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An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks

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NTI'A Report 83-118 An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks M. Nesenbergs F? M. McManamon u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcom Baldrige, Secretary Susan G. Stuebing, Acting Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information March 1983 PREFACE The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official U.S. Department of Commerce or National Telecom­ municationsand Information Administration policy or decision unless designated by other official documentation. Certain c.ommerci alequipment ,instruments , services, protocols, and materials are identified in this report to adequately specify the engineering issues. In no case does such identification inlply recommendation or endorsement by the National Telecommunications and Information Admin'istrat'ion, nor does it imply that the material, equipment, or service identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vi i i GLOSSARY ix ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE PHYSICAL FACILITIES -- NETWORK BUILDING BLOCKS 2 2.1 Background 2 2.2 The Nominal Voice Path 4 2.3 The Main Physical Elements 17 3. THE TELECOMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS -- HIDDEN NETWORKS WITHIN THE NETWORK 33 3.1 Background 33 3.2 Centralized Automatic Message Accounting 34 3.3 Bell System Reference Frequency 36 3.4 Automated Intercept System 39 3.5 Traffic Service Position System 41 3.6 Signaling 41 3.7 Switch Operations Support Systems 50 3.8 Inward WATS 53 3.9 Private Line Networks 56 4. THE EXCHANGES AND EXCHANGE AREA -- OPERATING COMPANY TECHNOLOGY BOUNDARIES 58 5. THE INTEREXCHANGE AREA COMPETITIVE NETWORKS -- TECHNOLOGY AND CONNECTIONS TO EXCHANGE AREAS 62 6. REFERENCES 66 v LI5T OF FI G'URES Page Figure 1. Subscriber telephone access to the network. 6 Figure 2. The ESS family. 13 Figure 3. Relative transmission costs. 15 Figure 4. BORSCHT without the hybrid. 19 Figure 5. A SLIC implementation of a full BORSCHT for PCM switching. 21 Figure 6. The D channel bank for in-band signaling. 22 Figure 7. Deployment of automatic echo cancellers. 24 Figure 8. The unfolded configuration of an analog 2-wire circuit switch as used for voice circuits. 25 Figure 9. The unfolded configuration of an analog 4-wire circuit switch as used for voice'channels. 27 Figure 10. Outline of a #1 XBAR switch. 28 Figure 11. Outline of a #5 XBAR switch. 29 Figure 12. Outline of a #1 ESS switch. 30 Figure 13. Outline of the GTD-5 EAX. 32 Figure 14. A typical 1980 CAMA installation. 35 Figure 15. The CAMA of the future. 37 Figure 16. The hierarchy of the BSRF distribution network. 38 Fi gure 17. The topo l,ogy of the AI S.. 40 Figure 18. Outline of a TSPS installation. 42 Figure 19. In-band or over-the-trunk signaling through a digital EO to TC network. 44 Figure 20. In-band signaling in a typical mix of analog and digital facilities. 45 Figure 21. CCIS for a typical mix of analog and digital facilities. 46 Figure 22. CCIS for digital EO-to-TC trunks. 47 vi LIST OF FIGURES (cont.) Page Figure 23. The 20 STp·s and the 10 switching regions. 49 Figure 24. Switch operations support systems. 51 Figure 25. Network management hierarchy and data collection through EADAS/NM interfaces. 54 Figure 26. The enhanced 800 or inward WATS service. 55 Figure 27. The existing switched service network~ hierarchy. 57 Figure 28. The new EPSCS hierarchy. 59 Figure 29. Possible layout of an urban exchange area. 60 Figure 30. Area detailed as A. 61 Figure 31. Administrative USA subdivision into 80C·s, exchange areas, and rate center zones. 63 Figure 32. The intra- and interexchange networkwide switch hierarchy and topology. 65 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Territories of the BOC·s 3 Table 2. Common Carriers and Their Offered Services 5 Table 3. Bell System Toll Switching Centers 9 Table 4. Percent Services Provided by the Big-3 Bell System Switch Families 10 Table 5. Representative Maximum Capabilities of Bell System Toll Switches 12 Table 6. Estimated Total (Local and Toll) Telephone Network Investment Percentages 16 Table 7. Estimated Hardware Cost Elements for a 10,000 Line, Space Division, Stored Program Switch Procurement 18 Table 8. The Functions of the Switch Operations Support Systems 52 viii GLOSSARY ac - Alternating Current ACP - Action Point AID - Analog to Digital Conversion. (also Digital to Analog in Two-Way Circuits) AEC - Automatic Echo Canceller AIS - Automated Intercept System AMA - Automatic Message Accounting AMARC - Automatic Message Accounting Recording Center ANI - Automatic Number Identification AO&M - Administration, Operation, and Maintenance AT&T - American Telephone and Telegraph Company BER - Binary (or Bit) Error Rate . BH - Busy Hour BOC - Bell Operating Company BORSCHT - Battery, Overvoltage Protection, Ring, Supervision, Control Signaling (or Clock), Hybrid, and Test BSRF - Bell System Reference Frequency BSTJ - Bell System Technical Journal CAMA - Centralized Automatic Message Accounting CCIS - Common Channel Interoffice Signaling ccs - Centi (Hundred) Call Seconds CCSA - Common Control Switching Arrangement CDO - Community Dial Office CENTREX - PABX Operation Under the Control of a Central Office CO - Central Office CODEC - Coder/Decoder. CONC - Concentrator ix GLOSSARY (cont) CONUS - Contiguous or Continental u.s. CPE - Customer Premises Equipment o - Digital DB - Da ta Base dc - Direct Current Dca ~ Dial Central Office DOD - Direct'Distance Dialing DDS - Dataphone Digital Service DISTR - Distributor or Sender DSA - Digital (or DDS) Service Area DS Format - Digital Signal Channel Format, as for 64 kb/s or 1.544 Mb/s Digital Transmission EO - End Office EPSCS - Enhanced Private Switched Communication Service Er1~ng - Traffic Unit for Circuit Use (Same as 36 ccs) ESS - Electronic Switching System FDM - Frequency Division Multiplex MF - Frequency Modulation GOS - Grade of Service GTE - General Telephone and Electronics Corporation H - Hybrid HU - High Usage ION - Integrated Digital Network IP - Intermediate Point ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network ITT - International Telephone and Telegraph Company IXC - Inter-Exchange (e.g., Tariff and Mileage) x, GLOSSARY (cont) Junctor - Intra-Switch Connector LAMA - Local Automatic·Message Accounting LCR - Least Cost Routing LIU - Line Interface Unit LL - Long Lines of AT&T Loran C - Distribution System of Standard Time MCI - Microwave Communications, Incorporated MF - Multiple Frequency (Signalin9.) MUX - Multiplexer M\'l - Microwave NAP - Network Access Point NC - No Circuit (Condition) NCe - Network Control Center NCP - Network Control Point NM - Network Management NMC - Network Management Center NOAC - Network Operations and Administration Center NOC - Network Operations Center NPA - Numbering Plan Area (Area Code) oec - Other Common Carrier ONI - Operator Number Identification PABX - Private Automatic Branch Exchange PAM - Pulse Amplitude Modulation PBX - Private Branch Exchange PC - Primary ·Center PCM - Pulse Code Modulation xi GLOSSARY (cant) POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service PP - Primary Point RC - Regional Center RCA - Radio Corporation of America RCVR - Receiver ROC Regional Operations Center RP - Regional Point RSM - Remote Switching Machine RSS - Remote Switching System RSU - Remote Switching Unit RTA - Remote Trunk Access SC - Sectional Center SCAN - Scanner SDC - Switched Digital Capability SDM - Space Division Multiplex SF - ,Si ng1 e Frequency (Signa1i,ng) SLIC - Subscriber Loop (or Line) Interface Circuit (or Card) SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio SP - Sectional Point SPC - Stored Program Control SSB - Single Sideband SSN - Switched Service Network STA - Station STP - Signal Transfer Point SW - Switch SXS - Step-by-Step Switch xii GLOSSARY (cont) T- Trunk Tandem - Typically a Switch that Carries Traffic Between Other Switches TASI - Time Assignment Speech Interpolation TC - Toll Center T Carrier - Transmission Carrier System for Digital Signals (the Most Common is Tl Carrier with 1.544 Mb/s Data Rate) TDCS - Traffic Data Collection System TOM - Time Division Multiplex TIU - Trunk Interface Unit TP - Toll Point TSP - Traffic Service Position TSPS - Traffic Service Position System VF - Voice Frequency (Channel) V&H - Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates WATS - Wide Area Telecommunications Service XBAR - Crossbar Switch xiii AN INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNOLOGY OF INTRA- AND INTEREXCHANGE AREA TELEPHONE NETWORKS M. Nesenbergs and P.M. McMana~on* This report presents an overview of the 1982 telephone network technology. Many physical facilities constitute the public switched telephone network. Their respective roles in support of voice se~r­ vices and related traffic are reviewed. Essential internal functions, such as accounting, timing, signaling, plus many others, are carried out by cooperative hidden subnetworks that exist within the larger overall public network. Engineering, operation and innovation of these facilities and functions will fallon all sides of exchange area boundaries. ' 1. INTRODUCTION The telecommunications industry, and in particular the parts thereof concerned with operations of the public switched telephone networks, are currently ina rather opportune situation. As is known, the U.S. Courts have approved the divestiture of the Bell Operating Companies (BOCls) fro,m the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). This action has been accompanied bya variety of legal measures, many of whi ch may be qui te i,mportant in thei r own right, but neverthe1ess beyond the
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