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Download Proceedings 57 Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services Marc Palahí, Yves Birot, Felipe Bravo and Elena Gorriz (eds.) EFI Proceedings No. 57, 2009 European Forest Institute University of Valladolid Mediterranean Regional Office – EFIMED Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia Spanish Ministry of Junta de Castilla-León Science and Innovation EFI Proceedings No. 57, 2009 Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services Marc Palahí, Yves Birot, Felipe Bravo and Elena Gorriz (eds.) Publisher: European Forest Institute Series Editors: Risto Päivinen, Editor-in-Chief Minna Korhonen, Managing Editor Brita Pajari, Conference Manager Editorial Office: European Forest Institute Phone: +358 10 773 4300 Torikatu 34 Fax. +358 10 773 4377 FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland Email: [email protected] http://www.efi.int/ Cover photos: lamax / www.fotolia.com; Marc Palahí; MEDFOREX photo archives Layout: Kopijyvä Oy Printing: Gummerus Printing Saarijärvi, Finland 2009 Disclaimer: The papers in this book comprise the proceedings of the event mentioned on the back cover. They reflect the authors’ opinions and do not necessarily correspond to those of the European Forest Institute. The Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain has supported the publication of these proceedings through the Accion complementaria AGL2007-28619-E/FOR © European Forest Institute 2009 ISSN 1237-8801 (printed) ISBN 978-952-5453-27-0 (printed) ISSN 14587-0610 (online) ISBN 978-952-5453-27-0 (online) Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................... 5 Papanastasis, V. P. Grazing Value of Mediterranean Forests ........................................................... 7 Djema, A. and The Algerian Forest: Current Situation and Prospects .................................... 17 Messaoudene, M. Palahí et al. Modelling the Production of Wild Mushrooms in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Forests in Catalonia (North-East of Spain) .................... 29 Sebei et al. Evaluation of Cork Production in Kroumirie Cork Oak Forest, Tunisia ........ 39 Borges et al. Scenario Analysis Applied to Cork and Holm Oak Forest Ecosystems in Southern Portugal ........................................................................................... 49 Bonet et al. Cultivation Methods of the Black Truffle, the Most Profitable Mediterranean Non-Wood Forest Product; A State of the Art Review ........... 57 Gea-Izquierdo et al. Acorn Production in Iberian Dehesas ............................................................ 73 Pierrettori, S. and The Chestnuts “Filiere” in Italy: Values and Developments .......................... 85 Venzi, L. Baskent et al. Developing and Implementing the Ecosystem Based Multiple Use Forest Management Planning Approach (ETÇAP) in Turkey ................................... 97 Bravo, F. Adaptive Forest Management: Learning by Doing in Forestry .....................111 Saidi, Y. and Contribution to the Sylvester Mushroom Inventory and Estimation of the Hasnaoui, F. Production on Permanent Plots in Kroumirie, Tunisia.................................. 119 Khatib Salkini, A. The Role of Medicinal Plants in Oak Forests in Idleb, North-West Syria, and De Pauw, E. in Improving Incomes of the Rural Poor....................................................... 127 Pettenella, D. and The Role of Networks in Non-Wood Forest Products and Services Maso, D. Marketing in Europe ..................................................................................... 143 El Mokni et al. Estimating Above-Ground Biomass of Mirbeck’s Oak (Quercus canariensis Willd.) in Kroumirie, Tunisia .................................................... 157 Mavsar, R. and Economic Evaluation of Forest Fire Prevention Programme in Catalonia, Farreras, V. NE Spain ....................................................................................................... 165 Kazana et al. Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Modeling for Impact Assessment in the Context of Sustainable Forest Management: A Greek Case Study ................................. 175 Saidi et al. Production Potentiality in Fruits, Biomass, Oil, Essential Oil and Medicinal Properties of the Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus) in Kroumirie, N-W Tunisia .................................................................................................. 185 Executive Summary Mediterranean forest ecosystems provide multiple non-timber forest products and services which are crucial for the socio-economic development of the rural and urban areas of the Mediterranean region. On one hand, in the Northern Mediterranean sub-region, the socio-economic changes of the last decades, triggered by the urbanization of our society and better living standards, have lead to an increase in the demand of the social and environmental functions of our forests. This had a positive effect in the economic importance of some non-wood products (pine-nuts, mushrooms, aromatic plants, etc) and different forest services (CO2 sequestration, recreation, nature conservation, etc). At the same time, rural areas have experienced a lack of manpower and a decrease in the profitability of traditional forestry, which has lead to land abandonment and accumulation of forest fuels. This had a strong effect in increasing the risk of forest fires in the last decades. On the other hand, in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean sub-regions, non-timber forest products still are relevant primary resources, in particular silvopastoralism, for the subsistence of local economies, while some forest environmental functions (fight against desertification, regulation of the micro-climate, regulating water resources, etc) are key for the sustainable development of these societies. This framework requires new approaches in forest management and planning as well as in forest policy and economics to address the complexity and multifunctionality of the Mediterranean forests. The international scientific seminar “Modelling, valuing and managing Mediterranean forest ecosystems for non-timber goods and services” organized by EFIMED and the Universidad de Valladolid (Forestry School of Palencia) in 26–27 October 2007 brought together Mediterranean scientists from relevant disciplines (forest ecology, forest management, applied economics, operations research, and information technologies, etc.) in order to discuss and present the latest scientific methods and results on modelling, valuing and managing non-timber products and services in different Mediterranean countries. The papers were organized in five main topics to tackle the main scientific challenges in managing Mediterranean forests for non-timber goods and services: I. Applications of Modelling to non-timber products and ecosystem services II. Production and economy of cork oak forests III: Forest management planning for non-timber products and services IV: Economic techniques to address the management of non-timber products V: Production of non-timber products: case studies Such structure provided a unique opportunity to discuss in a multidisciplinary environment key challenges of Mediterranean forestry and forest research. EFI Proceedings No. 57, 2009 Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems for Non-Timber Goods and Services Marc Palahí, Yves Birot, Felipe Bravo and Elena Gorriz (eds.) Grazing Value of Mediterranean Forests Vasilios P. Papanastasis Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Abstract Mediterranean forests have a long history of grazing with most of them having developed with the presence of livestock. In the past, several Mediterranean foresters blamed domestic animals, especially goats, for their destruction. Over the last few decades, however, scientific evidence has been accumulated showing that livestock grazing is an ecological factor that can serve the conservation of Mediterranean forests, if properly used. Forage production in the understory varies widely depending on the type of forest, its crown density, past use and site potential. Forage quality, on the other hand, depends on species composition of the understory as well as shade conditions. Removal of understory vegetation by grazing can enhance tree growth due to the reduction of competition for water and nutrients and reduce fire risk. Moreover, it can provide additional income to the farmers and contribute to economic development of a region. Grazing is an important non-timber use of Mediterranean forests with a great ecological and economic value provided that it is properly integrated in their management. Keywords: forage production, quality, improvement, livestock, management Introduction Grazing by domestic herbivores is an old practice in the Mediterranean region. Livestock began to be raised in the eastern Mediterranean in early Holocene, between 10 000 and 6000 BC; by the Bronze Age (3000 BC), they had already spread to the western part, too (Le Houerou 1981). On the other hand, when livestock arrived at the Mediterranean, they replaced wild herbivores which were already grazing there since the Middle Pleistocene (700 000 to 128 000 years ago) and became extinct for unknown reasons (Rackham and Moody 1996). Since their introduction to the Mediterranean region, livestock became part of the environment with which they evolved together over the centuries. Among ecosystems, forests EFI Proceedings No. 57, 2009 Modelling, Valuing and Managing Mediterranean
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