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Digital Switching Systems, I.E., System Testing and Accep- Tance and System Maintenance and Support
SSyyed Riifffat AAlli DDiiggiittaall SSwwiittcchhiinngg SSyysstteemmss ((Syystemm Reliaabbiilliittyy aandd AAnnalysis) Bell Communications Research, Inc. Piscataway, New Jersey McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York • San Francisco • Washington, DC. Auckland • BogotA • Cara- cas • Lisbon • London Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi San Juan • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto 2 PREFACE The motive of this book is to expose practicing telephone engineers and other graduate engineers to the art of digital switching system (DSS) analysis. The concept of applying system analysis techniques to the digital switching sys- tems as discussed in this book evolved during the divestiture period of the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) from AT&T. Bell Communications Research, Inc. (Bellcore), formed in 1984 as a research and engineering company support- ing the BOCs, now known as the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), conducted analysis of digital switching system products to ascertain compatibility with the network. Since then Bellcore has evolved into a global provider of communications software, engineering, and consulting services. The author has primarily depended on his field experience in writing this book and has extensively used engineering and various symposium publications and advice from many subject matter experts at Bellcore. This book is divided into six basic categories. Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 cover digital switching system hardware, and Chaps. 5 and 6 cover software ar- chitectures and their impact on switching system reliability. Chapter 7 primarily covers field aspects of digital switching systems, i.e., system testing and accep- tance and system maintenance and support. Chapter 8 covers networked aspects of the digital switching system, including STf SCP, and AIN. -
In What Way Is Stored Program Control (SPC) Superior to Hardwired Control?
TELECOMMUNICAIONS SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 1. How are switching systems classified? In what way is stored program control (SPC) superior to hardwired control? ELECTRO MECHANICAL SWITCHING SYSTEM Limited capability Virtually impossible to modify them to provide additional functionalities. 1. STROWGER/ STEP BY STEP SYSTEM Control functions are performed by circuits associated with the switching elements in the system. 2. CROSSBAR SYSTEM Have hard-wired control sub-systems which use relays and latches. ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEMS Control functions are performed by a computer or a processor; Also called stored program control (SPC) system. 1. SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING A dedicated path is established between the calling and the called subscriber for the entire duration of the call. Technique used in Strowger and crossbar systems. 2. TIME DIVISON SWITCHING Sampled values of speech signals are transferred at fixed intervals; May be analog or digital. A. ANALOG SWITCHING - The sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they are. B. DIGITAL SWITCHING - The sampled voltage levels are binary and transmitted. SPACE SWITCHING - If the coded values are transferred during the same time interval from input to output. TIME SWITCHING - If the values are stored and transferred to the outputat a later time interval. COMBINATION SWITCHING - Combination of time and space switching. STORED PROGRAM CONTROL HARDWIRED CONTROL Features properties changed through programming, It requires physical changes to wiring, which can be done in PBX system remotely. strapping etc which means it cannot be done remotely. Do not require gthat much of space and do not Equipments require more space & constant adjustment require constant adjustment and cleaning. and cleaning. -
Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen. -
Telecommunication Switching Networks
TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NffiWRKS THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a one- semester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communi- cation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowl- edge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communi- cation networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by various organizations and firms. The communication networks have unlimited research potentials. Both telecommunication switching and communication networks develop new techniques and technologies everyday. This book provides complete fun- damentals of all the topics it has focused. However, a candidate pursuing postgraduate course, doing research in these areas and the employees of telecom organizations should be in constant touch with latest technologies. -
Introduction to Telecommunication Network
Pilsung Taegyun AB A Fathur Afif Hari Gary Dhika April Mulya Yusuf AB A A A AB AB AB AB Anin Rizka A B Dion Siska Mirel Hani Airita AB AB AB AB AB www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Stored Program Control Course Number : TTH2A3 CLO : 3 Week : 8 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Media Gateway on NGN • Media Gateway (MG) – On Transport plane that connects different type of network – Trunk Gateway, connects packet-based network with trunk network from PSTN or ISDN – Access Gateway, provides services to CPE – Residential Gateway, connects packet-based network with analog network • Signaling Gateway (SG) – Transforming signaling format, ex. SIP SS7 • Media Gateway Controller (MGC) – Control Media Gateway and Signaling Gateway – aka. Soft Switch (call setup for multimedia communication, detect and manage events, and manage media gateway based on configuration) – Use MGCP (MGC Protocol) from ITU-T or Megaco from IETF www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Layers in NGN 4 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Crossbar Switch • Electro-mechanical switch by using relay contact • Numbers are stored in register to establish a call by activating several relay. This activation is done by marker • Marker will become SPC (Stored Program Control) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Unit Interface for Digital SPC www.telkomuniversity.ac.id What is SPC? SPC (Stored program control) is: • a telecommunications technology used for telephone exchanges • controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the switching system • SPC was the enabling technology of electronic switching systems (ESS) developed -
How to Assess the Highest and Best Use for an Adaptive Reuse
The Highest and Best Use Assessment of an Adaptive Reuse Development A Former Agere Systems Campus Redevelopment Plan By Jin-Hsiao Hsu B.A., Natural Science and Mathematics, 1977 University of Wyoming Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Real Estate Development At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September, 2007 ©2007 Jin-Hsiao Hsu All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author____________________________________________________________ Department of Architecture July 27, 2007 Certified by________________________________________________________________ Lynn Fisher Assistant Professor of Real Estate Department of Urban Studies and Planning Thesis Supervisor Accepted by________________________________________________________________ David Geltner Chairman Interdepartmental Degree Program in Real Estate Development 2 The Highest and Best Use Assessment of an Adaptive Reuse Development A Former Agere Systems Campus Redevelopment Plan By Jin Hsiao Hsu Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Real Estate Development At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ABSTRACT: Fix it up or give it up and start over? This interviews and case studies based research was conducted -
CQWE Contest Packet
20___ CQ-WE LOG Sheet Callsign: ________________ Sheet _____ of _____ QSO Date UTC Band Mode Station Name Loc Years # Code Service 2020 CQ-WE LOCATION CHECK SHEET (Duplicate this sheet as needed.) Your Call___________________________ Circle one: CW PHONE DIGITAL These are the only Locations valid for this year's contest. Any additions will not be accepted. A Location Check Sheet must be filled out for each Category of operation. Enter the call letters of the first station worked for each location. Call Location Call Location Call Location __________ AC AT&T Headquarters __________ LJ AT&T Communications __________ QJ C&P Telephone Co VA __________ AE Alcatel-Lucent, Europe __________ LZ Avaya – Lincroft __________ QK Ameritech Services __________ AK Atlanta Works-Norcross __________ MD Morris Township Fac __________ QM Bell South __________ AL Allentown Works __________ MG Montgomery Works __________ QN Ohio Bell Telephone __________ AT Atlanta Works __________ MH Bell Labs-Murray Hill __________ QP Cincinnati Bell __________ BA Baltimore Works __________ MI Miami Service Ctr __________ QR Indiana Bell __________ BB PLPM Trans Eqpt __________ MN Michigan Service Ctr __________ QS Michigan Bell __________ BC Bellcore/SAIC-NJ __________ MP Minneapolis Svc Ctr __________ QT Illinois Bell __________ BH Birmingham, AL __________ MR Mountain NE Region __________ QV Southwestern Bell __________ BK Berkeley Heights, NJ __________ MS Northwest Bell Inst __________ QW Mountain States Tel __________ CA California Service Ctr __________ MT AT&T – -
Intelligent Network Services
Next Generation Network Services Neill Wilkinson Copyright q 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-48667-1 (Hardback); 0-470-84603-8 (Electronic) 10 Intelligent Network Services 10.1 INTRODUCTION In Part 1 of this book, we examined the functional and physical character- istics of circuit switched based Intelligent Networks (INs). In this chapter, we are going to explore what these elements do by way of offering services to customers and giving carriers a flexible means of delivering new services. The IN service model was the first step to releasing service control from the hands of switch manufacturers and as such presented telecoms opera- tors with a new vehicle for realising services that enhanced the basic call control capabilities of stored program control switches. We see that this is not the end of the story for enhanced service platforms as the move to remove the final block to enhanced services, the close coupling of the stored program controller and the switch fabric, to release the potential of software driven services on packet networks. Just to refresh the reader on INs. They rely on the decoupling of a number of telephone switch functions from the stored program controller, renamed a Service Switch Point (SSP) in the IN architecture. The functions left behind in the SSP are called the Basic Call State Model (BCSM). The functions separated out are incorporated into a centralised service execu- tion environment as a Service Independent Building Block (SIB) called the Basic Call Processing (BCP) function. The services, constructed from SIBs to form a Service Logic Program (SLP), run inside this environment called the Service Logic Execution Environment (SLEE), inside a physical plat- form called the Service Control Point (SCP). -
5ESS 5 Electronic Switching System (Class 5 Switch)
4ESS 4 Electronic Switching System (Class 4 switch) #5ESS 5 Electronic Switching System (Class 5 switch) 0 or 0- Zero Minus Dialing 0+ Zero Plus Dialing 0++ Zero Plus Plus Dialing 00+ or 00- Double Zero Dialing 1+ One Plus Dialing 100BASE-T Official project name for 100 Mb/s Fast Ethernet 100BASE-T4 100 Mb/s Fast Ethernet using 4-pair Category 3 cable 100BASE-TX 100 Mb/s Fast Ethernet using 2-pair Category 5 cable 100BT 100Base-T Ethernet 100VG-ANY LAN 100 Mb/s LAN using Demand Priority Protocol originally developed by Hewlett Packard and AT&T for Category 3 cable 10BASE-FL An implementation of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Ethernet standard on 62 5/125-µm fiber optic cable, a baseband medium of 10 Mbps 10BASE-T An implementation of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Ethernet standard on 24-AWG, unshielded, twisted-pair wiring, a baseband medium of 10 Mbps 10BASE2 An implementation of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Ethernet standard on thin coaxial cable, a baseband medium of 10 Mbps The maximum segment length is just under 200m (656ft) 10BASE5 An implementation of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Ethernet standard on twin axial cable, a baseband medium of 10 Mbps The maximum segment length is 500m (1,640ft) 10GbE 10 Gigabit Ethernet 1G 1st Generation wireless 2.5G 2 5 Generation wireless 2.75G 2 75 Generation wireless; humorous nickname for EDGE 23B + D 23 Bearer + 1 Delta Channels 281Q Two Binary, One Quaternary 2B + D 2 Bearer -
WE Sends Microwave Job Fro Kansas City to Merrimack Valley
@ Vol. II, Number 2 Western Electric, Merrimack Valley Works March,1979 WE sends microwave job fro Kansas City to Merrimack Valley The Works is assuming Western Works General Manager Charlie Electric's entire microwave manufac DeBell issued a letter to all employees ture, a project that will create in 1979 February 2 announcing that WE is more than 100 jobs and an estimated transferring to the Works microwave $24, million in product output. equipment currently being manufac The jobs to be created will range tured at Kansas City. from entry-level bench hand positions DeBell wrote that the Works plans to to positions requiring more experience. consolidate the transferred microwave The equipment to be manufactured products with newer microwave equip constitutes eight different microwave ment that has been introduced at systems. The finished products will be Merrimack Valley during the past year. used primarily to transmit long dis "This consolidation will provide an tance calls and will be associated with opportunity to develop a strong capa the familiar microwave towers located bility to better serve the Bell Operating across the country. Companies as well as potential inter Initial manufacture of the equip national customers." ment is scheduled to begin within the The Works will supply Bell Operat next two weeks, according to George ing companies with microwave equip Ziady, Department Chief, Microwave ment. Western Electric International is Plug-In Panel and Bay Dept. The negotiating with foreign governments department is located in the southwest for additional microwave contracts. corner of the second floor shop. 1978 a' ost successful year' for Western Electric, ell Syste Western Electric and AT&T, in deButts, Chairman since April 1, separate announcements January 30, 1972, retired and Charles L. -
An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks
NTI'A Report 83-118 An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks M. Nesenbergs F? M. McManamon u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcom Baldrige, Secretary Susan G. Stuebing, Acting Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information March 1983 PREFACE The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official U.S. Department of Commerce or National Telecom municationsand Information Administration policy or decision unless designated by other official documentation. Certain c.ommerci alequipment ,instruments , services, protocols, and materials are identified in this report to adequately specify the engineering issues. In no case does such identification inlply recommendation or endorsement by the National Telecommunications and Information Admin'istrat'ion, nor does it imply that the material, equipment, or service identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vi i i GLOSSARY ix ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE PHYSICAL FACILITIES -- NETWORK BUILDING BLOCKS 2 2.1 Background 2 2.2 The Nominal Voice Path 4 2.3 The Main Physical Elements 17 3. THE TELECOMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS -- HIDDEN NETWORKS WITHIN THE NETWORK 33 3.1 Background 33 3.2 Centralized Automatic Message Accounting 34 3.3 Bell System Reference Frequency 36 3.4 Automated Intercept System 39 3.5 Traffic Service Position System 41 3.6 Signaling 41 3.7 Switch Operations Support Systems 50 3.8 Inward WATS 53 3.9 Private Line Networks 56 4. THE EXCHANGES AND EXCHANGE AREA -- OPERATING COMPANY TECHNOLOGY BOUNDARIES 58 5. -
No. 1 ESS Section I
BelllAboratories RECORD 228 Memory Devices R. H. Meinken and L. W. Stammerjohn Two magnetic memory devices, the permanent magnet twistor and the ferrite sheet, VIIlllm,' ;'.1 • Number 6 • June 1965 store the operating intelligence of the system. 236 The Switching Network A. Feiner A very flexible network, it is actually a cross between electromechanical and elec tronic, rather than fully electronic, techniques. Contents 241 Mechanical Design D. H. Wetherell Because its great flexibility stems from the stored progmm, No.1 ESS needs fewer equipment options than any present system. PAGE 246 Power System and Ringing and Tone Plants J. W. Osmun and J. R. Montana 194 Introduction W. A. Mill' N,ti,. Solid state devices help simplify the power system and lead to the introduction of Presentin!J an ;XXII,' '11/. III" No, 110:1''1'11'111/;,' S"';I"/,;II" S,/"",,,, ,/1,,111,,· If'rlmolo!lical precision dial tones and call progress tones. and scientific d;IIWl,';1I //'11;/'11 ;1//"'" /'/1/H"';I''''', 251 A New Approach to System Maintenance R. L. Campbell and W. Thomis 196 The Evolution of Telephone SwikhinJ( 11'. Kf'ilft,·,. Automatic maintenance programs comprise over half the contents of the stored pro 'I'f~'VoIIII;on Seemingly a ;11 11'/,,/,11111/" "/1"',.",,, . .VII, 1 1o:SS ;" 111'1111111" HilllfIl'tdy in the gram and make No.1 ESS a "do-it-yourself" machine. tradition of cmnmon ('/11/1,.,,1 H//';lrll;"1/ "/1",,.1/,,,. 257 Some Magnetic Materials D.H. Wenny 204 From Morris to Succa.~unn8 fl. W. Kl'lrhl,·,II/'· A new alloy was created whole cloth for the ferreed switch while two older ones got All the vast chant/"x XI'III/I'III;/lli III,! MII,.,.i" 11'",1 11'11/11 II,,· SIl/·'·I,..~lIuua office were an entirely new magnetic dress for the twistor memory.