PALEONTOLOGY 4: CHANGE

VOLUME 9, ISSUE 4, DECEMBER 2019

THIS MONTH CHANGE THROUGH TIME • Revisit Cladograms pg. 2 • Climate Change pg. 6 • Mass Extinction pg. 8 Change is the fundamental Colorado, nowhere near oceans, • Comparing Climate and order of the cosmos. This 6,800 feet above sea level. For Extinction Events pg. 11 ancient idea was first proposed example, you can find mosasaur • Complete Precambrian Timeline pg. 12 2,600 years ago by the Greek teeth in Archuleta County! philosopher Heraclitus of Mosasaurs lived during POWER WORDS Ephesus. This holds true for Mesozoic (time of dinosaurs). • cosmos: the universe seen as a paleontology. Earth’s record They are aquatic reptiles (now well-ordered whole • Eon: any of the four major shows massive swings in called diapsids). divisions of this history of the climate from hot-house swamps Major changes recorded in the Earth of the Carboniferous 300 MYA fossil record are mass • fundamental: forming a to a snowball Earth 650 MYA in necessary base or core; of central extinctions. Are they all related the Precambrian Eons. importance to climate? Are there other • MYA: million years ago The fossil record reflects these factors related to mass • Precambrian: a general term that changes. Fossils that lived in extinction? Let’s figure this out! includes the three Eons before multicellular life appeared in the oceans are found all over (Hooray for science!) fossil record—Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic

CAREER CONNECTION • You have taken a survey of your interests. This month, take a basic personality test. This will provide you with some information about how you perceive the world and make decisions. Pg. 14

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History Mosasaur: Platecarpus tympaniticus

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION 4-H PROGRAMS ARE AVAILABLE TO ALL WITHOUT DISCRIMINATION

CLADOGRAMS — Revisited 2

Last month’s ST[EMpower] sister—a paternal aunt or POWER WORDS newsletter included a whirlwind uncle) • cladogram: branching tour of cladograms. Before the ₒ Your father’s brother or showing the relation ship activities on climate through sister’s child (your among selected species Earth’s history, I would like to paternal cousin) • lineage: lineal (in a line) revisit cladograms one more • If one of your parents is a descent from an ancestor time. single child, you will not have • maternal: related through any information about an In this activity, you will build a aunt/uncle and cousin. That the mother's side of the cladogram of your family. While is okay. family cladograms generally depict • Once you have completed • node: a point at which lines how different organisms are the data table, fill in the or pathways intersect or related to each other, this might blanks on your cladogram. branch; a central or be a way to better explain how connecting point they work. Results: • paternal: related through the • A cladogram is a branching father’s side of the family Cladograms are samples of diagram of species. The related organisms. This is not a nodes represent a shared complete family tree. Instead, common ancestor. For we are only looking at s snippet example, the orange circles of your family. Just your mother, on the page 3 example your mother’s mother, one of represents my shared your mother’s siblings, and one common ancestor with my of your cousins. brothers (our mother), and my cousin, uncle and mother Directions: (our maternal grandmother). • Complete the data table of a I am related to my cousin, sampling of your mother’s and our common ancestor is history, and then a sampling our maternal grandmother. cladogram on dinosaurs? of your father’s family history. • Look at your cladogram. If (Each node represents You will not collect a you were to add your the shared common complete family history, only maternal grandmother’s ancestor of every a small sample of it. mother (your mother’s organism above that line.) • Sample of your mother’s mother’s mother), where • Crocodiles are the first history would you add her? group listed on the ₒ You and your siblings • In the future, if you or your cladogram. The node ₒ Your mother siblings have children, (circled in blue) shares a ₒ Your mother’s mother where would you add common ancestor with ₒ Your mother’s sibling them? dinosaurs. (either a brother or sister • What can you say about this a maternal aunt or uncle) ₒ Your mother’s brother or sister’s child (your MATERIALS maternal cousin) • computer with printer • Sample of your father’s • pencil or pen history • print page 3 ₒ You and your siblings • parents for information ₒ Your father ₒ Your father’s father ₒ Your father’s sibling (either a brother or

CLADOGRAMS — Revisited 3

You and your siblings Your Mother/Father Grandparents Aunts and/or Uncles Cousins

Example Mother’s lineage: Dorothy (my mother) Edna (my maternal grandmother) Donald (my maternal uncle) Linda and Donna (my maternal Barb (me), my brothers Ed and cousins, Uncle Don’s daughters) Rich

Mother Lineage

Father Lineage

Brother Ed Brother Rich Me Cousin Linda Cousin Donna

Orange circles represents shared common ancestor for Mom Uncle Don everyone one above that circle

Grandma Edna Mother’s Lineage My ancestors (great grandmother, great-great grandmother, etc.) on my mother’s mother side

Complete your lineage cladogram (keep it simple—you don’t need to list everyone):

Your Mother’s Lineage

Your Father’s Lineage Can you read this cladogram of dinosaur lineage?

CLADOGRAMS — Revisited 4

What happens when you don’t include your uncle or aunt. POWER WORDS include every relative, but skip a • Finally, make a cladogram of generation or more? How does your family with ancestors • generation: all of the people that change the cladogram? you never met, and probably born and living at about the Would the basic information be don’t know even their names. same time different? This starts to look You will follow the lineage on • organism: an individual more like the information your mother’s side of your animal, plant, or single- scientists use in their family with: celled life form cladograms to evaluate how ₒ you animals (or other organisms) ₒ your great-great-great- are related. great grandfather ₒ his great-great-great- This time, you are going to not great grandmother include your grandmother on ₒ her great-great-great- your mother’s side, or your aunt great grandmother or uncle on your father’s side. ₒ her great-great-great- As the example, I used my great grandfather mother’s lineage without my • Figure out how many mother listed. Examine your two generations between you cladograms, and compare it to (listed on the upper right) the example. Then you will and your great-great-great- have a final challenge! great-great-great-great- great-great-great-great- Directions: great-great-great-great-great • Start with your slanted line grandfather from lower left to upper right. • When you have all your Lower left represents back in cladograms, examine each time. Upper right will be the of them. What information is most recent ancestor. lost, and what information is • Think of each node as a retained? Your last hinge that can swivel. If you cladogram is most similar to compare the two examples what scientists use when (on page 3 and on page 5), looking at organism note that “me” is switched on relationships, like dinosaurs the left to the right. It was or ground sloths! swiveled at the node. The • If each of your ancestors information remains the lived an average of 90 years, same. What is your first what century did your great node (your oldest shared (x 16) grandfather live? common ancestor)? (Answer on the last page.) • Each node continues to represent the common ancestor with everyone one MATERIALS above the line directly related • computer with printer and calculator to your share common • pencil or pen ancestor at the node. • print page 5 • How many nodes are there • parents for information between you and your cousin? • Repeat for your father’s line, but this time, you do not

CLADOGRAMS — Revisited 5

You and your siblings Your Mother/Father Grandparents Aunts and/or Uncles Cousins

Example Mother’s lineage: Edna (my maternal grandmother) Donald (my maternal uncle) Donna (my maternal cousin, Barb (me) Uncle Don’s daughter)

Mother Lineage

Father Lineage

Cousin Donna Me

Orange circles represents shared common ancestor for Uncle Don everyone one above that circle

Grandma Edna Mother’s Lineage My ancestors (great grandmother, great-great grandmother, etc.) on my mother’s mother side

Complete your lineage cladogram (keep it simple—you don’t need to list everyone):

Your Mother’s Lineage

Your Father’s Lineage Can you read this cladogram of mammal lineage?

CLIMATE — Earth’s Climate through Time 6

Scientists are not concerned top and bottom POWER WORDS that climate is changing, but the ₒ custom margins to 0.25” rapid rate of change. Human left and right • e.g.: exempli gratia, Latin activities (e.g. cars using • Open the Scotese website. means “for example” gasoline, coal power plants) are This is the same website you • quadrant: any of the four releasing carbon trapped in explored in the two prior quarters into which trees, coal, and gasoline. issues. Dr. Scotese also has something is divided by Carbon traps solar energy in our climate information, and the two real or imaginary atmosphere. From data we link will take you directly to lines that intersect each glean from the Earth’s history, the climate pages. You will other at right angles this is the most rapid change we copy and paste selected have seen. ** maps (listed below) on your ** If interested in activities timeline. You need to match related to weather, Our Earth has been much the Period of the map to the climate, and climate warmer in the past. In fact, the your timeline’s period change, see the Earth during the past 2.5 million (example, Devonian map will ST[EMpower] issues years of Ice Ages is much colder be pasted to the Devonian 46—51 at https:// than it has been for about 650 timeline). tra.extension.colostate.e million years! When changes • Be sure that your maps are du/stem-k12/stem- are slow, organisms have time pasted next to the left margin resources/ to adapt to cooling or warming labels as possible. Each world. Too fast, organisms will month will add more go extinct. information to your timeline, Directions: so you want to make sure to leave room to the right. • On the Scotese website’s left menu bar, note that there are links to different Periods from Early Cambrian to Miocene. • You do not need all 26 maps, only a sampling to follow how ₒ Late Cretaceous Climate climate changes through ₒ Late Jurassic Climate time. On the website, or ₒ Middle Triassic Climate press control key and place ₒ Late Permian Climate cursor over each map, click ₒ Late Carboniferous Climate on the following 14 maps: ₒ Early Carboniferous Climate ₒ Middle Devonian Climate ₒ Miocene Climate ₒ Silurian Climate ₒ Oligocene Climate ₒ Middle & Late Ordovician • Open the Smithsonian ₒ Late Eocene Climate ₒ Middle and Upper Cambrian website (green box below), ₒ Paleocene Climate and explore how our planet looked like during different MATERIALS times in the past. For • computer with internet and printer example, 650 MYA, the • your timelines *  See 53.Paleontology1 for Earth was almost entirely • markers directions to make a timeline: encased in snow and ice, • glue stick https:// • scissors called “Snowball Earth.” tra.extension.colostate.edu/

• Open Word (or similar stem-k12/stem-resources/) program). On the menu bar, WEBSITES click “Layout.” Set page: • Smithsonian: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/travel- ₒ orientation to “landscape” through-deep-time-interactive-earth-180952886/ ₒ custom margins to 0.15” • Scotese: http://scotese.com/climate.htm

CLIMATE — Earth’s Climate through Time 7

China and Australia TIMELINE • Note that a description of the during early Devonian. South Below is a to-scale model climate is below the map. America and Africa were of your timeline for the Era Right click on the map, copy covered by cool, temperate Paleozoic. the map, and paste it in a seas.

word document. ₒ Middle Devonian: During the • Click on the picture. In Middle Devonian the Equator If you have not yet made Word’s top menu bar, click: ran through Arctic your timeline, you can find ₒ “Picture Format.” the instructions on Canada. Coals began to  Resize image to 5.25” Paleontology 1: Basics, accumulate as land plants width, 3.00” height. pages 16-19 located at this flourished in the equatorial  Click “Position” and website: select top/left, top/ rainy belt. Warm shallow seas, https:// right, bottom/left, or under cloudless skies, covered tra.extension.colostate.edu bottom/right to move much of North America, Siberia /wp-content/uploads/ the picture into a and Australia. sites/9/2019/08/53.- different quadrant of ₒ Late Devonian: During the Paleontology-1.pdf the paper. You will fit Late Devonian, Pangea began 4 maps per page. to assemble. Thick coals • Continue copy/pasting/ formed for the first time in the resizing/placing each map tropical rainforests in the until you have copied all 14 Canadian Arctic and in maps listed in blue in the Southern China. Glaciers middle column. covered parts of the Amazon • You will have 4 pages, with Basin, which was located close the last page only half used. to the South Pole. On the Scotese website, on • Include all three descriptions any map page, click “MAP of the Devonian climate, LEGEND.” Copy/paste/ even though you only printed resize, and place in the 4th one map of Middle Devonian. page, and resize to fit in the • The Carboniferous is divided area that isn’t used by maps. into two major subdivisions, • Print all 4 pages single sided. Pennsylvanian (Upper • Cut out each map and glue Carboniferous) and on the appropriate Period in Mississippian (Lower a column on the left side next Carboniferous). The to labeling of each Period. Late Carboniferous Climate • Glue the legend at the top, map is Pennsylvanian and above all the maps. the Early Carboniferous • There is a description of the Climate map is climate under each map. Go back to the Scotese website, and note that you did not Example of

copy all the maps, only Paleozoic about half of them. For Timeline: example: Map ₒ Early Devonian: Generally dry Description of conditions prevailed climate during that Period found with each map on across much of North the Scotese.com climate map pages America, Siberia,

MASS EXTINCTION — Cycle of Life 8

Lion King’s song “Circle of Life • Late Triassic POWER WORDS plays softly in the background… ₒ 200 MYA Nants ingonyama bagithi Baba ₒ 85% of all species extinct • MYA: acronym for (Sithi uhm ingonyama) yeah, ₒ possible causes: changes Million Years Ago ingonyama in the ocean’s chemistry • Pangaea: Nants ingonyama bagithi baba and the largest know supercontinent that (Sithi uhm ingonyama) volcanic eruptions, included all current land Ingonyama (Ingonyama) Central Atlantic magmatic masses • trap: geologic term for Siyo Nqoba (Ingonyama) province (CAMP; see rock formation with step https://www.youtube.com/ map to the lower right), like hills watch?v=GibiNy4d4gc ) covered an area of 9 Mood set—check! million square miles! • Late Cretaceous Scientists recognize 5 mass ₒ 65 MYA extinction events in the ₒ 76% of all species extinct Phanerozoic Eon (defined on (end of dinosaurs) pg. 1): ₒ possible causes: meteor • Late Ordovician: impact and one of the ₒ 445 MYA largest volcanic eruptions ₒ 86% of all species extinct (Deccan Traps) located ₒ possible causes: volcanic in India covered 600,000 activity, intense ice age square miles up to 6,600 followed shortly by a feet thick! warm period 1 million Examine the graph on page 11. years later • Late Devonian: ₒ 360 MYA ₒ 75% of all species extinct ₒ possible causes: rapid environmental and climatic changes • Late Permian also known as the Great Dying: ₒ 250 MYA ₒ 85% of all species extinct (estimated that 95% of marine life went extinct) ₒ possible causes: formation of Pangaea, vast inland deserts, shorelines disappeared, ocean chemistry MATERIALS disrupted, atmosphere crashed, oxygen levels • computer with internet access and printer dropped, and, the second • color pencils or markers largest known volcanic • scissors eruptions (Siberian • print datasheet on page 10 Traps) lasted for one • your timeline million years, and • page 11 graphs (optional to print) covered an area of 3 million square miles!

MASS EXTINCTION — Cycle of Life 9

Directions: that died during that event. POWER WORDS • This is an internet scavenger For example, trilobites, which hunt for information! Start by were extremely successful • chronostratigraphy: watching: https:// throughout the Paleozoic, the branch of geology www.youtube.com/watch? died out at the end of the concerned with v=FlUes_NPa6M Permian. establishing the • Print the table on page 10. • Copy/paste the images in a absolute ages of strata Use it to collect information Word document. Size them correlated: have a about each of the 5 major about 2-3” inches. mutual relationship or extinction events during the • Print the images, cut them connection, in which Phanerozoic Eon (definition out and paste them on your one thing affects or pg. 1). You are looking for timeline just below the depends on another. evidence of what caused extinction event boundary. • era: a major division of each event. You may have Record the causes for that time that is a one, some, or all the causes extinction event with the subdivision of an eon listed. images. and is itself subdivided • Look for information from • What are the most common into periods universities or museums. causes of triggering extinct • period: a major division Other sources may not be events? of geological time that based in science and peer- • Sometimes these causes do is a subdivision of an reviewed literature. not trigger an extinction era and is itself Universities and museums event. Can you develop an subdivided into epochs, hire scientists who move hypothesis why it did not corresponding to a science forward. Other sites trigger an extinction event? system in may have good information. • What do you notice about chronostratigraphy Then again, they may not. Eras (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, People are sometimes and Cenozoic), the Periods convinced of an idea and (Cambrian, Ordovician, promote it as fact. While you Silurian, Devonian, are learning about the Carboniferous, Permian) and concepts behind extinction events? paleontology, it helps you to • Why have scientists divided know that the information is time with Eons, Eras, and supported by research. For Periods? example: • Why did scientists divide the ₒ University of California, Paleozoic from the Berkeley’s Museum of Mesozoic, and the Mesozoic Paleontology from the Cenozoic? Gorgonopsis sp. died out in Permian • Record the causes in the • Are all of the five extinction table. For example, if the events correlated with • What other trends do you extinction event had climate change? notice? volcanoes, climate change (the more abrupt, the more Example of the Permian Extinction Event on your timeline catastrophic), ocean and atmospheric chemistry changes, check those boxes.

Causes: formation of Pangaea, developed vast inland deserts, shorelines disappeared where continents met, atmosphere crashed, oxygen levels dropped, and, the second largest known volcanic eruptions (Siberian Traps) blotted out sunlight, lasted one million There is enough room to jot years, and covered an area of 3 million square miles! a few notes, too. You can keep additional notes on the back of your table. • Find images of organisms

10 MASS EXTINCTIONS — Datasheet

Event Late Late Late Permian Late Late Today Ordovician Devonian “The Great Triassic Cretaceous Dying” Cause Global Cycles / Sea Level Changes

Ocean Chemistry

Atmospheric Chemistry

Climate

Oceanic Oxygen Levels

Volcanic Activity

Asteroid Impact

MASS EXTINCTION — Earth Climate through Time 11

Geologists estimate past climate through indirect methods. For example, specific conditions must exist for various rocks to form. Glaciation events leave a specific signature. Dating igneous rocks in that strata (layer deposited at the same time) provides how old the rock. Eventually a picture emerges of different climates throughout the world, and the picture of world climate begins to emerges.

Late Cretaceous

Just like in the “who dunnit” stories, scientists search for clues and develop a hypotheses based on those clues. As more clues emerge, we modify our hypothesis to best explain what happened with all the clues.

ORANGE ARROWS INDICATE A MASS EXTINCTION EVENT.

Late Triassic

Late Permian

Late Devonian

Late Ordovician

In the Earth’s infancy, 4.6 billion years ago, the sun’s output was also different. Astronomers’ evidence supports that solar irradiance (radiant energy in light and heat) was about 1/3 lower than it is today.

The most accurate climate reconstructions are preserved in glaciers found in Greenland and Antarctica. We are much more confident of recent past climates because of the trapped gases. The oldest glacier (Antarctica) is 1,000,000 years.

PRECAMBRIAN — First Life 12

The Precambrian would have rough measure, since different POWER WORDS had many devastating events, species have different rates of but the early fossil record is very mutation. Geneticists have • archaea: spotty. About 4 BYA, the Late estimated the last universal microorganisms similar Heavy Bombardment was a time common ancestor possibly from to bacteria in size and when asteroids collided with deep thermal vents to 3.5—3.8 simplicity of structure everything in the inner solar BYA. That does roughly agree but radically different in system (from the Sun to Mars). with the oldest known fossil molecular organization This debris ranged from tiny to cyanobacterium (image below • BYA: Billion Years Ago planet sized. Scars from these left). A living cyanobacteria • mutation: a mistake or impacts are clear to see on species is imaged below. change in DNA by Mercury and our Moon. With deleting, inserting, or only a trace atmosphere, these rearranging a section of two bodies do not have winds to a gene (See https:// erode their record. tra.extension.colostate.edu/ stem-k12/stem-resources/ Any bacterial life would have Paleontology 3: Time/ been obliterated in large-scale Kin, pages 18 for more collisions. The oldest known information on DNA) fossil is from about 3.5 BYA • nucleotide: the basic when the Earth was about 1 structural unit of DNA billion years old. It looks very that has 4 molecules, similar to a bacterium today adenine, thymine, called cyanobacteria. This In this activity, you will complete guanine, and cytosine, organism produces sugar from your Precambrian timeline. the “letters” in DNA that sunlight (photosynthesis). In code an organism 2015, scientists described 4.1 Directions: billion year old rock in Australia • When you first made your with remains of life in the form of timeline templates, you did • Start at the bottom, the carbon. basic divisions of time. You formation of the Earth, should have indicated the the Hadean. It is 3 Another major occurrence was major Eon Divisions of meters long (4.6 to 4 the poisoning of the Hadean (3 meters), Archean BYA). atmosphere. This is (7.5 meters), and Proterozoic • Hadean Eon hypothesized to have been the (9.8 meters). If necessary, ₒ 4.6 BYA (At the greatest extinction event of all measure and draw a line bottom of your times, but only bacteria and making each division of timeline) Formation of archaea were present on Earth. those Eons. the Solar System from a large cloud of gas and dust around the It is possible to use mutations • 1 cm = 2 million years. in DNA to clock time. It is a

MATERIALS

• Precambrian timeline (adding machine tape— see https://tra.extension.colostate.edu/stem- k12/stem-resources/ , 53.Paleonotology 1, pgs. 16-19 for directions) • markers • metric tape measure or meter stick

PRECAMBRIAN — First Life 13

sun. No rocks from Crisis—evidence that POWER WORDS Earth’s infancy have been atmospheric gases found, and it is assumed flipped from methane/ • biota: the animal and that they have been ammonia to an oxygen plant life of a particular recycled to igneous rocks. atmosphere. region, habitat, or Earth hot surface ₒ 2 BYA (measure 250 cm geological period solidified. (2.5 meters) from your • chromosomes: a ₒ 4.5 BYA (measure 50 cm last line) Eukaryotes threadlike structure of from the bottom) (complex cells with a nucleic acids and Formation of the moon by nucleus housing DNA in protein found in the impact with a Mars sized chromosomes). We nucleus of most living planet. (https:// have eukaryote cells. cells, carrying genetic www.amnh.org/explore/ ₒ 1.5 BYA (measure 250 information in the form videos/space/formation-of cm (2.5 meters) from your of genes -the-moon) last line) Evidence of • fauna: the animals of a ₒ 4.4—4.0 BYA (measure multicellular life forms. particular region, another 50 cm (total 100 ₒ 1 BYA (measure 250 cm habitat, or geological cm from the bottom) Long (2.5 meters) from your period thought that comets (a last line) first evidence of • nucleus: a dense major component is sexual reproduction organelle present in water) slamming into the ₒ 540 MYA (measure 230 most eukaryotic cells, Earth during the Early cm (2.3 meters) to the top typically a single Heavy Bombardment of your adding machine rounded structure brought water to Earth. timeline. This is the end bounded by a double Earth needed to cool of the Proterozoic Eon. membrane, containing enough to allow water to Include in the the genetic material remain. Current research descriptions: Earliest • solidify: make or supports that primordial plants, Ediacaran biota, become hard or solid Earth composition beginning of the included water. It wasn’t Cambrian Explosion until the Earth cooled that (multicellular organisms organisms that have it could condense to developed hard parts, like hard parts, like shells. liquid. shells. From infrequent • Archean Eon fossils of soft bodied ₒ 4.0 BYA Beginning of the organisms like the (300 cm (3 meters) from Ediacaran biota the bottom of your (image on right), timeline). First life fossil evidence (bacteria and/or archaea becomes much more (also known as common with archaebacteria). ₒ 3.5 BYA (measure 250 cm (2.5 meters) from your Ediacaran fauna last line) photosynthetic fossils are found bacteria, and first world-wide, soft- evidence of oxygen bodied animals that • Proterozoic Eon ₒ 2.5 BYA (measure 500 lived from 635— cm (5 meters) from your 542 MYA just after last line) to begin the the Snowball Earth. Proterozoic Eon. Oxygen

CAREER CONNECTION — Personality Test 14

We have been exploring ideas of on it more than the opposite POWER WORDS a rewarding, fun career for you. trait. For example, when I make decisions, I am rational and use • empathy: the ability to https://tra.extension.colostate.edu/stem- logic. I am a “T” rather than a understand and share k12/stem-resources/ “F”. I am, however, also very the feelings of another • 53.Paleontology 1: Take an empathetic. I make better • perceive: become interest survey (what do you decisions when I do not rely just aware or conscious of like to do?) pages 31-33 on my feelings. (something); come to • 54.Paleontology 2: Score realize or understand your interest survey, pages Most personality tests use • perception: the ability 50-51 similar criteria as the Myers to see, hear, or become • 55.Paleontology 3: Explore Briggs test, like the one you can aware of something your interests by developing take. It is free and online. through the senses a project, page 22. Directions: MATERIALS This month, you will take a • Click on the link in the green box to the right. This will • computer with internet personality test. Personality access tests provide insight in how you take you to 16 Personalities • https:// perceive the world, and how Free Personality Test. It is www.16personalities.com/ those perceptions influence similar to the Myer Briggs your decisions. One of the first test. free-personality-test and most famous tests is Myer- • Answer as honestly as you • https:// Briggs, that evaluates responses can, even when the answer careerinstem.com/ on a scale of 4 different criteria: is embarrassing. No one will personality/ “E” Extraversion—“I” Introversion see the test except for you. “S” Sensing—“N” Intuition The more honestly you “T” Thinking—“F” Feeling answer, the more accurate “J” Judgement—“P” Perception the results. • Answer each question. Try • Over several days, you The tests then provides a 4 letter not to use the center button, will see similar traits code with 16 different the neutral answer. Even emerge. Capture those combinations: slightly liking or disliking will results and keep them in your career journal. ESTJ ENTJ ISTJ INTJ give you better results. • Check out one more ESTP ENTP ISTP INTP • When you have completed the test, it will give you an website after you are ESFJ ENFJ ISFJ INFJ answer of your traits. done. This site connects ESFP ENFP ISFP INFP • Try taking the test once a different STEM careers day for several days. You with your personality. Each “type” has different may be surprised that your • Have fun! After all, you strengths and weaknesses. It answers will change, and are exploring the most doesn’t mean that you are just you could get different interesting person in the that trait, but it means you rely results. world—YOU! Extraverting Introverting Sensing Intuiting Thinking Feeling Judging Perceiving

Initiating Receiving Concrete Abstract Logical Empathetic Systematic Casual Expressive Contained Realistic Imaginative Reasonable Compassionate Planful Open-ended Gregarious Intimate Practical Conceptual Questioning Accommodating Early Starting Prompted Active Reflective Experiential Theoretical Critical Accepting Scheduled Spontaneous Enthusiastic Quiet Traditional Original Tough Tender Methodical Emergent

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND CITATIONS 15

AUTHORS • Dr. Barbara J. Shaw, Colorado State University Extension Western Region Youth Development 4-H STEM K/12 Specialist • Tom Lindsay, retired Portland State University instructor (geology and paleontology); HS science teacher (AP and IB Chemistry, Physics, Biology, and Calculus)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • Funding for this project provided by Colorado State University System Venture Capital Fund • CJ Mucklow, Colorado State University Extension Western Regional Director • Dr. Joe Cannon and Marketing Strategies students Berlyn Anderson, Jenna Balsley, Rachel Kassirer, Rachel Richman, Colorado State University, College of Business, for marketing strategies and ST[EMpower] graphics • Doug Garcia, Colorado State University Creative Services Communication Coordinator/ Designer • Special Thanks: Ashley Pereria, Career in STEM: https://careerinstem.com/

CITATIONS Information: • Climate through time: http://scotese.com/climate.htm • Mass Extinctions: https://www.mtcares.org/science-of-warming/denialist-myths-debunked/global-warming-is-causing- extinction-of-some-life/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province; https:// evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/massextinct_08; • Career Explorations: https://careerinstem.com/

Images: • Mosasaur: http://bonerooms.blogspot.com/2018/07/cleveland-museum-of-natural-history.html • Cladograms: https://www.sciencefriday.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Cladogram.jpg; https://s3.amazonaws.com/ user-media.venngage.com/387319-4f3fd5053ff2e8aa6cc81abebbd521a8.gif • Timeline temperature: http://scotese.com/climate.htm • Timeline mass extinction events: https://skepticalscience.com/Earths-five-mass-extinction-events.html • Smithsonian Hadean Earth: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/travel-through-deep-time-interactive- earth-180952886/ • Climate Legend: http://scotese.com/legend.htm • 5 Mass Extinctions: https://www.mtcares.org/science-of-warming/denialist-myths-debunked/global-warming-is-causing -extinction-of-some-life/ • CAMP: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province • Cyanobacteria: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanofr.html; https://mounikakalwa33.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/ cyanobacteria.jpg?w=300&h=240 • Earth timeline: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment • Permian Extinction: https://www.washington.edu/news/2018/12/06/biggest-extinction-in-earths-history-caused-by- global-warming-leaving-ocean-animals-gasping-for-breath/ ; https://www.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/ science/photos/000/009/923.ngsversion.1509199279224.adapt.1900.1.jpg • Ediacaran biota: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/10/how-earth-s-oldest-animals-were-fossilized

Answer from page 4 : • you, your mother, your grandmother, and 16 greats = 19 generations • 19 generations x average 90 years = 1,710 years • 2019 (this year) - 1,710 years = the year 309, or the 4th Century (it is now the 21st Century)