwto-; ; ; ; thermo- etc. etc. ; tri-, ; sym-metry, Meter-, metr- (piJTrjp mother), metro-cracy ; -polis, -poli- the the tan; De-meter, Earth-goddess ; fjujrpa womb, metritis, etc. Miasm- (^iacr^a stain, defilement, fr. fjnaivw to stain). miasma, miasma-l, -tic ; a-mianthiis (thr. Lat. fr. aniavTos \i6os, lit. an unsoiled stone), a variety of asbestos ; a-miantho-id. Micro- (/UK/JO? little), micro-be (v. bio-), -bial ; -cosm, a world in miniature -coustic ; (atcovco hear) ; -crystal, line; -lithic ; -meter; -organism; -phone; -phyte ; -Pyle (Zool.), 'a minute pore; -scope, -scopic ; -seism; -spore ; -tome, an instrument for cutting very thin sections for examination microscopic ; -zyme. Mim- an actor a kind of fr. (/u//,o9 imitator, ; drama ; /tu/4eo//,at to imitate), mim-e ; mime-sis ; -o-graph, an inst. for producing many copies of written mat- ter; mimetic ; mim-ic, -icry ; mimo-grapher, a writer of mimes, -type, a form of animal life that mimics another found in a different a country ; Mimo-sa, A MINIMUM OF GREEK 93 of the sensitive genus plants including plant ; panto- mime. Mis- (fjuaea) hate), mis-anthrope, -ist, -ic, -y ; miso- gainist, -gamy ; -gyny, -gynist ; -logy, hatred and of reason hatred of what is new. despair ; -neism, Mnem-, mnes- (fjivrj^wv remembering, mindful), mne- mon-ic, assisting the memory, -ics ; a-mnesty (thr. Lat. fr. apvrjo-Tia a forgetting, fr. a priv. + ^vdo^ai to remember), oblivion, pardon. Mon- (ftoVo? alone, one), mon-, mono-, a very common v. second of word, -achal prefix ; part mon-acliism, (thr. Lat. fr. fjLova%6<; a monk. The word monk into the hence its came Eng. language very early ; an ultimate corrupted form) ; -ad, atom, -adic, -adism ; -arch ; -astery, -asterial, -astic (/^ovaa-rij^ a monk); -ism,-istic. mono-basic; -carpous ; -cepha- lous ; -ceros ; -chord; -chrome; -cle (hybrid word; Lat. ocnlus, eye); -cracy ; -dactylons ; -don, the narwhal; -gamy ; -genesis ; -glot ; -gram; -grapJi ; -gynian ; -lith ; -logne, -logy; -mania; -morphic ; -petalons ; -phobia ; -pJitJiong ; -pJiyllous ; -pode ; -poly ; -ptcron ; -sepalous ; -spermous ; -stich ; -style ; -syllable; -theism; -tocons ; -tone, -tony, etc.; mo- nomial (Alg. term fr. Lat. women, a name). Mor- (jjLwpds dull, foolish), oxy-moron ; sopJio-more. the Morph- (/jiop Moustache, thr. Fr. fr. /ztWaf a moustache. Mus-, mos- (Movcra one of the nine Muses, the god- desses of song, music, poetry, dancing, and other fine arts. They were Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Mel- pomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia or Polyhym- nia, Urania, and Calliope. Mov lit., something artistic). a mouse and Gr. are (A) My- (pv<>, /JLVOS (i) ; Eng. words akin a muscle cf . Lat. muscnlus its deriv- ; (2) ; and atives). my-algia ; -asthenia ; -itis ; myo-carditis, inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart an inst. for muscu- ; -dynamometer, measuring lar strength ; -grapJiy ; -logy ; -physics ; -scope ; -sin, the constituent of muscle peculiar ; peri-mysium, the tissue that surrounds a muscle. fut. close the to in- (B) My-, myst- (/mva) fivq-w eyes ; /ife'tw itiate into the mysteries, nvarrjpLa). my-ope, -ops, a short-sighted person; -opia, -opy ; -osis, abnormal con- traction of the pupil. myst-ic, -ical, -icism ; -ify (a word etc. hybrid ; \^\..facio make). myster-y, -ions, Myc- (/AW???, -77x09 fungus). myc-elium, mushroom a in India to spawn ; mycet-oma, disease attributed a a fermentative fungus ; myco-denn, fungus ; -lo-gy ; -sis, a fungous growth in the body (Path.); -se, a sugar obtained fr. fungi. Myri- (/jivpioi ten thousand), myriad ; myria-pod. Myrmidon (Mvp/jiiSdves Achilles' soldiers in the Trojan hence a War) ; desperado. Myrmidonian. A MINIMUM OF GREEK. 95 Myrrh (thr. Fr. and Lat fr. pvp'pa, the juice of the Arabian myrtle, myrrh), -ic ; myrrJio-pliorc. Myrtle, thr. Fr. and Lat. fr. /AU/JTO?. Myst-, v. my- (B). a word a tale as Myth (fjivQos ; story, legendary opposed to history), mytJi-ic, -ical ; mytJio-genesis ; -grapJiy ; etc. -logy, -legist, ; -poeic, -poetic, myth-making, -poeist. Naiad (Nam'?, gen. -a8o ties; -osis ; -otism, effect of a narcotic; -eine, an alkaloid contained in a obtained opium ; -otine, drug from so called from its opium ; narcissus, supposed sleep-producing qualities. Nau- (vavs a ship, vavrr)? a sailor), nan-machy ; nausea, -cant -ical -Hits -eons, (thr. Lat.) ; naut-ic, ; ; -ilite, a fossil nautilus ; -iloid ; aero-naut. a Necro- (veicpos a corpse; dead), necro-latry ; -logy, register of deaths, -ist ; -mancy ; -pJiagous ; -pho- mortification bia; -polis; -sis, ; -tomy. Nectar (vetcrap nectar, the drink of the gods), nectar, -eal, -can, -cous ; -y, the honey gland of a flower, -ial ; -ine, a variety of peach. Nemesis (Ne/iecrt vert v. Plato -teric of ; -platonism, ; (i/ewre/jo? comp. recent yeo'?), ; Nea-polis, n.p. nepenthe, v. pentli-. a a mineral Neph- (vecfreXr) cloud). nephel-ine, ; -oid, a instrument for cloudy ; nepJw- scope (yei^o? cloud), measuring speed of clouds. Nephr- (we^xfe a kidney), nephr-algia ; -tie, a mineral, worn as a for disease formerly remedy kidney ; -itic, pertaining to the kidneys; -itis ; -oid ; -o-logy. Ner- (vrjpos wet). Nereus, an ancient sea god. Nereid, (i) one of his daughters; (2) a marine annelid; a-neroid a barometer, without liquid in its construc- tion. Nes- (vrja-os an island), cherso-nese (^e/jcro? dry land, zV. a of land-island, peninsula) ; Pelopon-nesus (island Pelops), the present peninsula of Morea; Poly- nesia ; Mela- ; Micro-. Neur- (vevpov a nerve; orig. a sinew), neur-al ; -algia, -algic ; -asthenia (a priv. o-#ei/o? strength), nervous -i-lemma the sheath debility ; (Xe/i/Lia husk, skin), investing a nerve; -in, -ine, nerve substance; -itis ; a tumour in a nerve -mimesis nenro-graphy ; -ma, ; (fufieopai to imitate), nervous mimicry; -patliy ; -tic, to or the nervous an relating affecting system ; -ptera, order of insects having four naked reticulated wings. Niobe the of Tantalus she was (Nio/3?? Niobe, daughter ; changed by Zeus to a stone for undue pride in her offspring). Niobe-an ; niobium, a metal of brilliant colour (so called from its resemblance to another mineral, tantalum, called after Tantalus, the father of Niobe); niobic. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 97 Nitr- (virpov, a carbonate of soda), nitr-e (i.e. nitrate of potash), -ic, -ate; -ide ; -ine ; -ous ; nitro-gen, -genize, -genous ; -meter, an instrument for ascer- the value of nitre a = taining ; nitro-, prefix con- cf . nitro-benzine etc. taining nitrogen ; ; -glycerine, Nomad (i/o/xa?, -aSo? roaming, pasturing). nomad, -ic, -ism, -ize. Nomo- (W'/AO? law, ve/uco distribute), nom-istic, founded on law the of life natural ; nomo-geny, origin by causes the of one law ; -logy ; anti-nomy, opposition to another astro- auto- the science of ; ; ; bio-, living functions; Dentero- (SeWe/oo? second), so called because it contains the second giving of the law of Moses; eco-nomy(olKovo^Q^ steward, house-manager, the art of delicate dishes W/i&>) ; gastro-, preparing ; metro-, measurement of musical time by an instru- ment instrument for this ; metro-nome, purpose. Noo- (wo? the mind), noo-cratic, pertaining to the view that the reason is the sovereign faculty ; -genism, in the mind anything originated (yevos) ; -logy. Num- (Lat. numisma, fr. Gr. vd/j,ia(jia, -aroOreads, Nereids, Naiads). NympJi-ean; -ic ; Nymph- aea, a genus of aquatic plants; para-nymph, a bridesman or groomsman. Obel- a a ; a hori- (o/3eXo? spit ; pointed square pillar line or -v- the first marks a zontal ; spurious pas- 98 A MINIMUM OF GREEK the a a sage, second, superfluous ; o/3eXr/eo9 pillar). obelus, a sign, v. supra ; obelize, mark as spurious; obelisk, obeliscal. Obol- (6/3oXo9 an obol, used at Athens both as weight and coin); obole, a weight of ten or twelve grains (Pharm.). Oceano- the ocean to (;eaz>o Ochlo- (cr^Xo? crowd, mob). ocJilo-cracy, -cratical ; ocJilo- phobia ; ocJilesis, a diseased condition due to over- crowding. Oct- (6/cTo> eight). octa-chord, instrument with eight a or series of strings ; -d, system eight ; -gon ; -Jiedral titanic ; -Jiedrite, octahedral oxide ; -hcdron ; -stick, a poem of eight lines; oct-andrian, having eight distinct stamens; octo-gynous, having eight pistils; -meral, eight-parted; -pctalous ; -pod ; -pus ; -spermous ; -style, a building with eight columns in as the front, Pantheon, Rome ; -syllable. Ode (coS?; song, poem, fr. aeiSw to sing), ode ; odeon, in ancient Greece a building where poets and musi- cians contended for hall. prizes ; a concert mel- ody, -odious, -odist, -odeon; rJiaps-ody, -odist, -odize (paTTTO), -^r(o to stitch together; hence o pa-v/reoSo? was one who strung Epic songs together and recited them); mon-ody, a mournful poem in which one mourner lamentation expresses ; par-ody (iraptoSia a i.e. in imitation of another a song beside, ; hence A MINIMUM OF GREEK 99 art of burlesque) ; psalm-ody, singing psalms ; pros- or for a that of that ody (to song) ; part grammar deals with the quantity of syllables, and with the laws of versification of lamenta- ; tJircn-odyy song tion, -odist. com-edy ; trag-. ep-ode ; palin-ode, a recantation. 5de, v. Jiodo-. Odont- (0801)9, -oWo? a tooth); cf. p. n. odont-algia ; a tooth cell that dentine odonto-blast, produces ; -geny, development of teeth; -id; -logy ; mast-odon (/LiacrTo? breast, so called with reference to the mam- millary processes on the molar teeth). Odyn- (oSvvrj pain), an-odyne, -odynous, a medicine that assuages pain; chlor-odyne ; pleur-odynia. oc- in Oec-, ec-, (ol/co? house, home ; Eng. -wick, Berwick, etc., otWo> inhabit), oec- or ecumenic, -al (ol/covfjievij 777 the inhabited world), relating to the whole world, universal a general, ; eco-nomy (OLKOVO^O^ steward, one who manages (yepta) the house), -nomise, -noin- ist, -nomic (thr. Lat.); cco-logy, relation of animals to the outside world di-ocese and plants ; (Stofciprt? hence the district a housekeeping, management ; over which a bishop has control), -ocesan ; par-ish (thr. O. Fr. fr. irapoucia dwelling beside, neigh- hence the district around a bouring ; originally, bishop's residence); par-ochial (thr. O. Fr. and late Lat. parocJiialis}. -di-oecious, -ecious (Bot.), having flowers with stamens on one plant and pistils on or another (lit. having the house separated apart) ; and hav- par-, having stamens pistils together ; mon-, ing the stamens and pistils in different flowers on 100 A MINIMUM OF GREEK the same on plant ; ant-, persons living correspond- ing parallels of latitude, and on the same meridian on opposite sides of the equator; peri-, those on the same latitudes on opposite sides of the globe. -oid, v. eido-. Oligo- (0X170? few, little), olig-acmia (v. /iaem-), defi- of blood -ic -oclase little frac- ciency ; -arch,-y, ; (a ture), a kind of felspar. Olympo- ("OXu/A7ro? a mountain in Thessaly, the seat of the a sacred district in gods ; 'OXu/ATrta Olympia, Elis in Greece, where games in honour of the Olym- pian Zeus were held). Olympian, Olympic ; Olym- piad, a period of four years, the interval between the Olympic games. Onom-, onym- (ovopa, -arc? a name, Aeolic form ovv/j,a). to a a dic- onoma-stic, pertaining name ; -sticon, tionary; commonplace book. onomato-logy ; -poeia, the formation of words or lines that imitate the sound of the thing signified, -poeic, -poetic ; cf. En- nius, Saxo cere- comminuit -brum. an-onym-cus, -ity; crypt-onym, a secret name; hom-onym, one word used to express distinct meanings, -ous, having dif- ferent significations or applied to different things, ambiguous; par-onym, (i) a word having the same derivation as another word a similar ; (2) having sound but different spelling and meaning; as, a fictitious name . met- fair, fare ; pseud-, ; syn- onymy (nerd expressing change), a figure of speech ia which a thing is named by some accompani- ment. patro-nymic, a name derived from that of a parent or ancestor. A MINIMUM OF GREEK IOI Onto- root found in to be (bvr, elpi ; pres. participle eui/, oWo?). onto-geny, the history of the evolution of the individual the ; -logy, science of being, meta- of physics ; palae-onto-logy (the study ancient be- ings), the science of fossils, -logist, -logical. a hoof a Ony- (ow/f, -f%o5 nail, claw, ; gem streaked with veins, an Sardian onyx), sard-onyx, onyx ; onycha, the shell of a species of mollusk. OTT- in WTTO? the Op-, ops-, opt- (root wi|r, eye ; oi/rt? sight, OTTTIKOS pertaining to sight, cf. o<0a\juo9 infra). syn-opsis, a general view, a collection of headings so arranged as to give a general view; aut-opsia, -opsy, personal observation, hence a post-mortem examination, -opsical ; cat-opsis, morbidly keen sight; optic, -al, -s, -ian ; opti-grapJi, an instru- ment for copying landscapes; opto-gram, an im- of the last seen life pression object during ; opto-meter, an instrument for measuring range of vision. di-optrics, that part of optics dealing with the laws of refraction of light, -optrical ; di-opside a of the (Min.), variety pyroxene ; cat-optrics, part of optics that deals with reflected light (fcdroTTTpov a mirror); catoptro-mancy, divination by means of a mirror let down into water a ; pan-opticon, prison so constructed as to allow an inspector to see all the without seen them prisoners being by ; scioptic, -op- trie, pertaining to an optical arrangement for form- in a darkened room a form of ing images ; sciopticon, lantern a magic ; Etlii-opian (v. aet/i-}; Cycl-ops, giant with one round in the centre of his forehead eye ; short my-opia, sight ; ambly-opia (a/jL@\vs dull). 102 A MINIMUM OP^ GREEK Ophi- (o constellation (v. ech-}. Ophthalm- (o(#aX/Ao' Opt-, v. op-. -orama, v. hor-. -ore, v. Jiorc-. Orchestra (Tr a an orchestra in the Attic theatre (opxn P ; it was a large semicircular space on which the chorus danced, fr. o/3^eo/x,at to dance), hence applied to musicians that occupy a place corre- sponding to this, and then, any band of musicians. orcJiestra-l ; -tion, the arrangement of music for an orchestra ; orchestrion, a musical instrument designed to imitate an orchestra. Organ, org-, v. erg-. Ornith- (opvis, opviOos a bird). ornitJi-ichnite (t'%^0? a a fossil of a bird track), footprint ; ornitJio-copros birds' fossil bird (/compos dung), dung, guano ; -lite, remains; -logy; -mancy; -scopy = ornithomancy. Oro- (6'/>o? a mountain). oro-grapJiy ; -logy, -logical- Oread, v. nymph. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 103 Orphan (opfanxk fatherless or motherless, bereft), or- phan-age ; -ism, orphan state; -o-trophy, the rear- ing of orphans. Orpheus ('O/> Osmo- (0)0740? a pushing, fr. wQeco to push), osmose, the diffusion of fluids osmo- through porous partitions ; meter, an instrument for measuring the pressure in to di- exerted osmose ; -tic, due osmose ; osmose^ the of fluids a membrane mingling through ; end-, passing of a fluid inwards through an organic membrane to mix with another fluid of different the reverse of the density ; ex-osmose, endosmose, passages of liquids or gases from within outwards. Osteo- (ocrreW bone), osteal, bony = osseous (words in 104 A MINIMUM OF GREEK oss- fr. Lat. os, ossis, a bone); ostco-blast, a cell concerned in bone a forming ; -colla, glue made from bones formation of ; -genesis, -gcnesy, bone ; -gi'aphy ; -logy, -logic ; -malacia (/uaXa/ao. soften- a morbid of the bones ing), softening ; -pJwne, an instrument placed between the teeth to aid the of deaf to hearing persons ; -plasty (TrXao-cro) form), an which a loss of bone is made operation by good ; instrument for bone ost-itis. -tome, cutting ; Ostrac- a of earthenware tile the (oarpaKov piece ; earth- enware tablet used in hence voting ; ocrr/oct/acr/io'? ostracism, a political measure employed among the Athenians by which any citizen, whose presence was thought embarrassing to the state, could be banished for a period of ten years if a sufficient number of votes were recorded against him on the earthenware tablets). ostracise, to exclude from ostracism. society ; Ostreo- (ocrrpeov an oyster). ostreo-pJiagist. oyster (thr. O. Fr. oistre and Lat. ostrcnwt). Ot- (oik, WTO'? an ear), ot-acousticon, an instrument to aid a seal hearing ; -algia ; -ary, with evident ex- ternal ears -ics -itis ; ; ; oto-lite, -litJi, a calcareous concretion in the labyrinth of the ear of certain fish animals, especially ; -logy ; -rrJioea, discharge from the ear a of ; -scope; Myos-otis, genus plants to which forget-me-not and mouse-ear belong (ftw, //.tw a mouse); par-otid, the salivary gland, situ- ated near the ear; par-otid-itis, par-ot-itis, inflam- mation of this gland, i.e. mumps. Ox-, oxy- (ofu sour wine), a genus of plants to which wood sorrel so called from bitter taste oxalic belongs, ; acid, obtained from oxalis ; oxal-ate, a salt of oxalic acid; oxy-gcn, so called because at first supposed to have been in all acids to present ; -ate, combine with oxygen, -ize, -ous ; oxy-hydrogen ; ox-id, a of and a base -ide, compound oxygen ; -idate, -idize, convert into oxide, -idable, -idation ; oxy- keen a mix- blepsia, very sight (/SXeVo) see) ; -met, ture of and -moron in sense vinegar honey ; (ov? of sharp, clever + yuwpo? foolish), hence a figure of speech in which two apparently contradictory words " " are put together, cf. make haste slowly," His " in . . . honour rooted dishonour stood ; -tone, hav- ing an acute sound, hence having an acute accent on the last acute accent syllable ; par-oxy-tone, having on the syllable before the last; pro-par-oxy-tone, having acute accent on the third syllable from the end acute in a a fit. ; par-oxysm, point disease, Oz- (oco to smell; 007*77 smell), oz-one, -onize ; -ono- mcter, instrument for determining the proportion of ozone in the fetid ulcer in atmosphere ; -cna, the nose a mineral wax found in Mol- ; -o-ccrite, davia. osm-inm, a blue-white metallic element. Pachy- (trayfe thick), pachy-denn, thick-skinned ani- mal, elephant, etc., -atous ; -dactyl, an animal hav- ing thick toes. Paean (jraidv a song of triumph). Trot&fc a child TraiBeva) to Paed-, ped- (TTCU?, boy, ; teach). pacdo-baptist, -ism ; pcd-agogy, -agogue, -agogism, (thr. Fr. and Lat. fr. TrcuSa'/ooYo'?), v. ag- ; ped- 106 A MINIMUM OF GREEK ant, -antic, -antry ; ped-iatrics, branch of medicine with children dealing ; pro-paedeiitics, knowledge to an art or science cn- preliminary ; -paedeutical ; cyclo-pedia, cyclo-pedia ; ortJio-paedia, v. ortJi-. Palaeo- (7raXcuoPalaestra, palestra (TvaXaicnpa a wrestling school, fr. ird\a((o wrestle), (i) a public place devoted to athletics athletics, (2) wrestling, ; palaestric. Palj, palin-, palim- (TrdXiv back, again), palil-logy, repetition of a word or words (7ra\i\\ojia, the v changed to X for euphony); palim-pses,t (i/m&> to rub), a parchment from which one writing has been erased to make room for another; palin-drome, v. drome a recantation a ; -ode, ; -genesis, new birth, regeneration. Pallas (HaAAcfc, -aSo? the goddess of wisdom and war among the Greeks, corresponding to Lat. Minerva). an of Pallas the of palladium, image ; safety Troy depended on the preservation of such an image, hence it now means anything that affords protec- tion and safety. Pan (Hdv the god of pastures, forests and flocks, half man and half goat), pandean, adj. ; pan-ic (thr. Fr.), sudden fear, such as is felt at night in lonely places, supposed to be inspired by Pan. A MINIMUM OF GREEK IO? Pan-, v. pas. Para-, par- (Trapd from, beside, against, v. second part of word), para-basis ; -blc,v. bal ; -bola ; -bole; -boloid ; from -cJironism -centric, deviating circularity ; ; -clete, v. cal- ; -cyanogen, a substance formed from mercury cyanide by heating ; -digm ; -dox; -genesis ; -graph; -leipsis ; -logism ; -lysis; -meter; -noea ; -nympJi ; -pJi (thr. O. Fr. fr. Trapd + ypd(f>a) a flour- ish under a signature); -phernalia ; -phrase ; -plcgia ; -sclene ; -site ; -taxis ; -thesis ; -tonic ; par-acrostic ; -agoge ; -allax ; -allel ; -allelograin ; -allel-opiped ; -antJielion (CLVTI -+- ^Xto?); -antJiine ; -egoric, v. agora; -embole (eV + /SoX?)); -cncJiyma ; -enesis (alve'o) to -entliesis v. oec- praise) ; (eV + riBrj/jLL) ; -Jielion; -ish, ; thr. Lat. fr. -ody ; -ole(Yv. Tra/oa/SoX?;) ; -onym ; -otid; -oxysm ; '-oxytone. Paradise (TrapdSeia-os a deer park, park, fr. Per. pairi- dacza, an enclosure). Paradisca, the birds of para- dise a of ornamental ; paradisia, genus plants. Partheno- (Trapdevos a maiden), partJieno-gcnesis, repro- duction without sexual union ; PartJicnon, the Doric temple of Athene the Virgin, on the Acropolis of Athens one of the ; Parthen-ope (HapOevoTrij Sirens, wi/r face), the eleventh planetoid. Pas, pan-, pant- (vra?, fern. ira (Se-^ofjiat to receive), a treatise containing the whole of any science; -demic ; -demonintn ; -egyric, v. 108 A MINIMUM OF GREEK agora ; -Jiellenism, the desire for the political union of all Greeks; -logism, the doctrine that the universe is a manifestation of the v. Logos ; -oply, Jiopl- ; -opti- con; -orama; -presbyterian ; -spermatism, the doctrine that are diffused -tech- organic germs universally ; nicon, a place where all kinds of manufactured articles are sold -theism -theon. ; ; pant-isocracy (tcro? + icpaTe<0); panto-graph, an instrument for copying, reducing, or enlarging maps, charts, etc.; universal an -logy, knowledge ; -meter, instrument for or measuring angles determining perpendiculars ; -mime, originally a show where everything was im- all itated, nothing spoken ; -morpJiic, taking shapes ; -phagous ; -scopic. Path- (7ra#o? suffering, passion, feeling, . pathos, deep feeling), path-etic ; patho-geny, the mode of devel- opment of a disease, -genetic, -genie, producing dis- ease the science of the of ; -gnomy, signs human passions; -logy, -logist, -logic; a-pathy, -pathetic; idio-pathy ; allo- ; anti- ; homoeo- ; hydro-; nenro- ; sym- ; tele- ; -/^/^(Med.), suffix, used for any kind of disease or morbid state, Patr- (jrarrip, Trar/ao? father), patri-arch, -archal ; -ar- the office or residence of a cJiate, patriarch ; patr-o- nymic, v. -onym ; patri-ot, -otic, -otism (Trar/Ji&m;? one of the same descent or race, cf. iraTpk father- land); cf. many words from Lat. pater, e.g. patri- cian, patrimony, paternal, etc. Pause make to cease TraOcri? a (Travw ; halt, cessation). Pect- (Trtjyvv/jii make fast, TT^/CTO? fixed or fastened). a from pect-ic, congealing ; -in, -ine, jelly obtained A MINIMUM OF GREEK IOQ fruits a substance found in ripe ; -ose, unripe fruits, it is so called because insoluble in water ; -ous, con- sisting of pectose, or pectin. Fed-, fr. Trait, Trcu&fc, v. paed-. P6d- (TreSov the ground), parallelopi-pcd (7rapd\\r)\o Pelagos (-Tre'Xayo? the sea, esp. the open sea), pelagian, pelagic, marine, oceanic, pertaining to the deep sea. Arcld-pelago, v. arcJi-. Pente (TreWe five), penta-cliord, an instrument with five strings, or a system of five sounds; -capsnlar (Lat. capsula, diminutive of capsa, box), (Bot.) having five seed vessels five seeds ; -coccous, having ; penta-d. five in the abstract in an the number ; chemistry will univalent element that unite atoms ; -dactyl, -dactylous ; -glot, a book written in five different languages; -gon, -gonal ; -gram, a figure of five lines forming a five-pointed star; -gynian, having five -Jicdron a verse of pistils ; -Jicdral, ; -meter, five feet; -petalous ; -pliyllous ; -polis, a confedera- tion of five cities; -spennous ; -stick ; -tcuch (rei)%o? implement, book), the first five books of the Old Testament Pente-cost the ; (f) TrevrijKoo-rr) rjfjiepa fiftieth day after the Passover); pent-acrostic, 110 A MINIMUM OF GREEK containing five acrostics of the same name; -ane, a paraffin hydrocarbon, C5 H 12 ; -archy. -penth (TrevOos pain, sorrow), ne-penthe (y-tfjr&Q'fa re- sorrow a that banishes moving ; vr\ not), drug pain ; ne-pentJies, a genus of pitcher plants. Peony (thr. Fr. and Lat fr. Traicovia, so called from its medicinal fr. Haidv the of qualities ; physician the gods). Peps-, pept- (TreWft) or TreTrra) fut. Tre^ra) to cook, digest). to or pept-ic, relating promoting digestion ; -one, the name of a class of albuminoids into which the nitrogenous elements of food are converted by the action of the gastric or pancreatic juice; pepsin, -ine, a ferment in gastric juice; dys-pepsia ; eu-. Peri- (wept around), v. second part of word, peri-anth ; -apt (aTTTO) to fasten), an amulet; -bolos / -cardiac; -cardium ; -carditis ; -carp ; -cJiaetium (^airrj long hair), the circle of leaves about the sexual organs of certain -clase plants ; ; -cope ; -cranium ; -drome ; -gee ; -gynous ; -helion ; -meter; -od, -odic ; -oeci ; -osteum, -ostitis ; -patetic (Trareco walk), walking about, pertaining to the philosophy of Aristotle, who gave his instructions while walking, -ism ; -phery, -pJieral, -pkeric ; -phrase, -plirastic ; -pteral ; -pterous ; -scii ; -scope ; -sperm ; -spheric ; -stalith (la-rrjfju to stand, \idos stone), a line of standing stones a burial -to- surrounding mound ; -style ; netim, -toneal, -tonitis ; -tropal ; -spomenon, v. spas-. Petal- a a min- (ireTaXov leaf), petal ; -ine, adj. ; -ite, eral -oid the of with leaf-like cleavage ; ; -on, plate A MINIMUM OF GREEK I I [ gold worn on the mitre of the Jewish high priest; bi- hexa- -ons, having petals ; a-petalous ; ; ; mono-; gamo-. Petr- a to rock (Trerpa rock), petrean, pertaining ; petro- an shrew of drome, elephant Mozambique ; -gale a the rock the ( -logy ; cf . words f r. Lat. petra = Trerpa : petrary, a military engine for hurling stones; petrify (petra + to into stone facto, make) ; petrescent, converting ; oil cf. Gr. petroleum (oleum, ; eXcuop) ; saltpetre. Phaeton (thr. Fr. and Lat. fr. 3?aedwv son of Phoe- bus, the sun god. He obtained leave from his father drive chariot of the to the Sun ; but, being unable to restrain the horses, was hurled down- wards by Zeus). Phag- ( sive ulcer, -cdenic ; -o-cyte, a white blood corpuscle, so called because it devours bacteria, etc. (/euro? a vessel) ; antJiropo-pliagons ; carpo- ; geo- ; copro- p/iagan, a beetle that lives on dung (/coVpo? dung); pliyto-pliagan; loto-pJiagi ; ocso- or eso-pJiagus (otcrw, fut. with to the sarco- associated pJiagns ((rapt;, gen. o-apKo's flesh). Xi#o? o-aptco In a line of battle ; Phalanx ( wood, the bone between the joints of fingers and toes; (3) a kind of spider, so called from the long joints of its legs), phalanx in English has mean- i and 2. Fr. formed ir- ings pJialanstery (thr. ; regularly from Phan-, phen-, phas- (aiW>, fut. fyavw to shine, show; ible), having organs of reproduction distinctly vis- ible, -gamous ; phantasm ( phenomenon ( ist, -a/, -alism ; plien-ol (a hybrid word, Lat. oleum, oil); phen-acetin, a medicine obtained from coal tar (phenol + acetin fr. Lat. acetnm, an vinegar) ; pJicn-yl. phase ; cm-pJiasis (e/i Pharmac- ( prophet), -plietic, -pJicsy. a-phasia (cKpaa-ia speech- lessness). Phen-, v. phan-. Pher-, phor- (tyepo) bear, bring, $0/309 that which is borne). meta-phor, v. meta ; para-pJierna-lia (Lat. fr. Gr. of a Trapd + e/a^ a dower, fr. fa'pw). The goods wife over and above her dowry; hence trappings, etc. circumference ; ; pcri-pJiery, perimeter, -pheral, 114 A MINIMUM OF GREEK -pheric ; probably vero-nica (e^epo) -f- vi/crj victory), (i) a cloth said to have been miraculously impressed with the face of Christ when on his way to Calvary because it was used by a woman named Veronica to His face hence a handkerchief with a wipe ; rep- resentation of Christ's face a of ; (2) genus plants. ana-pkora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive clauses and sen- tences; dia-pJwr-esis (lit., a carrying through), an of the insensible increasing perspiration ; dia-pho- retic, a medicine that promotes perspiration, -pho- retical of ; a-dia-phoresis, deficiency perspiration ; neither nor do- a-dia-pJiorous, right wrong ; (Med.) neither nor harm ing good ; pJios-pJiorus, -pJwrous, -phoric, -phorescent (Qaxrfyopos Lucifer, the morning star f r. chemical words derived ; phosphorus with a single element; pJios-pJi-ite, a salt of acid to combine phosphorous ; pJios-pJior-ate, with of lime phosphorus ; pJios-pJior-ite, phosphate ; phos-phur-etted (fr. Fr.), combined with phosphorus- hypo-pliosph-ite ; electro-pJiorus, an instrument em to obtain induction sema- ployed electricity by ; phore, v. sem- ; am-phora (Lat. fr. a^t^opeu? from a/Mp&>s a bearer), a two- handled jar. Phil- ((f)i\eco love, from taxation or charge, fr. re'Xo?, q.v.), stamp col- a friend of lecting ; -harmonic ; -hellene, -hellenist, A MINIMUM OF GREEK 1 15 Greece one of the ; Phil-ip (tWo? horse) ; -ippic, orations of Demosthenes against Philip, king of Macedon hence bitter declamation ; any ; philo-, pJiil-, a prefix = loving; cf. /////-American, etc., philo-logy, the study of speech, language, -legist, -logic ; -math, a lover of learning, -matJiic ; -mel, the the in tra- nightingale (OtXo/^Xa nightingale ; dition the daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, who was into a from changed nightingale ; /ne'Xo? or doubtful song (lengthened)) ; -pena Philippine (of to from a origin ; according some, $1X09 + Troivr) to fem. penalty ; according others, from Philippine, of or from were in Philip ; Philip, whose daughters one sepulchre; others again derive it from Ger. vielliebclicn, sweetheart) ; -progenitiveness ; -sophy, -sopJiic ; biblio-pliile ; philtre ( Phleb- ( (2) inflammation (Med.), and so pJilcgm ; (/>Xo', (f>\o O. Fr.), the tenacious mucous of the respiratory and hence dul- digestive passages ; sluggishness, ness an ; phlegm-otic; -asia, inflammation; -on, inflamed tumour, -onons ; de-pJilegmate, to deprive of superabundant water by distillation or evapora- tion, de-pJilegmator, an apparatus for this purpose, -pJilcgmation. pJilog-iston, the supposed principle of inflammability, -is tic, pertaining to phlogiston, Il6 A MINIMUM OF GREEK JUTTO? the face inflammatory ; -opite (w-v/r, ; hence fiery looking), a kind of magnesia, often of a cop- per colour and pearly lustre; de-pJilogisticate, to deprive of phlogiston ; anti-phlogistic, anything that allays inflammation. pJilox, a genus of plants, so called from its flaming colour. a suffix = fear or dislike of -phob- ( Phoenix or Phenix (otz/i|, -i/co? the Phoenix, a fabulous bird of great beauty, supposed to have lived for five hundred years in the Arabian plains, and then to have built for itself a funeral pile, from which, after fanning it into flames with its wings, it arose immortal hence the is often used as an em- ; phoenix blem of a of excellence immortality ; person unique or beauty. The word has possibly no connection with above from (frotvig ; perhaps Egyptian bcnnu, a bird sacred to Osiris). Phon- ((fxuvrf sound, tone), phone-tic, -tist. pJion-ic ; phono-gram ; -graph, -graphic ; -lite, a volcanic rock that sounds clinkstone when struck, ; -logy ; -meter, an instrument for showing the number of vibra- tions of a instrument for sounding body ; -scope, recording music as played, or for testing musical A MINIMUM OF GREEK 117 character used to a strings ; -type, represent sound, ~tyPy> -typic. anti-phon, the chant or alternate sing- ing, -phony, -phonal, -ic ; antJiem is the same word as antiphon, but came into the English language before the Norman Conquest (Anglo-Saxon form, antefen ; O.K. antym}', a-phony, loss of voice, -phonic, -phonous ; caco-pJiony, -phonoiis ; en-phony, -phonic, -phonions, -phonise, -plionism ; eu-phon-icon, a kind of a brass bass upright piano ; eu-pJion-ium, musical instrument a letter or ; hcmo-phone, word having the same sound as another, -phonons, (i) of the same of words same sound but pitch ; (2) having different spelling; mega-phone ; micro-phone; mono-; po/y-phony, counterpoint, -phonism, -phonic ; sym- phony; tanto-phony, repetition of the same sound, v. auto-; tele-phone. Phos, phot- ($ Phras- ((frpd^a), fut. -pJirastic ; -phrast, one who paraphrases; meta- phrase, a literal translation, -phrastic, -phrast. Phren- the midriff or the (0p^, fypevos diaphragm ; heart, hence the understanding, intellect), phren-ic, per- taining to the diaphragm; -itis, inflammation of the brain mad cf. and ; -etic, ; frenzy frantic (thr. O. Fr. frenetique) ; -o-logy, -legist. -phtheg, -phthong ((frOeyyopai utter a sound, speak loud and clear the sound of the ; (frdoyyij voice), apo- phthegm, a short, pithy saying, -phthcgmatic, -phtheg- matist ; di-phthong, -aI ; tri-phthong, -al ; mono-. Phthisis ( away), pulmonary consumption. pJitJiis-ic, a con- the or sumptive ; -ical, wasting flesh, having to relating consumption ; -io-logy. tribe a Phyl- ( functions of leaf-blade -oid and ; ; phyllo-pJiagan, or leaf-eater a leaf- a saw-fly ; -phagous ; -pod, a leaf-nosed -sto- footed crustacean ; -stone, bat, the of leaves on mine, adj. ; -taxis, arrangement a kind of the vine the stem ; -xcra, insect, pest (77/30? dry); cliloro-pJiyll, v. cJilor- ; gillyflower, v. P- 33- f ut. (>ucrt9 Phys- (4>vQ>, parts previously separate ; epi-. Phys- ((f>vaa a pair of bellows), pliysa, a genus of pond 120 A MINIMUM OF GREEK snails. pJiys-eter, a sperm whale ((j)vcrr)r^p a blow- a kind of pipe ; whale). physo-stontous, having mouth and air-bladder connected by an air-duct, as a fish word fr. Lat. ; -grade (a hybrid gradi, to go), an acaleph which moves by means of a vesicular organ, which buoys it up. fr. Phyt- (im>'i> a plant, Picro- (Trt/cpo? bitter; Triicpk a bitter herb, a kind of endive), picric = carbazotic, composed of carbon and azote a of -merite ; picro-lite, variety serpentine ; ((Ae'pos a part), a hydrous sulphate of magnesium and found in salt mines in Prussia potassium ; a fibrous -phyll, mineral from Sala, Sweden ; a in indicus -toxin, poison the seeds of Cocculus ; picr-osmine, a mineral occurring in fibrous massive forms, having a bitter odour when moistened. Pion- (irlwv fat), pio-scope, instrument for measuring amount of cream in milk. pro-pion-ic {pro, cf. Trpcoro? first), pertaining to or containing a sup- posed principle found in glycerine, Pipto-, v. ftom-. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 121 Pir-, peir- (Treipdo/jiai attempt, try), peira-stic, tentative. pirate, piracy, piratical (thr. Lat. fr. Treiparris, lit. one who attempts or attacks). em-piric (e/ATreipia experience), one who relies upon experiment and observation one who confines himself to ; the re- sults of his own observation, hence sometimes a quack, charlatan; as adj. = founded upon experi- ment, -pirical ; -piricism. Planet- (jrXdvrj a wandering; Tr\avijrrj cles, -tic, -tical ; plasmic, adj.; plasm-ine, a proteid precipitated from blood plasma by adding salts. plasmo-gcn, true protoplasm, -gony, the genera- tion of an organism from plasma; -logy= histology; -lysis, contraction of protoplasm under the action of reagents. bio-plasm, living matter; cata- (thr. Lat.), a poultice, proto-, an albuminoid substance, which constitutes the primitive tissue of animal and vege- table life, -plasmal, -plasmic. plast-ic, capable of i22 A MINIMUM OF GREEK moulded Lat. being ; -icity (observe suffix) ; -ilina, modelling clay; -o-grap]iy, forgery. plaster ; plas- tron, (i) a breastplate; (2) the under shell of the turtle; plastral, adj., pertaining to the plastron; em-plastic (e/i-TrXao-cro) plaster up), adhesive; em- plaster, a plaster for wound, etc. (fr. e^TrXaa-rpov a plaster for a wound). Plat- (TrXarv? broad). platy-cepJialous; -pod. platane, the plane tree (thr. Lat. fr. TrXaVaz'o? the plane tree, so called from its broad, flat leaves); plane is the same word in a corrupted form; plantain, too, is probably a corruption of TrXarai/o?. plate (thr. Fr.). Plato (YlXdrcov Lat. Plato, a Greek philosopher, said to have been named Aristocles, but surnamed H\drcov on account of his broad shoulders, fr. TrXcvnk broad). Platon-ic, pertaining to Plato or his ideas, -ism ; -ist, -istic. Pleon-, plio-, pleist- (irXekov or TrXeW more, comp. of TroXv? TrXeicrro? many ; superl. most), pleon-asm, more than is necessary in language, redundancy, -ast, one addicted to redundancy, -astic ; -cxia f Llt - w morbid selfishness (ex* * '^ have), ; plio-cene (KCLIVOS the most recent recent), tertiary deposits ; pleisto-cene, deposits of the newest divisions of the tertiary formation. Pleura (vrXeupa a rib, the side), pleura, the principal serous membrane of the thorax, -/, adj.; plcnr-isy (thr. Fr. and Lat.), inflammation of the pleura, -itic, -itical, pertaining to or having pleurisy; -odynia, pain in the muscles of the chest; pleuro-pneumonia. A MINIMUM OF GREEK 123 f ut. strike a Plex-, pleg- (7r\77 (thr. Lat. fr. 7r\Y)icrpov), an instrument for plucking strings of a lyre. Plinth (ir\(,v6o -ploce (TT\OKI) anything woven together, a web, fr. TrXe/co) to weave), sym-ploce (Rhet), the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning, and another at the end of successive clauses. Pluto- wealth H\OVTOJV of the (TlXouro? ; Pluto, god lower world, so called because corn, the wealth of early times, was sent from beneath the earth). pluto-cracy, -crat. Pluto, Pluton-ian; -^pertain- to Pluto or his subterranean ing region, ; (Geol.) below the surface the formed deep ; -ism, theory that the earth's crust is due to igneous action, -ist. to -aro? Pneo, pneum- (TTVCQ) breathe ; hence Trvevpa, breath in N.T. the wind, ; spirit ; Trvevpa Holy Ghost. Trvevfjiwv a lung). pneo-grapJi, an instru- for ment indicating respiratory movement ; Di-prwi, an order of fishes having both gills and lungs. a small air bladder pneumat-ic ; pneumato-cyst, ; pnenmato-logy, (i) the doctrine of spiritual exist- ences, the doctrine of the Holy Spirit; (2) pneu- matics; pncnmato-meter, instrument for measuring of air in a morbid accu- quantity respiration ; -sis, 124 A MINIMUM OF GREEK mulation of gas in the body. pnenmon-ia ; -ic, to the -itis. pertaining lungs ; Pod- (TTOV?, TroSds the foot), pod-agra, -agral, -agric ; the bird a -argue (apyos swift), more-pork ; -ite, of a crustacean -'mm in Archit. limb ; (thr. Lat.), a continuous a raised which pedestal ; platform surrounded the arena of the amphitheatre. podo-phyllin, a purgative obtained from the root stalk of the with leaf- mayflower ; -phy lions, flat, like feet the stalk of an ovule or seed. ; -sperm, anti-podes, those that dwell on opposite sides of the globe (lit. whose feet are opposite), -podal, -podean ; without without ventral fins a-podal, -podous, feet, ; a-pod, a-pode, a footless animal; tri-fod, -al ; tri- pos (a word erroneously having the Gr. termination -05 though derived thr. Lat. tripus from T/HTTOU? a three-footed stool), a word belonging to Cam- bridge University, England, meaning the list of successful candidates for honours in the different also the honour examination itself. departments ; The peculiar history of this word may serve as a useful example. Originally a tripod, then the B.A., " Mr. Tripos," who sat on a three-legged stool to " " dispute with the Father in the philosophy school on Ash next the B.A.'s came Wednesday ; speech to be called a tripos ; next his humorous verses, called in which were distributed, were so ; then, later years when his office became obsolete, the word came to be applied to the list of successful candidates that was published on the back of sheets of similar verses which still continued to be issued ; A MINIMUM OF GREEK 125 the mathematical examination was then called the tripos ; lastly, it was applied to other honour exami- nations, poly-p, -pc, an aquatic animal of the radiate type; poly-pus (i) a polyp; (2) a kind of tumour, forms late -pcan, -pose, -pous, adj. ; -pary (thr. Lat. polyparinm}, a polyp stalk, a coral; the horny outer of covering many Hydrozoa ; myrio-pod (fjivpios numerous cf. numberless), having legs ; ped- from Lat. pes, pedis, in centipede, pedal, etc. Pos-, poem-, poet- (vroieo) make), epo-pee (e-Tro? word, song, an v. -Trotetu), epic poem ; onomato-poeia, onoma- ; pJiarmaco-pocia ; prosopo-poeia ; poem (irohjpa some- thing made, a poem); poesy. (TTOITJCTIS a making, poetry); hence posy ; poet (TTO^T??? a maker, poet), poetic ; poet-aster, a would-be poet. Pol- (TrwXe'ft) sell), mono-poly; biblio-pole. Pol- (TTO'XO? pivot, axis, pole), pole (thr. Lat.); pol-ar ; polari-meter, -scope, instruments for exhibiting the of phenomena polarized light ; polarity ; polarise. Polem- (TToXeyno? war). polcm-arcJi ; -ic, -ical, contro- versial, -ics, the art of controversy, polemo-scope, a glass with a mirror to view obliquely, so called from its being used to observe enemies' movements behind defences. Polls, polit-, polic- (TTo'Xt? a city, TroXm;? a citizen, TroXt- reia citizenship, state, government). Acro-polis ; metro-, mother city, metro politan ; necro-polis ; Nea-, the ancient of of name Naples ; Constantino-pie, city Constantine; Adriano-ple ; cf. Stamboul= e? r^v TTO- \LV. cosmo-politan, v. cosmo- ; polit-ic, -ical, -ician ; the form or constitution of a -y, government ; 126 A MINIMUM OF GREEK police ; policy (thr. Fr.), the system by which the affairs of a state are administered. (For insurance policy, v. sub poly-). pro-polis, a resinous sub- stance collected by bees to stop holes in their hives. Poly- (TroXu?, 7ro\\r), TTO\V many). A common prefix, v. second part of word, poly andrian ; -antJins ; -archy ; -chrom ; -gamy ; -genesis ; -gon ; -gyny ; -Jiedral ; -nesian ; -nomial ; -pe ; -petalons ; -phagy ; -pJiony ; pJiyllous ; -pod; -sepalous ; -sporous ; -stome ; -style ; -syllabic ; -syn-deton ; -synthetic ; -tccJinic ; etc. a book -theism, ; poly-antJiea, containing many flowery extracts. policy (probably through Fr. po- lice ; It. polizza, a bill, policy, through Lat. politi- cum from iro\vTTTV)(o<; having many folds or leaves fr. a v. un- TroXw + TTTVJ;, -TTTf^d? fold, leaf) ; policy, der polis. a escort a Pomp- (TTOHTTY) sending, conducting, ; proces- sion fr. 7re/i7ra) send); pomp ; -ons, -ousness ; -osity. Pont- (TroWo? sea, o TroVro? the Black Sea). Pontic, per- to the Black Sea called Sea taining ; Pro-pontis, now of the so called Marmora ; Hellespont, Dardanelles, because Helle was drowned there when being taken across on the back of a ram. Por- (TTO'/JO? a river ford, a passage, route, journey). pore (thr. Fr.) ; por-ous, -ose, -osity, -ousness; por- a coral itc, perforate ; pori-{ferons) ; Bos-porns, Bos-pJiorus (the latter an erroneous form), lit. the of the ox cf. with this the passage ; Eng. Oxford ; em-porium (thr. Lat. fr. e/zTro/oo? a traveller, one on the find a way e'v, Tro'/ao?) ; porism (iropi^w way, deduce hence a bring about, procure, ; Tropcr/ia), A MINIMUM OF GREEK I2/ corollary, a proposition to find the conditions that will ensue under certain problems indeterminate; porismatic, poristic. the shell-fish hence a Porphyr-, purp- (Tropfyvpa purple ; obtained from a kind of rock dye it), porpliyr-y, ; -ise, make like porphyry, or to grind on a slab of porphyry; -itic, -aceous. purple (thr. Fr. from Lat. purpura fr. 7rop(f>vpa). porporine (thr. It.), an alloy of quicksilver, tin, and sulphur. pur- puric, purpurcal. Pos- (TTOO-IS a drinking, fr. irivw drink), sym-posinm (a a drinking together), merry feast, banquet ; -posiac, to revels chairman or director pertaining ; -post-arch, of a feast cf. words derived fr. Lat. ; poto, drink, potation, potable, etc. Potamo- (Trora/Lio'i? a river), potamo-logy, -logical ; Jiippo- potamus ; Meso-potamia (/ne'cro? middle, in the mid- dle), the region between the Euphrates and the Tigris ; Aegos-potami. f ut. Prag-, pract-, prax- (Tr/aarra), 7rpdj-a> do ; Trpajfjia a act fit for something done, deed, ; TrpatcriKos a an doing ; 7r/oat Presbyt- (tr/)^r/8vs old, com par. Trpeafivrepos elder), pres- indistinct vision from old one so by-opia, age ; -ope, affected an elder so ; presbyt-er, ; -erian, -eria.nism, called because government of the church is vested 128 A MINIMUM OF GREEK in elders a of elders hence a district ; -ery, body ; such a the in a cathedral governed by body ; space between the altar and the choir; -eral, -erial = -erian. Prism (irpurfia, -aro? something sawed, a block of 1&> = wood, fr. 7773 to saw), p.rism ; -oid -atoid ; like a -ical. prism ; prismat-ic, Pro- (TT/OO before, for), v. second part of word, pro-blem, v. bal ; -boscis (/3oW&> feed), lit. that which feeds in front, i.e. the hollow tube projecting from the head of and other animals as well as insects -car- elephants ; dium, the pit of the stomach, so called from its posi- tion -cerite -em Lat. fr. ; (icepas horn) / (thr. otfto? way, road), preface, introduction, -cmial ; -emptosis, v. -pto ; -gnatJiic (yvdOo -state ; -style ; -tasis ; -thesis. I Pros- (Tr/909 to, toward), pros-clyte (tfXvOa came), a convert to etc. some religion, opinion, ; -elytize, -elytism ; -cncJiyma ; -eitcJia (ey^o/Aai pray), a place of devotion, esp. a Jewish chapel that was not a -odial -t/iesis. synagogue ; -ody, ; Proter- before a of the (Trporepos former, ; comparative there no but cf. superlative TT/XWTO?, being positive ; TT/JO), proter-andry, a ripening of the stamens before the pistils, -androus ; protero-gyny, ripening of pistils before stamens, -gynous. Proto- first cf. v. second of (T^/OCOTO? ; TT/JO before), part word, prot -agonist ; -eid, constituent of food, as A MINIMUM OF GREEK 1 29 etc. the essential element of gluten, albumen, ; -ein, a be- proteid ; proto-col'; -genesis; -gine (yfyvo/juu come, be), a variety of granite found in the Alps; chief -graph ; -martyr; -notary or protlio-notary, a clerk word from Lat. a (a hybrid notarius, notary) ; -the- proto-phyte ; -plasm ; -plast ; -ptcrous ; -spore ; rian ; -type ; -zoan. a instrument Psalm, psalt- (i|ra\X Pseud- (tyevBo/jiai to deceive), pseud-epigraph, spurious inscribed with a writings ; -epigrapJiic, -graft/tons, false name, pertaining to the biblical pseudepi- vision. grapha ; -onym, -onymous ; -opia, deceptive = false visual psendo-, a prefix ; -apostle ; -bleftsis, deception; -graph; -morft/i, a mineral having the crystalline form of another, -morpJiic ; -scope, an instrument that shows objects with their proper relief reversed. the Psych- (-ty-vyr) breath, soul, spirit), psych-e, soul, -ical a medical mind ; -ic, ; -ist, spiritualist ; -iatry, diseases treatment of mental ; psycho-genesis, psy- chic = development ; -logy, -logic, -logist ; -mancy a the science necromancy ; -nosology (ro'cro mental disease. met-em-psychosis (perd + eV), the passing of the soul after death into another animal body, transmigration. Pter- (Trrepov (i) a feather, wing; (2) the rows of 130 A MINIMUM OF GREEK columns along the sides of Greek temples), pier- ichthys, a fossil genus of fishes; ptero carpous, hav- fruit an extinct ing winged ; -dactyl, flying reptile, ; a side wall -dactylous -ma, ; -pe (TTOU? foot), flying fruit bat limbs like fox, ; -pod, having flappers for a swimming; -saur, pterodactyl. a pter-al, (i) des- titute of wings, (2) having no columns along the sides a insect ; -an, wingless ; -ous, wingless ; -inm, a part of the skin of a bird without feathers. lepido-ptera, -ptetist, v. lepido- ; mono-pteron, -pteros, a temple constructed of columns arranged in a circle, -pteral ; Di-ptera, an order of insects having two wings; di-pterous ; di-pteral, (i) having two wings, (2) having a double row of columns on each of the flanks a with a ; peri-ptery, building range of columns all around ; -pteral ; peri-pterous, feathered on all sides. pteryg oid (Trrepv%, -1/705 a wing), wing-shaped; A-pteryx, a genus of birds with rudi- mentary wings and no tail. a disaster a TTTWCTLS Ptom-, ptos- (7TT an ancient tab- Ptych- (7TTt>x?7 a fold), di-ptych, writing let that consisted of two hinged leaves; hence, a list of names deserving of special commemoration a at the celebration of the eucharist ; tri-, folding tablet in three an altar in three writing parts ; piece parts. Purp-, v.porphyr-. Pus-, v. pod-. Py- (TTVOV pus), py-aemia, -emia, a disease caused by the absorption of pus in the blood, -aemic ; -oid. of Pycn- (TTVKVOS thick), pycn-ite, a variety topaz; a fossil fish instrument to pycn-odont, ; pycno-meter, ascertain specific gravity of a body. hence a measure of Pygm- (trvy/jiij the fist, 13^ inches, the distance from the elbow to the knuckles). pygmy, pigmy ; pygmean. a a Pyl- (TrvXr) door, gate), pylon (TrvXvv gateway), to an monumental gateway Egyptian temple ; pyl- orus (ovpos guard), the orifice of the stomach through which the food passes into the intestines, -oric ; Thermo-pylae (Oeppos hot), lit. Hotgates, so called its hot an ornamental from springs ; pro-pylaenm, structure in front of a temple or other building; in pro-pyl-ite, a volcanic rock found silver-mining districts, so called because it was supposed to have opened a new epoch in volcanic geology, -pylitic. the thorn of Pyr- (irvp fire), pyr-acanth, evergreen southern Europe; -argyr-itc, a sulphide of silver a and a funeral ; -cue, antimony ; -e, pile hydro- carbon obtained from coal tar; -heliometcr, an of sun's heat instrument to measure intensity ; 132 A MINIMUM OF GREEK -idine, a liquid of pungent odour, derived from coal used for asthma a dark red tar, ; -ope, garnet ; Pyret-ic (Try/oero? a fever), feverish, a medicine for fever medicine that fever. ; anti-pyretic, allays pyreto-logy ; pyrexia, fever, pyrexial, pyrexic ; pyr- ites (TrvpiTrjs a flint, a mineral that strikes fire), sulphur combined with iron, copper, nickel, etc., pyrit-ic, -ons ; pyritize, to convert into pyrites. pyro-chlore, a mineral, so called from its colour under the blowpipe; -electric; pyro-gen, (i) a substance which produces fever, (2) the electric fluid fever heat ; -genie, causing ; -genous, causing or denot- produced by heat, igneous ; -gnostic, ing the qualities of a mineral observed by the blowpipe; -latry ; -logy ; -mancy ; -mania, insane to set on fire instrument passion things ; -meter, for measuring very high degrees of heat, -metry, -metric; -morphons, crystallizing upon fusion; rendered heat -phanous, transparent by ; -phorus, a substance that takes fire on exposure to air, -phorons ; -scope, an instrument for ascertaining the intensity of radiant heat; -sis, a disorder of the heartburn to stomach, ; -tecJinic, pertaining caustic fireworks, -teclmy ; -tic, ; -xylin (%v\ov wood), an explosive obtained by immersing vege- table fibre in nitric also in forms acid, gun-cotton ; -xyline, -xyle ; -xylic, produced by the distillation of wood, em-pyr-eal, -ean, formed of pure fire or light, heavenly (the empyrean was the highest heaven of the ancients, where the pure element of fire was supposed to exist); em-pyreuma (e^irvpev^a a live A MINIMUM OF GREEK 133 coal covered with ashes so as to allow of the fire being rekindled), in Chem. the pungent taste of ani- mal and matter burned in close vessels vegetable ; to combustion a em-fyrical, pertaining ; anti-pyrin, febrifuge obtained from coal tar. Pyramid (fr. Trvpapk, -1809 a word of Egyptian origin). pyramid-ic, -al. Pyrrhic (Trvppi^rj a kind of war dance named after the inventor TTOV? the measure ITu/ap^o? ; 7rvppi%io<; used in the Pyrrhic dance), a foot consisting of two short syllables, a pyrrhic. Pyth- (TlvOa) the older name of Delphi and the sur- rounding region, noted for its temple of Apollo and famous oracle HvOwv a slain ; Python, serpent there irvOios to or by Apollo ; pertaining Delphi Apollo). pytJiiad, the interval between one cele- bration of the and the next Pythian games ; Pythia, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi, Pythian ; python, a genus of large snakes; pytJion-ic, (i) per- to or like a oracular taining python, (2) ; Pythoness, the at the art priestess Delphi, Pythia ; pytJion-ism, of predicting events. Rhaps- (paTTTw stitch), rliaps-ody, -ode, -odist, -odize. Rheo-, rheu-, -rrh (pea) flow). rJieo-meter, an instrument for measuring the strength of an electric current, -metry ; -motor (a hybrid word, Lat. motor, a mover), any apparatus by which an electric cur- rent is v. the conductor originated ; -phore, pher, the of a voltaic cell an instru- joining poles ; -scope, ment for determining the strength or existence of an electric current an instrument for ; -stat, regu- 134 A MINIMUM OF GREEK lating the electric current; -tome, an instrument for it off an instrument for cutting ; -trope, chang- ing its direction. rheum (thr. O. Fr. fr. peu//,a, -aro? a flow), a discharge of any of the organs; -y ; rhenmat-ic, -ism. cata-rrh, -rrJial, -rrhons ; dia- rrhoea, -rrJioetic ; hemo-rrhoids, -rrJioi-dal, v. haem- Rhetor- (pijrcap, -0/005 an orator). rJietor-ic, science of oratory, speaking; -ical ; -ician. Cf. the Lat. orator and its English derivatives. Rhin- (/oi Rhythm- (pvOpos measured motion, time, rhythm, fr. peon flow), rhythm, -ic, -ical ; en-rhythmy, harmonious A MINIMUM OF GREEK 135 movement; regularity of the pulse. Note that rJiyme is so spelt through a mistaken idea that it was connected with rhytlim. The older and more correct spelling is rime, from Anglo-Saxon riman, number, count. -rrh, v. rheo-. -rrhag- (pifowfu break, burst). hemo-rrJiage, v. Jiaem-. fr. Sacc- (CT CMC/CO? a bag, sack, Heb. sag; most deriva- tives in Eng. come thr. the Lat. saccns, a bag). like a sack a little sacc-ate, bag-shaped ; -ular, ; -ule, sack, a cyst; sack; sac; sacque (a pseudo-Fr. spelling fr. Fr. sac, a loosely hanging garment for men or women). In Zoology, etc., word is fr. Lat. or Gr. according as the second part of the word is Lat. or Gr. Sacchar (o-a/c^a/> sugar), saccJiar-ic, -me, -ons ; -ite, a of of vitreous lustre -o in- variety felspar ; -meter, strument for ascertaining the amount of sugar in a solution, -metry ; saccho-lactic, acid obtained from of milk Lat. cf . sugar ; sacckari-ferous ( fero, bear, Sapro- (o-aTr/ao? putrid), sapr-aemia, -emia, septic poi- soning, -aemic ; sapro-genic, causing putrefaction, -genons ; -phagan, a beetle that feeds on decaying matter, -pJiagous ; -phyte, a plant which grows on decaying vegetable matter, -pJiytic. Sarc- flesh rend flesh like a (crdpt;, o-a/o/eo? ; aapicd^w dog, hence show the teeth, sneer), sarc-asm, -astic ; -ine, an organic base existing in the juice of mus- cular sarco- flesh ; -itis, muscular inflammation ; the of animal the blast, germ protoplasm ; -carp, 136 A MINIMUM OF GREEK of certain fruits a resin fleshy part ; -col, gum ; -id, resembling flesh; -de, animal protoplasm, -die; -logy, anatomy that deals with the soft parts of the body, -logic; -ma, a tumour of fleshy con- sistence; -phagous, -pJiagal ; -pJiagus ; -pJiile, a flesh-eating animal, -philous ; -sis, a fleshy tumour; a muscular fibril flesh to -style, ; -tic, causing grow ; sarkin-ite an arseni- -us, fleshy ; (a-dptcivos fleshy), ate of manganese, so called from its blood-red colour. Satan (Zaravds Satan, fr. Heb. word meaning " enemy "). satan-ic, -ism ; satano-phany, a mani- festation of Satan ; -phobia. Satyr (o-aTvpos a satyr, a sylvan deity, represented as the were part man, part goat ; satyrs distinguished for lasciviousness and riot), satyr-ic, -ical ; -al, in heraldry a monster having the head of a man and limbs of various animals morbid ; -iasis, passion. Saur- (o-aOpo? a lizard). Saur-ia, an order of reptiles having scales and legs, -ian ; -ichnite, the fossil track of a Saurian ; -iosis, a skin disease in which the skin like that of a lizard a becomes ; -oid, large fossil fish resembling the Saurians. ichtliyo-sau- rns ; megalo-; dino-saur, -ian (Seivos terrible), a large fossil lizard. -sbest- (cr/3eo-T09 quenched, fr. a-pevvvfju, fut. a-fiea-a quench, hence ao-ySeo-ro? unquenched, hence end- as less, ceaseless ; noun, asbestos, an indestructible mineral), asbest-os, -ic ; -ine, pertaining to or made of asbestos -oid. ; Scandal (o-fcdvBa\ov a snare laid for an enemy, stumbling- A MINIMUM OF GREEK 137 the word is a later form of block, trap ; 9pov the spring of a trap). scandal-ize ; -ous ; slander (thr. O. Fr. esclandrer\ v. doublets, p. 37. Scaph- ( Sceptre (a-KrjTrTpov a staff or stick to lean upon, a sceptre, fr. crKiJTrro) prop, support), sceptral. Schem- (cr^/ua, -aro9 form, shape, hence show, pretence, fr. e% mat-ic, -ical, -ize ; scJiist (er^to-rcte split), a rock hav- ing a slaty structure; -ic, -ose, -ous, admitting of division into slates like schist, v. under Zest, p. 36. Schol- time hence a work of (a")(o\r) leisure, spare ; a learned hence the leisure, disputation ; place where such lectures were given, a school), schol-ar Fr. and Lat. -astic Lat. fr. (thr. O. schola) ; (thr. er;oA,a