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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Greek In , Atlas was one of the series primordial . Primordial deities Olympians Atlas (Eng. /'æt l!s/ Gk. "#$%&) was the son of the Aquatic deities Titan and the Oceanid [1] or Klymén' deities [2] Personified concepts (($)*+,-): Other deities Titans "Now Iapetus took to wife the neat-ankled maid , daughter of Ocean, and went up with her into The Twelve Titans: one bed. And she bare him a stout-hearted son, Atlas: and , also she bare very glorious and clever and , The , a and , 2nd century Roman , full of various wiles, and scatter-brained and , copy of a Hellenistic ."[3] work (Naples) , , , Iapetus Hyginus emphasises the primordial nature of Atlas Children of Hyperion: [4] by making him the son of and Gaea. In contexts where a Titan and a , , Titaness are assigned each of the seven planetary powers, Atlas is paired with Daughters of Coeus: Phoebe and governs the moon.[5] He had three brothers — Prometheus, and [6] Sons of Iapetus: Epimetheus and Menoetius. Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, Menoetius

Contents

1 Punishment 2 Variations 3 Encounter with 4 5 Cultural influence 6 Children 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Sources

Lee Lawrie's colossal bronze Atlas, , Punishment New York

Atlas, along with his brother Menoetius, sided with the Titans in their war against the Olympians, the . His brothers Prometheus and Epimetheus weighed the odds and betrayed the other Titans by forming an alliance with the Olympians. When the Titans were defeated , many of them (including Menoetius) were confined to , but condemned Atlas to stand at the western edge of , the and hold up Ouranos, the Sky on his shoulders, to prevent the two from resuming their primordial embrace. Thus he was Atlas Telamon, "enduring Atlas". A common misconception is that Atlas was forced to hold the Earth on his shoulders, but this is incorrect. Classical art shows Atlas holding a Celestial Sphere, not a Globe. Variations

In a late story,[7] a giant named Atlas tried to drive a wandering from the place where the now stand. Later, out of pity, revealed 's head, turning Atlas to stone. As is not uncommon in , this account cannot be reconciled with the far more common stories of Atlas' dealings with Heracles, who was Perseus' great-grandson.

According to , the first king of was also named Atlas, but that Atlas was a mortal son of .[8] A euhemerist origin for Atlas was as a legendary Atlas, king of , an expert astronomer. Encounter with Heracles

One of the hero Heracles' Twelve Labors involved the acquisition of some of the golden which grow in 's garden, tended by the and guarded by the . Heracles went to Atlas, the father of the Hesperides, and offered to hold the heavens for a little while in exchange for the apples, to which Atlas agreed. This would be an easy task for Atlas since he is related to the Hesperides who tend the apples in Hera's garden. Upon his return with the apples, however, Atlas attempted to trick Heracles into carrying the sky permanently by offering to deliver the apples himself. Heracles, suspecting Atlas didn't intend to return again, pretended to agree to Atlas' offer, asking only that Atlas take the sky again for a few minutes so Heracles could rearrange his cloak as padding on his shoulders. When Atlas set down the apples and took the heavens upon his shoulders again, Heracles took the apples and ran away. Heracles and Atlas, on a vase by the Athena Painter, c. In some versions, Heracles instead built the two great Pillars of 490-480 BCE (National to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas much as Archeological Museum, ) he liberated Prometheus. Etymology The etymology of the name Atlas is uncertain and still debated. took pleasure in translating of Greek names by combining them with adjectives that explained them: for Atlas his adjective is durus, "hard, enduring",[9] which suggested to George Doig[10] that Virgil was aware of the Greek #$.,%/ "to endure"; Doig offers the further possibility that Virgil was aware of 's remark that the [11] native North African name for this mountain was . Greco-Buddhist (0-200 BCE) Atlas, supporting a Buddhist Some modern linguists derive it and its Greek root from the - monument, Hadda, Afghanistan Indo-European root *tel, 'to uphold, support'; others suggest that it is a pre-Indo-European name. Others suggest that Atlas comes from the Pelasgian language, and is related to the Greek borrowing "" (= ). The Etruscan name for Atlas, aril, is etymologically independent.[12] Cultural influence

Atlas' best-known cultural association is in . The first publisher to associate the Titan Atlas with a group of maps was Antonio Lafreri, on the title-page to Tavole Moderne Di Geografia De La Maggior Parte Del Mondo Di Diversi Autori; however, he did not use the word "atlas" in the title of his work, an innovation of Mercator who dedicated his "atlas" specifically "to honour the Titan, Atlas, King of Mauritania, a learned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer."

Since the middle of the sixteenth century, any collection of cartographic maps has come to be called an atlas. was the first to use the word in this way, and he actually depicted the astronomer king.

Atlas continues to be a commonly used icon in western culture (and Atlas supports the terrestrial globe on a building in Collins advertising), as a symbol of strength or stoic endurance. He is often Street, Melbourne, shown kneeling on one knee while supporting an enormous round globe on his back and shoulders. The globe originally represented the celestial sphere of ancient astronomy, rather than the earth. The use of the term atlas as a name for collections of terrestrial maps and the modern understanding of the earth as a sphere have combined to inspire the many depictions of Atlas' burden as the earth.

Atlas is seen on the cover of Van Halen's album "5150."

Atlas was used as a symbol in Ayn Rand's novel, Atlas Shrugged. Atlas is used as a metaphor for the people who produced the most in society.

Mickey à travers les siècles (Mickey Through the Centuries) was a French comic strip series published in the early 1970s featuring Mickey Mouse as a time traveller. At one stage he assisted Heracles in his twelve tasks. The story gave an interesting spin on the legend of Atlas: in this version he is an ordinary king with a passion for geography. He builds a large globe representing the Earth and he and Heracles carry it to a suitable location. The Hesperides are his daughters and the golden apples are oranges. Children

Sources describe Atlas as the father, by different goddesses, of numerous children, mostly daughters. Some of these are assigned conflicting or overlapping identities or parentage in different sources.

by , the Hesperides;[13] by (or Aithra[14])

the ,[15] a son, ,[16] the ;[17]

and by one or more unspecified goddesses

Calypso,[18] Sculpture of Atlas, Praza do [19] Toural, Santiago de , Compostela .[20] See also

Farnese Atlas Atlas (architecture) Notes

1. ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheke i.2.3. 8. ^ Plato, 2. ^ ( 359 [as a daughter of 9. ^ iv.247: "Atlantis duri" and other Tethys], 507) gives her name as Clymene but instances; see Robert W. Cruttwell, "Virgil, Apollodorus (1.8) gives instead the name Asia, as Aeneid, iv. 247: 'Atlantis Duri'" The Classical does Lycophron (1411). It is possible that the Review 59.1 (May 1945), p. 11. name Asia became preferred over Hesiod's 10. ^ George Doig, "Vergil's Art and the Greek Clymene to avoid confusion with what must be a Language" The Classical Journal 64.1 (October different Oceanid named Clymene, who was 1968, pp. 1-6) p. 2. mother of by Helios in some accounts. 11. ^ Strabo, 17.3; since the Atlas mountains rise in 3. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 507ff the region inhabited by , it could be that 4. ^ Hyginus, Preface to Fabulae. the name is taken from one of the Berber 5. ^ Classical sources: , v.898; languages. Apollonius Rhodius ii. 1232; Bibliotheke i.1.3; 12. ^ Paolo Martino, Il nome Etrusco di Atlante Hesiod, Theogony 113; , (Rome: Università di Roma) 1987. under "Adana"; Birds 692ff; 13. ^ , The Library of History Clement of Rome Homilies vi.4.72. 4.26.2 6. ^ Hesiod, Theogony 371 14. ^ Hyginus, 2.21; , 5.164 7. ^ Polyeidos, Fragment 837; Ovid, 15. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 192 4.627 16. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 192 17. ^ Hesiod, 383; Apollodorus, 19. ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 82, 83 3.110; Ovid, Fasti 5.79 20. ^ , Guide to 8.12.7, 8.48.6 18. ^ Homer, 1.52; Apollodorus, E7.23 Sources

Origin of "Atlas" for a collection of maps (http://www.mapforum.com/01/atlas.htm) , The Greek , London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-001026-2

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