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Rimska Urbanizacija Na Tlu Današnje Bosne I Hercegovine

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Rimska Urbanizacija Na Tlu Današnje Bosne I Hercegovine UNIVERZITET U SARAJEVU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET ODSJEK ZA HISTORIJU KATEDRA ZA ARHEOLOGIJU Rimska urbanizacija na tlu današnje Bosne i Hercegovine (Završni diplomski rad) MENTOR: prof. dr. Adnan Busuladžić STUDENT: Amina Veladžić SARAJEVO, 2018. SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD ............................................................................................................................ 4 2. POJAM I RAZVOJ GRADA ......................................................................................... 7 3. KONCEPT GRADA MEĐU ANTIČKIM GRCIMA ................................................. 13 4. DAORSON ................................................................................................................... 19 5. KRATAK HISTORIJAT RIMA .................................................................................. 24 6. KRATAK HISTORIJAT OSVAJANJA PODRUČJA BALKANA I FORMIRANJE DALMACIJE ................................................................................... 29 7. PROCES ROMANIZIRANJA ..................................................................................... 36 a. Komunikacije ................................................................................................... 37 b. Vojni objekti ..................................................................................................... 46 c. Urbana naselja .................................................................................................. 56 d. Seoska naselja .................................................................................................. 66 8. PRAVNI STATUS MUNICIPIJA I KOLONIJA U BiH ............................................. 73 a. Aquae S... ........................................................................................................ 73 b. Colonia Ris... ................................................................................................... 85 c. Domavia .......................................................................................................... 90 d. Malvesiatium ................................................................................................. 102 e. Diluntum ........................................................................................................ 110 f. Raetinium ...................................................................................................... 116 9. RASPRAVA I ANALOGIJE (Narona, Salona, Iader, Epidaur, Mursa, Siscia, Varaždinske Toplice, Niš) ......................................................................................... 125 10. ZAKLJUČAK ............................................................................................................ 149 11. TABLE ....................................................................................................................... 154 12. IZVORI ...................................................................................................................... 173 13. LITERATURA ........................................................................................................... 173 2 14. SAŽETAK ................................................................................................................. 195 15. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 197 16. BIOGRAFIJA ............................................................................................................. 199 3 UVOD U najstarije, prahistorijsko doba čovjek se počeo sklanjati u skrivena mjesta, pećine i zaklone koji su bili njegov prvi dom ili prva nastamba. Poslije je ovakve nastambe počeo uređivati te upotpunjavati prema svojim svakodnevnim i općim potrebama. Najstarije nastambe ljudi su nalazili po pećinama i drveću, ovisno o klimatskim uvjetima podneblja u kojima su živjeli, ali uvijek s istim ciljem: kako bi se zaštitili od neprijatelja, zvijeri, sunca, kiše, poplava i drugih nepogoda. Pećina je, u hladnim predjelima, nudila toplinu, zaštitu od vjetra i snijega, kao i krov nad glavom. Ljudi su gradili ulaze od kamena i predvorja za svoj dom. Padine bregova pružale su, također, dobru zaštitu čovjeku, jer je u njih ukopavao rupe koje je pojačavao i dograđivao kamenjem. Prvi ljudski domovi nastajali su, ovisno o podneblju i klimi, na različitim mjestima, dobivajući i različite oblike, okrugle ili četvrtaste, s potpornim stupovima od stabala i zidovima od isprepletena granja. Nakon što je čovjek izašao iz pećine, njegovo stanište na otvorenom bila je zemunica, šator ili rudimentarna koliba. Prvi izlazak iz pećine te savladavanje složenih životnih uvjeta na otvorenom prostoru izazvali su promjene u dotadašnjem životu čovjeka i njegove prvobitne, elementarne zajednice. Na ovom prijelazu postepeno se konsolidirala porodica kao primarna socijalna zajednica i obrazuju se prvi oblici zajedničkog domaćinstva. Čovjek je već u pradavnim epohama počeo izgrađivati svoj životni prostor i postepeno formirati svoju okolinu. Grad je jedan od najznačajnijih fenomena u ljudskom društvu i njegovi korijeni su mnogo stari. Nastaje u vrijeme kada čovjek počinje kultivisati biljke, pripitomljavati životinje i već se neko vrijeme baviti ribolovom – tada počinje stvaranje civilizacije. Prva naselja nastaju na rijekama i otocima. U radu je prvo bilo riječi o pojmu grada, kao i na uspon prvih drevnih gradova, odnosno razvoj urbanih naselja. Nakon što je zahvatila Prednju Aziju, Anadoliju, Siriju i Palestinu, neolitska revolucija širila se na plodne doline donjih tokova Eufrata i Tigrisa. Početkom 5. milenija p. n. e. na ovim prostorima izgrađeni su veliki hidrotehnički sistemi za navodnjavanje koji su postepeno pokrili sve veća prostranstva. Tehnologija ovih zahvata i njihova dimenzija svjedoče o planiranju cijelih oblasti i o novom tipu intenzivne i planirane poljoprivrede koja je postala ekonomska osnovica imperija Sumerana i Elamita. Razvojem 4 agrarnog kompleksa naseljava se, izgrađuje i razvija niz naselja koja su postala značajna politička, ekonomska i kulturna središta. Antički Grci su u prvoj polovini osmog stoljeća počeli napuštati matičnu zemlju u potrazi za boljim životom, koji je podrazumijevao plodnu zemlju i obilje rude.1 Tačke njihovog širenja bile su prema zapadu oblast Južne Italije i Sicilije, a na istoku je tu bila obala Trakije i Mramorno more. Grčka kolonizacija je već krajem 6. st. p. n. e. doprla u Španiju do Ampurijasa, dok je granica na istoku bilo Crno more i Kipar. Grčka kolonizacija na istočnoj obali Jadrana počela je od 6. st. p. n. e. U novi svijet Grci donose svoje kulturne, religijske i ekonomske tekovine. Jedno od kulturnih obilježja grčkog svijeta jeste poznavanje planske gradnje gradova. Koncept planirane izgradnje urbanih sredina, tačnije gradova, prisutan je na prostoru Mesopotamije i Egipta u periodu znatno starijem od vremena kada počinje planska izgradnja grčkih gradova, dok se za samu ideju ili ustaljeni princip takve izgradnje može govoriti u okvirima egejskog svijeta.2 U ovom radu će biti prikazano kako je grčka kultura imala jak utjecaj na Rimsko carstvo. Obratit će se i pažnja na grčko graditeljstvo, arhitekturu, kao i grčke građevine. Dio rada posvećen je historijatu Rimskog carstva, usponu grada Rima, njegovim osvajanjima i širenju, te postanku od italijanske u sredozemnu velesilu. Uputit ćemo i na historijat rimskog osvajanja područja Balkana i formiranja rimske provincije Dalmacije. Ilirik je bio rimska provincija nastala nakon rimskog osvajanja zapadnog Balkana i smirivanja ilirskih naroda na širem prostoru Ilirije. Područje Ilirika protezalo se od rijeke Drim u današnjoj Albaniji do Istre u Hrvatskoj i od obale Jadrana do Panonije. U radu će biti govora o procesu romaniziranja područja Bosne i Hercegovine, odnosno dolasku Rimljana i nastanjivanju veterana na području naše zemlje. Prikazat će se početak 1 Grčka je između 16.-12. god. p. n. e. pokazala svoju vitalnost i prvom kolonijalnom ekspanzijom na Mediteranu. Zahvaljujući trgovini utjecaj Mikene prodro je i do dijela zapadne Evrope i na Istok. Mikenjani su svoje trgovačke interese proširili na Levantu, Egiptu, zapadnoj obali Crnog mora, Italije, dalje od Sicilije i Lipara do Španije. Tsetskhladze, 2006, 41-78, 97-101. 2 Planska gradnja poznata je i ranije. Arheološki nalazi u Megiddu pokazuju pravilan plan grada i modelarni tip izgradnje sa izdiferenciranim tlocrtom stambene kuće. Postavlja se pitanje da li se u tom planu ne krije „nepoznati palestinski Hipodam“, hiljadu godina stariji od onog grčkog. U planu grada Akhataton jasno je izdiferencirana višeslojna struktura grada s društvenim, političkim i kulturnim središtem u težištu aglomeracije, kao i stambenim četvrtima. Kahun je izgrađen 2000-1700. god. p. n. e. po jedinstvenom planu. Plan asirskog grada Zernaki pokazuje aglomeraciju čija je struktura svedena na pravilnu šemu kvadratnih blokova poredanih po koordinatnom sistemu dviju glavnih okomitih ulica smjera sjever-jug i istok-zapad. Pakistanski gradovi su planirani prema određenim uzorcima. Milić, 1994, 58, 67, 76-78, 80; Egipat i antička Grčka, 2007, 142. 5 gradnje komunikacija, osnivanje kolonija te nastanjivanje rimskih legija, kohorti i beneficijara i njihov doprinos gradnji cesta i utvrda. Romanizacija će obuhvatiti okolinu ilirskih upravnih središta, garnizona, vojnih uporišta i stanica na cestama. Posvetit će se pažnja rimskim vojnim logorima, urbanim i seoskim naseljima. Učvršćivanjem rimske vlasti, razvojem ekonomije i dolaskom isluženih vojnika i doseljenika nastaje i nova vrsta seoskog imanja
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