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Gorgon Motifs on Archaic Greek Coins

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Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia Gorgon motifs on Archaic Greek coins Elma Mujkanovic BA thesis 15 credits in Classical archaeology and History Spring term 2020 Supervisor: Gunnel Ekroth Abstract Mujkanovic, E. 2020. Gorgonmotiv på grekiska mynt från arkaisk tid Mujkanovic, E. 2020. Gorgon motifs on Archaic Greek coins Gorgonen är en varelse som beskrivs som fruktansvärd i den grekiska antikens litteratur. Den avbildas med stirrande ögon, betar och en hängande tunga. Gorgonen har varit en del av den grekiska antiken sedan dess början och har varit ett populärt motiv på olika material. Det har funnits stort intresse i tidigare studier kring anledningarna till att en sådan varelse valts att avbildas. Motivet har studerats omsorgsfullt när det har smyckat byggnader, rustningar och vaser. En lucka som inte har fyllts än inom ämnet är en djupare undersökning av gorgonmotiven på mynt, vilket även är ämnet för denna studie med syftet att närma sig en förståelse för de funktioner som Gorgonmotiven fyllde på mynt under arkaisk grekisk tid. Studien baseras på ett urval av 42 arkaiska mynt från Aten och Neapolis i Makedonien. Genom Panofskys trestegsmodell analyseras gorgonmotiv som framkommer på mynten och svarar på en rad viktiga underfrågor: Skiljer sig gorgonmotiv åt mellan platser Vilka kombinationer av gorgoner förekommer på mynten? I vilken utsträckning var gorgonmyten kopplad till de platser som använde motivet, vilka andra myter användes på mynten under samma period? Finns det ett samband mellan användningen av gorgonmotiv på mynt och på andra objekt? I uppsatsen bedöms möjliga förklaringar till gorgonmotivet med arkeologiska fynd och antika texter som behandlar gorgonen, varav många pekar mot att gorgonens funktion i allmänhet fyllde ett apotropeiskt syfte. Detta undersöks med hjälp av tidigare forskning av gorgonens symboliska betydelse samt kopplingen med andra mytiska varelser genom att spåra dess bakgrund och granskning av gorgonmyten. The Gorgon is a creature described as terrible in ancient literature. It was depicted with glaring eyes, tusks and a hanging tongue and was a part of Greek antiquity from Archaic to Roman Period. The Gorgon motif has frequently been adorned on different materials. The reason as to why such a creature was depicted has been a subject of interest in earlier studies. The Gorgon motif has been elaborately studied in combination with buildings, armours and vases. A gap of knowledge that is still to be filled is a deeper examination of the Gorgon motifs on coins, which is the inspiration for this study in which the main aim is to approach an understanding of what function the Gorgon motif could have had on Archaic Greek coins. The study is based on a collection of 42 Archaic coins from Athens and Neapolis in Macedon. Through Panofsky's theory of iconography the material is analyzed and discussed via a series of sub-questions; ‘Did the Gorgon motifs differ depending on the location?’, ‘What combination of features appear on the coins?’, ‘To what extent was the Gorgon myth linked to the locations that used the motif and what other myths were used on coins during the same period? ’, ‘Is there a link between the use of Gorgon motifs on coins and on other material objects?’ The paper measures the possible explanations of the Gorgon motif with archaeological finds and ancient texts dealing with the Gorgon, many of which point to the fact that the Gorgon’s function generally served a purpose as an apotropaic symbol. Its function as a possible amulet is investigated using previous research that studies the symbolic significance of the Gorgon, as well as tracing its background and examination of the Gorgon myth to find possible connections with other mythical creatures. Keywords: Gorgon, iconography, mythology, Athens, Neapolis in Macedon. BA thesis in Classical history and archaeology 15 hp. Supervisor: Gunnel Ekroth. Defended and passed 2020-06-15. © Elma Mujkanovic Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden Cover illustration drawing by the author : Gorgon head inspired by 1944.100.11970 ( N1a) MANTIS. Acknowledgements I wish to show my gratitude to Gunnel Ekroth, Ragnar Hedlund, Dominic Ingemark, Ida Kingo and Jasmin Telo for their support and help with material, your assistance was invaluable to me and the completion of this project. Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Research aim ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Material ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.3. Theory and method ................................................................................................................ 2 1.4. Research background ............................................................................................................. 3 2. Gorgon representation on coins ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Typology ............................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Differences between locations................................................................................................ 7 2.3. Motifs on the reverse side ...................................................................................................... 8 3. Gorgons in myth and material culture ............................................................................................ 9 3.1. The Gorgon myth .................................................................................................................. 9 3.2. The Gorgon myth and its relations to Athens and Neapolis ................................................... 11 3.3. Other Gorgon motifs ............................................................................................................ 12 3.4. Stheno, Euryale or Medusa?................................................................................................. 13 4. Why put Gorgons on coins? ........................................................................................................ 15 5. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 18 6. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 20 6.1 Ancient sources ......................................................................................................................... 20 6.2 Modern literature ...................................................................................................................... 20 6.3 Digital sources .......................................................................................................................... 21 7. Illustration index ......................................................................................................................... 22 8. Athens catalogue ......................................................................................................................... 23 9. Neapolis catalogue ...................................................................................................................... 24 1. Introduction As one of the oldest figures that appears in Greek art the Gorgon motif arises around 800 BC, and Gorgons have frequently been depicted in ancient Greece on architecture, ceramics, armours and coins. Although Gorgons are described as mythological, and to us unreal, their presence in ancient Greece was very real in terms of depiction. The depictions of Gorgons on coins have been relatively unresearched in comparison with the Gorgon motif on other material objects. 1.1. Research aim The main aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of Gorgon motifs on coins. The role that the coins played regarding the perception of the Gorgons are at least equally significant and relevant questions to answer as those of Gorgons in combination with the buildings, armours or ceramics which earlier studies have focused on. The focus will be on coins from two locations, Athens and Neapolis in Macedon dated from 600 BC. The theory of iconography by Erwin Panofsky is applied on the collected data to approach the general question of this thesis which is ‘what function did the Gorgon motif have on the Archaic Greek coins?’ To answer this question a few sub-questions will be answered throughout the study: ‘Did the Gorgon motifs differ depending on the location?’, ‘What combination of features appear on the coins?’, ‘To what extent was the Gorgon myth linked to the locations that used the motif and what other myths were used on coins during the same period? ’, ‘Is there a link between the use of Gorgon motifs on coins and on other material objects?’. 1.2. Material Images of Gorgons have been used from c. 800 BC to the Roman Period. It is not until the 7th century that the Gorgon motifs appeared on coins, when numerous locations between Italy and the Black Sea start to mint such coins.1 The great number of Gorgon coins spread over both time and location in ancient Greece makes it difficult to include every location and period
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