Die Muslime Im Sandschak Smederevo Am Übergang Vom 18

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Die Muslime Im Sandschak Smederevo Am Übergang Vom 18 Die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert - Ein Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Anaid Ceribašić-Begovac am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: Ao.Univ.-Prof.i.R. Dr.h.c.mult. Dr.phil. Harald Heppner Graz, 2017 Ehr enwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Graz, am 24. Februar 2017 _______________________ (Anaid Ceribašić - Begovac) Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung...........................................................................................................................................................1 I. Der Sandschak Smederevo und die Frage nach dem Belgrader Paschalik............................................14 1.1. Die osmanische Provinz Sandschak Smederevo........................................................................................14 1.2. Die Benutzung des Begriffes Belgrader Paschalik in der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur....................................................................................................16 II. Verbreitung der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo bis 1804...............................................................27 2.1. Muslime in den Städten des Sandschak Smederevo..................................................................................27 2.2. Muslime als Landbevölkerung im Sandschak Smederevo........................................................................34 2.3. Gesamtzahl der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo.................................................................................36 III. Muslimische Gesellschaft im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert...........................................................................................................................43 3.1. Gesellschaftliche Struktur der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo..........................................................43 3.2. Wirtschaftliche und soziale Struktur der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo..........................................56 IV. Von „Türken” und „Bosniaken” - Die Frage der Identität und Herkunft der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo................................................................................60 4.1. Ermittlung der Herkunft der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo in der serbischen und bosnischen Historiographie...........................................................................................60 4.2. Verwendung des Begriffes „Türke” für die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo......................................66 4.3. Verwendung des Begriffes „Bosniake” für die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo.................................71 4.4. Selbstwahrnehmung der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo...................................................................78 4.5. Andere muslimische Gruppen im Sandschak Smederevo..........................................................................83 V. Dispute der serbischen und bosnischen Forschungsliteratur bezüglich der Islamisierung im Sandschak Smederevo................................................................................................89 5.1. Islamisierungsthesen der serbischen Geschichtsschreibung......................................................................89 5.2. Islamisierungsthesen der bosnischen Geschichtsschreibung.....................................................................97 5.3. Stand der gegenwärtigen serbischen und bosnischen Geschichtsschreibung im Hinblick auf die Islamisierung im Sandschak Smederevo........................................................................103 Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................................................................106 Literaturverzeichnis......................................................................................................................................115 Einleitung „Für die Dynastie der Osmanen opfern alle Türken Güter, Fleiß und Schweiß und die an der Grenze, neben all dem auch ihr Leben.”1 Mit diesen Worten beginnt der Belgrader Muslim Rašid-bej seine Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts verfasste Geschichte der ungewöhnlichen Ereignisse in Belgrad und Serbien.2 Schon im Titel seines Werkes liegt die Betonung auf „ungewöhnliche Ereignisse” und in der Tat gibt uns die Geschichte der muslimischen Bevölkerung auf dem Gebiet des einstigen Sandschak Smederevo (heute zentrales Serbien) immer noch mehr Rätsel auf als dass sie Antworten liefert. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat daher den Anspruch, die Lebensumstände der muslimischen Bevölkerung im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert zu erfassen und zu analysieren. Die behandelte Zeitspanne liegt zwischen dem Frieden von Swischtow im Jahr 1791 3 und dem ersten serbischen Aufstand 1804. Obwohl dieser Zeitraum kurz erscheint ist er dennoch von großen Umwälzungen geprägt. Mehrere Ereignisse spielten sich dabei gleichzeitig ab, wie muslimische Migrationen in und aus der Provinz, die Machtübernahme der Janitscharen, die Zerschlagung der klassischen muslimischen Gesellschaftsstrukturen, Pestepidemien sowie politische Konflikte, die allesamt das Ende der muslimischen Dominanz im Sandschak Smederevo einläuteten. Diese Arbeit beleuchtet jedoch auch Ereignisse aus anderen Epochen, die sich auf diesem Gebiet abgespielt haben, wie beispielsweise den Islamisierungsprozess der mehrere Jahrhunderte andauerte. Der zweite wichtige Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist der Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur hinsichtlich der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo. Deshalb werden in jedem Kapitel Thesen, Meinungen und Annahmen von Historikern und Forschern beider Länder vorgestellt und bewertet. Besondere Beachtung wird dabei einem Phänomen beigemessen, das in beiden Geschichtsschreibungen auffällt, nämlich eine häufig unterschiedliche Interpretation und Perzeption von Ereignissen trotz der Verwendung gleicher oder ähnlicher Quellen. Zudem wird auch auf die Entwicklungsphasen dieser Historiographien verwiesen, beginnend mit dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges 1 Im Original: „Za dinastiju otomansku svi Turci žrtvuju imanje, trud i znoj a oni na granici, pored svega toga i život svoj.” Siehe in: Čohadžić, D. S.: Rašid-beja istorija čudnovatih događaja u Beogradu i Srbiji, Buch 1, in: Spomenik, Nr. XXXIII, Hrsg. Srpska kraljevska akademija, Belgrad 1894, S. 1. Diese Übersetzung ins Deutsche, sowie alle anderen in dieser Arbeit, die in den Originalsprachen Serbisch, Bosnisch und Englisch verfasst wurden stammen - falls nicht anders angegeben - von Anaid Ceribašić-Begovac. 2 Die Originalausgabe von Rašid-bejs Werk ist auf Osmanisch-Türkisch verfasst worden und trägt den Titel: Taa rȋh-i Vak´a-i Hayret-nümȃ-yi Belgrad ve Sirbistan. Siehe in: Savić, Bojana (Hrsg.): Could have, would have, should have: Belgradi Raşid and the Rhetoric of Disillusiunment and Resentment in his History of Strange Events, Budapest 2011, S. 1. 3 Bei dem Frieden von Swischtow der zwischen den Habsburgern und Osmanen ausgehandelt wurde, einigten sich beide Seiten, dass der Status quo ante wiederhergestellt wird. Somit verblieb der Sandschak Smederevo weiterhin beim Osmanischen Reich. Im Grunde wären die Habsburger im Stande gewesen den Krieg weiter zu führen und die Provinz gänzlich unter ihre Kontrolle zu bringen, allerdings verlangten die Geschehnisse im revolutionären Frankreich einen sofortigen Friedensschluss mit den Osmanen um nicht auf zwei Fronten kämpfen zu müssen. Siehe in: Ćirković, Sima: The Serbs, Hrsg. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Oxford, Carlton 2004, S. 177. 1 bis hin zur Gegenwart. Dies ist notwendig, da die Historiker in Serbien und Bosnien Thesen bezüglich der Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo unter dem Einfluss von politischen Faktoren oder Ereignissen neu interpretierten oder vollständig verworfen haben. Die Beschäftigung mit der Problematik unterschiedlicher Thesen war letztendlich ausschlaggebend für das Konzipieren folgender Fragestellung: Wie unterscheiden sich die serbische und bosnische wissenschaftliche Literatur im Hinblick auf die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo von einander? Da es sich hierbei um eine äußerst komplexe Frage handelt und mehrere Aspekte in Betracht gezogen werden müssen, enthält diese Arbeit mehrere Unterfragen, die sich jeweils mit den vereinzelten Elementen der Fragestellung auseinandersetzen. Eine der wichtigsten Unterfragen ist, warum veraltete Terminologie immer noch in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten beider Länder verwendet wird? Eine weitere Unterfrage ist, wie stark der Islamisierungsprozess auf dem Gebiet des Sandschak Smederevo ausgeprägt gewesen ist? Bei dieser Frage handelt es sich um einen der Hauptdispute zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur. So ist in der serbischen Geschichtsschreibung die vorherrschende Meinung, dass die Islamisierung keine große Rolle in dieser Provinz gespielt habe, sondern eher der Zuzug
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