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The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights

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The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights Buffalo Human Rights Law Review Volume 18 Article 1 9-1-2012 Stoney Road out of Eden: The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights Jeffrey W. Stempel William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas Sarig Armenian David McClure William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/bhrlr Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, Insurance Law Commons, International Law Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons Recommended Citation Jeffrey W. Stempel, Sarig Armenian & David McClure, Stoney Road out of Eden: The Struggle to Recover Insurance for Armenian Genocide Deaths and Its Implications for the Future of State Authority, Contract Rights, and Human Rights, 18 Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 1 (2012). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/bhrlr/vol18/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Buffalo Human Rights Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STONEY ROAD OUT OF EDEN: THE STRUGGLE TO RECOVER INSURANCE FOR ARMENIAN GENOCIDE DEATHS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF STATE AUTHORITY, CONTRACT RIGHTS, AND HUMAN RIGHTS Je:jrev' W. Stempel Saris' ArInenian Davi' McClure* Intro d uctio n .................................................... 3 I. The Long Road to the Genocide Insurance Litigation ...... 7 A. The Millet System of Non-Geographic Ethno-Religious Administrative Autonomy ............................ 7 B. The Ottoman Empire and Its Armenian Population ..... 9 C. The Russo-Turkish Wars and the Armenian Question 11 D. The Massacres of 1895 and the Role of Sultan Abdul H am id 11 ............................................ 15 E. The American Protestant Missionary Movement- Education and Liberalism .. .......................... 17 F. Foreign Life Insurers Invade Turkey .................. 19 G. World War I and the Young Turks .................... 21 H. The Armenian Genocide 1915-1920 ................... 23 1. The 1917 Russian Revolution ............. ........... 30 J. Treaties and Diplomacy ...... ...... ... .... ....... 30 1. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk .................... 30 2. The Armenian Republic (1918-1920) and D iplom acy ....................................... 3 1 3. The Treaty of S~vres (1920) ...................... 33 * The authors are, respectively: Doris S. & Theodore B. Lee Professor of Law, William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Attorney, Washington, D.C., Member, District of Columbia Bar and State Bar of Nevada, Boyd School of Law Class of 2009; Assistant Professor and Head of Research and Curriculum Services. William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada Las Vegas. Thanks to Rachel Anderson, Chris Blakesley, and Ann McGinley for ideas and comments on this issue and to Bill Boyd, Doris and Ted Lee, Judge James Mahan, Kate Nahapetian, Jim Rogers, Mike Saltman and John White for continu- ing support. Thanks also to Jeanne Price, Annette Mann, Shannon Gallo. Kathleen Wilde, Rachael Samberg, Robert Opdyke, Erica Boutte, Derek Marr, Ammon Francom, and Reed McGinley-Stempel for help with research and processing. © 2012 Jeffrey W. Stempel, Sarig Armenian and David McClure BUFFALO HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW Vol. 18 4. The Treaty of Lausanne (1923) ................... 34 K. Building a New Life in America .......... II. The Armenian Genocide Insurance Litigation .. A . Is There a C lient? ..... B. The Armenian Life Insurance Policies ..... C . The Law yers ............................. D. The New York Life Insurance Litigation .. I. Fram ing the Case .................... 2. Procedural Skirmishes ................ 3. New York Life Unsuccessfully Asserts Sovereignty and Foreign Affairs Defenses ......... 4. New York Life Settles ............... E. The Munich Re Litigation and the Oscillating Hegemony of the Foreign Affairs Defense ............. III. The Limits of Litigation and Legislation in a Hobbesian W orld of Realpolitik .............................. ..... A. A Seemingly Perfect Crime ......................... B. The Armenian Insurance Litigation as a Barometer of Law's Efficacy for Corrective Justice ............. 1. Jurispathos and Jurisprudence ..................... 2. Error Within the Confines of Doctrine and Errors of D octrine ............................ ........... 3. The Movsesian Decisions: Confusion and C ow ardice ...................................... C. Improving American Law by Giving Breathing Space to Private Law Litigation Responses to Human Rights V io latio n s .... .................................. ... 1. The Increasing Problem of Excessive Judicial Deference to the National Executive ............. 2. The Essential Role of Courts in Adjudicating W ithout Regard to Political Pressure .............. 3. Determining the Degree of Deference Due Questioning the Need for Judicial Deference to the N ational Executive ............................... C o nclusio n .. ................................................... 2012 STONEY ROAD OUT OF EDEN 3 1NTROI)U( TION In 1915, Turkey was known as the "sick man of Europe" due to its substan- tial economic, social, political, and military problems., Soon, World War I would bring Turkey's problems into larger relief and usher in a transition from fading Muslim empire to secular nation.2 During this same time, Tur- key engaged in one of the largest campaigns of mass murder in history: an attempt to eradicate its Armenian population-"genocide" by any definition of the word.' Between 1915 and 1920, an estimated 1.5 million Armenians were slaughtered, with another million deported during death marches I See R. R. PAIMER & JOEL C()ITON, A HIsToRY OF, THI. MO)DERN WORIL) SINCE 1815, 655 (8th ed. 1995) ("Since the loss of Hungary in 1699 the Ottoman Empire had entered on a long process of territorial disintegration" but "was still huge" in the nineteenth century). The phrase "sick man of Europe" derives from a reference made by Czar Nicholas I of Russia to Sir George Hamilton Seymour, the British ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1854. The Czar's comment was made in the con- text of the declining Ottoman Empire and negotiations between the Russian Empire and its European counterparts to extend their spheres of influence after the dissolu- tion of the Ottoman state. See, JOsEPlH H. WILLSEY, HARPER's BOOK OF FAC-TS: A CLASSIFIED HISTORY OF Ti WORLD 703 (Charleston T. Lewis ed., 1895); Vernon J. Puryear, New Light on the Origins of the Crimean War, 3 J. MoD. His. 219 (Jun. 1931 ). See infra Section 1. H. See also JANI BuRBANK & FRIEDERI'K CoopF.R. EM- PIRIS IN WORLD HISTORY: POWER AND T[ril POILITI(S OF DIFFiRENCE 128-43 (2010) (describing generally the rise and structure of Ottoman Empire). See PALMER & COLTON, supra note 1, at 654-61, 718-22. 791-93. See also SEAN MCMEEKIN, THE BERI.IN-BAGIIDAI) ExPRiss: TiiF 0-I-rOMAN EMPIRI, AND GERMANY'S BID FOR WORLD POWER chs. 3. 18 (2010) (outlining the collapse of Ottoman Empire and development of modern Turkey during World War I era); ERSIN KALAYc(IO6 U, TURKISH DYNAMICS: BRIDGE, ACROss TROUBL[I) LANDS 15- 43 (2005): Osman Okyar, Atatirk's Quest for Modernism, in A'IATUJRK AND TIlE MODRNiZATION OF' TURKY 45-53 (Jacob M. Landau ed., 1984) (describing the historical context of Turkey's transition to secularism). 3 See SAMANTHA POWER, "A PROBI|M FROM HELL": AM!'RICA AND TH. AGE OF GiFNOClDr, ch. 3 (2002) (summarizing large scale carnage from intentional Turkish government actions against Armenian population): PALMER & COLTON, supra note 1, at 710-12; GRIGORis BAILAKIAN, ARMENIAN GOLGOrA: A MEMOIR 1F THE AR- MENIAN GENOCIDE, 1915-1918 (2009) (originally published in 1922) [hereinafter ARMENIAN GOLGOTHA] (detailing horrors inflicted on Armenian population by Turkish government): ARNOLD TOYNBIl, ARMENIAN ATROCITIES: THE MURDER OF A NATION (1915). The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punish- ment of" the Crime of Genocide describes genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group." See Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, 102 Stat. 3045, 78 U.N.T.S. 277, U.N. G.A. Res. 260, U.N. G.A.O.R., 3d 4 BUFFALO HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW Vol. 18 out of the collapsing Ottoman Empire and into the Syrian Desert.4 Sub- merged even more than these atrocities, which have largely been down- played in the public and historical consciousness,5 is the refusal of life Sess., 179th Plen. Mtg. at 174, U.N. Doc. A/810 (1948). The term is generally credited to Raphael Lemkin, who observed that genocide was [a] coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves. Genocide has two phases; one: destruction of the national pattern of the oppressed group; the other, the imposition of the national pattern of the op- pressor. This imposition, in turn, may be made upon the op- pressed population which is allowed to remain, or upon the territory alone, after removal of the population and colonization of the area by the oppressor's own nationals. RAPHAEL LEMKIN, Axis RULE IN OC'UPiEf EUROPE: LAWS OF OCCUPATION, ANAL- YSIS OF
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