DOCSLIB.ORG

An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks NTI'A Report 83-118 An Introduction to the Technology of Intra- and Interexchange Area Telephone Networks M. Nesenbergs F? M. McManamon u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Malcom Baldrige, Secretary Susan G. Stuebing, Acting Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information March 1983 PREFACE The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this report are those of the authors and should not be construed as an official U.S. Department of Commerce or National Telecom­ municationsand Information Administration policy or decision unless designated by other official documentation. Certain c.ommerci alequipment ,instruments , services, protocols, and materials are identified in this report to adequately specify the engineering issues. In no case does such identification inlply recommendation or endorsement by the National Telecommunications and Information Admin'istrat'ion, nor does it imply that the material, equipment, or service identified is necessarily the best available for the purpose. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vi i i GLOSSARY ix ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE PHYSICAL FACILITIES -- NETWORK BUILDING BLOCKS 2 2.1 Background 2 2.2 The Nominal Voice Path 4 2.3 The Main Physical Elements 17 3. THE TELECOMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS -- HIDDEN NETWORKS WITHIN THE NETWORK 33 3.1 Background 33 3.2 Centralized Automatic Message Accounting 34 3.3 Bell System Reference Frequency 36 3.4 Automated Intercept System 39 3.5 Traffic Service Position System 41 3.6 Signaling 41 3.7 Switch Operations Support Systems 50 3.8 Inward WATS 53 3.9 Private Line Networks 56 4. THE EXCHANGES AND EXCHANGE AREA -- OPERATING COMPANY TECHNOLOGY BOUNDARIES 58 5. THE INTEREXCHANGE AREA COMPETITIVE NETWORKS -- TECHNOLOGY AND CONNECTIONS TO EXCHANGE AREAS 62 6. REFERENCES 66 v LI5T OF FI G'URES Page Figure 1. Subscriber telephone access to the network. 6 Figure 2. The ESS family. 13 Figure 3. Relative transmission costs. 15 Figure 4. BORSCHT without the hybrid. 19 Figure 5. A SLIC implementation of a full BORSCHT for PCM switching. 21 Figure 6. The D channel bank for in-band signaling. 22 Figure 7. Deployment of automatic echo cancellers. 24 Figure 8. The unfolded configuration of an analog 2-wire circuit switch as used for voice circuits. 25 Figure 9. The unfolded configuration of an analog 4-wire circuit switch as used for voice'channels. 27 Figure 10. Outline of a #1 XBAR switch. 28 Figure 11. Outline of a #5 XBAR switch. 29 Figure 12. Outline of a #1 ESS switch. 30 Figure 13. Outline of the GTD-5 EAX. 32 Figure 14. A typical 1980 CAMA installation. 35 Figure 15. The CAMA of the future. 37 Figure 16. The hierarchy of the BSRF distribution network. 38 Fi gure 17. The topo l,ogy of the AI S.. 40 Figure 18. Outline of a TSPS installation. 42 Figure 19. In-band or over-the-trunk signaling through a digital EO to TC network. 44 Figure 20. In-band signaling in a typical mix of analog and digital facilities. 45 Figure 21. CCIS for a typical mix of analog and digital facilities. 46 Figure 22. CCIS for digital EO-to-TC trunks. 47 vi LIST OF FIGURES (cont.) Page Figure 23. The 20 STp·s and the 10 switching regions. 49 Figure 24. Switch operations support systems. 51 Figure 25. Network management hierarchy and data collection through EADAS/NM interfaces. 54 Figure 26. The enhanced 800 or inward WATS service. 55 Figure 27. The existing switched service network~ hierarchy. 57 Figure 28. The new EPSCS hierarchy. 59 Figure 29. Possible layout of an urban exchange area. 60 Figure 30. Area detailed as A. 61 Figure 31. Administrative USA subdivision into 80C·s, exchange areas, and rate center zones. 63 Figure 32. The intra- and interexchange networkwide switch hierarchy and topology. 65 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Territories of the BOC·s 3 Table 2. Common Carriers and Their Offered Services 5 Table 3. Bell System Toll Switching Centers 9 Table 4. Percent Services Provided by the Big-3 Bell System Switch Families 10 Table 5. Representative Maximum Capabilities of Bell System Toll Switches 12 Table 6. Estimated Total (Local and Toll) Telephone Network Investment Percentages 16 Table 7. Estimated Hardware Cost Elements for a 10,000 Line, Space Division, Stored Program Switch Procurement 18 Table 8. The Functions of the Switch Operations Support Systems 52 viii GLOSSARY ac - Alternating Current ACP - Action Point AID - Analog to Digital Conversion. (also Digital to Analog in Two-Way Circuits) AEC - Automatic Echo Canceller AIS - Automated Intercept System AMA - Automatic Message Accounting AMARC - Automatic Message Accounting Recording Center ANI - Automatic Number Identification AO&M - Administration, Operation, and Maintenance AT&T - American Telephone and Telegraph Company BER - Binary (or Bit) Error Rate . BH - Busy Hour BOC - Bell Operating Company BORSCHT - Battery, Overvoltage Protection, Ring, Supervision, Control Signaling (or Clock), Hybrid, and Test BSRF - Bell System Reference Frequency BSTJ - Bell System Technical Journal CAMA - Centralized Automatic Message Accounting CCIS - Common Channel Interoffice Signaling ccs - Centi (Hundred) Call Seconds CCSA - Common Control Switching Arrangement CDO - Community Dial Office CENTREX - PABX Operation Under the Control of a Central Office CO - Central Office CODEC - Coder/Decoder. CONC - Concentrator ix GLOSSARY (cont) CONUS - Contiguous or Continental u.s. CPE - Customer Premises Equipment o - Digital DB - Da ta Base dc - Direct Current Dca ~ Dial Central Office DOD - Direct'Distance Dialing DDS - Dataphone Digital Service DISTR - Distributor or Sender DSA - Digital (or DDS) Service Area DS Format - Digital Signal Channel Format, as for 64 kb/s or 1.544 Mb/s Digital Transmission EO - End Office EPSCS - Enhanced Private Switched Communication Service Er1~ng - Traffic Unit for Circuit Use (Same as 36 ccs) ESS - Electronic Switching System FDM - Frequency Division Multiplex MF - Frequency Modulation GOS - Grade of Service GTE - General Telephone and Electronics Corporation H - Hybrid HU - High Usage ION - Integrated Digital Network IP - Intermediate Point ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network ITT - International Telephone and Telegraph Company IXC - Inter-Exchange (e.g., Tariff and Mileage) x, GLOSSARY (cont) Junctor - Intra-Switch Connector LAMA - Local Automatic·Message Accounting LCR - Least Cost Routing LIU - Line Interface Unit LL - Long Lines of AT&T Loran C - Distribution System of Standard Time MCI - Microwave Communications, Incorporated MF - Multiple Frequency (Signalin9.) MUX - Multiplexer M\'l - Microwave NAP - Network Access Point NC - No Circuit (Condition) NCe - Network Control Center NCP - Network Control Point NM - Network Management NMC - Network Management Center NOAC - Network Operations and Administration Center NOC - Network Operations Center NPA - Numbering Plan Area (Area Code) oec - Other Common Carrier ONI - Operator Number Identification PABX - Private Automatic Branch Exchange PAM - Pulse Amplitude Modulation PBX - Private Branch Exchange PC - Primary ·Center PCM - Pulse Code Modulation xi GLOSSARY (cant) POTS - Plain Old Telephone Service PP - Primary Point RC - Regional Center RCA - Radio Corporation of America RCVR - Receiver ROC Regional Operations Center RP - Regional Point RSM - Remote Switching Machine RSS - Remote Switching System RSU - Remote Switching Unit RTA - Remote Trunk Access SC - Sectional Center SCAN - Scanner SDC - Switched Digital Capability SDM - Space Division Multiplex SF - ,Si ng1 e Frequency (Signa1i,ng) SLIC - Subscriber Loop (or Line) Interface Circuit (or Card) SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio SP - Sectional Point SPC - Stored Program Control SSB - Single Sideband SSN - Switched Service Network STA - Station STP - Signal Transfer Point SW - Switch SXS - Step-by-Step Switch xii GLOSSARY (cont) T- Trunk Tandem - Typically a Switch that Carries Traffic Between Other Switches TASI - Time Assignment Speech Interpolation TC - Toll Center T Carrier - Transmission Carrier System for Digital Signals (the Most Common is Tl Carrier with 1.544 Mb/s Data Rate) TDCS - Traffic Data Collection System TOM - Time Division Multiplex TIU - Trunk Interface Unit TP - Toll Point TSP - Traffic Service Position TSPS - Traffic Service Position System VF - Voice Frequency (Channel) V&H - Vertical and Horizontal Coordinates WATS - Wide Area Telecommunications Service XBAR - Crossbar Switch xiii AN INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNOLOGY OF INTRA- AND INTEREXCHANGE AREA TELEPHONE NETWORKS M. Nesenbergs and P.M. McMana~on* This report presents an overview of the 1982 telephone network technology. Many physical facilities constitute the public switched telephone network. Their respective roles in support of voice se~r­ vices and related traffic are reviewed. Essential internal functions, such as accounting, timing, signaling, plus many others, are carried out by cooperative hidden subnetworks that exist within the larger overall public network. Engineering, operation and innovation of these facilities and functions will fallon all sides of exchange area boundaries. ' 1. INTRODUCTION The telecommunications industry, and in particular the parts thereof concerned with operations of the public switched telephone networks, are currently ina rather opportune situation. As is known, the U.S. Courts have approved the divestiture of the Bell Operating Companies (BOCls) fro,m the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). This action has been accompanied bya variety of legal measures, many of whi ch may be qui te i,mportant in thei r own right, but neverthe1ess beyond the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petition for Approval of Numbering Plan ) Area Relief Planning for the 717 NPA )
    Before the PENNSYLVANIA PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSION Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 NeuStar, Inc., in its role as North American ) Numbering Plan Administrator ) ) Docket No. ____________ Petition for Approval of Numbering Plan ) Area Relief Planning for the 717 NPA ) PETITION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN NUMBERING PLAN ADMINISTRATOR ON BEHALF OF THE PENNSYLVANIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY 1. NeuStar, Inc., the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (“NANPA”), in its role as the neutral third party NPA Relief Planner for Pennsylvania under the North American Numbering Plan and on behalf of the Pennsylvania telecommunications industry (“Industry”),1 petitions the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (“Commission”)2 to approve the Industry’s consensus decision3 to recommend to the Commission an all services distributed overlay of the 717 numbering plan area (“NPA”) as the preferred method for relief for the 717 NPA.4 The Industry submits its recommendation to the Commission based upon NANPA’s projections that absent NPA relief, the supply of central office codes (often referred to as “CO” or “NXX” codes) 1 The Industry is composed of current and prospective telecommunications carriers operating in, or considering operations within, the 717 area code of Pennsylvania. 2 The Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) delegated authority to review and approve NPA relief plans to the states. See 47 C.F.R. § 52.19. 3 Consensus as used in this document means: Consensus is established when substantial agreement has been reached among those participating in the issue at hand. Substantial agreement means more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimous agreement. ATIS Operating Procedures, section 7.1, version 5.2, February 22, 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Switching Systems, I.E., System Testing and Accep- Tance and System Maintenance and Support
    SSyyed Riifffat AAlli DDiiggiittaall SSwwiittcchhiinngg SSyysstteemmss ((Syystemm Reliaabbiilliittyy aandd AAnnalysis) Bell Communications Research, Inc. Piscataway, New Jersey McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York • San Francisco • Washington, DC. Auckland • BogotA • Cara- cas • Lisbon • London Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi San Juan • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto 2 PREFACE The motive of this book is to expose practicing telephone engineers and other graduate engineers to the art of digital switching system (DSS) analysis. The concept of applying system analysis techniques to the digital switching sys- tems as discussed in this book evolved during the divestiture period of the Bell Operating Companies (BOCs) from AT&T. Bell Communications Research, Inc. (Bellcore), formed in 1984 as a research and engineering company support- ing the BOCs, now known as the seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), conducted analysis of digital switching system products to ascertain compatibility with the network. Since then Bellcore has evolved into a global provider of communications software, engineering, and consulting services. The author has primarily depended on his field experience in writing this book and has extensively used engineering and various symposium publications and advice from many subject matter experts at Bellcore. This book is divided into six basic categories. Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 cover digital switching system hardware, and Chaps. 5 and 6 cover software ar- chitectures and their impact on switching system reliability. Chapter 7 primarily covers field aspects of digital switching systems, i.e., system testing and accep- tance and system maintenance and support. Chapter 8 covers networked aspects of the digital switching system, including STf SCP, and AIN.
    [Show full text]
  • In What Way Is Stored Program Control (SPC) Superior to Hardwired Control?
    TELECOMMUNICAIONS SWITCHING SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 1. How are switching systems classified? In what way is stored program control (SPC) superior to hardwired control? ELECTRO MECHANICAL SWITCHING SYSTEM Limited capability Virtually impossible to modify them to provide additional functionalities. 1. STROWGER/ STEP BY STEP SYSTEM Control functions are performed by circuits associated with the switching elements in the system. 2. CROSSBAR SYSTEM Have hard-wired control sub-systems which use relays and latches. ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEMS Control functions are performed by a computer or a processor; Also called stored program control (SPC) system. 1. SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING A dedicated path is established between the calling and the called subscriber for the entire duration of the call. Technique used in Strowger and crossbar systems. 2. TIME DIVISON SWITCHING Sampled values of speech signals are transferred at fixed intervals; May be analog or digital. A. ANALOG SWITCHING - The sampled voltage levels are transmitted as they are. B. DIGITAL SWITCHING - The sampled voltage levels are binary and transmitted. SPACE SWITCHING - If the coded values are transferred during the same time interval from input to output. TIME SWITCHING - If the values are stored and transferred to the outputat a later time interval. COMBINATION SWITCHING - Combination of time and space switching. STORED PROGRAM CONTROL HARDWIRED CONTROL Features properties changed through programming, It requires physical changes to wiring, which can be done in PBX system remotely. strapping etc which means it cannot be done remotely. Do not require gthat much of space and do not Equipments require more space & constant adjustment require constant adjustment and cleaning. and cleaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen.
    [Show full text]
  • Telecommunication Switching Networks
    TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NETWORKS TElECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING AND NffiWRKS THIS PAGE IS BLANK Copyright © 2006, 2005 New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (10) : 81-224-2349-3 ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2349-5 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com PREFACE This text, ‘Telecommunication Switching and Networks’ is intended to serve as a one- semester text for undergraduate course of Information Technology, Electronics and Communi- cation Engineering, and Telecommunication Engineering. This book provides in depth knowl- edge on telecommunication switching and good background for advanced studies in communi- cation networks. The entire subject is dealt with conceptual treatment and the analytical or mathematical approach is made only to some extent. For best understanding, more diagrams (202) and tables (35) are introduced wherever necessary in each chapter. The telecommunication switching is the fast growing field and enormous research and development are undertaken by various organizations and firms. The communication networks have unlimited research potentials. Both telecommunication switching and communication networks develop new techniques and technologies everyday. This book provides complete fun- damentals of all the topics it has focused. However, a candidate pursuing postgraduate course, doing research in these areas and the employees of telecom organizations should be in constant touch with latest technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Telecommunication Network
    Pilsung Taegyun AB A Fathur Afif Hari Gary Dhika April Mulya Yusuf AB A A A AB AB AB AB Anin Rizka A B Dion Siska Mirel Hani Airita AB AB AB AB AB www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Stored Program Control Course Number : TTH2A3 CLO : 3 Week : 8 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Media Gateway on NGN • Media Gateway (MG) – On Transport plane that connects different type of network – Trunk Gateway, connects packet-based network with trunk network from PSTN or ISDN – Access Gateway, provides services to CPE – Residential Gateway, connects packet-based network with analog network • Signaling Gateway (SG) – Transforming signaling format, ex. SIP SS7 • Media Gateway Controller (MGC) – Control Media Gateway and Signaling Gateway – aka. Soft Switch (call setup for multimedia communication, detect and manage events, and manage media gateway based on configuration) – Use MGCP (MGC Protocol) from ITU-T or Megaco from IETF www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Layers in NGN 4 www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Crossbar Switch • Electro-mechanical switch by using relay contact • Numbers are stored in register to establish a call by activating several relay. This activation is done by marker • Marker will become SPC (Stored Program Control) www.telkomuniversity.ac.id Unit Interface for Digital SPC www.telkomuniversity.ac.id What is SPC? SPC (Stored program control) is: • a telecommunications technology used for telephone exchanges • controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the switching system • SPC was the enabling technology of electronic switching systems (ESS) developed
    [Show full text]
  • From AT&T/Lucent 3G Third Generation (Mobile Network) 3GPP
    1-ESS x-ESS series of "Electronic Switching Systems" from AT&T/Lucent 3G Third Generation (Mobile Network) 3GPP Third-Generation Partnership Project 3WC Three Way calling 4GL Fourth-Generation Language 800 or 888 Freephone 802.x Series of LAN standards developed by IEEE 911 Emergency telephone number in North America AAV Alternative Access Vendor ABR Available Bit Rate Access Control, or Alternating Current, or Authentication Center (also AC AUC) ACD Automatic Call Distributor ACE Authentication Encryption ACEK Authentication Encryption Key ACK Acknowledgement ACP Access Control Point ACRE Authorization and Call Routing Equipment ADM Add-Drop Multiplexer (SDH Element) ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line AGRAS Air-Ground Radiotelephone Automated Service AIOD Automatic Identification of Outward Dialed calls AIN Advanced Intelligent Network (ANSI IN Standard) A-key Authentication key ALI Automatic Location Information AM Amplitude Modulation AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System ANI Automatic Number Identification ANS Advanced Network Services ANSI American National Standards Institute ANSI-41 ANSI standard for mobile management (ANSI/TIA/EIA-41) ANT ADSL Network Terminator AOA Angle of Arrival AOL America On Line (ISP) API Application Programming Interface APPC Advanced Program-to Program Communications (IBM SNA) APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Network (IBM SNA) ARCnet Attached Resource Computer Network (Datapoint) ARDIS Advanced Radio Data Information Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol ARPA
    [Show full text]
  • TARIFF DISTRIBUTION FILE PACKAGE NO.: FL-17-0074 DATE: October 1, 2017 STATE: FLORIDA EFFECTIVE DATE: 10/01/2017 TYPE of DISTR
    TARIFF DISTRIBUTION FILE PACKAGE NO.: FL-17-0074 DATE: October 1, 2017 STATE: FLORIDA EFFECTIVE DATE: 10/01/2017 TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION: Approved PURPOSE: This update changes multiple sections of the guidebook in support of directory cessation efforts in FL. TARIFF SECTION PAGE NUMBER PAGE REVISION G001 8 0002 G001 11 0002 G001 12 0002 G001 13 0003 G001 15 0003 G002 3 0002 G002 8 0003 G002 9 0002 G002 10 0002 G003 36 0002 G003 39 0002 G003 40 0004 G003 42 0003 G004 3 0001 G006 1 0003 G006 2 0002 G006 3 0001 G006 4 0004 G006 5 0004 G006 6 0001 G006 7 0001 G006 8 0001 G006 9 0002 G006 10 0003 G006 11 0002 G006 12 0002 G006 13 0001 G006 14 0001 G007 2.1 0001 G012 1 0002 G012 3 0002 G012 13 0002 G012 14 0002 G012 18 0002 G012 37 0002 G012 42 0002 G013 19 0013 G013 23 0003 G013 25 0004 G013 52 0002 G013 75 0004 G013 78 0002 G013 79 0002 G013 83 0004 G018 20 0007 G023 5 0002 G023 7 0002 G035 1 0002 G042 51 0004 G103 41 0002 G103 49.1 0013 G106 1 0001 G112 128 0002 G112 137 0002 G112 205 0002 G112 212 0002 G112 222 0002 G112 264 0002 G112 328 0002 G112 360 0002 G112 419 0002 G112 429 0002 G112 459 0002 G112 528 0002 G112 560 0002 G112 570 0001 G112 625 0002 G112 632 0002 G113 5 0002 G113 8 0002 G113 20 0002 G119 13 0002 G119 17 0002 G139 2 0002 G106 Cont.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligent Network Services
    Next Generation Network Services Neill Wilkinson Copyright q 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBNs: 0-471-48667-1 (Hardback); 0-470-84603-8 (Electronic) 10 Intelligent Network Services 10.1 INTRODUCTION In Part 1 of this book, we examined the functional and physical character- istics of circuit switched based Intelligent Networks (INs). In this chapter, we are going to explore what these elements do by way of offering services to customers and giving carriers a flexible means of delivering new services. The IN service model was the first step to releasing service control from the hands of switch manufacturers and as such presented telecoms opera- tors with a new vehicle for realising services that enhanced the basic call control capabilities of stored program control switches. We see that this is not the end of the story for enhanced service platforms as the move to remove the final block to enhanced services, the close coupling of the stored program controller and the switch fabric, to release the potential of software driven services on packet networks. Just to refresh the reader on INs. They rely on the decoupling of a number of telephone switch functions from the stored program controller, renamed a Service Switch Point (SSP) in the IN architecture. The functions left behind in the SSP are called the Basic Call State Model (BCSM). The functions separated out are incorporated into a centralised service execu- tion environment as a Service Independent Building Block (SIB) called the Basic Call Processing (BCP) function. The services, constructed from SIBs to form a Service Logic Program (SLP), run inside this environment called the Service Logic Execution Environment (SLEE), inside a physical plat- form called the Service Control Point (SCP).
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Towers V2019 Product Guide
    Cell Towers Product Guide Table of Contents 1 – Communications Suite Communications Suite Overview 04 Communications Suite File Types 04 Installing Cell Towers 05 Product Documentation 05 2 – Cell Towers Overview 07 Cell Towers Table Structure 07 Cell Towers Data Dictionary 07 Data Source and Projection 08 Acronyms 09 Glossary 10 Notices 14 Cell Towers Product Guide Page 02 of 15 1 – Communications Suite In this section Communications Suite Overview Communications Suite File Types Installing Cell Towers Product Documentation Cell Towers Product Guide Page 03 of 15 Communications Suite Overview The Pitney Bowes Communications Suite provides comprehensive, location-based coverage of the telecommunications landscape. It is comprised of the following products: AreaCodeInfo Broadband Wireless CallingAreaInfo CarrierInfo Carrier Fiber Routes Cell Towers ExchangeInfo Plus EmergencyInfo Pro Fiber Lit Buildings LATAInfo MobileMarketInfo PSAP Pro RateCenterInfo The multiple components of the Communications Suite combine to give a detailed picture of the telecommunications landscape with respect to infrastructure and regulations. These insights enable better-informed decisions, controlled costs, and enhanced profitability. Communications Suite File Types For each product within the Communications Suite, the file sets can contain the following file types: Extension File Type .DAT Data file .DBF Attribute file .ID Identification file .IND Index file .MAP Map file .PRJ Projection file .SHP Geometry file .SHX Index file In order to properly use products in the Communications Suite, the following rules apply: You must have access to all files in the file set All files must be located in the same directory. Cell Towers Product Guide Page 04 of 15 Installing Cell Towers To install Cell Towers (or any Communications Suite product), reference all files in the Data folder.
    [Show full text]
  • Area Code Exhaust and Relief Questions and Answers Table of Contents
    AREA CODE EXHAUST AND RELIEF Questions and Answers Area Code Exhaust and Relief Questions and Answers Table of Contents Page: Introduction 4 Why are we running out of numbers? 4 Why are we adding a new area code? 4 Will the cost of calls change because of a new area code? 4 How does a new area code affect other services? 5 How are numbers added ? 5 What is the planning process to establish a new area code? 6 Who decides who receives the new area code? 6 Why not assign a new area code to faxes / wireless services? 6 Why not add a digit or two to the telephone number instead 7 of adding area codes? What is a rate area? 7 What is a wire center? 7 Why don’t area code boundaries conform to Municipal or 8 County boundaries? What are the methods of area code relief? 8 What are the attributes of geographic splits? 8 How is a new area code introduced in a geographic split? 9 How would an area code split impact home and business 9 service? 2 Area Code Exhaust and Relief Questions and Answers Table Of Contents What is the overlay method of area code relief? 10 What are the attributes of overlays? 11 Why must an overlay apply to all services? 11 Why is it necessary to dial the area code + the seven digit 11 number (10 digits) for overlays? How is a new area code introduced in an overlay? 11 How would an overlay and 10 digit dialing impact home and 12 business telephone service? Who is the official source of area code information? 13 Whom to contact with your questions and comments? 13 Glossary Of Terms 14-16 3 Area Code Exhaust and Relief Questions and Answers Introduction This guide is meant only as an information resource to help you in determining how you would be impacted by an area code split or an area code overlay, and to aid you in reaching a decision as to which you would prefer.
    [Show full text]
  • AMERITECH OPERATING COMPANIES TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 2 5Th Revised Page 516 Cancels 4Th Revised Page 516
    AMERITECH OPERATING COMPANIES TARIFF F.C.C. NO. 2 5th Revised Page 516 Cancels 4th Revised Page 516 ACCESS SERVICE 13. Additional Engineering, Additional Labor and Miscellaneous Services In this section normally scheduled working hours are an employee's scheduled work period (x) in any given calendar day (e.g., 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.) for the application of rates based on (x) working hours. (x) 13.1 Additional Engineering Additional Engineering will be provided by the Telephone Company at the request of the customer only when: (A) A customer requests additional technical information after the Telephone Company has already provided the technical information normally included on the Design Layout Report (DLR) as set forth in 6.1.5 and 7.1.6 preceding. (B) Additional engineering time is incurred by the Telephone Company to engineer a customer's request for a customized service as set forth in 7.2 preceding. The Telephone Company will notify the customer that additional engineering charges, as set forth in 13.1.1 following, will apply before any additional engineering is undertaken. 13.1.1 Charges For Additional Engineering The charges for additional Engineering are as follows: First Half Each Additional Hour or Half hour or Additional Engineering Fraction Fraction Periods USOC Thereof Thereof (A) Basic Time, normally scheduled (x) working hours, (x) per engineer AEH $49.91 $44.69 (x) Issued under authority of Special Permission No. 04-082 of the F.C.C. in order to restore currently effective material and to withdraw material filed under Transmittal 1428 without becoming effective.
    [Show full text]