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UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11. -
The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800S-1900S
The Shaping of Bulgarian and Serbian National Identities, 1800s-1900s February 2003 Katrin Bozeva-Abazi Department of History McGill University, Montreal A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Contents 1. Abstract/Resume 3 2. Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Names 6 3. Acknowledgments 7 4. Introduction 8 How "popular" nationalism was created 5. Chapter One 33 Peasants and intellectuals, 1830-1914 6. Chapter Two 78 The invention of the modern Balkan state: Serbia and Bulgaria, 1830-1914 7. Chapter Three 126 The Church and national indoctrination 8. Chapter Four 171 The national army 8. Chapter Five 219 Education and national indoctrination 9. Conclusions 264 10. Bibliography 273 Abstract The nation-state is now the dominant form of sovereign statehood, however, a century and a half ago the political map of Europe comprised only a handful of sovereign states, very few of them nations in the modern sense. Balkan historiography often tends to minimize the complexity of nation-building, either by referring to the national community as to a monolithic and homogenous unit, or simply by neglecting different social groups whose consciousness varied depending on region, gender and generation. Further, Bulgarian and Serbian historiography pay far more attention to the problem of "how" and "why" certain events have happened than to the emergence of national consciousness of the Balkan peoples as a complex and durable process of mental evolution. This dissertation on the concept of nationality in which most Bulgarians and Serbs were educated and socialized examines how the modern idea of nationhood was disseminated among the ordinary people and it presents the complicated process of national indoctrination carried out by various state institutions. -
(1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) As Political Myths
Department of Political and Economic Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Helsinki The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths Brendan Humphreys ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Helsinki, for public examination in hall XII, University main building, Fabianinkatu 33, on 13 December 2013, at noon. Helsinki 2013 Publications of the Department of Political and Economic Studies 12 (2013) Political History © Brendan Humphreys Cover: Riikka Hyypiä Distribution and Sales: Unigrafia Bookstore http://kirjakauppa.unigrafia.fi/ [email protected] PL 4 (Vuorikatu 3 A) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto ISSN-L 2243-3635 ISSN 2243-3635 (Print) ISSN 2243-3643 (Online) ISBN 978-952-10-9084-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-10-9085-1 (PDF) Unigrafia, Helsinki 2013 We continue the battle We continue it backwards Vasko Popa, Worriors of the Field of the Blackbird A whole volume could well be written on the myths of modern man, on the mythologies camouflaged in the plays that he enjoys, in the books that he reads. The cinema, that “dream factory” takes over and employs countless mythical motifs – the fight between hero and monster, initiatory combats and ordeals, paradigmatic figures and images (the maiden, the hero, the paradisiacal landscape, hell and do on). Even reading includes a mythological function, only because it replaces the recitation of myths in archaic societies and the oral literature that still lives in the rural communities of Europe, but particularly because, through reading, the modern man succeeds in obtaining an ‘escape from time’ comparable to the ‘emergence from time’ effected by myths. -
The Rise of Bulgarian Nationalism and Russia's Influence Upon It
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it. Lin Wenshuang University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Wenshuang, Lin, "The rise of Bulgarian nationalism and Russia's influence upon it." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1548. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1548 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Lin Wenshuang All Rights Reserved THE RISE OF BULGARIAN NATIONALISM AND RUSSIA‘S INFLUENCE UPON IT by Lin Wenshuang B. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 1997 M. A., Beijing Foreign Studies University, China, 2002 A Dissertation Approved on April 1, 2014 By the following Dissertation Committee __________________________________ Prof. -
Die Muslime Im Sandschak Smederevo Am Übergang Vom 18
Die Muslime im Sandschak Smederevo am Übergang vom 18. ins 19. Jahrhundert - Ein Vergleich zwischen der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Anaid Ceribašić-Begovac am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: Ao.Univ.-Prof.i.R. Dr.h.c.mult. Dr.phil. Harald Heppner Graz, 2017 Ehr enwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Graz, am 24. Februar 2017 _______________________ (Anaid Ceribašić - Begovac) Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung...........................................................................................................................................................1 I. Der Sandschak Smederevo und die Frage nach dem Belgrader Paschalik............................................14 1.1. Die osmanische Provinz Sandschak Smederevo........................................................................................14 1.2. Die Benutzung des Begriffes Belgrader Paschalik in der serbischen und bosnischen wissenschaftlichen Literatur....................................................................................................16 -
SOUTH SERBIA 5 Days – by Bus Or by Car
SOUTH SERBIA 5 days – by bus or by car TRAVEL PROGRAM: 1.dan BELGRADE. Landing at the airport Nikola Tesla. Transfer to the hotel. Dinner. Overnight stay. 2.dan BELGRADE. Breakfast. Departure of sightseeing city tour by bus and on foot. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, is one of the oldest cities in Europe which has been a crucial junction since times before and a crossroad between East and West Europe. Belgrade lays on two international rivers, on the delta of Sava and Danube and the river waters surround it from three sides. Its location rightfully earned it a nickname “the gate to Balkans” and “the door of Central Europe”. The oldest archeological findings from this area date to the fifth millennia before Christ. In the historical center of Belgrade, in 1938, during the construction of Albanija Palace and where it still stands today, the remains of a Neanderthal, who died fighting a mammoth, were found. His remains were found in the vicinity, which testifies to an existence of a habitat on the territory of today’s Belgrade even in the prehistoric times. On the river bank of Danube a prehistoric settlement Vinca can be found, with the remains of artifacts of a prehistoric man. A Celtic tribe has founded Singidunum in 3 rd century BC and the city is even mentioned in some ancient sources. Later on, this territory was occupied by Romans and with the division of the empire in year 395 it becomes a part of Byzantine Empire. In the 6 th century the Slavs have started crossing the river more often and then permanently stayed in this area, and so, on the rocky highland over the delta of river Sava their settlement has been created – Beli Grad – White City. -
The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill in Belgrade
Balkanologie Revue d'études pluridisciplinaires Vol. VII, n° 2 | 2003 Volume VII Numéro 2 Nationalism in Construction: The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill in Belgrade Bojan Aleksov Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/494 DOI: 10.4000/balkanologie.494 ISSN: 1965-0582 Publisher Association française d'études sur les Balkans (Afebalk) Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2003 Number of pages: 47-72 ISSN: 1279-7952 Electronic reference Bojan Aleksov, « Nationalism in Construction: The Memorial Church of St. Sava on Vračar Hill in Belgrade », Balkanologie [Online], Vol. VII, n° 2 | 2003, Online since 19 February 2009, connection on 17 December 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/494 ; DOI : https://doi.org/ 10.4000/balkanologie.494 © Tous droits réservés Balkanologie VII (2), décembre 2003, p. 47-72 \ 47 NATIONALISM IN CONSTRUCTION : THE MEMORIAL CHURCH OF ST. SAVA ON VRAČAR HILL IN BELGRADE Bojan Aleksov* During the combat we all saw St. Sava, robed in white, and seated in a white chariot drawn by white horses, leading us on to victory.1 The role of St. Sava, whom the late Serbian Patriarch German praised as the "Sun of Serbian heaven" in Serbian oral tradition during medieval and Ottoman period was to always watch over Serbian people2. In many popular le gends and folk tales he is the creator of miraculous springs, a master of the for ces of nature with all features of a God who blesses and punishes. Often cruel in punishing and horrendous in his rage, St. Sava, has the features of a primi tive pagan god and, though a Christian saint, in the eyes of popular culture he embodied a pre-Christian pagan divinity or the ancient Serbian god of the un- derworkR In the age of nationalism however, the Serbian cult of St. -
Povodom Dvestote Godiăwice Prvog Srpskog Ustanka
Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, XXXVIII, 2/2004 UDK 949.711 “1804/1813” Izvorni nauåni rad Predato: decembar 2004. BIBLID: 0550-2179, 38 (2004) 2:1: p. 7-24 Dr Yubomirka Krkyuã, redovni profesor Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu POVODOM DVESTOTE GODIÃWICE PRVOG SRPSKOG USTANKA Saæetak: Prvi srpski ustanak podignut je 2/14. februara 1804, ali su procesi koji su doveli do oruæanog ustanka zapoåeli u vreme 1788-1791. godine. Zapoået kao borba protiv dahijskog terora, ubrzo je postao borba za potpu- no osloboœewe od turske vlasti. Ustanak je istovremeno znaåio i borbu pro- tiv turskog feudalnog sistema, te prema tome ima karakter buræoaske revolucije, koja ñe biti konaåno zavrãena 1830. godine. U vreme trajawa Prvog srpskog ustanka, 1804-1813. bila je u Srbiji izgraœena organizacija dræavne vlasti: centralni dræavni organi, lokalna uprava, sudovi. Dono- ãeni su razliåiti pravni propisi, a i ustavni akti, 1808. i 1811. godine. U ustanku su uåestvovali Srbi iz raznih krajeva Turske carevine. Naroåito su intenzivne bile veze izmeœu Srba iz Turske i Srba iz Habzburãke monarhije, koji su dali ustanku veliki doprinos, materijalnom i drugom pomoñi, a naroåito, kao obrazovani yudi, u izgradwi dræavnih i drugih institucija. Kyuåne reåi: Prvi srpski ustanak, Koåina krajina, janiåari, Sviã- tovski mir, åitluci, ukidawe feudalnih odnosa, revolucija, centralni organi dræavne vlasti, vrhovni voæd, skupãtina, Boæa Grujoviñ, prirodno pravo, Praviteystvujuãåi sovjet, Zakon prote Mateje Nenadoviña, Kara- œorœev zakon, ustavni akti, obnova srpske dræave, Srbi iz Habzburãke monarhije, Rusija, Austrija, Francuska Kao datum poåetka Prvog srpskog ustanka uzima se dan kada je doneta odluka o poåetku oruæane borbe protiv turske vlasti, 2/14. -
The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question
LAWRENCE P. MERIAGE The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question Throughout the nineteenth century a major international issue facing the Great Powers of Europe was the volatile "Eastern Question." As the Ottoman Em pire grew steadily weaker, the question of the future disposition of its extensive territories (some 238,000 square miles in Europe alone in 1800) provoked an intense and prolonged rivalry among those European states with vested political and economic interests in the Near East. With its military power in decline and its frontiers menaced by powerful neighbors, the Ottoman Empire seemed on the verge of collapse at the beginning of the nineteenth century despite its imposing imperial edifice. Moreover, a new dimension was added to the dangers already threatening the territorial integrity of the empire when a militant movement for provincial reform among the Serbian population of the pashalik (province) of Belgrade evolved into an armed insurrection against the imperial government. This challenge to Ottoman authority by indigenous Balkan forces touched in varying ways and degrees the interests of the several powers—France, Russia, Austria, and Britain—directly involved in the affairs of the Near East. Indeed, the reactions of these powers toward the "First Serbian Uprising" (1804-13) revealed for the first time the broad outlines of the classic patterns of nineteenth- century Great-Power diplomacy in the Near East. In this regard, the uprising foretold the opening of a new era in the history of the Eastern Question. Western scholars, however, have failed to appreciate this significant develop ment.1 Historical investigation of the nineteenth-century origins of the Eastern Question has, for the most part, focused on the Greek Revolution (1821-30), while in turn treating the Serbian uprising primarily as a symptom of the internal disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. -
10 Obliterating Heterogeneity Through Peace Nationalisms, States and Wars, in the Balkans
Comp. by: SivaSankar Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 10 Title Name: HALLandMAEEVIC Date:5/11/12 Time:08:25:52 Page Number: 255 10 Obliterating heterogeneity through peace Nationalisms, states and wars, in the Balkans Siniša Maleševic´ Despite general recognition that not all nationalisms end up in violence and that wars can be waged without nationalist hysteria there isatendencytoassumethatnationalismandwarfarearedeeply linked. Moreover many social analysts believe that the most important research task is to explain the causal relationship between the two. Hence some gauge the impact of warfare on the development of nationalist sentiments while others are concerned with the question “What types of nationalism are most likely to cause war?” (Van Evera 1994: 5). In this chapter I argue that nationalism and warfare have a very complex and unpredictable relationship that can neither be adequately captured, nor properly understood, by focusing on the narrow causal connection between the two. Rather than causing one another or being a key effect of each other’s actions, both nationalism and war emerge, develop, and expand as the outcome of many longue durée processes. Hence, in order to explain the relationship between warsandnationalismsitiscrucialto analyze the long-term organiza- tional and ideological transformations that have shaped the world in the last two hundred years. In this context I argue that (coercive/ bureaucratic and ideologized) periods of peace matter much more for the growth, expansion, and popular reception of nationalism than times of war. Nationalisms often witnessed in war contexts usually have not brought about these wars, nor have they been forged on the battlefields. Instead, both wars and nationalisms are multifaceted processes that emerge, develop, and are sustained by the continuous organizational and ideological scaffoldings created and enhanced in times of prolonged peace. -
War in the Balkans, 1991-2002
WAR IN THE BALKANS, 1991-2002 R. Craig Nation August 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Office by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or be e-mail at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-134-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword . v Preface . vii Map of the Balkan Region. viii 1. The Balkan Region in World Politics . 1 2. The Balkans in the Short 20th Century . 43 3. The State of War: Slovenia and Croatia, 1991-92. -
Zbornik Radova
PRAVNI FAKULTET UNIVERZITETA U NOVOM SADU ZBORNIK RADOVA I Za izdavača Prof. dr Ljubomir Stajić dekan Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu Upravnik Centra za izdavačku delatnost Prof. dr Ljubomir Stajić Glavni i odgovorni urednik Prof. dr Slobodan Orlović Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu nalazi se u Hei- nOnline bazi: International & Non-U.S. Law Journals (http://www.heinonline.org). Zbornik radova (sveske od 2007. godine) pod nazivom Proceedings of Novi Sad Faculty of Law dostupan je u EBSCO bazi Academic Search Complete (http://www.ebscohost.com). Zbornik radova (sveske od 2005. godine) dostupan je na veb sajtu Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu (http://www.pf.uns.ac.rs). Zbornik izlazi neprekidno od 1966. godine. Od 2012. godine Zbornik izlazi četiri puta godišnje. Cena jedne sveske Zbornika je 5.000 dinara. II UNIVERZITET U NOVOM SADU PRAVNI FAKULTET U NOVOM SADU UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD FACULTY OF LAW NOVI SAD (SERBIA) ZBORNIK RADOVA COLLECTED PAPERS XLIX 2 (2015) NOVI SAD, 2015. ZRPFNS, Godina XLIX Novi Sad, br. 2 (2015) UDK 3 ISSN 0550-2179 eISSN 2406-1255 III IV SADRŽAJ U susret jubileju: 50 godina Zbornika radova ............................................................. XIII Dr Đorđe V. Popov, redovni profesor Rast stranih investicija u Srbiji – Zakon i šta još? ............................................. 401 Dr Srđan N. Šarkić, redovni profesor Ruski projekti državnog uređenja ustaničke Srbije ............................................ 417 Dr Rodoljub M. Etinski, redovni profesor Međunarodni postupci koje pokreću pojedinci radi zaštite životne sredine ................................................................................................... 431 Dr Zoran V. Arsić, redovni profesor Evropska konvencija o predelu .......................................................................... 457 Dr Dragan L. Milkov, redovni profesor Uloga uprave u postupku vraćanja zadružne imovine ....................................... 469 Dr Gordana B.