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Povodom Dvestote Godiăwice Prvog Srpskog Ustanka Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, XXXVIII, 2/2004 UDK 949.711 “1804/1813” Izvorni nauåni rad Predato: decembar 2004. BIBLID: 0550-2179, 38 (2004) 2:1: p. 7-24 Dr Yubomirka Krkyuã, redovni profesor Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu POVODOM DVESTOTE GODIÃWICE PRVOG SRPSKOG USTANKA Saæetak: Prvi srpski ustanak podignut je 2/14. februara 1804, ali su procesi koji su doveli do oruæanog ustanka zapoåeli u vreme 1788-1791. godine. Zapoået kao borba protiv dahijskog terora, ubrzo je postao borba za potpu- no osloboœewe od turske vlasti. Ustanak je istovremeno znaåio i borbu pro- tiv turskog feudalnog sistema, te prema tome ima karakter buræoaske revolucije, koja ñe biti konaåno zavrãena 1830. godine. U vreme trajawa Prvog srpskog ustanka, 1804-1813. bila je u Srbiji izgraœena organizacija dræavne vlasti: centralni dræavni organi, lokalna uprava, sudovi. Dono- ãeni su razliåiti pravni propisi, a i ustavni akti, 1808. i 1811. godine. U ustanku su uåestvovali Srbi iz raznih krajeva Turske carevine. Naroåito su intenzivne bile veze izmeœu Srba iz Turske i Srba iz Habzburãke monarhije, koji su dali ustanku veliki doprinos, materijalnom i drugom pomoñi, a naroåito, kao obrazovani yudi, u izgradwi dræavnih i drugih institucija. Kyuåne reåi: Prvi srpski ustanak, Koåina krajina, janiåari, Sviã- tovski mir, åitluci, ukidawe feudalnih odnosa, revolucija, centralni organi dræavne vlasti, vrhovni voæd, skupãtina, Boæa Grujoviñ, prirodno pravo, Praviteystvujuãåi sovjet, Zakon prote Mateje Nenadoviña, Kara- œorœev zakon, ustavni akti, obnova srpske dræave, Srbi iz Habzburãke monarhije, Rusija, Austrija, Francuska Kao datum poåetka Prvog srpskog ustanka uzima se dan kada je doneta odluka o poåetku oruæane borbe protiv turske vlasti, 2/14. februara 1804. Meœutim, joã je Vuk Karaqiñ, pronicyivoãñu genijalnog åoveka, ali i uåes- nika u dogaœajima o kojima je reå, zakyuåio da “buna srpska svoj poåetak ima” u 7 Dr Yubomirka Krkyuã, Povodom dvestote godiãwice Prvog srpskog ustanka (str. 7-24) godini 1788, kada je poåeo rat izmeœu Turske i Austrije, zavrãen Sviãtovskim mirom 1791.1 I Stojan Novakoviñ ñe docnije takoœe ukazati na to da je zami- sao o stvarawu autonomne Srbije, pod vrhovnom turskom vlaãñu, ali uz strano jem- stvo, nastala 1790, a poåela da se ostvaruje oruæanim ustankom 1804. godine.2 U to vreme, koje je neposredno prethodilo izbijawu Prvog srpskog us- tanka bilo je austrijsko-turskim ratom aktuelizovano istoåno pitawe – pi- tawe opstanka osmanlijske vlasti na Balkanskom poluostrvu. Bilo je to i vreme velike Francuske buræoaske revolucije i nezadræivog ãirewa wenih ideja i uticaja u celoj Evropi, a potom i napoleonskih ratova (zapoåetih 1796), koji su iz temeya uzdrmali evropski poredak. Nekoliko godina pre poåetka aust- rijsko-turskog rata, 1781, zakyuåen je izmeœu ruske carice Katarine II i aus- trijskog cara Josifa II sporazum o uzajamnom pomagawu i o podeli Turske. I jedna i druga sila imale su aspiracije na teritorije Osmanske carevine i pro- dor ka jugu. Rusija je sawala o obnovi gråkog carstva. Po ovim sporazumima teritorija Srbije je trebalo najveñim delom da pripadne Austriji. U toku prethodnih sto godina Austrija je u dva maha za izvesno vreme bila oslobo- dila Beograd i deo Srbije, 1688-1690. i 1718-1739. godine. Ovi austrijsko-tur- ski ratovi i kratkotrajna austrijska okupacija doveli su do Velike seobe Srba 1690. i mawe seobe 1737. godine, dogaœajâ koji su imali veoma daleko- seæne posledice. U Juænoj Ugarskoj su seobe dovele do jaåawa kompaktne mase Srba. U ekonomski i kulturno daleko razvijenijoj sredini, oni ñe voditi traj- no borbu za svoja prava i autonomnu vlast. To je dovodilo do meœusobnog zbijawa i jaåawa wihove etniåke svesti.3 Ideje o vaskrsu srpske dræave, obnavyawu stare srpske sredwovekovne dræave nastale su najpre u krugovima Srba u habzburãkim zemyama, gde se ova misao javila joã krajem XVII veka u spisima grofa Œorœa Brankoviña, iako maglovitim i maãtovitim, ali sa ipak jasnom idejom o obnovi srpskog carstva, a potom u XVIII veku u planovima Save Te- kelije o stvarawu savezniåke slovenske dræave na Balkanu pod imenom Iliri- ja, koja bi bila protivteæa uticaju Austrije i Rusije na Balkanu.4 U toku rata 1788-1791. godine Srbijanci dobrovoyci i Srbi iz Austri- je su zajedno ratovali, zanoseñi se istom æeyom da oslobode Srbiju turske vlasti i naœu se ujediweni u Habzburãkoj monarhiji.5 Pred sam ustanak i u toku wegovog trajawa, ustanici su odræavali stalne veze sa karlovaåkim mit- ropolitom Stefanom Stratimiroviñem, koji je bio æivo i aktivno zainte- 1 V. Stef. Karaqiñ, Graœa za srpsku istoriju naãega vremena i æivoti najznatnijih po- glavica onoga vremena, Beograd 1898, 113-114. 2 St. Novakoviñ, Tursko carstvo pred srpski ustanak 1780-1804, Beograd 1906, 34. 3 D. Jankoviñ, Srpska dræava i nastajawe srpske nacije, u zborniku Nastanak i razvitak srpske nacije, Beograd 1978, 49. 4 R. Samarqiñ, Œorœe Brankoviñ, Istorijske i politiåke osnove prvoga srpskog programa, u Pisci srpske istorije, Treña kwiga, Prosveta, Beograd 1968, 9-10. Opisanije æivota Save Tekelije, (predgovor A. Foriãkoviña), Beograd 1966, 28; K. Milutinoviñ, Ilirik, Dunavska Konfederacija i Istoåna Ãvajcarska, Zbornik za istoriju, 12, Matica srpska, Novi Sad 1976, 24-27, 30-33. 5 S. Gavriloviñ, Vojvodina i Srbija u vreme srpskog ustanka, Novi Sad 1974, 13. 8 Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, XXXVIII, 2/2004 resovan za sudbinu ustanka i srpskog naroda.6 Znaåajan doprinos oslobodilaåkom pregnuñu Srba u Prvom ustanku dao je i baåki episkop Jovan Jovanoviñ.7 * * * U posledwem ratu koji je Austrija vodila protiv Turske u XVIII veku, srpski dobrovoyci su uåestvovali u velikom broju, te su prvih sedam meseci oni uglavnom nosili ratni teret, pod komandom Koåe Anœelkoviña, po kojem ñe ovaj rat i dobiti u srpskoj istoriji naziv Koåina krajina.8 Ovo je vojevawe meœu Srbima probudilo duh otpornosti i nezavisnosti, pokazalo da se Tur- cima moæe suprotstaviti, te “u tom unoãewu nacionalnog revolucionarstva u narodne mase u Srbiji leæi glavna zasluga Koåina”.9 Narod se uverio da Turci nisu nepobedivi, da narod ne mora ostati porobyen i obespravyen. U toku Koåine krajine su srpski dobrovoyci stekli i praktiåna vojniåka znawa. Koåina krajina je bila “praktiåna ãkola, u kojoj su se na samom delu, u samom ratu, uåili vojnoj veãtini.”10 Rat je zavrãen mirom u Sviãtovu 1791, na osnovi status yuo ante. Srpski uåesnici u ratu su od Porte dobili am- nestiju, a pograniåni komandanti su obavezani da odræe opãtu sigurnost, bez- bednost i mir. Posle Sviãtovskog mira, fermanima sultana Selima III 1793. i 1794. godine Srbima su date izvesne povlastice, kojima su potvrœene stare narodne samoupravne vlasti (knezovi i oborknezovi), utvrœen ukupan iznos poreza i drugih davawa i zabraweno nasiye nad seyacima. Povlastice su proãirene 1796, kada je u svakoj nahiji odreœen oborknez, a prikupyawe daæbina preneto na Srbe.11 Kao ãto je uåestvovawe u austrijsko-turskim ratovima bilo vojna ãkola za buduñi oslobodilaåki rat i revoluciju, ove autonomije D. Jankoviñ ocewuje kao politiåku ãkolu za buduñi samostalni dræavni æivot.12 U vreme posle Sviãtovskog mira, zahvayujuñi proterivawu janiåara i postojawu samoupravnih povlastica, doãlo je do relativnog ekonomskog napretka, po- rasta stanovniãtva i broja sela.13 Povoyni uslovi za trgovinu stokom i sto- åarskim proizvodima doveli su do formirawa jednog imuñnog sloja trgovaca. 6 Isto, 20-21; Prvi srpski ustanak, Akta i pisma na srpskom jeziku, kwiga I, U redakciji Radoslava Peroviña, Narodna kwiga Beograd, br. 6, 7, 10, 20. 7 Prvi srpski ustanak, br. 32, 33, 56. 8 M. Vukiñeviñ, Karaœorœe I , Beograd 1907, 66, 70. 9 D. Panteliñ, Austrijski pokuãaji za osvojewe Beograda 1787. i 1788. godine, Glas SKA XCVIII, drugi razred 57, Beograd 1921. 10 M. Vukiñeviñ, Karaœorœe I , Beograd 1907, 85. 11 D. Panteliñ, Beogradski paãaluk pred ustanak, 44, 123-131, 139-140. 12 D. Jankoviñ, nav. delo, 50. 13 M. Sentiñ, Stanovniãtvo i populacioni gubici ustaniåke Srbije, Prilozi statis- tiåkom izuåavawu prvog srpskog ustanka (1804-1813 god), Zavod za statistiku NR Srbije, Pri- lozi 14, juni 1955. Po ovim procenama, u Beogradskom paãaluku, sa 11 nahija bilo je oko 1800 sela, sa 478.000 stanovnika. 9 Dr Yubomirka Krkyuã, Povodom dvestote godiãwice Prvog srpskog ustanka (str. 7-24) Vrednost izvoza je tako krajem XVIII veka iznosila oko 3.000.000 franaka godiãwe.14 Imovinski ojaåali seyaci-knezovi, trgovci i zanatlije, potekli iz seyaåke mase, ali bogatiji i ugledniji putovali su, ãirili svoj vidokrug i saznavali poneãto i o osnovama graœanske svojine i slobodâ.15 Iz tih krugova potekle su ustaniåke voœe, koje ñe postati i prvi vladajuñi sloj u novoj dræavi. Meœutim, posledwih godina XVIII veka, u Turskoj carevini je doãlo do teãke krize, raspadawa i rasula centralnog dræavnog sistema i jaåawa i osa- mostayivawa pojedinih, uglavnom perifernih oblasti carstva, pod krupnim lokalnim stareãinama. Prognani posle Sviãtovskog mira u Srbiju su se 1799. godine vratili janiåari, koje su Srbi nazivali dahijama i zaveli reæim strahovitog terora i nasiya.16 U drugoj polovini XVIII veka je u Beogradskom paãaluku na planu druãt- venoekonomskih odnosa uzeo maha proces tzv. åitluåewa. Åitluåewe je bilo moguñe u turskom timarsko-lenskom sistemu, gde spahija nije bio vlasnik, ne- go samo uæivalac svoga poseda. Pored wega, seyacima se, obiåno silom, name- tao i novi vlasnik, janiåar, åitluk-sahibija, iziskujuñi od wih nove daæbine. Tako su seyaåke obaveze prema Turcima bile åesto viãe nego udvostruåene. Mada je posle Sviãtovskog mira i progona janiåara sultan zabranio pretva- rawe rajinskih sela u åitluke, åitluåewe je nastavyeno posle povrataka jan- iåara i zavoœewa dahijskog reæima. U zakyuåcima skupãtine u Ostruænici, 3. maja 1804. ustanici su naveli dahijski reæim kao jedan od razloga podizawa oruæanog ustanka: dahije su “... naåali nas tako nemilosrdno i gorko muåiti da naposledak inija pomoãåi ne bje razvje sebje ot napadenija turskago brani- ti... ”, jer su dahije pod pretwom maåa prinudile knezove i kmetove “celu Sr- biju pod zovomi åifluk dati... ”.17 Svesni rastuñeg i preteñeg nezadovoystva naroda, Turci su u januaru 1804.
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