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Boston Latin Academy Certamen Forum 2013 Novice Division Round 1
Boston Latin Academy Certamen Forum 2013 Novice Division Round 1 1. What mythical group lost its only mortal member when Perseus cut off the hissing head of Medusa? THE GORGONS B1 & B2: For 5 points each, name the two immortal gorgons. STHENO AND EURYALE 2. Differentiate in meaning between DUM and TUM DUM = WHILE, UNTIL; TUM = THEN B1: Differentiate in meaning between MURUS and DURUS MURUS = WALL, BANK, DEFENSE, PROTECTION; DURUS = HARD, HARSH B2: Differentiate in meaning between DISCO AND DOCEO DISCO = I LEARN, DOCEO = I TEACH 3. Who, at age 30, was elected to the office of tribune of the Plebs in 133 BC? TIBERIUS GRACCHUS B1: Who was Tiberius’ mother who called him and his brother “her jewels”? CORNELIA B2: What was the praenomen of his brother? GAIUS 4. Identify the use of the ablative in the following sentence: Puer animal telo pugnat. ABLATIVE OF MEANS B1: ….. Puer Athenis cum sua matre habitat. ABLATIVE ACCOMPANIMENT B2: ……Puer animal magna cum audacia pugnat. ABLATIVE OF MANNER [SCORE CHECK] 5. What creature, which had terrorized the city of Thebes, has the head of a woman, the wings of an eagle, and the body of a lion? SPHINX B1: What hero defeated a sphinx by answering her riddle? OEDIPUS B2: Whom did Oedipus marry when he become king of Thebes JOCASTA (PROMPT on “HIS MOTHER/THE QUEEN”) 6. Translate the following sentence into English: Puella duos canes in via vidit THE GIRL SAW (HAS SEEN) TWO DOGS IN THE ROAD B1: ….. Alius canis in viam currebat. ANOTHER DOG WAS RUNNING (RAN) INTO THE ROAD B2: …. -
Hesiod Theogony.Pdf
Hesiod (8th or 7th c. BC, composed in Greek) The Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are probably slightly earlier than Hesiod’s two surviving poems, the Works and Days and the Theogony. Yet in many ways Hesiod is the more important author for the study of Greek mythology. While Homer treats cer- tain aspects of the saga of the Trojan War, he makes no attempt at treating myth more generally. He often includes short digressions and tantalizes us with hints of a broader tra- dition, but much of this remains obscure. Hesiod, by contrast, sought in his Theogony to give a connected account of the creation of the universe. For the study of myth he is im- portant precisely because his is the oldest surviving attempt to treat systematically the mythical tradition from the first gods down to the great heroes. Also unlike the legendary Homer, Hesiod is for us an historical figure and a real per- sonality. His Works and Days contains a great deal of autobiographical information, in- cluding his birthplace (Ascra in Boiotia), where his father had come from (Cyme in Asia Minor), and the name of his brother (Perses), with whom he had a dispute that was the inspiration for composing the Works and Days. His exact date cannot be determined with precision, but there is general agreement that he lived in the 8th century or perhaps the early 7th century BC. His life, therefore, was approximately contemporaneous with the beginning of alphabetic writing in the Greek world. Although we do not know whether Hesiod himself employed this new invention in composing his poems, we can be certain that it was soon used to record and pass them on. -
Greek Mythology
Greek Mythology The Creation Myth “First Chaos came into being, next wide bosomed Gaea(Earth), Tartarus and Eros (Love). From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night. Of Night were born Aether and Day (whom she brought forth after intercourse with Erebus), and Doom, Fate, Death, sleep, Dreams; also, though she lay with none, the Hesperides and Blame and Woe and the Fates, and Nemesis to afflict mortal men, and Deceit, Friendship, Age and Strife, which also had gloomy offspring.”[11] “And Earth first bore starry Heaven (Uranus), equal to herself to cover her on every side and to be an ever-sure abiding place for the blessed gods. And earth brought forth, without intercourse of love, the Hills, haunts of the Nymphs and the fruitless sea with his raging swell.”[11] Heaven “gazing down fondly at her (Earth) from the mountains he showered fertile rain upon her secret clefts, and she bore grass flowers, and trees, with the beasts and birds proper to each. This same rain made the rivers flow and filled the hollow places with the water, so that lakes and seas came into being.”[12] The Titans and the Giants “Her (Earth) first children (with heaven) of Semi-human form were the hundred-handed giants Briareus, Gyges, and Cottus. Next appeared the three wild, one-eyed Cyclopes, builders of gigantic walls and master-smiths…..Their names were Brontes, Steropes, and Arges.”[12] Next came the “Titans: Oceanus, Hypenon, Iapetus, Themis, Memory (Mnemosyne), Phoebe also Tethys, and Cronus the wily—youngest and most terrible of her children.”[11] “Cronus hated his lusty sire Heaven (Uranus). -
Iconography of the Gorgons on Temple Decoration in Sicily and Western Greece
ICONOGRAPHY OF THE GORGONS ON TEMPLE DECORATION IN SICILY AND WESTERN GREECE By Katrina Marie Heller Submitted to the Faculty of The Archaeological Studies Program Department of Sociology and Archaeology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science University of Wisconsin-La Crosse 2010 Copyright 2010 by Katrina Marie Heller All Rights Reserved ii ICONOGRAPHY OF THE GORGONS ON TEMPLE DECORATION IN SICILY AND WESTERN GREECE Katrina Marie Heller, B.S. University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, 2010 This paper provides a concise analysis of the Gorgon image as it has been featured on temples throughout the Greek world. The Gorgons, also known as Medusa and her two sisters, were common decorative motifs on temples beginning in the eighth century B.C. and reaching their peak of popularity in the sixth century B.C. Their image has been found to decorate various parts of the temple across Sicily, Southern Italy, Crete, and the Greek mainland. By analyzing the city in which the image was found, where on the temple the Gorgon was depicted, as well as stylistic variations, significant differences in these images were identified. While many of the Gorgon icons were used simply as decoration, others, such as those used as antefixes or in pediments may have been utilized as apotropaic devices to ward off evil. iii Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my family and friends for all of their encouragement throughout this project. A special thanks to my parents, Kathy and Gary Heller, who constantly support me in all I do. I need to thank Dr Jim Theler and Dr Christine Hippert for all of the assistance they have provided over the past year, not only for this project but also for their help and interest in my academic future. -
Apotropaism and Liminality
Gorgo: Apotropaism and Liminality An SS/HACU Division III by Alyssa Hagen Robert Meagher, chair Spring 2007 Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction.................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Gorgon and Gorgoneion.............................................................................. 5 Chapter 2: Gorgo as a Fertility Goddess....................................................................... 15 Chapter 3: Gorgo as the Guardian of Hades................................................................. 29 Chapter 4: Gorgo in Ecstatic Ritual............................................................................... 41 Chapter 5: Gorgo in the Sphere of Men......................................................................... 51 Bibliography................................................................................................................... 64 Alyssa Hagen 1 List of Figures 1.1 Attic black figure neck amphora. (J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu 86 AE77. Image 7 from [http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/P23.12.html].) 1.2 Mistress of Animals amulet from Ulu Burun shipwreck. (Bochum, Deutsches 9 Bergbau-Museums 104. Image from [http://minervamagazine.com/issue1704/ news.html].) 1.3 Egyptian amulet of Pataikos. (Image from Virtual Egyptian Museum 10 [http://www.virtual-egyptian-museum.org].) 1.4 Etruscan roof antefix with -
Perseus, the Maiden Medusa, and the Imagery of Abduction
HESPERIA 76 (2007) PERSEUS, THE MAIDEN Pages 73-ios MEDUSA, AND THE IMAGERY OF ABDUCTION ABSTRACT on Classical the author that the of Focusing red-figure vases, argues appearance the beautiful Medusa, which has been explained previously as an evolutionary development from the monstrous Archaic type, is determined by discursive context rather than by chronology. Painters used the beautiful Gorgon to certain about Perseus's it is not clear convey messages victory, though always whether she ismeant to evoke humor or pathos. The author further shows that Medusa's death was figured as a perversion of the erotic abductions common s to many Greek myths, and points out the beautiful Gorgon affinities with as abducted maidens such Persephone, Thetis, and Helen. on Among the events depicted the Pseudo-Hesiodic shield of Herakles is scene the flight of Perseus from Medusas sisters.1 The poet renders the in unforgettably vivid terms: Tai ?? uet' ccutov Topyovec ccttatito? xe koci on (paxal eppcoovio ??peva? uocTc?eiv. etc! ?? %?copou ??auocvxo? on 1. For useful suggestions drafts ?awouaecov ??%eoK? gcxko? juey?Acoopuuay?q) of this article, I thank Hedreen, Guy Kai em ?? Laurialan Reitzammer, Albert Hen ?c^?a ?ay?co?/ ?covpoi ?pcxKovxe ?OIG) richs, and the two anonymous Hes ?7Ul?)p?UVT' ?7UK\)pTG)OVT? Kapnva. reviewers. I am also to xco peria grateful Atxjia?ov ?' apa y?* p?v?i ?' ?x?paaaov o?ovxa? and to Melissa Haynes audiences ?ypia ?Epicopivco. ?nl ?? ?Eivo?ai Kapf|voi? at and Harvard Rutgers University Topy??oi? ??ov??TO p?ya? Oo?oc. University for their advice and sug and to the of gestions, Department And after him rushed the Gorgons, unapproachable and unspeakable, at Classics Harvard University, which as longing to seize him: they trod upon the pale adamant, the shield covered the cost of the illustrations. -
MEDUSA: He’S a Friend
Side 3 STHENO: So, you left home to have an affair with the world’s most arrogant God? MEDUSA: He’s a friend. Nothing more. STHENO: He’s not very friendly. MEDUSA: He’s a God. Like you said. They like to cause scenes. He’s harmless. STHENO: You’re foolish to think that. MEDUSA: All of the women in the temple are pure. There are no ‘affairs’. Athena would punish us and he knows that. STHENO: Oh I’m sure he does. But I’m not so sure he cares. MEDUSA: I haven’t seen you in two years, and this is what you want to talk about? You sound jealous. STHENO: Of what? MEDUSA: Of me. That I’m useful, respected and well liked here. Why did you come? STHENO: Athena sent for me. MEDUSA: That’s a lie. STHENO: I have a letter. Look. You can tell she wrote it, it’s her writing. (MEDUSA GRABS THE LETTER AND STUDIES IT.) Side 3 STHENO: It says you’ve been here the whole time. If I was still interested in finding you. MEDUSA: Why would she do this? STHENO: I have no idea. You’re her high priestess. Ask her yourself. MEDUSA: It must be a mistake. STHENO: It’s a bit too well detailed to be a mistake. Read it. “Please do your best to keep this correspondence a secret. I would be hard pressed if she knew I wished for her departure.” MEDUSA: The end instructs you not to tell me. STHENO: That’s how deception works. -
Choose the Best Answer
CONTEST CODE: 09 2015 TEXAS STATE JUNIOR CLASSICAL LEAGUE MYTHOLOGY TEST DIRECTIONS: Please mark the letter of the correct answer on your scantron answer sheet. 1. Earth-Shaker; god of the seas (A) Alcyoneus (B) Hades (C) Poseidon (D) Vulcan 2. The gods of Greece live on this mountain top (A) Aetna (B) Helicon (C) Olympus (D) Pelion 3. These woman were the Personification of beauty (A) Eumenides (B) Graces (C) Pierides (D) Telchines 4. A giant lion, invulnerable to weapons; he lived in this area when Heracles killed him (A) Erymanthus (B) Lerna (C) Nemea (D) Stymphalus 5. As an infant, he and his mother are put into a chest and dropped in the sea; rescued by a fisherman (A) Alpheus (B) Hippomenes (C) Melanion (D) Perseus 6. She was an Underworld goddess; a Titaness who had retained her position (A) Aurora (B) Hecate (C) Nemesis (D) Themis 7. This Gorgon’s stare could turn you into stone (A) Alecto (B) Euryale (C) Medusa (D) Terpsicrate 8. This powerful monster defeated Zeus at first, but was later conquered by the thunderbolts of Zeus (A) Cacus (B) Geryon (C) Phaea (D) Typhoeus 9. They were sent to punish the guilty and wicked (A) Fates (B) Furies (C) Graces (D) Graeae 10. Epimetheus accepted this woman as a gift from Zeus; but she was too curious and opened the box (A) Ariadne (B) Ismene (C) Leucothea (D) Pandora 11. She was the Muse of Comedy (A) Alecto (B) Euryale (C) Pemphredo (D) Thalia 12. He ignored his father’s instructions and flew too close to the sun; his wings fell apart (A) Cycnus (B) Icarus (C) Haemon (D) Xuthus 13. -
The Gorgon Medusa
The Gorgon Medusa Medusa was the most famous of three Gorgon sisters. Ancient Greek images of Gorgons show each them to be monstrous, with sharp teeth, sometimes a beard, and usually a tongue sticking out [Myth and Religion 51]. Stories of Medusa describe her as so hideous that a look from her would turn a person to stone. Athena, goddess of wisdom and war, turned Medusa from a beautiful woman into a Gorgon. Medusa had angered Athena after sleeping with Poseidon in Athena’s temple. To prove his bravery, the hero Perseus cut off Medusa's head and the gods helped him to complete his task. Athena gave him a shield to avoid looking directly at Medusa but could look at her reflection; Hermes, the messenger of the gods, gave a sickle in order to cut off Medusa’s head; and Hades, god of the Underworld, gave the helmet of invisibility, so that Perseus could get close to Medusa and escape from her sisters, Stheno and Euryale. Some versions of the story say that King Polydectes sent Perseus on his mission in exchange for not marrying his mother. When Perseus presented the head to King Polydectes, an argument broke out. The head, though separated from the body, still had the power to turn people to stone and Perseus used it to turn the King and his party to stone. In the end, the head was passed on to Athena who placed it in the centre of her breastplate. Athena’s breastplate, called the aegis, looks like a cloak because it is made from the Golden Fleece [Myth and Religion 5]. -
Mythology, Greek, Roman Allusions
Advanced Placement Tool Box Mythological Allusions –Classical (Greek), Roman, Norse – a short reference • Achilles –the greatest warrior on the Greek side in the Trojan war whose mother tried to make immortal when as an infant she bathed him in magical river, but the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable. • Adonis –an extremely beautiful boy who was loved by Aphrodite, the goddess of love. By extension, an “Adonis” is any handsome young man. • Aeneas –a famous warrior, a leader in the Trojan War on the Trojan side; hero of the Aeneid by Virgil. Because he carried his elderly father out of the ruined city of Troy on his back, Aeneas represents filial devotion and duty. The doomed love of Aeneas and Dido has been a source for artistic creation since ancient times. • Aeolus –god of the winds, ruler of a floating island, who extends hospitality to Odysseus on his long trip home • Agamemnon –The king who led the Greeks against Troy. To gain favorable wind for the Greek sailing fleet to Troy, he sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to the goddess Artemis, and so came under a curse. After he returned home victorious, he was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus. • Ajax –a Greek warrior in the Trojan War who is described as being of colossal stature, second only to Achilles in courage and strength. He was however slow witted and excessively proud. • Amazons –a nation of warrior women. The Amazons burned off their right breasts so that they could use a bow and arrow more efficiently in war. -
For a Falcon
New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves CRESCENT BOOKS NEW YORK New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Translated by Richard Aldington and Delano Ames and revised by a panel of editorial advisers from the Larousse Mvthologie Generate edited by Felix Guirand and first published in France by Auge, Gillon, Hollier-Larousse, Moreau et Cie, the Librairie Larousse, Paris This 1987 edition published by Crescent Books, distributed by: Crown Publishers, Inc., 225 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10003 Copyright 1959 The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited New edition 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission of The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. ISBN 0-517-00404-6 Printed in Yugoslavia Scan begun 20 November 2001 Ended (at this point Goddess knows when) LaRousse Encyclopedia of Mythology Introduction by Robert Graves Perseus and Medusa With Athene's assistance, the hero has just slain the Gorgon Medusa with a bronze harpe, or curved sword given him by Hermes and now, seated on the back of Pegasus who has just sprung from her bleeding neck and holding her decapitated head in his right hand, he turns watch her two sisters who are persuing him in fury. Beneath him kneels the headless body of the Gorgon with her arms and golden wings outstretched. From her neck emerges Chrysor, father of the monster Geryon. Perseus later presented the Gorgon's head to Athene who placed it on Her shield. -
The Legend of Medusa with Snake Hair in Didymaion, in Didyma, Turkey
Childs Nerv Syst (2018) 34:2341–2344 DOI 10.1007/s00381-017-3511-1 COVER EDITORIAL The legend of Medusa with snake hair in Didymaion, in Didyma, Turkey Ali Çağlar Turgut1 & Yaşar Barış Turgut 2 & Mehmet Turgut3,4 Received: 20 June 2017 /Accepted: 27 June 2017 /Published online: 19 July 2017 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), also known as ve- function. As a result, DVAs are considered to be benign and nous angiomas, are a well-recognized congenital malforma- passive in nature even though some believe that they may tion of small veins that drain into a larger central vein (Fig. 1) contribute to other serious malformations—arteriovenous [1]. Angiographic appearance of a cluster of veins is referred malformation and cavernoma—with high risk for stroke. to the descriptive Latin term classic Bcaput medusae^ because Today, there is a relief of Medusa’s head in Didyma in the clump resembles snakes on the head of the mythological Turkey, which is an ancient temple to Apollo according to character named Gorgon Medusa (Fig. 2 and cover figure). In Greek mythology. There is no doubt that it will be useful to the past, when neurosurgeons tried to operate them, it was like improve understanding of pediatric neurosurgeons about such to strange facial expression of Medusa because of the difficul- historical symbols as a visual reminder, as did in the following ties and bad outcome of these vascular malformations. tragedic legend of Medusa. Nowadays, there is still a controversy surrounding the natural history and significance of these unusual vein formations, but the terrible appearance of these malformations is no longer frightening for pediatric neurosurgeons as they do not need Didyma in Asia Minor to be surgically removed, closed, or radiated owing to the high risk of postoperative deterioration caused by venous infarction Didyma, modern Didim located close to AydınProvinceinthe and their functional importance in getting blood in and out of southwestern part of modern Turkey, was the most renowned the brain [2, 3].